WO2005105994A1 - ジスルフィド架橋形成型インビトロタンパク質合成方法 - Google Patents
ジスルフィド架橋形成型インビトロタンパク質合成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005105994A1 WO2005105994A1 PCT/JP2005/008571 JP2005008571W WO2005105994A1 WO 2005105994 A1 WO2005105994 A1 WO 2005105994A1 JP 2005008571 W JP2005008571 W JP 2005008571W WO 2005105994 A1 WO2005105994 A1 WO 2005105994A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
- C12P21/02—Preparation of peptides or proteins having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
- C07K1/107—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides
- C07K1/113—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides without change of the primary structure
- C07K1/1133—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides without change of the primary structure by redox-reactions involving cystein/cystin side chains
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- the present invention relates to a method for synthesizing a protein using an in vitro transcription / translation system, and more particularly to an efficient method for synthesizing a protein having an intermolecular / intramolecular disulfide bond using an in vitro transcription / translation system. .
- cell-free protein synthesis that does not use such organisms or cells.
- the cell-free protein synthesis system is also called an in vitro transcription / translation system, in which the type III gene is transcribed by using an extract prepared from Escherichia coli, reticulocyte red blood cells, or wheat germ cells, or a crude fraction thereof. Translated and protein is synthesized.
- Cell-free protein synthesis systems have a high potential for synthesizing proteins that disrupt the function of living organisms and cells.Suitable for 96- and 384-well formats to synthesize a wide variety of proteins, Reaction conditions
- the feature is that various restrictions can be lifted by using organisms and cells, such as being able to try many times each time.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Biochem. J. 254: 805-810 (1988), hereinafter referred to as Conventional Technique 1
- a method of dialyzing a cell extract A method of adding oxidized daltathione and reduced daltathione, a method of performing gel filtration, or a method of adjusting the oxidation-reduction potential
- Non-patent document 2 FEBS Lett. 514: 290-4 (2002)
- Non-patent document 3 Nature Biotech.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-2003-116590
- Patent Document 2 WO 03/072796 Al (hereinafter referred to as Conventional Technique 2).
- Conventional Technique 2 a method of forming a disulfide bond by using a deletion mutant of an enzyme that maintains a reduced state has been conventionally known (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- the target protein can be expressed by Escherichia coli deficient in thioredoxin reductase and daltathione reductase, but strains deficient in such enzymes generally grow extremely slowly or require special culture conditions. It was necessary and was a major obstacle to industrial use.
- This method is a system for recombination of genes and expression of proteins in Escherichia coli.
- many organisms have many unidentified but redox enzymes and substrates other than thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase (Non-Patent Document 4: Nature
- Patent Document 2 W0 03/072796 A1
- Patent Document 3 US 6, 548, 276 B2
- Non-Patent Document 1 Biochem. J. 254: 805-810 (1988)
- Non-Patent Document 2 FEBS Lett. 514: 290-294 (2002)
- Non-Patent Document 3 Nature Biotech. 15: 79-84 (1997)
- Non-patent document 4 Nature Review Molecular Cell Biology 3: 836-847 (2002))
- Non-patent document 5 Biochemistry 26: 3129-3134 (1987)
- Non-Patent Document 6 Biochem J. 159: 377-384 (1976) 'Disclosure of the Invention
- Prior art 1 requires the labor of preparing the microsomal fraction by homogenization and centrifugation from the pancreas, etc.
- the microsomal fraction is a cell called the endoplasmic reticulum where disulfide bond formation naturally occurs in cells. It is a fraction in which organelles are destroyed, which is less efficient than disulfide bonds formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, and that the pattern of disulfide bonds formed is different and protein may not show activity There is a problem.
- a cell extract can be prepared by a simple method such as addition of oxidized daltathione and reduced daltathione or dialysis. It was difficult to efficiently adjust the reproducibility and cross-link disulfide bonds efficiently. This is because cell extracts, which are commonly used cell-free protein synthesis systems, contain thioredoxin reductase [EC 1.6.5.5] and glutathione reductase [EC 1.6.4.2] There are various enzymes and substrates that maintain a reduced state (Nature Review Molecular
- GSSG oxidized daltathione
- GSH reduced daltathione
- the oxidation-reduction potential is a potential measured by using an electrode such as platinum in an equilibrium state in which reversible electron transfer is established, due to the chemical potential difference between the oxidized form and the reduced form. It is only a collective observation of the redox equilibrium state of various inorganic and organic compounds (eg, oxygen, metal, cysteine, heme) involved in redox in the solution, and the equilibrium state of thiol and disulfide Because it is not an indicator of the state, it did not represent the redox state of the protein. Therefore, even if the oxidation-reduction potential is simply adjusted to a specific value as in the prior art 2, it was extremely difficult to adjust the formation of disulfide bonds to proteins.
- a common problem with conventional methods 1 and 2 is that when cell extracts are subjected to treatments different from the original intracellular environment, such as addition of microsomes, dialysis, and addition of oxidized glutathione and reduced daltathione, protein synthesis Therefore, there is a possibility that the protein synthesis efficiency itself may be reduced due to a difference from the original intracellular environment in which the cell-forming is performed, and this has made it extremely difficult to use a cell-free protein synthesis system at an industrial level.
- the present inventors have determined that some or all of the protein components constituting the reaction system are labeled while having a relationship of adhering to each other.
- JP-A-2003-102495 hereinafter referred to as a reconstituted protein synthesis system
- This method is completely different from conventional cell-free systems and in vitro protein synthesis systems (hereinafter referred to as cell-free protein synthesis systems), in which each component involved in protein synthesis is purified without using a cell extract.
- cell-free protein synthesis systems in which each component involved in protein synthesis is purified without using a cell extract.
- protein synthesis is possible by reconstitution, and it is possible to synthesize and rapidly purify proteins having no disulfide bond in the molecule (Nature Biotechnology 19: 732-734 (2001)).
- concentration should be reconstituted for various components in order to efficiently synthesize proteins having intramolecular / intermolecular disulfide bonds with their original structure and activity, and efficiently? There were no reports.
- An object of the present invention is to form a disulfide bond.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a simple and highly efficient method for producing a protein having PT / JP2005 / 008571 using a reconstituted protein synthesis system.
- the conventional method has a problem that RNaseA needs to be once denatured and a long time for refolding is required.
- Reconstituted protein synthesis systems include ribosomes with a purity of 90% or more, initiation factors, elongation factors, termination factors, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, methionyl-tRNA transformylases, tRNAs, amino acids, and ribonucleoside 3-phosphorus It has been found that it is particularly preferable to use acids, 10-formyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (FD;), salts and water as components, and the present invention has been completed.
- FD 10-formyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate
- the redox state is biased toward the reducing side, and the protein synthesized in the cell exists in the reduced state.
- a cell-free protein synthesis system mimics this intracellular state and usually contains DTT and other reducing reagents.If no reducing reagent is contained, the storage of the extract will be poor. And the translation efficiency has been reported to be low (Eur. J Biochem. 270: 4780-4786 (2003)).
- the reducing state is not desirable.
- the reducing agent DTT is removed by dialysis etc. to form a disulfide bond in the protein. Attempts have been made to reduce the amount added. However, as mentioned above, the effect was limited. JP2005 / 008571
- DTT can be reduced from a number to It may be added, or DTT may not be added at all.
- the present invention does not use a cell extract, does not contain impurities that affect the redox state, and has a specified liposome, initiation factor, and elongation.
- Factors, termination factors, aminoacyl tRM synthetases, methionyl tRNA transformylases, tRNAs, amino acids, liponucleoside triphosphates, 10-formyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (FD), Salts and water are reconstituted as basic reagents for protein synthesis, and in this reconstituted protein synthesis system, the redox equilibrium between disulfides and thiols is artificially adjusted to produce highly efficient proteins having disulfide bonds.
- the reconstituted basic reagent for protein synthesis is a highly purified ribosome having a purity of 90% or more, an initiation factor, an elongation factor, a termination factor, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, and a methionyl.
- a basic protein synthesis reagent for example, a pure system (manufactured by Bost Genome) excluding DTT can be used.
- the artificial adjustment of the oxidation-reduction equilibrium between disulfide and thiol may be performed by adding (i) a reagent that regulates the oxidation-reduction state to the protein synthesis basic reagent; ) It can be performed by adding an enzyme that catalyzes redox. These additions may be made before, during or after the reaction. good.
- DTT oxidized glutathione
- oxidized glutathione and the like can be given as examples of the reagent that regulates the redox state.
- examples of enzymes that catalyze (mouth) oxidation-reduction include protein disulfide isomerases and dis / sulfide interchain diproteins.
- protein synthesis method of the present invention may be referred to as a protein production method.
- the present invention provides a test method for measuring the correlation among the three factors: the activity of the protein to be produced, the amount of a redox enzyme reagent that catalyzes redox, and the amount of a redox reagent added.
- Ribosomes, initiators, elongation factors, termination factors, aminoacyl tRM synthetases, methionyl tRNA transformylases, tRNAs, amino acids, ribonucleoside triphosphates, whose abundance and purity are specified respectively, 10 -Formyl 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolate (FD), salts, and water are each reconstituted in a predetermined specific amount to provide a basic protein synthesis reagent.
- the concentration of the oxidoreductase reagent that catalyzes redox and the concentration of the redox reagent can be changed in the protein synthesis basic reagent.
- a group of reagents that can change the equilibrium state of the redox reduction is added to the reconstituted protein synthesis system to a desired final concentration, thereby forming disulfide bond crosslinks of the produced protein.
- the conditions necessary for producing a desired disulfide bond crosslinked protein can be accurately known in a reconstituted protein synthesis system.
- the information thus obtained can be used as conditions for the protein synthesis.
- the oxidoreductase reagent and the oxidoreductase reagent may be added at any time before the start of the reaction, during the reaction, or after the reaction.
- Examples of the oxidoreductase reagent include DTT and GSSG.
- Examples of the redox reagent include protein disulfide isomerases and disulfide interdiamine diproteins. 1 It is possible to prepare multiple concentrations of reagents in advance and add them to each reaction system before starting the reaction (before adding the type III nucleic acid), after starting the reaction, or after finishing the reaction.
- the details of the method for measuring the activity are the same as in the protein synthesis system described above, except that the enzyme for promoting the disulfide bond or the enzyme catalyzing the isomerization whose activity is to be measured is added simultaneously with or after the translation. .
- the protein used as a substrate is added as type II DNA or RNA encoding it.
- the type of protein used as a substrate is not particularly limited, but preferably has a known structure, and more preferably is an enzyme. Examples of such a substrate include lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase.
- this method can be used for the purpose of measuring the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes the promotion of a disulfide bond and / or the isomerization of a disulfide bond and, conversely, the screening of a substance that inhibits the activity. is there.
- screening can be performed by using the test substance together with an enzyme that catalyzes the promotion of disulfide bonds and isomerization.
- the present invention includes a kit comprising the following (1) a) and b), (2) a) and c), or (3) a), b) and c).
- a protein synthesis reaction basic reagent consisting of components whose abundance and purity are specified, and which causes the synthesis reaction of the protein encoded by the type II nucleic acid by adding the type II nucleic acid;
- a redox reagent that regulates one or more redox states whose abundance and purity are specified.
- Ribosomes initiation factors, elongation factors, termination factors, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, methylo
- FIG. 1 shows fractionation of a crude liposome extract by a sucrose density gradient of 6 to 36%.
- Figure 2 shows the Aranyl tRNA synthetase (AlaRS), arginine tRNA synthetase (ArgRS), asparagine tRNA synthetase (AsnRS), aspartate tRNA synthetase (AspRS), cysteine tRNA synthetase (CysRS), and His-Tag attached.
- AlRS Aranyl tRNA synthetase
- ArgRS arginine tRNA synthetase
- AsnRS asparagine tRNA synthetase
- AspRS aspartate tRNA synthetase
- cysteine tRNA synthetase CysRS
- His-Tag attached.
- FIG. 3 shows a photograph of synthesis electrophoresis of human lysozyme (arrows indicate synthesized human lysozyme).
- FIG. 4 shows the specific activity of the synthesized lysozyme.
- FIG. 5 shows the amount of synthesized mIL6 protein.
- FIG. 6 shows the amount of DHFR protein synthesized.
- FIG. 7 shows the specific activity (effect of PDI concentration) of the synthesized human lysozyme.
- FIG. 8 shows the specific activity (effect of DTT concentration in the presence of 0.13 PDI) of the synthesized lysozyme.
- Figure 9 shows the combined alkaline phosphatase activity (impact of 0. I 3 i M PDI ⁇ Pi l mM GSSG concentration in the presence of DTT).
- FIG. 10 shows the activity of the synthesized alkaline phosphatase (the effect of a change in DTT concentration in the presence of PDI).
- FIG. 11 shows the activity of the synthesized lysozyme (the effect of adding or not adding DsbC).
- FIG. 12 shows the activity of the synthesized alkaline phosphatase (comparison between the method of the present invention and the method using a cell extract).
- FIG. 13 shows an electrophoresis photograph of the eluted fraction of EF-Tu.
- FIG. 14 shows electrophoresis photographs of purified DsbA (lane 1) and DsbC (lane 2).
- the in vitro DNA transcription / translation system or RNA translation system in the present invention is a protein synthesis system comprising a basic component for synthesizing a protein by adding a type III encoding a target protein such as mRNA or cDNA. It consists of a basic reagent, a reagent for adjusting the redox state of redistribution between disulfide and thiol, and an enzyme for catalyzing redox. .
- the method of the present invention comprises: (1) a reaction system comprising the following a) and b); (2) a), b) and c) Using a reaction system consisting of (3) a reaction system consisting of the following a), b) and d), or (4) a reaction system consisting of the following a), b), c) and d): And a method for synthesizing a protein having a disulfide bond therein.
- a protein synthesis reaction basic reagent consisting of a plurality of components whose abundance and purity are each specified, wherein the addition of a mirror nucleic acid causes a synthesis reaction of a protein encoded by the type II nucleic acid;
- a redox reagent that regulates one or more redox states whose abundance and purity are specified.
- Basic protein synthesis reagents consist of ribosomes, initiation factors, elongation JP2005 / 008571 Factors, termination factors, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, methyl-tRNA transformylases, tRNAs, amino acids, ribonucleoside triphosphates, 10-formyl 5,6,7,8 It is characterized in that it contains tetrahydrofolate (FD), salts and water, each having a predetermined purity in a predetermined amount. However, not all the components are required, and the components can be selected as appropriate.
- FD tetrahydrofolate
- these components constituting the system do not use a cell extract or a crude fraction thereof, but it is desirable to be able to calculate the concentration of a substance that affects the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins.
- the reconstituted protein synthesis system of the present invention reconstitutes all components constituting the system, it is easy to identify such components and calculate their contents.
- the protein synthesis reaction basic reagent in the present invention can be used as a reaction system for protein synthesis for performing transcription and translation from DNA or translation of RNA.
- the protein referred to in the present invention refers to a protein in which two or more amino acids are linked by a peptide bond, and includes peptides, oligopeptides, and polypeptides.
- RNA according to the present invention includes chemically synthesized RNA and mRNA
- DNA includes synthetic DNA, DNA butter, genomic DNA, PCR products and cDNA.
- the phrase "contains components whose abundance and purity are specified respectively" means that each component is individually purified, its purity can be measured, and quantification is possible. It means that it is possible.
- a plurality of components whose abundance and purity are specified are defined in advance by a method for purifying a substance such as salting out, chromatography, electrophoresis, difference in solubility, recrystallization, and centrifugation. Each is a purified substance, and the purity of each is about 80% or more by analysis methods such as chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and centrifugation.
- proteins are mainly purified by chromatography, purity is determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and ribosomes are mainly purified by ultracentrifugation. Purity is determined by sedimentation analysis by ultracentrifugation.
- the ribosome is composed of multiple RNA molecules (three RNA molecules of 23S, 5S, and 16S in prokaryotes, and four RNA molecules of 28S, 5.8S, 5S, and 18S in eukaryotes) and multiple liposomal proteins ( Approximately 50 eukaryotes in prokaryotes 2005/008571 product), it is possible to identify the molecule as an aggregated molecule and measure its purity by force precipitation analysis, which is an aggregated molecule consisting of about 80 proteins and having a molecular weight of several million.
- tRNAs are composed of 74 to 94 nucleotides and have multiple base sequences.However, the molecules must be separated and identified by electrophoresis, etc., and the purity must be determined by measuring the absorbance at 260 nni and 280 nm. Is possible. In addition, low-molecular substances such as amino acids and salts can be identified and their purity measured by conventional methods such as chromatography, melting point measurement, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry.
- Factors for transcription / translation as basic reagents for protein synthesis As enzymes, not only those derived from prokaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli but also those derived from eukaryotic cells, (1) In the case of translation from RNA Ribosomes, initiation factors, elongation factors, termination factors, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, tRNAs, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), amino acids, 10-formyl 5, 6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (FD), salts and water; if it is a reaction system derived from prokaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli, it further contains methionyl tRNA transformylases; (2) DNA In the case of transcription / translation of E. coli, in addition to (1), peridine triphosphate (UTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and RNA polymerases such as T7 RNA polymerase are included
- reaction system of the present invention The various factors and enzymes that constitute the reaction system of the present invention are inherently present in all organisms such as Escherichia coli, mold, yeast, and cultured cells. Therefore, each of them must be highly purified and used as a component. However, it is more preferable to use a recombinantly produced protein since a large amount of each protein can be obtained and the possibility of unknown unnecessary or inhibitory components being introduced into the reaction system is reduced.
- a gene encoding an initiation factor, elongation factor, termination factor, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, methionyl-tRNA transformylase, or RNA polymerase is ligated to an appropriate vector, and Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, It can be transformed into mold, yeast, or the like, induced to express, purified, and used as a component of the reaction system of the present invention.
- the protein may be expressed in an intact state, but may be expressed as a fusion protein.
- a histidine tag hereinafter referred to as a histidine tag
- the outline of a purification method of a protein component with a His-Tag using a His-Tag and a nickel column is as follows.
- various variations are known and can be appropriately selected and used.
- the salts contain cations and anions which are essential for transcription and translation, and potassium glutamate, ammonium chloride, magnesium acetate, calcium chloride and the like are usually used. It goes without saying that other than the above, it can be appropriately selected and used. Water does not contain ions, microorganisms, and enzymes, such as water produced by Millipore's Milli-Q water production equipment and commercially available pure water. 5 008571
- the ribosome is a site for peptide synthesis, which binds to mRNA and coordinates aminoacyl tRNA at the A site and formylmethionyl tRNA or beptidyl tRNA at the P site to form peptide bonds.
- the reaction is performed (Science289: 920-930 (2000)).
- any substance having such a function can be used regardless of its origin.
- ribosomes derived from E. coli are used, but those derived from eukaryotic cells can also be used.
- Preferred examples of the liposome used in the present invention are those derived from Escherichia coli, and include, for example, those obtained from Escherichia coli A19 strain and MRE600 strain.
- the initiation factors used in the in vitro protein synthesis system of the present invention are factors that are essential for, or significantly promote, the formation of a translation initiation complex, and include those derived from Escherichia coli. , IF1, IF2 and IF3 are known (Biochemistry 29: 5881-5889 (1990)).
- the initiation factor IF3 promotes the dissociation of the 70S ribosome into the 30S and 50S subunits, a necessary step in the initiation of translation, and formsylmethionyl during the formation of the translation initiation complex. Inhibits the entry of tRNA other than tRNA into the P site.
- the initiation factor IF2 binds to formylmethionyl tRNA, drives formylmethionyl tRM to the P site of the 30S ribosome subunit, and forms a translation initiation complex.
- Initiation factor IF1 promotes the function of initiation factors IF2 and IF3.
- Preferred examples of the initiation factor used in the present invention are those derived from Escherichia coli, such as those obtained from Escherichia coli K12 strain, but those derived from eukaryotic cells can also be used.
- GTP type binds to aminoacyl-tRNA and transports it to the A site of ribosome. When EF-Tu leaves the ribosome, GTP is hydrolyzed and converted to GDP.
- EMB0J. 17: 7490-7497 (1998) 0 elongation factor EF-Ts binds to EF-Tu (GDP type) and promotes conversion to GTP type
- elongation factor used in the present invention is: It is derived from Escherichia coli, for example, those obtained from Escherichia coli K12 strain, but those derived from eukaryotic cells can also be used.
- Termination factors are essential for terminating protein synthesis, dissociating the translated peptide chain, and regenerating the ribosome to initiate translation of the next mRNA.
- the reaction stops immediately before the stop codon, and a stable ternary complex of ribosome, peptide, and mRNA is easily formed (polysome display method).
- Ribosome display method in vitro virus method).
- the introduction of the unnatural amino acid into the peptide chain is performed by omitting RF1 and / or RF2 from the reaction system. That is, the introduction of unnatural amino acids into the UAG codon when RF1 is omitted and the introduction of unnatural amino acids into the UGA codon when RF2 is omitted are performed with high efficiency.
- Terminating factors RF1 and RF2 when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) arrives at the A site of the ribosome, enter the A site and dissociate the peptide chain from peptidyl tRNA (at the P site). Facilitate. RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG among stop codons, and RF2 recognizes UAA and UGA.
- the termination factor RF3 promotes the dissociation of RF1 and RF2 from liposomes after the dissociation reaction of the peptide chain by RF1 and RF2.
- Ribosome regeneration factor (RRF) promotes the elimination of tRNA remaining at the P site after protein synthesis is stopped and the regeneration of ribosomes for subsequent protein synthesis.
- RRF is also treated as one of the termination factors.
- the functions of the termination factors RF1, RF2, RF3 and RRF are described in EMB0J. 16: 4126-4133 (1997) and EMB0J. 16: 4134-4141 (1997).
- Preferred examples of the terminator used in the present invention are those derived from Escherichia coli. For example, those obtained from Escherichia coli strain K12 can be mentioned, but those derived from eukaryotic cells can also be used.
- Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is an enzyme that synthesizes aminoacyl tRNA by covalently binding tamino acid and tRNA in the presence of ATP (RNA 3: 954-960 (1997), protein nucleic acid enzyme 39: 1215-1225 (1994) )).
- Preferred examples of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase used in the present invention are those derived from Escherichia coli, for example, those obtained from Escherichia coli K12 strain, and those derived from eukaryotic cells can also be used.
- artificial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that recognize unnatural amino acids Patent
- Methionyl tRNA transformylase is an enzyme that synthesizes N-formylmethyl (fMet) tRNA in which a formyl group is added to the amino group of methionyl tRNA in protein synthesis in prokaryotes. That is, methionyl tRNA transformylase transfers the formyl group of N10-formylte trahydrofolate to the N-terminus of methionyl tRNA corresponding to the initiation codon to fMet-tRNA (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 875). -880 (1999)).
- the added formyl group is recognized by the initiation factor IF2 and acts as an initiation signal for protein synthesis.
- initiation factor IF2 acts as an initiation signal for protein synthesis.
- RNA polymerase is an enzyme that transcribes a DNA sequence into RNA, and is known to exist in various organisms.
- T7 RNA polymerase from T7 phage which is an enzyme that binds to a specific DNA sequence called the T7 promoter and transcribes the downstream DNA sequence into RNA.
- the present inventors added a his-tag to the N-terminus of T7 RNA polymerase, expressed it as a fusion protein in a large amount in Escherichia coli BL21 strain, and purified it by affinity chromatography using a nickel column.
- various RNA polymerases can be used in addition to the T7 RNA polymerase.
- T3RNA polymerase SP6 RNA polymerase is commercially available, and these can be used.
- Amino acids include natural or unnatural amino acids, and tRNA charged with natural or unnatural amino acids. By using tRNA charged with unnatural amino acids, it becomes possible to introduce unnatural amino acids into proteins.
- tRNAs tRNA purified from cells such as Escherichia coli and yeast can be used. An artificial tRNA in which anticodons and other bases are arbitrarily changed can also be used (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121: 34-40 (1996), Nature Biotech. 20: 177-182).
- a potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) is usually used as the buffer.
- Examples of substances that influence the formation of disulfide bonds include oxidoreductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of disulfide bonds, and redox reagent, which is a reagent that regulates the redox state of disulfide bonds.
- enzymes and / or reagents that affect disulfide bond formation (i) enzymes that catalyze redox: daltathione reductases, thioredoxin reductases, protein disulfide isomerases, Disulfide interchain diproteins, proteins such as thioredoxin-like proteins, and reagents that regulate Z or (mouth) redox state: reduced molecules such as reduced daltathione, oxidized daltathione, DTT, 2-mercaptoethanol and thioredoxin Compounds can be exemplified.
- the redox reagent in the present invention refers to a reagent capable of reducing disulfide to a thiol or conversely oxidizing a thiol to form a disulfide.
- substances that affect disulfide bond formation include (ii) redox enzymes (enzymes that catalyze redox) and Z or (red) redox reagents (reagents that regulate the redox state). It is desirable to use enzymes and their substrates that promote and regulate the cross-linking of disulfide bonds.
- the (a) enzyme that catalyzes redox and / or (mouth) the reagent that regulates the redox state need not always be added during the translation reaction, but may be added after the translation is completed. In the case of adding after the completion of translation, it is preferable to leave the mixture at 37 ° C. for about several tens of minutes to about 1 hour after the addition.
- the concentration is preferably from 0 to 1 mM, more preferably from 0.001 to 0.5 mM. More preferably, the concentration is preferably in the range of 0.006 to 0.5 mM.
- the concentration is preferably 0 to 8 mM, and more preferably 0. More preferably, the concentration is 1 to 4 mM.
- the disulfide interchain diproteins are preferably DsbA and / or DsbC.
- Protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.4.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a disulfide bond of approximately 55 kDa and the isomerization / reduction reaction in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes. It is said to have chaperone-like activity. As described above, this protein can be purified from a living organism and used as a component, or a recombinantly produced protein may be used.
- proteins are known as protein disulfide isomerases, and can be used as the protein disulfide isomerase of the present invention.
- DsbA is an enzyme with a 21 kDa thioredoxin-like fold structure that is thought to catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds.
- DsbB is a 20 kDa protein with four transmembrane sites and two periplasmic domains, and is said to maintain DsbA in an oxidized form.
- DsbC is a periplasmic protein that forms a homodimer, has a thioredoxin-like fold, and is said to be mainly responsible for the isomerization of disulfide bonds, but also has a role as a chaperone It is believed that.
- DsbD is a protein with a molecular weight of 59 kDa, consisting of two periplasmic domains and eight transmembrane domains, and is thought to have the function of maintaining the cysteine in the active center of DsbC in a reduced form.
- the following proteins are known as disulfide interchain diproteins and can be used as the disulfide interchain diproteins of the present invention. Noh.
- Salmonella typhimurium D protein disulfide-isomerase dsbA homolog PIR Database Accession Nampa, S32895
- these disulfide interdiazine diproteins can be purified from an organism and used as a component, or may be a recombinantly produced product.
- the concentration is preferably 0 to 10; It is preferably 0.001 to 5 ⁇ . More preferably, it is preferably 0.001 / ⁇ -2.
- the amount is preferably 0 ⁇ to 10 ⁇ m. Preferably it is between 0.01 and 10 ⁇ . It is preferred more preferably a 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ 10 ⁇ ⁇ .
- glutathione reductases and thioredoxin reductases are not contained as much as possible, and the content of thioredoxin reductase and / or glutathione reductase in the components constituting the protein synthesis system is 100 ng / ml or less. Is preferred.
- the above-mentioned components composed of proteins such as initiation factors, elongation factors, termination factors, methyl tRNA transformylases, and DsbA and DsbC include, for example, His tag and His column using a nickel column as described above. After purifying the tagged protein components by the purification method, confirm the target protein by SDS-PAGE. The migration pattern of 2005/008571 can be calculated by reading with a densitometer.
- the purity of the purified ribosome can be determined by analysis with a sucrose density gradient.
- Reagents that are commercially available as ordinary reagents such as tRNAs, amino acids, ribonucleotide triphosphates and FD, other buffers, DTT, and oxidized daltathione, can be used with the purity of commercially available reagents.
- the purity of all commercially available reagents was 80% or more. .
- reaction system of the above-mentioned [Method for synthesizing protein having intermolecular or intramolecular disulfide bond] can be used.
- the oxidoreductase of the present invention the concentration of the oxidoreductase and the concentration of the redox reagent. test method for measuring the correlation between the three parties of activity following a) to d) consisting of the reaction system, specifically, (1) &), 1 3) ⁇ Pi 0), (2) a) , B) d) or (3) a reaction system consisting of a), b), c) and d).
- a protein synthesis reaction basic reagent consisting of a plurality of components whose abundance and purity are each specified, wherein the addition of type I nucleic acid causes a synthesis reaction of the protein encoded by type I nucleic acid;
- a redox reagent that regulates one or more redox states whose abundance and purity are specified.
- the activity of the protein synthesized in the above reaction system is measured, and the correlation with the added c) redox enzyme and d) redox reagent is determined.
- the activity of the protein measured here is not limited to the enzymatic activity, and includes, for example, the binding activity between the receptor and the protein, the proliferation activity of the cells, and the specific activities thereof.
- C) and d) may be each a single substance, or may be a mixture of a plurality of substances.
- oxidoreductases include protein disulfide isomerases, disulfide interchain diproteins, and homologous enzymes thereof.
- redox reagent As the redox reagent,
- DTT, GSSG, GSH, thioredoxin and the like can be exemplified.
- the protein synthesis reaction is started.c) and d) may be added at the beginning of the protein synthesis reaction, or may be added during the synthesis reaction. May be added.
- the addition is performed after the completion of the synthesis reaction, it is preferable that the mixture is further allowed to stand at 37 ° C. for about several ten minutes to one hour after the addition. In each case synthesized in this way, the activity of the synthesized protein in the reaction solution is measured.
- the protein synthesized here is not particularly limited as long as it can form a bridge of at least one disulfide bond within a molecule and / or between molecules, and a plurality of proteins are synthesized in the same reaction solution. It is also possible to form a hetero-oligomer and measure the activity.
- the concentration of c) oxidoreductase and / or d) redox reagent necessary to obtain a predetermined value of activity ′ is determined, and the desired concentration is determined.
- the target protein can be efficiently produced with the added reaction system.
- the pellet was suspended in buffer A to obtain a crude ribosome extract.
- This crude ribosome extract was subjected to 6-36% (w / v) sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the fractions shown in Fig. 1 were collected.
- This Liposomes Ichimu fractions were centrifuged at 100, 000 g, its Peretsuto ribosome buffer (pH 7 6 of 20 mM HEPES-K0H, 6 mM MgOAc, 30 mM NH 4 C1, 7 mM j3 -. Mercaptoethanol ( mercaptoethanol)) to prepare purified ribosomes.
- Analysis of the-part of the purified ribosome with a 6-36% (w / v) sucrose density gradient yielded a single peak with a purity greater than 90%.
- the gene sequence encoding the RNA tRNA synthetase is amplified by PCR, and DNA with a Sphl at the 5 'end and a sequence recognized by Hindlll at the 3' end. A fragment was obtained. The obtained DNA fragment was inserted into a plasmid pQE30 (manufactured by QIAGEN) cut in advance with Sphl and Hindlll to obtain a vector for highly expressing Araer tRNA synthetase having His-Tag fused to the N-terminus. E. coli BL21 / pREP4 was transformed with the obtained vector. Other vectors expressing high ARS were constructed in the same manner.
- Table 1 shows the locations of the vectors, restriction enzymes, and His-Tags used.
- the plasmid pQE series in Table 1 was used for transformation of E. coli BL21 / pREP4, and the pET series was used for transformation of E. coli BL21 / DE3.
- table 1 shows the locations of the vectors, restriction enzymes, and His-Tags used.
- the plasmid pQE series in Table 1 was used for transformation of E. coli BL21 / pREP4, and the pET series was used for transformation of E. coli BL21 / DE3.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 2, a high expression plasmid of the following protein factor and enzyme was constructed. MTF, T7 RM polymerase, IF1, IF2, IF3, EF-G, EF-Tu, EF-Ts and
- RFlo Plasmids were constructed in the same manner for protein factor 'enzymes not listed in Table 1.
- the vector use the pQE series or P ET series E. coli BL21 / pREP4 or E. coli BL21 / DE3, respectively.
- the transformant E. coli BL21 / pREP4 cells obtained in 2 were cultured in 6 liters of LB medium until the absorbance at 660 nm reached 0.7. To this culture, add isopropyl-11-thiol j3-D-galactoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 0.1 mM, and further at 37 ° C.
- IPTG isopropyl-11-thiol j3-D-galactoside
- the cells were cultured for 4 hours.
- the culture is centrifuged and the cells obtained are suspended in a suspension buffer (pH 7.6).
- TritonX_100 0.2 mM phenylmethanesulfur fluoride (PMSF), 6 mM jS
- the suspension was sonicated to break cells.
- the sonicated suspension was centrifuged (100,000 g, 1 hour at 4 ° C) to remove cell debris.
- the obtained supernatant fraction was applied to a 10 ml Hi-Trap chelating column (manufactured by Pharmacia) precharged with Ni 2+ , and 100 ml of HT buffer (pH 7.6, 50 mM) containing 10 mM imidazole was applied. Washed with mM HEPES-K0H, 1M NH 4 C1, 10 mM MgCl 2 ).
- the concentration of imidazole in the HT buffer was linearly ramped from 10 to 400 mM.
- His-tagged arrul tRNA synthetase was eluted from the column. The fractions containing the purified protein are combined and combined in Stock buffer (50 mM HEPES-K0H, pH 7.6,
- ArgRS asparagine tRNA synthetase
- AspRS asparagine tRNA synthetase
- CysRS cysteine tRNA synthetase
- GlnRS glutamine tRNA synthetase
- GluRS glutamate tRNA synthetase
- composition per protein synthesis reaction basic reagent 50 is as follows. 2 ⁇ ATP, 2 m GTP. 1 mM CTP, 1 mM UTP, 10 mM creatine phosphate, 2.8 A 260 unit tRNA mix, 0.5 gFD, 0.1 mM each amino acid, 9 mM acetic acid Magnesium, 5 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.3, 95 mM potassium glutamate, 5 mM ammonium chloride, 0.5 mM calcium chloride, 1 mM spermidine, 8 mM putrescine , 12 pmol ribosome, 1 ⁇ g IF1, 2 IF2, 0.75 ⁇ g IF3, 1 ⁇ g EF-G, 2 ⁇ g EF-Tu N 1 g EF- Ts, 0.5 ⁇ g RF1, 0.5 zg RF3, 0.5 ⁇ g RRF, 30-300 units each ARS and MTF, 0.2 / g creatine kinase (
- the ribosome was removed by passing through an ultrafiltration membrane that passes a substance of 100 kDa or less.
- ribosomes and those described in Table 1 were prepared in Examples 1 and 4, and the purity was measured.
- the other components used were commercially available purification reagents.
- ribosomes, DsbA and DsbC were prepared in Examples 1, 4 and 13 and the purity was measured.
- the other components used were commercially available purification reagents.
- Lysozyme is a protein originally having four disulfide bonds in the molecule.
- the array for the video primer is as follows: AAGGAGATATACCAATGAAGGTCTTTGAAAGGTGTG.
- the sequence of the reverse primer is as follows: GGATTAGTTATTCATTACACTCCACAACCTTGAACAT C
- type I DNA of about 0.51 kbp containing the T7 promoter region was amplified by PCR.
- the sequence of type I DNA is shown in Sequence Listing, SEQ ID NO: 4.
- Example 5 To the basic reagent for protein synthesis reaction described in Example 5 (the method according to the present invention) and a reaction solution (1 ⁇ mol) prepared by adding 1 mM DTT to the reaction reagent (conventional method), 1 pmol of the prepared type I DNA was added. Then, a protein synthesis reaction was performed.
- the synthesized protein was separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with SYPR0 Orange (Amersham Fanore Macia). A band of human lysozyme with a molecular weight of 17000
- the concentration of synthesized trisozyme was determined.
- the activity of human lysozyme was determined using lyophilized microbial powder of Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 (manufactured by SIGMA).
- the amount that reduces the absorbance at 450 nm by 0.001 per minute was measured as 1 unit (Imoto
- Fig. 3 shows an electrophoresis photograph of the synthesized protein
- Fig. 4 shows the specific activity.
- the protein synthesized by electrophoresis can be confirmed, but no activity is recognized, but in the method according to the present invention, a specific activity of about 300 units / mg is recognized.
- other proteins having disulfide bonds were examined, almost the same results were obtained.
- mIL6 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6.
- E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) type II DNA was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6 using E. coli genomic DNA.
- a reaction solution obtained by adding ImM DTT to the basic reagent for protein synthesis reaction of Example 5 (conventional method), the basic reagent for protein synthesis reaction of Example 5, and the basic reagent of Example 5 to the final concentration of 2, 4, 8 mM Five kinds of reaction solutions each containing GSSG were prepared, and 1 pmol of type I DNA was added to each of them to synthesize each protein.
- DHFR When DHFR was synthesized, the solution passed through the ultrafiltration membrane after synthesis, and when mIL6 was synthesized, the synthesis reaction solution was subjected to SDS-PAGE, and the protein was fluorescently stained with SYPRO Red. The staining pattern was analyzed with a fluoroimager, and the amount of protein in the solution was calculated from the staining concentrations of mIL6 and DHFR.
- Fig. 5 shows the determined amount of mIL6 protein
- Fig. 6 shows the amount of DHFR protein.
- the production amount by the conventional method was the largest, and the protein synthesis amount was decreased by the method of the present invention.
- a reaction solution was prepared by adding 2 mM of GSSG to the basic protein synthesis reaction reagent of Example 5. Four reaction solutions were prepared. To this reaction solution, PDI derived from Escherichia coli (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) was further added so that the final concentrations became 0 M, 0.0325 ⁇ , 0.13 ⁇ , and 0.52 ⁇ . Add 50 ⁇ l of each of these reaction solutions to human lysozyme
- Alkali phosphatase is a protein that has two disulfide bonds in the molecule, and has been a well-known model protein for a long time to study the relationship between disulfide bond formation and its enzymatic activity.
- Al-force phosphatase was synthesized.
- type III DNA of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6.
- Five reaction solutions were prepared by adding 1 mM DTT and 0.13 ⁇ M PDI to the protein reaction basic reagent of Example 5, and 0.1, 2, 3, 4 mM GSSG was added thereto.
- the concentration of the synthesized protein was determined by the same method as in Example 5.
- the synthesized alkaline phosphatase is p-nitrophenyl T JP2005 / 008571 Using di-sodium phosphate as a substrate, the activity was measured by measuring the absorbance at 405 nm. (Biochim Biophys Acta. 258: 178-87 (1972)
- Q Fig. 9 shows the relative activity of anorecaliphosphatase. As is evident from Fig.
- alkaline phosphatase shows no activity with the conventional method, that is, no activity with the basic protein reaction reagent supplemented with 1 mM DTT and 0.13 ⁇ M PDI, whereas the method according to the present invention.
- the activity was observed in the reaction solution to which GSSG was added at 1 mM or 2 mM Even if DTT was present in the system at 1 mM, alkaline phosphatase was active and the synthesized protein was correctly folded.
- reaction solutions were prepared by adding 1000 ⁇ , 500 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ 0, 125 ⁇ , and 0 Ai ⁇ of DTT to the reaction solution of Example 5.
- Escherichia coli DsbC was amplified by PCR, and a high level of dsbC was expressed in the same manner as in Example 2, except that a DNA fragment having a BamHI at the 5 'end and a sequence recognizing Hindlll at the 3' end was obtained.
- a vector to be constructed was constructed, and E. coli BL21 / pREP4 was transformed with the obtained vector.
- Purified DsbC was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4. Protein purity was greater than 90%.
- Three reaction solutions 501 were prepared by adding 1 mM DTT and 2 mM GSSG to the basic protein synthesis reagent of Example 5.
- Example 1 2 T / JP2005 / 008571 Comparison of basic protein synthesis reagent of the present invention with conventional cell extract
- GSSG was added to a final concentration of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mM using an in vitro protein synthesis system (Rapid Translation System 100; manufactured by Kuchish) using an E. coli cell extract.
- the alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli was synthesized according to the instructions described in the above.
- Escherichia coli allelic phosphatase was synthesized by the method of the present invention.
- the specific activity of the synthesized alkaline phosphatase is shown in FIG. As is evident from Fig. 12, in the system using the in-cell extract of Escherichia coli, the activity of allelic phosphatase was not observed at all even when GSSG was added at various concentrations, whereas the system of the present invention The method showed high activity.
- Cells expressing EF-Tu with His-tagged protein are sonicated in ice, suspended in loading buffer (300 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH2P04, H8.0) and lysed. The material was centrifuged (30,000 g, 4 ° C for 30 minutes). To the supernatant obtained above, 50% M2 + -NTA slurry (manufactured by Qiagen) equilibrated in ice-cooled loading buffer was added. The mixture was stirred at 4 ° C for 1 hour. The resin was loaded on the column, and the column was washed with a loading buffer 20 times the column volume at 4 ° C.
- loading buffer 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH2P04, H8.0
- the column was washed with loading buffer (containing 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0) 20 times the column volume at 4 ° C.
- loading buffer containing 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0
- concentration gradient of imidazole was set to 10 to 250 mM
- the target protein was eluted from the column, and fractions of 1 ml were collected.
- the target protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE.
- the purity was calculated by reading the electrophoresis pattern of each lane with a densitometer.
- Figure 13 shows an electrophoresis photograph of the eluted fraction of EF-Tu.
- the electrophoresis pattern of the lane was read with a densitometer, and EF-Tu fractions having a purity of 90% or more were collected.
- FIG. 14 shows electrophoretic photographs of the purified DsbA (lane 1) and DsbC (lane 2). All enzymes were more than 90% pure. 2005/008571 Industrial applicability
- DTT which had conventionally been considered to be better removed from the reaction solution, may be added up to a few M or more up to ImM, or DTT may not be added at all.
- the substrate is synthesized as a single-stranded polypeptide having no disulfide bond by a protein synthesis reaction, so that no step of reducing and denaturing is required, and the activity is simultaneously or simultaneously with or after the synthesis.
- the enzyme or enzyme to be measured is added, and the activity or structure of the folded protein is used as an index. Therefore, there is the feature that the required steps and time are greatly reduced as compared with the conventional method.
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EP05738870A EP1757688A4 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2005-04-28 | METHOD OF DISULFIDER NETWORKING FORMATION TYPE IN IN VITRO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
US11/587,899 US8603775B2 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2005-04-28 | Method of disulfide crosslink forming in vitro protein synthesis |
JP2006512879A JP4945239B2 (ja) | 2004-04-30 | 2005-04-28 | ジスルフィド架橋形成型インビトロタンパク質合成方法 |
CA2564831A CA2564831C (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2005-04-28 | Method of forming disulfide crosslink in in vitro protein synthesis |
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US7772368B2 (en) | 2005-01-25 | 2010-08-10 | Ewha University-Industry Collaboration Foundation | Deletion forms of IGE-dependent histamine releasing factor having histamine releasing activity, HRF-binding peptides and the uses thereof |
WO2012084923A1 (de) | 2010-12-24 | 2012-06-28 | Geneart Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von leseraster-korrekten fragment-bibliotheken |
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CN110685020B (zh) * | 2019-11-11 | 2020-09-04 | 南宁雄晋生物科技有限公司 | 一种用于天然彩色蚕丝脱胶固色的复合酶及其使用方法 |
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JP2003102495A (ja) * | 2000-12-28 | 2003-04-08 | Post Genome Institute Co Ltd | invitro転写/翻訳系によるペプチド等の製造方法 |
JP2003116590A (ja) * | 2001-08-06 | 2003-04-22 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | タンパク質の生産方法、タンパク質のスクリーニング方法、及びタンパク質の機能検索方法 |
WO2003072796A1 (fr) * | 2002-02-28 | 2003-09-04 | Yaeta Endo | Solution de reaction pour la synthese de proteines sans cellule, procede de preparation de cette solution et procede de synthese de cette proteine utilisant cette solution |
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US6548276B2 (en) * | 2000-09-06 | 2003-04-15 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Enhanced in vitro synthesis of active proteins containing disulfide bonds |
US20030113835A1 (en) * | 2001-08-06 | 2003-06-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Methods for protein synthesis, protein screening and retrieval of protein function |
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JP2003102495A (ja) * | 2000-12-28 | 2003-04-08 | Post Genome Institute Co Ltd | invitro転写/翻訳系によるペプチド等の製造方法 |
JP2003116590A (ja) * | 2001-08-06 | 2003-04-22 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | タンパク質の生産方法、タンパク質のスクリーニング方法、及びタンパク質の機能検索方法 |
WO2003072796A1 (fr) * | 2002-02-28 | 2003-09-04 | Yaeta Endo | Solution de reaction pour la synthese de proteines sans cellule, procede de preparation de cette solution et procede de synthese de cette proteine utilisant cette solution |
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US7772368B2 (en) | 2005-01-25 | 2010-08-10 | Ewha University-Industry Collaboration Foundation | Deletion forms of IGE-dependent histamine releasing factor having histamine releasing activity, HRF-binding peptides and the uses thereof |
WO2012084923A1 (de) | 2010-12-24 | 2012-06-28 | Geneart Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von leseraster-korrekten fragment-bibliotheken |
DE102010056289A1 (de) | 2010-12-24 | 2012-06-28 | Geneart Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Leseraster-korrekten Fragment-Bibliotheken |
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KR20070015216A (ko) | 2007-02-01 |
JPWO2005105994A1 (ja) | 2008-03-13 |
EP1757688A4 (en) | 2009-07-08 |
CA2564831A1 (en) | 2005-11-10 |
CA2564831C (en) | 2014-02-25 |
JP4945239B2 (ja) | 2012-06-06 |
US20090162884A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
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CN1997739A (zh) | 2007-07-11 |
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