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  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/42—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms having hetero atoms attached to the substituent nitrogen atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/22—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by carboxyl groups
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C275/00—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C275/04—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C275/20—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C275/24—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C311/06—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to acyclic carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by carboxyl groups
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D241/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D241/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
  • C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D261/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D261/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/52—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
  • C07D303/48—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D307/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/32—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D307/33—Oxygen atoms in position 2, the oxygen atom being in its keto or unsubstituted enol form
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07D317/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D317/46—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
  • C07D317/48—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring
  • C07D317/50—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to atoms of the carbocyclic ring
  • C07D317/58—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
  • C07D333/54—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D333/58—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
  • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
  • C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C2602/08—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring the other ring being five-membered, e.g. indane

Definitions

• the disease AIDS is the end result of an HIV-I or HIV-2 virus following its own complex life cycle.
• the virion life cycle begins with the virion attaching itself to the host human T-4 lymphocyte immune cell through the bonding of a glycoprotein on the surface of the virion's protective coat with the CD4 glycoprotein on the lymphocyte cell. Once attached, the virion sheds its glycoprotein coat, penetrates into the membrane of the host cell, and uncoats its RNA.
• the virion enzyme, reverse transcriptase directs the process of transcribing the RNA into single-stranded DNA. The viral RNA is degraded and a second DNA strand is created. The now double-stranded DNA is integrated into the human cell's genes and those genes are used for virus reproduction.
• the aim of the present invention is to provide a novel type of compound that is equipped, especially, with a high degree of inhibitory activity against virus replication in cells, high antiviral activity against numerous virus strains, including those which are resistant to known compounds, such as saquinavir, ritonavir and indinavir, and especially advantageous pharmacological properties, for example good pharmacokinetics, such as high bioavailability and high blood levels, and/or high selectivity.
• R 1 is Ci-C 6 AIk, Co-C 3 alkanediylcarbocyclyl or Co- 3 alkanediylheterocyclyl, any of which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from R 10 ;
• R 2 is Ci-C 6 AIk, Co-C 3 alkanediylcarbocyclyl, C 0 -C 3 alkanediylheterocyclyl, any of which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from R 10 ;
• X is H, F, OH, Ci-C 3 AIk or C 0 -C 3 alkanediyl-O-Ci-C 3 alkyl;
• Rx is H, Ci-C 3 alkyloxy, Ci-C 3 straight or branched alkyl optionally substituted with halo, hydroxy, Ci-C 3 alkyloxy; or Rx, together with the adjacent carbon atom, defines a fused furanyl or pyranyl ring which is optionally substituted with halo or Ci-C 3 AIk; t is O or l;
• Q is O, CHR 8 or a bond
• a further aspect of the invention embraces a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent therefore.
• a still further aspect of the invention envisages the use of a compound as defined above in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylaxis or treatment of HIV infection.
• An additional aspect of the invention provides a method of medical treatment or prophylaxis for HIV infection comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound as defined in above to an individual infected or threatened with
• Group X can be either R or S stereochemistry.
• R 10 substituent of R 1 is Y-O-Rb where Y is a bond and Rb is an optionally substituted Co-C 3 alkanediylaryl or C 0 - C 3 alkanediylheteroaryl.
• the optional substituent is preferably Ci-C 3 AIk, such as methyl
• the optional substituent is preferably one or two members chosen from halo, oxo, cyano, Ci-C 6 AIk, C 0 -C 3 alkanediylcarbocyclyl, C 0 - C 3 alkanediylheterocyclyl, Y-NRaRb, Y-O-Rb; where Y is a bond or C]-C 3 AIk, Ra is H or Ci-C 3 AIk and Rb is H or Ci-C 3 AIk.
• the second ring in this embodiment of A' is conveniently 5-membered and comprises a sulphur hetero atom or an oxygen hetero atom.
• the said second ring is typically a fused pyridyl as described in WO9845330 or an optionally substituted phenyl, for example a fused phenyl wherein the substituent is mono- or di-fluoro.
• R 3 Preferred values for R 3 are ⁇ opropyl, t-butyl, 2-fluoro-l-methylethyl, 2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl, 2-methoxy- 1 -methyl ethyl, 2-fluoro- 1 , 1 -dimethylethyl, 2-hydroxy- 1,1- dimethylethyl and 2-methoxy- 1,1 -dimethylethyl.
• A' may comprise the substructure:
• a favoured value for A' is formula IV, thus defining a compound of the formula
• R 9 is methyl
• Particularly preferred optional substituents, for example when R 9 is methyl include halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 AIk, C 0 - C 3 alkanediylcarbocyclyl, C 0 -C 3 alkanediylheterocyclyl or Y-O-Rb.
• A" is according to formula V includes compounds wherein R 9 is an optionally substituted heterocyclyl either directly bonded to W, (i.e. Co) or bonded to W via an Ci-C 3 alkanediyl chain for example a methylene chain (i.e. Ci).
• Specially preferred compounds according to formulae Va and Vb are those wherein n is 1, R 1 is phenyl and/or L is OH.
• R 8 is as described above and R 9 is Ci-C 6 AIk such as methyl.
• R 15 is carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, any of which is optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from Ci-C 3 AIk, hydroxy, oxo, halo, Q is O, NR 8 or a bond and r and q are independently 0 or 1.
• R 15 are 5 to 6 membered, optionally substituted, aromatic rings containing 0 to 2 heteroatoms, the heteroatoms being independently selected from N, O and S.
• Convenient optional substituents to R !5 include Ci-C 3 AIk, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl.
• Representative compounds in this embodiment of the invention are those wherein Q is a bond and r and q are both zero.
• Preferred compounds according to this embodiment include those having the structures according to formulae VIIId, VIIIe, VIIIf and VIIIg:
• the heteroatom is located at a chain terminus then it is appropriately substituted with one or 2 hydrogen atoms, such as OH or NH 2.
• the Cj-C 6 AIk is small, saturated and unsubstituted or substituted with halo such as fluoro.
• C]-C 4 AIk and C]-C 5 AIk have the corresponding meaning to C]-C 6 AIk adjusted as necessary for the carbon number. Me denotes a methyl group.
• halogen as applied herein is meant to include F, Cl, Br, I, particularly chloro and preferably fluoro.
• aryl or cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, Ci-C 6 AIk, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxyC]-C 6 Alk, Ci-C 6 alkanoyl, amino, azido, oxo, mercapto, nitro, C 0 -C 3 alkanediylcarbocyclyl and/or C 0 - Csalkanediylheterocyclyl.
• Carbocyclyl has the corresponding meaning, i.e. where the C 0 -C 3 alkanediyl linkage is absent
• heterocyclyl and/or its fused phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, Ci-C 6 AIk, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxyCi-C 6 Alk, Cj- C ⁇ alkanoyl, amino, azido, oxo, mercapto, nitro, C 0 -C 3 CaAoCyCIyI 1 C 0 -C 3 heterocyclyl.
• "Heterocyclyl” and “Heteroaryl” has the corresponding meaning, i.e. where the C 0 - Caalkanediyl linkage is absent.
• heterocyclyl and carbocyclyl groups are thus a monocyclic ring with 5 or especially 6 ring atoms, or a bicyclic ring structure comprising a 6 membered ring fused to a 4, 5 or 6 membered ring.
• Formulations for oral administration in the present invention may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active agent; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension of the active agent in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water in oil liquid emulsion and as a bolus etc.
• suitable carrier includes vehicles such as common excipients e.g. binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidone), methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sucrose and starch; fillers and carriers, for example corn starch, gelatin, lactose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and alginic acid; and lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium stearate and other metallic stearates, glycerol stearate stearic acid, silicone fluid, talc waxes, oils and colloidal silica.
• Flavouring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, cherry flavouring or the like can also be used. It may be desirable to add
• the dose of the compound of the invention to be employed depends on such factors as the body weight, age and individual condition of the patient to be treated and the mode of administration.
• a method to prepare compounds according to the present invention wherein E is N and n is 0 is by reacting a suitable epoxide with a desired hydrazide derivative as illustrated in scheme 1.
• a suitable fluorinating agent such as DAST or Deoxofluor or the like in a solvent like dichloromethane as described e.g. by Singh, R. P. and Shreve, J. M. in Synthesis, 17, 1999, p. 2561-2578
• the hydroxy group of the alcohol (If) can be transferred to an amine using any convenient method described in the literature.
• the Mitsunobu procedure can be used, i.e. reaction of the alcohol (If) with an azodicarboxylate such as DIAD or the like in the presence of triphenylphosphine followed by displacement with a desired amine to provide the
• This transformation can be effected by any suitable method known by the skilled person, for instance by converting the hydroxy group to a leaving group such as a halide like a bromide, chloride or iodide or to a derivative of sulphonic acid such as a mesylate, triflate or tosylate, followed by a nucleophilic displacement reaction with azide and finally reduction of the azide to the amine using any suitable reduction method such as catalytic hydrogenation.
• Suitable alcohols are described for example by A. K. Gosh et al. in J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 3278-3290.
• Hydrazides (Ie) wherein A" is according to formula (VI) can be prepared by reaction of an appropriate electrophilic carbonyl compound such as a chloroformate or an activated carbonate with the hydrazine derivative R 2 CH 2 NHNH 2 as illustrated in scheme 7.
• an appropriate electrophilic carbonyl compound such as a chloroformate or an activated carbonate
• An alternative route to the amine (9b) is by transformation of the hydroxy group into a leaving group such as a derivative of sulphonic acid like a mesylate, triflate, tosylate or the like by treatment with the appropriate sulphonylating agent in a solvent like for instance pyridine or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of triethylamine or the like, followed by displacement of the leaving group with a desired primary or secondary amine NH 2 Ci- Csalkyl or NH(Ci-C 3 alkyl) 2 .
• a leaving group such as a derivative of sulphonic acid like a mesylate, triflate, tosylate or the like
• a solvent like for instance pyridine or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of triethylamine or the like
• the olefine derivative (10a) can be achieved from the alcohol (8f), prepared as described in scheme 8, by transforming the primary alcohol to a leaving group such as a mesylate or the like followed by an elimination reaction brought about for example by treatment with a base such as t.BuOK or DBU in a solvent like DMSO, DMF or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of a crown ether.
• a base such as t.BuOK or DBU
• a solvent like DMSO, DMF or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of a crown ether.
• the afforded unsaturated compound (10a) can then be epoxidized by treatment with a suitable oxidizing reagent such as mCPBA or BuOOK or the like in a solvent like dichloromethane to give the epoxide (10b).
• Opening of the epoxide with a desired hydrazide derivative as described in scheme 1 then yields the diol (1Od).
• a dihydroxylation of the double bond in the olefin (10a) can be performed for example by treatment with an oxidizing system such as OsO 4 and NMMO or the like which gives the triol (10c). Transformation of the primary alcohol into a leaving group as described above followed by a substitution reaction with the desired hydrazide derivative provides the dihydroxy hydrazide (1Od).
• the two hydroxy groups can then be converted to fluorides by fluorination procedures known in the art for instance by using a fluorinating reagent such as DAST, Deoxofluor or the like as described by Rajendra et al. in Synthesis 17, 2002, p. 2561-2578, to give the difluorohydrazide (1Oe).
• a fluorinating reagent such as DAST, Deoxofluor or the like as described by Rajendra et al. in Synthesis 17, 2002, p. 2561-2578, to give the difluorohydrazide (1Oe).
• R' is H or C 1 -C 3 SlKyI 11d
• R" is H or C r C 3 alkyl
• Transformation of the primary alcohol 8f, prepared as described in scheme 8, to a leaving group such as a derivative of sulphonic acid like a mesylate, triflate, tosylate or the like by treatment with the appropriate sulphonylating agent in a solvent like for instance pyridine or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of triethylamine or the like, followed by an elimination reaction brought about for instance by treatment with a base such as t.BuOK or DBU in a solvent like DMSO, DMF or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of a crown ether, or any other suitable elimination conditions.
• An alternative route to the amine (1 Ic) is by transformation of the hydroxy group into a leaving group such as a derivative of sulphonic acid like a mesylate, triflate, tosylate or the like by treatment with the appropriate sulphonylating agent in a solvent like for instance pyridine or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of triethylamine or the like, followed by displacement of the leaving group with a desired primary or secondary amine NH 2 Ci-C 3 alkyl or NH(C i-C 3 alky I) 2 .
• 15a 15b NaH n is 0 or 1
• the double bond can then be epoxidized using for instance mCPBA and the formed epoxide (15f) opened reductively by hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst like Pt(IV)O as described in scheme 8.
• a catalyst like Pt(IV)O as described in scheme 8.
• An alternative route to the amine (16b) is by transformation of the hydroxy group into a leaving group such as a derivative of sulphonic acid like a mesylate, triflate, tosylate or the like by treatment with the appropriate sulphonylating agent in a solvent like for instance pyridine or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of triethylamine or the like, followed by displacement of the leaving group with a desired primary or secondary amine NH 2 Ci- C 3 alkyl or NH(Ci -C 3 alkyl) 2 .
• a leaving group such as a derivative of sulphonic acid like a mesylate, triflate, tosylate or the like
• a solvent like for instance pyridine or dichloromethane optionally in the presence of triethylamine or the like
• Bromoderivative (20b) can be prepared from a suitable alkylated malonate derivative (20a), by a hydrolysation-reduction procedure followed by transformation of the formed primary alcohol to a bromide as described by Jew et al. in Heterocycles, 46, 1997, p. 65- 70.
• Alkylated malonate derivatives are available either commercially or by alkylation of diethyl malonate with a desired alkylating agent according to literature procedures well known by the skilled person.
• the two hydroxy groups of a desired 3-substituted 2-hydroxypropionic acid (22a) can be protected as a cyclic acetal by reacting the acid with a suitable acetalisation reagent such as 2,2-dimethoxypropane or 2-methoxypropene under acidic conditions achieved for example by the presence of a catalytic amount of pyridinium tosylate (PPTS), pTS, CSA or the like, which gives the cyclic acetal (22b).
• PPTS pyridinium tosylate
• pTS pTS
• CSA cyclic acetal
• a subsequent Michael addition of methyl acrylate to the afforded acetal in the presence of a base such as LDA or the like then gives the ⁇ -alkylated compound (22c).
• any functional groups present on any of the constituent compounds used in the preparation of the compounds of the invention are appropriately protected where necessary.
• functionalities on the natural or non-natural amino acids are typically protected as is appropriate in peptide synthesis.
• Suitable protecting groups are described in Greene, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981) and “The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology", Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York (1981), the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• Method A Epoxide 2a or 2b and hydrazide were dissolved in /PrOH (6 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 0 C for the time indicated. Evaporation of the solvent afforded the crude product, which was subjected to purification as stated below.
• Method B Epoxide 2a or 2b and hydrazide was dissolved in dry THF (30 mL) and Ti(OZPr) 4 was added under N 2 -atmosphere. Stirring in room temperature for 2.5 h and then at 40 °C for 30 min was followed by addition of saturated NaHCO 3 (aq.) and Et 2 O and the resulting mixture was stirred in room temperature for 10 min. Filtration and separation of the two phases, drying of the organic phase (Na 2 SO 4 ) and evaporation yielded the crude product which was purified by column chromatography (RP-silica, MeCN/H 2 0, 50:50-90:10).
• the title compound was prepared according to Method A by heating epoxide 2a (0.0950 g, 0.307 mmol) and hydrazide 3 (0.218 g, 0.614 mmol) for 90 h. Purification by column chromatography (silica, EtOAc/pentane 30:70-100:0) gave the product (0.112 g, 55%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared according to Method A, using epoxide 2a (0.0996 g, 0.322 mmol) and hydrazide 4 (0.143 g, 0.387 mmol) by heating for 96 h. Purification by column chromatography (silica, EtOAc/pentane, 40:60-100:0) followed by RP-LC- MS (30 min gradient of 20-100% CH 3 CN in 0.05% aqueous HCOOH) gave the product (0.0880 g, 40%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared according to Method A using epoxide 2a (0.100 g, 0.323 mmol) and hydrazide 5 (0.117 g, 0.419 mraol), heating for 96 h. Purification by column chromatography (silica, EtOAc/pentane, 40:60-100:0) followed by RP-LC-MS (30 min gradient of 20-100% CH 3 CN in 0.05% aqueous HCOOH) gave the product (0.0358 g 5 19%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared according to Method A using epoxide 2a (0.100 g, 0.323 mmol) and hydrazide 7 (0.131 g, 0.418 mmol) by heating for 96 h. Purification by column chromatography (silica, EtOAc/pentane, 40:60-100:0) followed by RP-LC-MS (30 min gradient of 20-100% CH 3 CN in 0.05% aqueous HCOOH) gave the product (0.0864 g, 43%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared according to Method A from epoxide 2a (0.550 g, 0.178 mmol) and hydrazide 10 (0.0650 g, 0.150 mmol) by heating for 168 h. Purification by RP-LC-MS (25 min gradient of 30-80% CH 3 CN in 0.05% aqueous HCOOH) gave the product (0.0172 g, 13%) as a white solid.
• Method B To a mixture of 2-phenyl-l,5-dioxa-spiro[2.4]heptan-4-one (21b) (1.903 g, 10 mmol) and Pd/C (Degussa type ElOl NE/W, 0.530 g, 2.5 mol% Pd) and 20 mL EtOAc in a reaction tube was added formic acid (0.604 mL, 16 mmol) and triethylamine (2.09 mL, 15 mmol). The tube was sealed with a screw cap and heated at 80 0 C for 3 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, the catalyst was filtered off and volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex/EtOAc 1 :1) which gave the title compound as a colorless solid (1.85 Ig, 9.627mmol, 96%).
• 1 H-NMR DMSO-d 6 ⁇ 7.30 (d,lH), 6.92 (d, IH), 4.46 (m, IH), 4.20 (m, IH), 3.99-3.84 (dd, 2H).
• Method B Aryl bromide 19 or 26, boronic acid, Pd(PPh) 3 Cl 2 , 2 M Na 2 CO 3 (aq.), EtOH and DME were stirred in a heavy-walled Smith process vial at 120 0 C for 30 min in the microwave cavity. Five drops of formic acid were added to the mixture and then the solvent was evaporated. The residue was redissolved in CH 3 CN/H 2 O/DMF and filtered before purification by RP-LC-MS.
• Method D Aryl bromide 19, acetylene, Et 3 N, Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , CuI and DMF were stirred in a heavy-walled Smith process vial at 130 0 C for 60 min. Filtration and evaporation of most of the solvent yielded the crude product which was purified by RP- LC-MS.
• the resulting suspension was transferred to a 20 mL syringe and filtered through a syringe filter into a solution of hydrazide (9) (0.372 g, 1.00 mmol) in 15 mL DCE in a flame dried 50 mL round-bottom flask equipped with a septum. To this was added acetic acid (0.12 mL 2.0 mmol), mixture was stirred for 10 min and then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.636 g, 3.0 mmol) was added. The septum-sealed flask was flushed with nitrogen and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of water and volatiles were evaporated.
• Compounds of the invention are assayed for HIV activity, for example using multiple determinations with XTT in MT-4 cells (Weislow et al, J Nat Cancer Inst 1989, vol 81 no 8, 577 et seq), preferably including determinations in the presence of 40-50% human serum to indicate the contribution of protein binding.
• HIV-I protease suitable for enzyme determination is also described in Danielsson et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1998, 436, 99-103.
• Virus produced at the concentration of test compound showing > 50% of the RT activity of untreated infected cells are passaged to fresh MT4 cells. 15 ⁇ L supernatant from each of the eight duplicates are transferred to cells without the test compound (control) and to cells with test compound at the same concentration, and additionally two respectively fivefold higher concentrations. (See Table 2 below)
• test compounds at concentrations 0.5, 5 and 50 ⁇ M are incubated in duplicate in the presence of supersomes overexpressing various cytochrome P450 isoforms, including CYP1A2 + P450 reductase, CYP2A6 + P450 reductase, CYP2C9-Arg 144 + P450 reductase, CYP2C19 + P450 reductase, CYP2D6-Val 374 + P450 reductase and CYP3A4 + P 450 reductase.
• Incubates contain a fixed concentration of cytochrome P450 (eg 50 pmoles) and are conducted over 1 hour.
• the involvement of a given isoform in the metabolism of the test compound is determined by UV HPLC chromatographically measuring the disappearance of parent compound.

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