Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
  • A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/81—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/8164—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers, e.g. poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
  • C08F8/14—Esterification
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
  • A61K2800/57—Compounds covalently linked to a(n inert) carrier molecule, e.g. conjugates, pro-fragrances
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
  • C08F2810/30—Chemical modification of a polymer leading to the formation or introduction of aliphatic or alicyclic unsaturated groups

Definitions

• the invention relates to polymers, and methods to increase the UV- absorbance, water resistance, and photostability of a variety of compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to cyanodiphenylacrylate and/or cyanofluorenylidene acetate compounds and compositions containing the same, and methods of using them that include a method of protecting a material from ultra-violet radiation, a method of waterproofing, a method of forming a film, and a method of photostabilizing a photounstable compound.
• a sunscreen composition for use on human skin preferably includes both a UN-A and a UN-B filter to prevent most of the sunlight within the full range of about 280 nm or 290 nm to about 400 nm from damaging human skin.
• Ultraviolet radiation from the sun or artificial sources can also cause harm to coatings containing photoactive substances, such as photoactive pigments and dyes, by breaking down chemical bonds in the structure of a component such as a polymer, a pigment, or a dye.
• This photodegradation can lead to color fading, loss of gloss, and loss of physical and protective properties of a coating.
• Photodegradation can take place in several steps which include one or more components of a coating absorbing UN radiation.
• the absorbed radiation can excite the absorbing molecules and raise them to a higher energy level, which can be very reactive. If the molecule cannot be relaxed, bond cleavage and the formation of free radicals will occur. These free radicals can attack one or more color molecules and/or a polymer backbone and form more free radicals.
• UN-A and UN-B filters can also be used to absorb UN radiation to protect a pigmented coating.
• the UN-B filters that are most widely used in the U.S. in commercial sunscreen compositions are paramethoxycinnamic acid esters, such as 2-ethylhexyl paramethoxycinnamate, commonly referred to as octyl methoxycinnamate or PARSOL MCX; octyl salicylate; and oxybenzone.
• the organic UN-A filters most commonly used in commercial sunscreen compositions are the dibenzoylmethane derivatives, particularly 4-(l,l- dimethylethyl)-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane (also called avobenzone, sold under the brand name PARSOL 1789).
• dibenzoylmethane derivatives described as UN-A filters are disclosed in U.S. Patent ⁇ os. 4,489,057, 4,387,089 and 4,562,067, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. It is also well known that the above described UN-A filters, particularly the dibenzoylmethane derivatives, can suffer from rapid photochemical degradation, when used alone or when combined with the above-described most commercially used UN-B filters.
• the above-described UN-B filters are combined with the above described UN-A filters in a solution with other lipophilic or oily ingredients.
• This solution of oily ingredients known to formulators of cosmetic products including sunscreens as the "oil phase,” is typically, but not necessarily, dispersed with the help of emulsif ⁇ ers and stabilizers into an aqueous solution composed primarily of water, to make an emulsion which becomes a final cream or lotion form of a sunscreen composition.
• the performance of a photoactive compound or a combination of photoactive compounds in a sunscreen composition has been extremely difficult to predict based on the levels of photoactive compounds in the formulation, particularly when the formulation includes one or more photoactive compounds that suffer from relatively rapid photodegradation, such as avobenzone. Because of this, each formulation has required expensive laboratory testing to determine the UN absorbance, as a function of time (quantity) of exposure of the formulation to UN radiation. Moreover, a particularly difficult problem is presented when one photoactive compound in a sunscreen composition acts to increase the rate of photodegradation of another photoactive compound in the composition. This can be accomplished in a number or ways, including a bimolecular reaction between two photoactive compounds and a lowering of the threshold energy needed to raise a photoactive compound to its excited state.
• One aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano- 3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• compositions, and methods described herein are to provide a sunscreen composition that includes a UN-absorbing polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2- enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• a sunscreen composition that includes a UN-absorbing polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2- enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of reducing or eliminating an amount of ultra- violet light that contacts a substrate by disposing between the source of ultra-violet light and the substrate, or applying to the substrate a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of waterproofing a substrate surface by applying thereto a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3- diphenyl ⁇ rop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3- diphenyl ⁇ rop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of protecting a photodegradable material against photodegradation by applying thereto a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of forming a UN-absorbing film on a substrate surface by applying thereto film or coating containing a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method for photostabilizing a sunscreen composition including a photoactive compound by the addition of a photostabilizing effective amount of a polymeric compound having a crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3- diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2- cyano-2-fiuoren-9-ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• compositions, and methods described herein are to provide a sunscreen composition that includes a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9-ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of reducing or eliminating an amount of ultra- violet light that contacts a substrate by disposing between the source of ultra-violet light and the substrate, or applying to the substrate a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9-ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of waterproofing a substrate surface by applying thereto a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren- 9-ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of protecting a photodegradable material against photodegradation by applying thereto a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9-ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of forming a UN-absorbing film on a substrate surface by applying thereto film or coating containing a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9-ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method for photostabilizing a sunscreen composition including a photoactive compound by the addition of a photostabilizing effective amount of a polymeric compound having a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9- ylideneacetic acid) attached to the polymer backbone.
• Yet another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a sunscreen composition that includes a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para- aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para- aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of reducing or eliminating an amount of ultraviolet light that contacts a substrate by disposing between the source of ultra-violet light and the substrate, or applying to the substrate a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized o
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of waterproofing a substrate surface by applying thereto a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of protecting a photodegradable material against photodegradation by applying thereto a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of forming a UN-absorbing film on a substrate surface by applying thereto film or coating containing a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para- aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para- aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• Another aspect of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method for photostabilizing a sunscreen composition including a photoactive compound by the addition of a photostabilizing effective amount of a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone, such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/or derivatized octyl salicylate.
• a photostabilizing effective amount of a polymeric compound having one or more of a photoactive compound attached to the polymer backbone such as a derivatized triazine photoabsorbing compounds, derivatized para-aminobenzoic acid, derivatized octyl methoxycinnamate, derivatized avobenzone, derivatized oxybenzone, and/
• Figure 1 is a graph of the absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer as the only UN-absorbing compound, from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm.
• Figure 2 is a graph of the absorbance of a sunscreens composition that includes 2% Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer as the only UN-absorbing compound, a sunscreen composition (with UN-absorbing compounds) that does not include Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, and a sunscreen composition including 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer and other UN-absorbing compounds, from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm.
• Figure 3 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that does not include Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm and after the composition has been exposed to 35 MED.
• Figure 4 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm and after the composition has been exposed to 35 MED.
• Figure 5 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition including 2% Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, and a sunscreen composition not including Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, wherein the absorbance is measured from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm and after the compositions have been exposed to 35 MED.
• Figure 6 is a graph of the absorbance of a sunscreen composition that does not include Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm.
• Figure 7 is a graph of the absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm.
• Figure 8 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that did not include the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, measuring the absorbance from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm, and after the composition was immersed in water for 40 minutes.
• Figure 9 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, measuring the absorbance from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm, and after the composition was immersed in water for 40 minutes.
• Figure 10 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, and a sunscreen composition that did not include the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, measuring the absorbance from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm, and after the compositions were immersed in water for 40 minutes.
• Figure 11 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% of the Crylene/Cetyl Polymer, and a sunscreen composition that did not include the Crylene/Cetyl Polymer, measuring the absorbance from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm.
• Figure 12 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% of the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer, and a sunscreen composition that did not include the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer, measuring the absorbance from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm.
• Figure 13 is a graph of the original absorbance of a sunscreen composition that includes 2% of the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer, and a sunscreen composition that did not include the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer, measuring the absorbance from a wavelength of 280 nm to 400 nm, and after the compositions were immersed in water for 40 minutes.
• Sunscreen compositions typically include one or more photoactive compounds that can absorb UN radiation, and often sunscreen compositions include a variety of photoactive compounds to absorb UN-radiation over the entire UN range (UN-A and UB-B range).
• Photoactive moieties including crylene ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoic acid)) and/or fluorene (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9-ylideneacetic acid), and methods of use of such polymers are described herein.
• crylene moiety ((2E)-2-cyano-3,3- diphenylprop-2-enoic acid) is shown below:
• each of the aromatic rings on the core crylene moiety can be substituted with various functional groups.
• Alpha-cyano-beta, beta-diphenylacrylate compounds such as Octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl (2Z)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoate
• Octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl (2Z)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoate are known to quench (accept the excited state energy) of an excited photoactive compound (see, e.g., the commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application ⁇ os.
• the -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate compound (octocrylene shown above as structure A), accepts the triplet excited state energy from a photoactive compound and forms a diradical (shown above as structure A ) at the ⁇ and ⁇ positions of the acrylate, which converts the double bond into a single bond and allows for the free rotation of the phenyl groups. This rotation occurs rapidly and efficiently to dissipate any excited state energy accepted by the ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate compound from the photoactive compound.
• a key limitation on the ability of a compound to photostabilize another compound is the ability of the two compounds to come into contact with one another.
• the general structure of a fluorene moiety (2-cyano-2-fluoren-9- ylideneacetic acid) is shown below:
• each of the aromatic rings on the core fluorene moiety can be substituted with various functional groups. It has been found that the one or more of a fluorene moiety may be attached to a polymer to convert the polymer into a compound capable of absorbing and/or dissipating UN radiation, as well as to photostabilize another UN- absorbing compound in a composition.
• octofluorene (2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-2-fluoren-9-ylideneacetate, shown above as structure B) accepts the triplet excited state energy and forms a diradical (shown above as structure B ) at the ⁇ and ⁇ positions of the acrylate, which converts the double bond into a single bond and allows for free rotation about the single bond. This rotation occurs rapidly and efficiently to dissipate excited state energy accepted by a derivative of fluorene (a compound that includes a fluorene moiety).
• novel UN-absorbing and photostabilizing compounds disclosed in the commonly assigned U.S . Patent Application ⁇ os. 10/246,434, 10/458,286, and 10/385,833 and U.S. Patent No. 6,800,274, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference, may be attached to a polymer molecule to provide other novel UN-absorbing and photostabilizing polymers. It has also been found that the polymer resulting from the attachment to the polymer backbone of the photostabilizing compounds disclosed in the above-listed applications would create a polymer that can absorb UN-radiation and photostabilize one or more other photoactive compounds in a UN-absorbing composition.
• crylene and/or fluorene moieties by attaching a tether to the crylene and/or fluorene moieties and attaching the crylene and/or fluorene moieties to the polymer backbone via the tether, the crylene and fluorene moieties are thereby spaced from the polymer backbone by attaching a tether (a spacer) so that there is less steric interference, to provide a more effective and efficient energy absorption and dissipation of the excited state energy via the aromatic ring(s) spinning about the tether (spacer).
• Suitable tether molecules include diols, diamino compounds, or any compound with two or more functional groups, wherein at least one functional group can be covalently attached to the carboxylic acid on the crylene and/or fluorene moieties (e.g., an alcohol, amine, carboxylic acid, a sulfide), and another functional group that can be covalently bonded to the polymer backbone.
• at least one functional group can be covalently attached to the carboxylic acid on the crylene and/or fluorene moieties (e.g., an alcohol, amine, carboxylic acid, a sulfide), and another functional group that can be covalently bonded to the polymer backbone.
• Nonlimiting examples of suitable tethers include alkyl diols (e.g., 2,2- dimethylpropane-l,3-diol and 3,3-dimethylpentane-l,5-diol), alkyl diamines (e.g., 1,5-diaminopentane), and alkyl amino alcohols (5-amino-l-pentanol).
• alkyl diols e.g., 2,2- dimethylpropane-l,3-diol and 3,3-dimethylpentane-l,5-diol
• alkyl diamines e.g., 1,5-diaminopentane
• alkyl amino alcohols 5-amino-l-pentanol
• any polymers may be used in this "tether" embodiment so long as it is capable of attachment of a tether molecule to its polymer backbone.
• Exemplary polymers that are useful include those having on its backbone a free alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine, and/or amido wherein these functional -groups can be covalently bonded to a crylene and/or fluorene moiety, or a suitable tether.
• Copolymers of an ⁇ -olefin and maleic anhydride are particularly suitable for the attachment of a crylene and/or fluorene moiety.
• a photoactive compound such as a crylene and/or a fluorene moiety is covalently bonded to a copolymer of an ⁇ - olefin and maleic anhydride as shown below for poly(octadecene-l-co-maleic anhydride):
• photoactive compounds may be added to a polymer backbone that contain at least one free acid.
• Nonlimiting examples of photoactive compounds that can be used in a polymer described herein include compounds selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XXIN), and a compound of formula (XXV):
• R , R 40 , R , R 42 , R 43 , R 44 , and R 45 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C 0 alkyl, C 2 -C 0 alkenyl, C -C 5 o alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C1-C 5 0 substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 o substituted alkyne, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heteroaryl and substituted heterocycloalkyl;
• X is selected from the group consisting of amino, and oxygen;
• Y and Z are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl.
• photoactive compounds are derived from known photoactive compounds, and can be prepare from commercial available photoactive compounds.
• the compounds of formula (XIX) is based on the TINOSORB® UN-absorbing product (available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals), and can be prepared from 2-(3-AUyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H- benzotriazole (available from Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo) by oxidation of the vinylic double bond and reductive amination with diamines or aminoalcohols, as outlined below:
• the compounds of formulae (XX), (XXI), (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIN), and (XXN) can be prepared with only minor modifications to commercially available photoactive compounds using well known chemistry. It is contemplated that any photoactive compound with a free primary amino or hydroxyl group, or a secondary amino or hydroxyl group can be attached to a polymer containing acid monomers, which converts the acid monmers into their corresponding ester or amido group by conventional chemistry as, for example, is shown in the preparation of PRO above.
• Copolymers that are suitable to be covalently bonded crylene and/or fluorene moiety (with or without a tether) include, but are not limited to, Poly(alpha olefin-co-maleic anhydride), which can be prepared according the procedures set forth in U.S. Patent ⁇ os. 3,860,700, 6,358,892, and Reissue No. 28,475, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• Examples of these resins include Poly(octadecene-l-co-maleic anhydride) resin (PA- 18 available from Chevron Chemicals Co., San Francisco, Calif.), Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) resin (SMA - resins, available from Atofina Chemicals Inc. Philadelphia, Pa), Poly(ethylene-co- maleic anhydride) resin (EMA, available from Monsanto, St. Louis, Mo), Poly(isobutene-co-maleic anhydride) resin (ISOBAM available form Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), and Poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic anhydride) resin (GANTREZ An available from ISP, Wayne, New Jersey).
• PA- 18 available from Chevron Chemicals Co., San Francisco, Calif.
• SMA - resins available from Atofina Chemicals Inc. Philadelphia, Pa
• Poly(ethylene-co- maleic anhydride) resin EMA, available from Monsanto, St
• a mixture of alpha olefins may be used to form the maleic anhydride copolymer, and thereby provide a versatile polymer with a number of different properties (e.g., waterproofing and/or lubricating).
• mixtures of alpha olefins can be used (e.g., Ketjenlube® resins available from Akzo Nobel Co., Dobbs Ferry, New York).
• Maleic anhydride polymers made with a mixture of alpha olefins are described in U.S. Patent Nos.
• the polymer used according to the invention is a Poly(alpha olefin-co- maleic anhydride) resin; more preferably, the polymer is a Poly(octadecene-l-co- maleic anhydride) resin.
• the attachment of photoactive compounds to the polymer backbone may not proceed to add a photoactive compound to each and every monomer unit in the starting polymer.
• the maleic anhydride monomer units (labeled above as SM) may remain unconverted in the preparation of a polymer described herein and/or the maleic anhydride ring on some of the monomer units may open to its corresponding diacid monomer unit (labeled above as IM).
• IM diacid monomer unit
• the lack of reactivity at one or more of the maleic anhydride monomer units may be desirable in order to control the number of photoactive compounds present on the polymer, and to control the properties of the resulting polymer that may impact on the physical properties of the polymer (e.g., hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, hydrogen bonding).
• a polymer described herein includes monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (N), a monomer of formula (NI), and combinations thereof:
• R 13 and R 14 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C 50 alkyl, C 2 -C 50 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 Q alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, -Cso polyether, -C 50 substituted polyether, C CsQ substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloallcyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkenyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkyne; and i and j are each in the range of 0 to 200.
• R 13 and R 14 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 5 -C 25 alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a hydrophobic group on one of the monomer units of the preferred polymer improves the film-forming properties (i.e., spreadability) of the resulting polymer that include photoactive compounds.
• a polymer described herein preferably includes monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (III), a monomer of formula (IN), and combinations thereof:
• R 9 and R 11 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of -Cso alkyl, C 2 -C 50 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 50 polyether, -Cso substituted polyether, -Cso substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 5 o substituted alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 0 substituted alkyne;
• R 10 and R 12 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-C 5 o alkyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkenyl, C -C 50 alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, -C50 substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkenyl, C -C 50 substituted al
• R 10 and R 12 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 10 -C 35 alkyl groups, more preferably C 16i C 18 , and C 22 alkyl groups. Depending on the application, it may be advantageous to use R 10 and R 12 groups that are either polar or non-polar to influence the solubility of the polymer.
• R 10 and R 12 are preferably the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 30 polyether groups, more preferably 2-butoxy-l- ethoxyethane (CH 3 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — ).
• R 9 and R 11 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 5 -C 5 alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• the sum of g and h is at least 1.
• Polymer backbone molecules of a particular polymer generally exists as a mixture of polymer molecules of different chain lengths, wherein the polymer is described as having a chain length that is an average of the chain lengths of the adjacent polymer molecules.
• the molecular weight of a particular polymer can be determined in a number of ways, including a determination of the Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw), which is the summation of the weights of each different sized polymer in a mixture multiplied by the mole fraction of that polymer size in the polymer mixture.
• Mw Weight Average Molecular Weight
• Nonlimiting examples of methods of calculating a given polymer's Weight Average Molecular Weight include diffusion, sedimentation, flow birefringence, and light scattering.
• a polymer described herein has a Weight Average Molecular Weight is the range of about 20,000 to about 130,000 grams/mole, more preferable in the range of about 30,000 to about 110,000 grams/mole.
• Sunscreen compositions containing one or more photoactive compounds such as a dibenzoylmethane derivative UN-A filter compound, and a polymer containing one or more of a photoactive compound (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone are also described herein.
• a photoactive compound e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties
• sunscreen compositions described herein are methods of photostabilizing a sunscreen composition including a dibenzoylmethane derivative, such as 4-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-4*-methoxydibenzoylmethane (PARSOL® 1789), wherein one or more photoactive compounds present in a sunscreen composition (e.g., avobenzone) are made more photostable by the addition of a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone.
• a sunscreen composition e.g., avobenzone
• a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties
• a cosmetically acceptable composition including a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone.
• a method of waterproofing a material by forming a film on a surface of a material, wherein the film includes a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone.
• a photoactive compound can be considered stable when, for example, after 30 MED irradiation the photoactive compound has retained at least about 90% of its original absorbance at a wavelength, or over a range of wavelengths of interest (e.g., the wavelength at which a photoactive compound has a peak absorbance, such as 350-370 nm for avobenzone).
• a sunscreen composition can include a plurality of photoactive compounds and a sunscreen composition, as a whole, can be considered stable when, for example, after 30 MED irradiation the sunscreen composition has retained at least about 90% of its original absorbance at one or more wavelengths of interest (e.g. , at or near the peak absorbance wavelength of the primary photoactive compound).
• sunscreen compositions containing a combination of (1) a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, and (2) a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid can significantly increase the photostability of any photounstable component(s) present therein (e.g., a dibenzoylmethane derivative).
• a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid stabilizes a dibenzoylmethane derivative by accepting the triplet energy of the dibenzoylmethane derivative once the dibenzoylmethane derivative has reached an excited state as a result of the absorption of ultra-violet light.
• a dibenzoylmethane derivative is excited, it is prone to degrade according to a number of pathways; however, the degradation of the dibenzoylmethane derivative can be substantially reduced or prevented by the use of a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid to quench (accept) the triplet excited state energy present in an excited dibenzoylmethane molecule.
• a dibenzoylmethane derivative is excited to its triplet state and the excited state triplet energy is released in a bond breaking step, thereby preventing the dibenzoylmethane derivative from further accepting ultra-violet radiation.
• a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid may stabilize a dibenzoylmethane derivative by accepting the triplet state (excited state) energy of the excited dibenzoylmethane derivative in such a way as to convert the excited dibenzoylmethane derivative back to a ground state that is capable of reaccepting (or accepting additional) ultra-violet radiation (energy transfer).
• the diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid must transfer or convert the energy that was accepted from the excited dibenzoylmethane derivative. Without intending to be limited to a particular mechanism, it is believed that when a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid is excited to its triplet state, it dissipates the triplet excited state energy through vibrations (e.g., .as heat), which in this group of molecules is a relatively slow mode of dissipating energy.
• vibrations e.g., .as heat
• a composition described herein includes a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of compounds of formulae (XXX) and (XXXI), and combinations thereof:
• R 93 and R 94 are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 22 alkyl groups, diols having the structure HO — R 91 — OH and polyglycols having the structure HO— R 90 — (— O— R 91 — ) — OH; wherein each R 90 and R 91 is the same or different and selected from the group consisting of C straight or branched chain alkyl groups; and wherein ⁇ and ⁇ are each in a range of 1 to 100 and ⁇ is in a range of 0 to 100.
• a UN-absorbing composition that includes a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid includes a diester of formula (XIN) wherein R 93 and R 94 are 2-ethylhexane and ⁇ is 0.
• the UN-absorbing compositions described herein include a diester or polyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid in a range of about 0.1 % to about 15% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
• a sunscreen composition can be combined into a cosmetically acceptable carrier, optionally including emollients, stabilizers, emulsifiers, such as those known in the art, and combinations thereof. These additives can be used in preparing an emulsion from an aqueous composition and a mixture of a UN filter composition that includes one or more photoactive compounds and a solvent or a solvent combination that includes one or more organic solvents.
• the emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the oil phase is primarily formed from a mixture of the filter system and solvent system.
• a typical sunscreen composition includes one or more photoactive compounds, wherein a photoactive compound acts to absorb UN radiation and thereby protect the substrate (e.g., human skin) from the harmful effects of UN radiation.
• the absorption process causes a photoactive compound to reach an excited state, wherein the excited state is characterized by the presence of excited energy (e.g., singlet energy or triplet energy), as compared to the ground, state of the photoactive compound.
• excited energy e.g., singlet energy or triplet energy
• the polymer accepts the triplet excited state energy from a photoactive compound and forms a diradical at the ⁇ and ⁇ positions of the acrylate, which converts the double bond into a single bond and allows for free rotation of the phenyl groups or fluorene group about the single bond. This rotation occurs rapidly and efficiently to dissipate excited state energy accepted by a derivative of fluorene.
• compositions and methods for increasing the photostability of photoactive compounds in a sunscreen composition e.g., by the addition of polar solvents to the oil phase of a composition. It has been found, quite surprisingly, that by increasing the polarity of the oil phase of a sunscreen composition including a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, the stability of the sunscreen composition is increased.
• photoactive compounds e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties
• a sunscreen described herein preferably, one or more of a highly polar solvent is present in the oil-phase of the composition.
• a sufficient amount of a polar solvent is present in a sunscreen composition to raise the dielectric constant of the oil-phase of the composition to a dielectric constant of at least about 7, preferably at least about 8.
• a photoactive compound is one that responds to light photoelectrically.
• a photoactive compound is one that responds to UN radiation photoelectrically.
• photoactive compounds that respond to UN radiation photoelectrically by rapid photodegradation can benefit highly from the compositions and methods described herein, even though the benefits of the compositions and methods described herein are not limited to such compounds.
• Photostability is a potential problem with all UN filters because they are deliberately selected as UN-absorbing molecules.
• a photoactive compound may be a pigment or a dye (e.g., a hydrophobic dye).
• UN filters include compounds selected from the following categories
• p-aminobenzoic acid including: p-aminobenzoic acid, its salts and its derivatives (ethyl, isobutyl, glyceryl esters; p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid); anthranilates (o- aminobenzoates; methyl, menthyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, linalyl, terpinyl, and cyclohexenyl esters); salicylates (octyl, amyl, phenyl, benzyl, menthyl (homosalate), glyceryl, and dipropyleneglycol esters); cinnamic acid derivatives (menthyl and benzyl esters, alpha-phenyl cinnamonitrile; butyl cinnamoyl pyruvate); dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (umbelliferone, methylumbelliferone, methylaceto
• 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate 4,4'-t-butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, octyldimethyl p- aminobenzoic acid, digalloyltrioleate, 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, ethyl 4-[bis(hydroxypropyl)]aminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, 2- ethylhexylsalicylate, glycerol p-aminobenzoate, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylsalicylate, methylanthranilate, p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid or aminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl p- dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-s
• preferred cosmetically- acceptable photoactive compounds and concentrations include: aminobenzoic acid (also called para-aminobenzoic acid and PABA; 15% or less), avobenzone (also called butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane; 3% or less), cinoxate (also called 2-ethoxyethyl p- methoxycinnamate; 3% or less), dioxybenzone (also called benzophenone-8; 3% or less), homosalate (15% or less), menthyl anthranilate (also called menthyl 2- aminobenzoate; 5% or less), octocrylene (also called 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3 diphenylacrylate; 10% or less), octyl methoxycinnamate (7.5% or less), octyl salicylate (also called 2-ethylhexyl
• compositions include diethanolamine methoxycinnamate (10% or less), ethyl- [bis(hydroxypropyl)] aminobenzoate (5% or less), glyceryl aminobenzoate (3% or less), 4-isopropyl dibenzoylmethane (5% or less), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (6% or less), terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid (10% or less), and sulisobenzone (also called benzophenone-4, 10% or less).
• preferred cosmetically- acceptable photoactive compounds and preferred concentrations include: PABA (5% or less), camphor benzalkonium methosulfate (6% or less), homosalate (10% or less), benzophenone-3 (10% or less), phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (8% or less, expressed as acid), terephthalidene dicamphor sulfonic acid (10% or less, expressed as acid), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (5% or less), benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid (6% or less, expressed as acid), octocrylene (10% or less, expressed as acid), polyacrylamidomethyl benzylidene camphor (6% or less), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (10%) or less), PEG-25 PABA (10% or less), isoamyl p- methoxy
• alkyl refers to straight- and branched-chain hydrocarbon groups, preferably containing one to thirty carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups are C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups. As used herein the designation C x -C y , wherein x and y are integers, denotes a group having from x to y carbon atoms, e.g., a d-C 4 alkyl group is an alkyl group having one to four carbon atoms.
• Nonlimiting examples of alkyl groups include, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl (2- methylpropyl), t-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl), and 3,3-dimethylpentane.
• cycloalkyl refers to an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon group, preferably containing three to eight carbon atoms.
• Nonlimiting examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• alkenyl as used herein includes both straight chained, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbon radicals that include at least one carbon-carbon double bond, preferably, an alkenyl group contains between two and thirty carbon atoms.
• alkenyl groups include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isopropylene.
• alkyne as used herein includes both straight and branched chained hydrocarbon radicals having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, preferably, an alkyne group contains between two and thirty carbon atoms.
• polyether refers to a group with at least two ethers present in a carbon chain.
• Nonlimiting examples of polyethers include 1- butoxy-2-methoxyethane, l-butoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane, 2-(2- methoxyethoxy)- 1 -(2-methylpentyloxy)propane, and 1 -(2-methylpentyloxy)-2-(2- pentyloxyethoxy)propane.
• substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, or polyether group having one or more substituents.
• Substituents can include, but are not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, polyether, substituted polyether, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, ester, carboxy, cyano, amino, amido, sulfur, and halo.
• Preferred substituted alkyl groups have one to twenty carbon atoms, not including carbon atoms of the substituent group.
• a substituted alkyl group is mono- or di-substituted at one, two, or three carbon atoms. The substituents can be bound to the same carbon or different carbon atoms.
• esters refers to a group of the general formula: wherein R is an alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkyne group, cycloalkyl group, polyether, aryl, substituted alkyl group, substituted alkenyl group, substituted alkyne group, substituted cycloalkyl group, substituted aryl group, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted polyether group.
• aryl refers to monocyclic, fused bicyclic, and fused tricyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring systems including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, indanyl, indenyl, anthracenyl, and fluorenyl.
• heteroaryl refers to monocyclic, fused bicyclic, and fused tricyclic aromatic ring systems, wherein one to four-ring atoms are selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, said ring system being joined to the remainder of the molecule by any of the ring atoms.
• heteroaryl groups include, but are ' not limited to, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, and benzothiazolyl.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to an aliphatic, partially unsaturated or fully saturated, 3- to 14-membered ring system, including single rings of 3 to 8 atoms and bi- and tricyclic ring systems.
• the heterocycloalkyl ring systems include one to four heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein a nitrogen and sulfur heteroatom optionally can be oxidized and a nitrogen heteroatom optionally can be substituted.
• heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazohdinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazohdmyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazohdinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl.
• substituted aryl refers to an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl group substituted by a replacement of one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with a substitute selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkyne, ether, amino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, O(CH 2 ) 1 . 3 N(R) 2 , O(CH 2 )]. 3 CO 2 H, hydroxyl, ester, carboxy, cyano, amino, amido, sulfur, and halo.
• amino refers to an -NH 2 or -NH- group, wherein each hydrogen in each formula can be replaced with an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, polyether, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted polyether, substituted heteroaryl, or substituted heterocycloalkyl group, i.e., N(R) 2 .
• the hydrogen atoms also can be replaced with substituents taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring, wherein one or two carbons of the ring optionally are replaced with a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• the ring also optionally can be substituted with an alkyl group. Examples of rings formed by substituents taken together with the nitrogen atom include morpholinyl, phenylpiperazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, (N-methyl)piperazinyl, and piperidinyl.
• primary amino refers to a R-NH group, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, polyether, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkyne, substituted polyether, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, and ester groups, and wherein the nitrogen is attached to a carbon atom on the R group.
• the photoactive compound when the term "primary amino" refers to a primary amino group present on a photoactive compound, the photoactive compound shall include a number of other functional groups that may or may not be listed above (e.g., a triazine). Thus, the above-listed functional groups are not intended to limit the functional groups that can be present on the photoactive compound containing a primary amino. The description above it is only intended to limit the term "primary amino" to only those amino groups that contain two hydrogens and are also attached to a carbon atom.
• secondary amino refers to R,R'-NH, wherein R and R' are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, polyether, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkyne, substituted polyether, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, and ester groups, and wherein the nitrogen is attached to a carbon atom on each of the R and R' groups.
• the photoactive compound when the term "secondary amino" refers to a secondary amino group present on a photoactive compound, the photoactive compound shall include a number of other functional groups that may or may not be listed above (e.g., a triazine). Thus, the above-listed functional groups are not intended to limit the functional groups that can be present on the photoactive compound containing a secondary amino. The description above it is only intended to limit the term “secondary amino” to only those amino groups that contain one hydrogen and are also attached to two different carbon atoms.
• the term "primary hydroxyl” as used herein refers to R-OH , wherein
• R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, polyether, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkyne, substituted polyether, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, and ester groups, and wherein the oxygen is attached to a primary carbon atom on the R group.
• the photoactive compound when the term "primary hydroxyl" refers to a primary hydroxyl group present on a photoactive compound, the photoactive compound shall include a number of other functional groups that may or may not be listed above (e.g., a triazine). Thus, the above-listed functional groups are not intended to limit the functional groups that can be present on the photoactive compound containing a primary hydroxyl. The description above it is only intended to limit the term "primary hydroxyl” to only those hydroxyl groups that are attached to a primary carbon atom (-CH 2 -).
• second hydroxyl refers to R-OH , wherein R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, polyether, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkyne, substituted polyether, substituted heteroaryl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, and ester groups, and wherein the oxygen is attached to a primary carbon atom on the R group.
• the photoactive compound when the term "secondary hydroxyl" refers to a secondary hydroxyl group present on a photoactive compound, the photoactive compound shall include a number of other functional groups that may or may not be listed above(e. ., a triazine). Thus, the above-listed functional groups are not intended to limit the functional groups that can be present on the photoactive compound containing a secondary hydroxyl.
• second hydroxyl to only those hydroxyl groups that are attached to a secondary carbon atom including,- for-example and without limitation, a hydroxyl group attached to a secondary carbon atom on an alkyl group (-CH(OH)R-), and a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom on an aromatic ring (Aryl-OH).
• R and R are the same or different and selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkyne, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkyne, aryl, alkenyl aryl, heteroaryl, and alkenyl heteroaryl.
• cyano refers to a -C ⁇ N group, also designated -CN.
• halo refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• sulfur refers to a neutral sulfur atom that is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of a neutral species, including any oxidized or reduced form of sulfur (e.g., -SO 2 -).
• Nonlimiting examples of sulfur groups include sulfites, sulfides, sulfates, and alkyl sulfides.
• hydroxyl refers to an -OH group.
• waterproof and waterproofing refers to any increase in a material/surface's ability to repel water from permeating the material/surface. These terms are not intended to mean that a material/surface is completely impervious to water, rather, the terms “waterproof and “waterproofing” are intended to be understood as making a material/surface less water permeable relative to not having been “waterproofed” or having undergone “waterproofing.”
• Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” or “approximately” one particular value and/or to “about” or “approximately” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
• a sunscreen composition described herein can include a variety of photoactive compounds, including one or more UN-A photoactive compounds and one or more UN-B photoactive compounds.
• a sunscreen composition includes a photoactive compound selected from the group consisting of p- aminobenzoic acid and salts and derivatives thereof; anthranilate and derivatives thereof; dibenzoylmethane and derivatives thereof; salicylate and derivatives thereof; cinnamic acid and derivatives thereof; dihydroxycinnamic acid and derivatives thereof; camphor and salts and derivatives thereof; trihydroxycinnamic acid and derivatives thereof; dibenzalacetone naphtholsulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; benzalacetophenone naphtholsulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; dihydroxy-naphthoic acid and salts thereof; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonate and salts and salt
• a sunscreen composition described herein preferably includes a UN-A photoactive compound.
• a sunscreen composition described herein includes a dibenzoylmethane derivative UN-A photoactive compound.
• Preferred dibenzoylmethane derivatives include, 2-methyldibenzoylmethane; 4- methyldibenzoylmethane; 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane; 4-tert- butyldibenzoylmethane; 2,4-dimethyldibenzoylmethane; 2,5- dimethyldibenzoylmethane; 4,4'-diisopropyldibenzoylmethane; 4,4'- dimethoxydibenzoylmethane; 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane; 2-methyl-5- isopropyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane; 2-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4'- methoxydibenzoylmethane; 2,4-dimethyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane; 2,6- dimethyl-4-tert-butyl-4'-
• a preferred combination of photoactive compounds in a sunscreen composition includes a UN-A and a UN-B photoactive compound.
• 2- ethylhexyl-j9-methoxycinnamate is included in a mixture with a dibenzoylmethane derivative, the dibenzoylmethane derivative can become particularly unstable. Without intending to be limited to any particular mechanism, it is believed that the cinnamate ester reacts with an excited-state dibenzoylmethane derivative in a bimolecular pathway that renders both the dibenzoylmethane derivative and the cinnamate ester incapable of absorbing UN radiation.
• a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties
• a sunscreen composition that includes 2- ethylhexyl-jp-methoxycinnamate and a dibenzoylmethane derivative.
• a sunscreen composition includes 2-ethylhexyl- / ?-methoxycinnamate, a dibenzoylmethane derivative, and a polymer that contains one or more photoactive compounds (e.g., crylene and/or fluorene moieties) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone.
• One embodiment of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof:
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, C -C 50 alkenyl, C 2 -C 50 alkyne, C -C 8 cycloalkyl, C ⁇ -C 50 polyether, d-C 5 o substituted polyether, Crdo substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkenyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkyne;
• R 2 and R 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, C1-C 50 substituted polyether, -Cso substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted
• R 2 and R 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 2 -ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 5 - C 25 alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are Cj 6 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a sunscreen composition sunscreen composition including a mixture of a photoactive compound, and a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof:
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, C -Cso alkenyl, C2-C 50 alkyne, C -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-Cso polyether, d- o substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C -Cs 0 substituted alkenyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkyne;
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-C 5 o alkyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-C 5 o polyether, d-C 5 o substituted polyether, d-Cs 0 substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 2 -ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof is present in a sunscreen composition in a range of about 0.01%o to about 30% by weight of the total weight of the composition, more preferably in a range of about 0.1 % to about 10%.
• Polymers including monomers of formula (I) and/or monomers of formula (II), quite surprisingly, are able to absorb UN-radiation and to increase the photostability of a photoactive compound in a sunscreen composition, the polymers are therefore able to be used to protect a surface (e.g., human skin) from the harmful effects of UN-radiation.
• Figure 1 shows the absorbance spectra from 280 nm to 400 nm for a sunscreen composition wherein Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer (a polymer with monomers selected from the monomers of formulae (I) and (II) wherein R 1 and R 5 is a C ⁇ 6 straight chain alkyl group, R 2 and R 6 is a 2,2-dimethylpropyl group, and there is no substitution of the aromatic rings of the crylene moieties) is present as the only UV-absorbing compound.
• Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer a polymer with monomers selected from the monomers of formulae (I) and (II) wherein R 1 and R 5 is a C ⁇ 6 straight chain alkyl group, R 2 and R 6 is a 2,2-dimethylpropyl group, and there is no substitution of the aromatic rings of the crylene moieties
• Figure 2 is a graph of the absorbance spectra from 280 nm to 400 nm for the sunscreen compositions shown in Table III, and the composition shown in Table II, wherein Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer is included as the only UN-absorbing compound.
• Figure 2 confirms that Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer absorbs UN-radiation independent of other UN-absorbing agents that may be present in a sunscreen composition.
• Figure 11 shows the absorbance spectra from 280 nm to 400 nm for a sunscreen composition that contains 2% Crylene/Cetyl Polymer (a polymer containing the monomers containing crylene moieties (as shown in formulae (I) and (II) wherein R and R are 2,2-dimethylpropane, and R 1 and R 5 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups) and monomers that contain C 16 fatty esters (as shown in formulae (III) and (IN) wherein R 9 and R 11 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups, and R 10 and R 12 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups), and for a composition that contains 0% of the Crylene/Cetyl Polymer (see Table NI for the sunscreen formulations).
• Crylene/Cetyl Polymer a polymer containing the monomers containing crylene moieties (as shown in formulae (I) and (II) wherein R and R are 2,2-dimethylpropane, and R
• the sunscreen composition that does includes 2% of the Crylene/Cetyl Polymer achieves the highest absorbance as compared to the sunscreen composition of Table NI that does not include the polymer.
• Figure 12 shows the absorbance spectra from 280 nm to 400 nm for a sunscreen composition that contains 2% Crylene/Behenyl Polymer (a polymer containing the monomers containing crylene moieties (as shown in formulae (I) and (II) wherein R 2 and R 6 are 2,2-dimethylpropane, and R 1 and R 5 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups) and monomers that contain C 16 fatty esters (as shown in formulae (III) and (IN) wherein R 9 and R 11 are C ⁇ 6 straight chain alkyl groups, and R 10 and R 12 are C 22 straight chain alkyl groups), and for a composition that contains 0% of the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer (see Table NIII for the sunscreen formulations).
• the sunscreen composition that does includes 2% of the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer achieves the highest absorbance as compared to the sunscreen composition of Table NIII that does not include the polymer.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method of protecting a surface from ultraviolet radiation, including topically applying to the surface, in a cosmetically acceptable carrier, a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof:
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of -do alkyl, C 2 -do alkenyl, C 2 -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d- o polyether, d-C 5 o substituted polyether, d- o substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -do substituted alkenyl, C 2 -do substituted alkyne;
• R 2 and R 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, C -C 5 o alkenyl, - o alkyne, C -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-C 5 o polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 50 substituted alkeny
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (I) and/or formula (II) may be used to protect human skin from the harmful effects of ultra-violet radiation, and thus, the preferred surface for use of the polymers described herein is human skin.
• R 2 and R 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of -ds alkyl groups, more preferably R 2 and R 6 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• polymers that include a monomer of formula (I) and/or a monomer of formula (II) may be used to waterproof a surface, and thereby, make the surface less water permeable.
• This aspect of a polymer including monomers of formulae (I) and/or (II) may be used in a variety of applications, including a sunscreen composition.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (I) and/or (II) may be added to a sunscreen composition to help prevent the loss of the composition that may accompany the immersion in water of the object (e.g., human skin) that has been applied with the composition.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method of waterproofing a surface, including applying a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof to a selected area of the surface:
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, - o alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-Cso substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, - o substituted alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 o substituted alkyne;
• R 2 and R 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-C 5 o substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 5 o substituted alken
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (I) and/or formula (II) is preferably be used in a sunscreen composition as a wate roofing agent to avoid the loss of composition when the composition is immersed in water.
• the preferred surface for use of a polymer is human skin.
• R 2 and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of -ds alkyl groups, more preferably R and R are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (I) and/or (II) may be used to form a film on a surface, and when added to a composition, a polymer including monomers of formulae (I) and/or (II) may provide film-forming properties to the composition.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method for forming a film over at least part of a surface, including spreading a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof on a part of the surface:
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, - o substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne; are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (I) and/or formula (II) may be used to form a film on human skin to spread photoactive compounds in a sunscreen composition onto the skin.
• the ⁇ 18- preferred surface is human skin.
• R 2 and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-ds alkyl groups, more preferably R 2 and R 6 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (I) and/or (II), quite surprisingly, is able to increase the photostability of a dibenzoylmethane derivative. Without intending to be limited to a particular mechanism, it is believed that a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof is able to photostabilize a dibenzoylmethane derivative by accepting the triplet excited energy from an excited dibenzoylmethane derivative.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of photostabilizing a dibenzoylmethane derivative, the method including the step of, adding to the dibenzoylmethane derivative a photostabilizing amount of a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (I), a monomer of formula (II), and combinations thereof:
• R 1 and R 5 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d- o alkyl, d-do alkenyl, C 2 -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-C 5 o polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-Cso substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne;
• R 2 and R 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-C 5 o alkyl, d-do alkenyl, -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d- o polyether, d-C 5 o substituted polyether, d- o substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-d 5 alkyl groups, more preferably R 2 and R 6 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• Another embodiment of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer for formula (Nil), a monomer of formula (NIII), and combinations thereof:
• R 15 and R 19 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, C 2 -C 50 alkenyl, C 2 -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d- o polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -do substituted alkenyl, - o substituted alkyne;
• R 16 and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d- o alkyl, -do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, - o polyether, Ci-do substituted polyether, d- o substituted alkyl, C -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted
• R and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-d 5 alkyl groups, more preferably R 16 and R 20 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R 15 and R 19 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 5 -C 25 alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a sunscreen composition sunscreen composition including a mixture of a photoactive compound, and a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (VII), a monomer of formula (VIII), and combinations thereof: wherein R 15 and R 19 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne; R 16 and R 20 are
• R 16 and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-d 5 alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (VII), a monomer of formula (VIII), and combinations thereof is present in a sunscreen composition in a range of about 0.01% to about 30% by weight of the total weight of the composition, more preferably in a range of about 0.1% to about 10%.
• Polymers including monomers of formula (VII) and/or monomers of formula (VIII), quite surprisingly, are able to absorb UV-radiation and to increase the photostability of a photoactive compound in a sunscreen composition, the polymers are therefore able to be used to protect a surface (e.g., human skin) from the harmful effects of UV-radiation. Accordingly, another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method of protecting a surface from
• polymers that include a monomer of formula (VII) and/or a monomer of formula (VIII) may be used to waterproof a surface, and thereby, make the surface less water permeable.
• This aspect of a polymer including monomers of formulae (VII) and/or (VIII) may be used in a variety of applications, including a sunscreen composition.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (VII) and/or (VIII) may be added to a sunscreen composition to help prevent the loss of the composition that may accompany the immersion in water of the object (e.g., human skin) that has been applied with the composition.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method of waterproofing a surface, including applying a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (VII), a monomer of formula (VIII), and combinations thereof to a selected area of the surface: wherein R 15 and R 19 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkenyl, C 2 -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d- o polyether, d- o substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, C 2 -do substituted alkyne; R 16 and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of Ci-do alkyl, C 2 -do alkenyl, -do alkyn
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (VII) and/or formula (VIII) is preferably be used in a sunscreen composition as a waterproofing agent to avoid the loss of composition when the composition is immersed in water.
• the preferred surface for use of a polymer is human skin.
• R 16 and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 15 alkyl groups, more preferably R 16 and R 20 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (VII) and/or (VIII) may be used to form a film on a surface, and when added to a composition, a polymer including monomers of formulae (VII) and/or (VIII) may provide film-forming properties to the composition.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method for forming a film over at least part of a surface, including spreading a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (VII), a monomer of formula (VIII), and combinations thereof on a part of the surface: wherein R 15 and R 19 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, C 2 -C 5 o alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-Cso polyether, d- o substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne; R 16 and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d- o alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (VII) and/or formula (VIII) may be used to form a film on human skin to spread photoactive compounds in a sunscreen composition onto the skin.
• the preferred surface is human skin.
• R 5 and R 2 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 15 alkyl groups, more preferably R 16 and R 20 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (VII) and/or (VIII) is able to increase the photostability of a dibenzoylmethane derivative. Without intending to be limited to a particular mechanism, it is believed that a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (VII), a monomer of formula (VIII), and combinations thereof is able to photostabilize a dibenzoylmethane derivative by accepting the triplet excited energy from an excited dibenzoylmethane derivative.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of photostabilizing a dibenzoylmethane derivative, the method including the step of, adding to the dibenzoylmethane derivative a photostabilizing amount of a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (VII), a monomer of formula (VIII), and combinations thereof: wherein R 15 and R 19 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, d-do alkenyl, -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-Cso polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne; R 16 and R 20 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-d
• R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-C 15 alkyl groups, more preferably R 16 and R 20 are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• Another embodiment of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer for formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof:
• R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-C 5 o polyether, d-Cso substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne;
• R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d ⁇ do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-C 5 o substituted alkenyl,
• R , and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of -ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are 9 T 1 the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d- s alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a and B * are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XXXII), a compound of formula (XXXIII), a compound of formula (XXXIV), a compound of formula (XXXV), a compound of formula (XXXVI), and a compound of formula (XXXVII) : (XXXII)
• F, G, I, and L are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl, and are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups;
• D, E, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, and hydroxyl, and one of D and E are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups, and one of J and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XXIV), and a compound of formula (XXV):
• D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl; and wherein D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a sunscreen composition sunscreen composition including a mixture of a photoactive compound, and a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof:
• R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, Ci-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, C 2 -do substituted alkyne;
• R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, C 2 -do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-C 5 o polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-C 5 o substituted alkyl, C -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, -do substituted alkenyl, C 2
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C ⁇ s alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d- s alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XXXII), a compound of formula (XXXIII), a compound of formula (XXXIV), a compound of formula (XXXV), a compound of formula (XXXVI), and a compound of formula (XXXVII) : (XXXII)
• F, G, I, and L are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl, and are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups;
• D, E, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, and hydroxyl, and one of D and E are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups, and one of J and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XXIV), and a compound of formula (XXV):
• a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (X1N), and combinations thereof is present in a sunscreen composition in a range of about 0.01% to about 30% by weight of the total weight of the composition, more preferably in a range of about 0.1% to about 10%.
• Polymers including monomers of formula (XIII) and/or monomers of formula (XIN), quite surprisingly, are able to absorb UN-radiation and to increase the photostability of a photoactive compound in a sunscreen composition, the polymers are therefore able to be used to protect a surface (e.g., human skin) from the harmful effects of UN-radiation.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method of protecting a surface from ultraviolet radiation, including topically applying to the surface, in a cosmetically acceptable carrier, a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof: ⁇ 9Q ⁇ 1 wherein R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, C 2 -do alkenyl, C -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -do substituted alkenyl, C -do substituted alkyne; R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, C 2 -
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (XIII) and/or formula (XIN) may be used to protect human skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, and thus, the prefe ⁇ ed surface for use of the polymers described herein is human skin.
• R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 2 -ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C 5 -C 2 s alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a * and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XXXII), a compound of formula (XXXIII), a compound of formula (XXX1N), a compound of formula (XXXN), a compound of formula ⁇ (XXXNI), and a compound of formula (XXXNII):
• F, G, I, and L are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl, and are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups;
• D, E, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, and hydroxyl, and one of D and E are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups, and one of J and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XX1N), and a compound of formula (XXN): (XXIII)
• D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl; and wherein D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• polymers that include a monomer of formula (XIII) and/or a monomer of formula (XIV) may be used to waterproof a surface, and thereby, make the surface less water permeable.
• This aspect of a polymer including monomers of formulae (XIII) and/or (XIN) may be used in a variety of applications, including a sunscreen composition.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (XIII) and/or (XIN) may be added to a sunscreen composition to help prevent the loss of the composition that may accompany the immersion in water of the object (e.g., human skin) that has been applied with the composition.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method of waterproofing a surface, including applying a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof to a selected area of the surface:
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-do alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, C 2 -do substituted alkenyl, C 2 -do substituted alkyne;
• R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-C 5 o alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substitute
• R and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XXXII), a compound of formula (XXXIII), a compound of formula (XXX1N), a compound of formula (XXXV), a compound of formula (XXXVI), and a compound of formula (XXXVII):
• F, G, I, and L are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl, and are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups;
• D, E, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, and hydroxyl, and one of D and E are bound to one of the R or R groups, and one of J and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XX1N), and a compound of formula (XXN):
• D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl; and wherein D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (XIII) and/or (XIN) may be used to form a film on a surface, and when added to a composition, a polymer including monomers of formulae (XIII) and/or (XIN) may provide film-forming properties to the composition.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein is a method for forming a film over at least part of a surface, including spreading a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof on a part of the surface: wherein R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, d-C 5 o substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne; R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-C 5 o alkyl, d-do alkenyl,
• Polymers including a monomer of formula (XIII) and/or formula (XIN) may be used to form a film on human skin to spread photoactive compounds in a sunscreen composition onto the skin.
• the preferred surface is human skin.
• R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of -ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are
• R 90 and R ⁇ 1 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d- s alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XXXII), a compound of formula (XXXIII), a compound of formula (XXXIN), a compound of formula (XXXN), a compound of formula (XXXNI), and a compound of fo ⁇ nula (XXXVII):
• F, G, I, and L are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl, and are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups;
• D, E, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, and hydroxyl, and one of D and E are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups, and one of J and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XXIN), and a compound of formula (XXN):
• D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl; and wherein D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are bound to one of the R or R groups.
• a polymer including monomers of formulae (XIII) and/or (XrV), quite surprisingly, is able to increase the photostability of a dibenzoylmethane derivative.
• a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof is able to photostabilize a dibenzoylmethane derivative by accepting the triplet excited energy from an excited dibenzoylmethane derivative.
• another embodiment of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein is to provide a method of photostabilizing a dibenzoylmethane derivative, the method including the step of, adding to the dibenzoylmethane derivative a photostabilizing amount of a polymer including monomers selected from the group consisting of a monomer of formula (XIII), a monomer of formula (XIN), and combinations thereof:
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, d-do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d- o polyether, Ci-do substituted polyether, d- o substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-do substituted alkyne;
• R 30 and R 32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-Cso alkyl, d-do alkenyl, C 2 -do alkyne, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, d-do polyether, Ci-do substituted polyether, d-do substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 8 substituted cycloalkyl, d-do substituted alkenyl, d-d
• R and R are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are 2,2-dimethylpropane.
• R 29 and R 31 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of d-ds alkyl groups, more preferably they are the same and are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups.
• a and B * are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XXXII), a compound of formula (XXXIII), a compound of formula (XXIV), a compound of formula (XXXV), a compound of formula (XXXVI), and a compound of formula (XXXVII):
• a and B are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (XIX), a compound of formula (XX), a compound of formula (XXI), a compound of formula (XXII), a compound of formula (XXIII), a compound of formula (XX1N), and a compound of formula (XXV):
• D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of amino, and hydroxyl; and wherein D, E, F, G, I, J, and K are bound to one of the R 30 or R 32 groups.
• Example 1 The following is a preparation for a polymer compound containing crylene moieties attached to the polymer backbone, wherein Poly(octadecene-l-co- maleic anhydride) resin (PA- 18 available from Chevron Chemicals Co., San Francisco, Calif.) served as a polymer starting material, and 2,2-dimethyl-3- hydroxypropyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoate served as the crylene moiety with a tether of neopentyl glycol.
• PA- 18 available from Chevron Chemicals Co., San Francisco, Calif.
• the PA-18 Polyanhydride Resin (300 g) and 2,2- dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoate (258 g) were placed in 2L 3-neck round-bottom flask and 800 ml of toluene was added. The reaction mixture was then heated and refluxed for two hours until reaction was completed (as determined by GPC). The product in solution was placed in evaporation vessels to remove the solvent. The final product was then dried and ground to give off-white powder (510 g, 91% yield).
• Example 2 The following is a preparation for a polymer compound containing crylene moieties and a fatty ester (a C 16 straight chain carbon) attached to the polymer backbone, wherein Poly(octadecene-l-co-maleic anhydride) resin (PA-18 available from Chevron Chemicals Co., San Francisco, Calif.) served as a polymer starting material, 2,2-dimethyl ⁇ 3-hydroxypropyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoate served as the crylene moiety with a tether of neopentyl glycol, and cetyl alcohol (available from Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo) attached to the backbone to create a fatty ester moiety.
• the polymer produced by the foregoing procedure includes the following monomers dispersed throughout the polymer:
• the polymer was prepared by placing the 200 g of the PA-18 polymer (1 mole equivalence) and 114.82 g of 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl 2-cyano-3,3- diphenylpropenoate (0.342 moles, 0.6 mole equivalence) in a 2-liter 3-neck round- bottom flask, assembled with Dean-Stark receiver, and 1000 ml of xylenes were added to the flask. A heterogeneous reaction mixture was created, and the mixture was brought to boiling and refluxed for two hours to remove any traces of water.
• TYZOR DEA 0.5 g
• TYZOR DEA available from Dupont, Wilmington, DE
• the reaction mixture was allowed to reflux for an additional six hours, and then the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and allowed to stir at room temperature for ten hours.
• 27.64 g of cetyl alcohol (0.114 mole, 0.2 mole-equivalence) was added and the mixture was refluxed for one hour.
• a second portion of TYZOR DEA (0.5 g) was then added, the reaction mixture was allowed to reflux for an additional seven hours, and following the reflux, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was transferred to a drying vessel and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• Example 3 The following is a preparation for a polymer compound containing crylene moieties and a fatty ester (a C 22 straight chain carbon) attached to the polymer backbone, wherein Poly(octadecene- 1 -co-maleic anhydride) resin (PA- 18 available from Chevron Chemicals Co., San Francisco, Calif.) served as a polymer starting material, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoate served as the crylene moiety with a tether of neopentyl glycol, and 1-Docosanol (behenyl alcohol)(available from Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo) attached to the backbone to create a fatty ester moiety.
• the polymer produced by the foregoing procedure includes the following monomers dispersed throughout the polymer:
• the polymer was prepared by placing the 200 g of the PA-18 polymer (1 mole equivalence) and 114.82 g of 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl 2-cyano-3,3- ' diphenylpropenoate (0.342 moles, 0.6 mole equivalence) in a 2-liter 3-neck round- bottom flask, assembled with Dean-Stark receiver, and 1000 ml of xylenes were added to the flask. A heterogeneous reaction mixture was created, and the mixture was brought to boiling and refluxed for two hours to remove any traces of water.
• TYZOR DEA available from Dupont, Wilmington, DE
• a second portion of TYZOR DEA (0.63 g) was then added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture a refluxed for an additional 10 hours.
• 17.58 g of 1-Docosanol (behenyl alcohol) was added and the mixture was refluxed for one hour.
• Example 4 A composition which included only the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer as the only UV-Absorbing compound was prepared by mixing the ingredients shown in Table II below:
• the emulsion was prepared by combining the ingredients of Phase A, and adding this mixture of ingredients to a vessel, and heating the vessel to about 90° C. The ingredients from Phases B, C, and D were then added to the heated vessel with stirring until the mixture became clear and homogeneous.
• the ingredients of Phase E were added in the order shown in Table II, with continuous stirring.
• the vessel containing the ingredients of Phase E was then heated to about 80° C. With homogenization, the contents of the vessel containing the oil phase (a mixture of the ingredients of Phases A, B, C, and D) were added to the vessel containing the water phase (a mixture of the ingredients of Phase E). The resulting mixture was homogenized for three minutes, and then the vessel was remove from heat source and allowed to cool.
• Figure 1 is a graph of the percent absorbance of the sunscreen composition listed in Table II. As shown in Figure 1, the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer absorbs over the entire UN-spectrum, but achieves its maximum absorbance in the range of about 290-330 nm.
• Example 5 Two sunscreen compositions were prepared by mixing the ingredients shown in Table III below: Table III Sunscreen w/ 0% Sunscreen w/ 2%
• Phase Ingredient Polymer (wt. %) Polymer (wt. %) A Octyl salicylate 5.00% 5.00% Homosalate 7.50% 7.50% Diethylhexyl 2,6-naphthalate 2.50% 2.50% Octocrylene 2.50% 2.50% Dimethyl capramide 1.00% 1.00% Diethylhexyl malate 2.01 % 2.01 % B Avobenzone 3.00% 3.00% Benzophenone-3 0.49% 0.49% C Octyldodecanoi 2.00% Octadecene/Crylene maleate 2.00% copolymer D Stearyl alcohol 1.00% 1.00% Steareth 21 0.29% 0.29% Steareth 2 0.21 % 0.21 % Polygiyceryl-3 methyl glucose 3.00% 3.00% distearate E Water 64.16% 63.16% Disodium EDTA 0.05% 0.05% Carbomer 0.20% 0.20% Sorbitol (70%) 4.29% 4.29% Phenoxyethanol, Meth
• Oil-in-water emulsions were created, wherein the aqueous phase included a mixture of the ingredients in Phase E, and the oil phase included a mixture of the ingredients of Phases A, B, C, and D.
• the emulsions were prepared by combining the ingredients of Phase A, and adding this mixture of ingredients to a vessel, and heating the vessel to about 90° C. The ingredients from Phases B, C, and D were then added to the heated vessel with stirring until the mixture became clear and homogeneous.
• the ingredients of Phase E were added in the order shown in Table III, with continuous stirring. The vessel containing the ingredients of Phase E was then heated to about 80° C.
• the resulting mixture was homogenized for three minutes, and then the vessel was remove from heat source and allowed to cool. When temperature of the mixture fell below 40° C, the ingredient of Phase F (triethanolamine) was added. The mixture was sti ⁇ ed until a smooth cream was formed. The resulting creams were packaged to avoid the inadvertent photodegradation of the UN-absorbing compounds, and the creams were then used to test the photostability of the compositions.
• the resulting sunscreens were tested for photostability by measuring absorbance on a Labsphere UN-1000S Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzer (software version 1.27) before and after inadiation with a Solar Light Company model 16S solar simulator (equipped with a UGl 1 filter to block radiation greater than 400 nm, WG320 filter that transmits UV-radiation greater than 290 nm), and a removable WG335 filter that transmits UV-radiation greater than 320 nm).
• Output was monitored by a PMA 2105 UV-B DCS Detector (biologically weighted) or a PMA 2114 UV-A Detector and controlled by a PMA 2100 Automatic Dose Controller (available from Solar Light Co.).
• a synthetic skin substrate was used for testing the sunscreen compositions (VITRO-SKT ⁇ substrate (Lot o. 3059) by S, Inc. of Milford, CT).
• VIP-SKT ⁇ substrate Lit o. 3059
• S, Inc. of Milford, CT To prepare the substrate, a 300g solution of 18 wt.% glycerin and 82 wt.% deionized water was added to a hydrating chamber (IMS), and a sheet of VITRO-SKTN was placed in the hydrating chamber and left overnight (approx. 16 hours). Several 6.5 cm squares were cut from the hydrated VITRO-SKTN and used for absorbance measurements.
• a minimum 100 ⁇ l of sunscreen composition is drawn or placed into a pipet tip (Justor 1100DG, set to dispense 100 ⁇ l).
• the test substance was applied to VITRO-SKTN square in a pattern of at least 50 small dots a ⁇ anged to cover a 6 cm center of a square.
• the VITRO-SKTN square was then placed on a foam block, and the test material was spread by finger (covered with a latex glove or finger cot), first in a circular motion, then by a side-to-side motion during which the VITRO-SKTN is deformed by the pressure.
• the square was then mounted in a slide holder (60 mm x 60 mm glassless slide mounts with metal masks by Gepe Management AG, Switzerland) and allowed to dry for 30-60 minutes.
• the PMA 2105 was used, and the slide was positioned on the UV transmittance analyzer using registration marks, and a scan of a 1 cm spot on the slide was performed. The slide was then transfe ⁇ ed to a holder placed adjacent to the solar simulator and, using a calipers, was positioned such that the beam of UV radiation exiting the solar simulator illuminated the same 1 cm spot on the slide.
• the UV-A range the UV-A range
• PMA 2114 was substituted for the PMA 2105, and a WG335 filter was installed in the beam path.
• Figure 2 is a graph of the absorbance of the composition listed in Table II and the sunscreen compositions listed in Table III. As shown in Figure 2, the sunscreen composition that does includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer achieves the highest absorbance as compared to the sunscreen composition of Table HI that does not include the polymer and the composition of Table II that includes 2% of the polymer as the only UN-absorber.
• Figure 3 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen composition listed in Table III, which has no Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer in the composition. The absorbance spectra of the composition was recorded before and after exposure to 35 MED of radiation. As shown in Figure 3, the sunscreen composition that does not include the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer is susceptible to photodegradation at 35 MED exposure.
• Figure 4 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen composition listed in Table III that includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer in the composition. The absorbance spectra of the composition was recorded before and after exposure to 35 MED of radiation. As shown in Figure 4, the absorbance spectra of the sunscreen composition of Table III that includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer shows that the composition is relatively stable to photodegradation upon exposure to up to 35 MED.
• Figure 5 is a graph of the absorbance of the both sunscreen compositions listed in Table III, including one that includes 2% of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, and one that does not include the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer.
• the absorbance spectra of compositions were recorded before and after exposure to 35 MED of radiation.
• the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer increases the photostability of the composition.
• Figures 6 and 7 are the absorbance spectra for the compositions listed in Table III.
• Example 6 A determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the sunscreen compositions listed in Table II and Table III was performed. To test the SPF of the compositions, each slide was placed on the UN transmittance analyzer and scans were taken from five locations on the slide. An SPF report was generated for each slide using the Labsphere software UN1000S, Version 1.27.
• SPPF Sun Protection Factor
• Example 7 The water resistance of sunscreen compositions listed in Table III was tested by immersing slides of VITRO-SKTN, which contain the compositions, in moving water for a period of time and testing the slides for a loss in absorbance as measured by SPF. The slides were tested before and after being immersed in water and the results were compared. The slides were prepared according to the procedure set forth in Example 5, and each slide was placed in a beaker and the top, bottom, and sides of the slides were secured in the beaker with binder clips. The slides were then completely immersed in water by the addition of two liters of tap water to the beaker. The beaker was placed on a stir table and a stir bar is placed on the bottom of the beaker.
• the stir bar is set in motion to circulate the water with a mild vortex. After 40 minutes, the slides were removed from the beaker, shaken to remove excess water, and allowed to air-dry for 30 minutes. Scans are taken from five locations on the slides. The absorbance spectra and an SPF report was generated for each composition.
• Figure 8 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen composition listed in Table III where there is no Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer in the composition. As shown in Figure 8, there is a significant loss in absorbance after the composition has been immersed in moving water for 40 minutes.
• Figure 9 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen composition listed in Table Til that included 2% Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer in the composition. As shown in Figure 9, the absorbance spectra indicates that the immersion of the composition in moving water for 40 minutes does not cause a loss in the absorbance over the entire UV-spectra (290-400 nm).
• Figure 10 is a graph of the percent absorbance of both of the sunscreen compositions listed in Table III. As shown in Figure 10, as compared to the composition that does not include the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer, the addition of the Octadecene/Crylene maleate copolymer to the composition prevents a loss in absorbance upon immersion in moving water for 40 minutes.
• Example 8 Sunscreen compositions where prepared that included 2% of the polymer prepared in Example 2 (as shown in formulae (I) and (II) wherein R 2 and R 6 are 2,2-dimethylpropane, and R 1 and R 5 are Cj 6 straight chain alkyl groups) and monomers that contain C 16 fatty esters (as shown in formulae (III) and (IN) wherein R 9 and R 11 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups, and R 10 and R 12 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups), which shall be refened to throughout the examples as "Crylene/Cetyl Polymer," and that substituted the Crylene/Cetyl Polymer with the non-UN absorbing Octyldodecanol using the ingredients listed in Table NI below: Table VI Sunscreen w/ 0% Sunscreen w/ 2%
• Phase Ingredient Polymer (wt. %) Polymer (wt. %) A Octyl salicylate 5.00% 5.00% Homosalate 7.50% 7.50% Dimethyl capramide 1.00% 1.00% Diethylhexyl malate 2.00% 2.00% B Avobenzone 3.00% 3.00% C Octyldodecanol 2.00% Crylene/Cetyl copolymer 2.00% D Stearyl alcohol 1.00% 1.00% Steareth 21 0.29% 0.29% Steareth 2 0.21 % 0.21% Polyglyceryl-3 methyl glucose 3.00% 3.00% distearate .
• Oil-in-water emulsions were created, wherein the aqueous phase included a mixture of the ingredients in Phase E, and the oil phase included a mixture of the ingredients of Phases A, B, C, and D.
• the emulsions were prepared by combining the ingredients of Phase A, and adding this mixture of ingredients to a vessel, and heating the vessel to about 90° C. The ingredients from Phases B, C, and D were then added to the heated vessel with stirring until the mixture became clear and homogeneous.
• the ingredients of Phase E were added in the order shown in Table. NI, with continuous stirring. The vessel containing the ingredients of Phase E was then heated to about 80° C.
• the resulting mixture was homogenized for three minutes, and then the vessel was remove from heat source and allowed to cool. When temperature of the mixture fell below 40° C, the ingredient of Phase F (triethanolamine) was added. The mixture was sti ⁇ ed until a smooth cream was formed. The resulting creams were packaged to avoid the inadvertent photodegradation of the UV- absorbing compounds, and the creams were then used to test the photostability of the compositions.
• the resulting sunscreens were tested for photostability by measuring absorbance on a Labsphere UV-1 OOOS Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzer (software version 1.27) before and after inadiation with a Solar Light Company model 16S solar simulator (equipped with a UGl 1 filter to block radiation greater than 400 nm, WG320 filter that transmits UV-radiation greater than 290 nm), and a removable WG335 filter that transmits UV-radiation greater than 320 nm).
• Output was monitored by a PMA 2105 UV-B DCS Detector (biologically weighted) or a PMA 2114 UV-A Detector and controlled by a PMA 2100 Automatic Dose Controller (available from Solar Light Co.).
• a synthetic skin substrate was used for testing the sunscreen compositions (VITRO-SKTN substrate (Lot No. 3059) by IMS, Inc. of Milford, CT).
• VIP-SKTN substrate Lit No. 3059
• IMS hydrating chamber
• VITRO-SKTN a sheet of VITRO-SKTN was placed in the hydrating chamber and left overnight (approx. 16 hours).
• Several 6.5 cm squares were cut from the hydrated VITRO-SKTN and used for absorbance measurements.
• a minimum 100 ⁇ l of sunscreen composition is drawn or placed into a pipet tip (Justor 1100DG, set to dispense 100 ⁇ l).
• the test substance was applied to VITRO-SKTN square in a pattern of at least 50 small dots ananged to cover a 6 cm center of a square.
• the VITRO-SKTN square was then placed on a foam block, and the test material was spread by finger (covered with a latex glove or finger cot), first in a circular motion, then by a side-to-side motion during which the VITRO-SKTN is deformed by the pressure.
• the square was then mounted in a slide holder (60 mm x 60 mm glassless slide mounts with metal masks by Gepe Management AG, Switzerland) and allowed to dry for 30-60 minutes.
• the PMA 2105 was used, and the slide was positioned on the UN transmittance analyzer using registration marks, and a scan of a 1 cm spot on the slide was performed. The slide was then transfened to a holder placed adjacent to the solar simulator and, using a calipers, was positioned such that the beam of UN radiation exiting the solar simulator illuminated the same 1 cm spot on the slide.
• the slide was again placed in position on the UN transmittance analyzer, and a scan of the exposed spot was performed. The procedure was repeated on the same 1 cm spot on the slide until the desired total radiation dosage was achieved (approximately 35 MED for the UN-B studies, and 120 J/cm 2 for the UV-A studies).
• Figure 11 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen compositions listed in Table VI. As shown in Figure 11, the sunscreen composition that does includes 2% of the Crylene/ Behenyl Polymer achieves the highest absorbance as compared to the sunscreen composition of Table VI that does not include the polymer.
• Example 9 A determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the sunscreen compositions that were prepared in Example 8 was performed. To test the SPF of the compositions, each slide was placed on the UV transmittance analyzer and scans were taken from five locations on the slide. An SPF report was generated for each slide using the Labsphere software UV1 OOOS, Version 1.27. The results of the SPF testing for the composition listed in Table VII are shown below in Table VII:
• Example 10 Sunscreen compositions where prepared that included 2% of the polymer prepared in Example 3 (a polymer containing the monomers containing crylene moieties (as shown in formulae (I) and (II) wherein R and R are 2,2- dimethylpropane, and R 1 and R 5 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups) and monomers that contain C 16 fatty esters (as shown in formulae (III) and (TV) wherein R 9 and R 11 are C 16 straight chain alkyl groups, and R 10 and R 12 are C22 straight chain alkyl groups), which shall be refe ⁇ ed to throughout the examples as "Crylene/Behenyl Polymer,” and that substituted the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer with the non-UV absorbing Octyldodecanol using the ingredients listed in Table VIII below: Table ⁇ V ⁇ I
• Oil-in-water emulsions were created, wherein the aqueous phase included a mixture of the ingredients in Phase E, and the oil phase included a mixture of the ingredients of Phases A, B, C, and D.
• the emulsions were prepared by combining the ingredients of Phase A, and adding this mixture of ingredients to a vessel, and heating the vessel to about 90° C. The ingredients from Phases B, C, and D were then added to the heated vessel with stirring until the mixture became clear and homogeneous.
• the water, Disodium EDTA, and Carbomer were added to the vessel, and the vessel was stined and heated to 80° C.
• the remaining ingredients from Phase E were added to vessel containing the aqueous mixture and the silica was added to the stirring mixture of the oil phase.
• the oil phase contents from Phases A-D, and F in Table VIII
• the resulting mixture was homogenized for three minutes, and then the vessel was remove from heat source and allowed to cool. The mixture was st red until a smooth cream was formed.
• the resulting creams were packaged to avoid the inadvertent photodegradation of the UV-absorbing compounds, and the creams were then used to test the photostability of the compositions.
• the resulting sunscreens were tested for photostability by measuring absorbance on a Labsphere UN-1000S Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzer (software version 1.27) before and after inadiation with a Solar Light Company model 16S solar simulator (equipped with a UGl 1 filter to block radiation greater than 400 nm, WG320 filter that transmits UN-radiation greater than 290 nm), and a removable WG335 filter that transmits UN-radiation greater than 320 nm).
• Output was monitored by a PMA 2105 UN-B DCS Detector (biologically weighted) or a PMA 2114 UN-A Detector and controlled by a PMA 2100 Automatic Dose Controller (available from Solar Light Co.).
• a synthetic skin substrate was used for testing the sunscreen compositions (NITRO-SKT ⁇ substrate (Lot No. 3059) by IMS, Inc. of Milford, CT).
• NITRO-SKT ⁇ substrate Lit No. 3059
• IMS, Inc. of Milford, CT
• TMS hydrating chamber
• VITRO-SKTN was placed in the hydrating chamber and ' left overnight (approx. 16 hours). Several 6.5 cm squares were cut from the hydrated VITRO-SKTN and used for absorbance measurements.
• a minimum 100 ⁇ l of sunscreen composition is drawn or placed into a pipet tip (Justor 1100DG, set to dispense 100 ⁇ l).
• the test substance was applied to VITRO-SKTN square in a pattern of at least 50 small dots a ⁇ anged to cover a 6 cm center of a square.
• the VITRO-SKTN square was then placed on a foam block, and the test material was spread by finger (covered with a latex glove or finger cot), first in a circular motion, then by a side-to-side motion during which the VITRO-SKTN is -Ill- deformed by the pressure.
• the square was then mounted in a slide holder (60 mm x 60 mm glassless slide mounts with metal masks by Gepe Management AG, Switzerland) and allowed to dry for 30-60 minutes.
• the PMA 2105 was used, and the slide was positioned on the UN transmittance analyzer using registration marks, and a scan of a 1 cm spot on the slide was performed. The slide was then transfened to a holder placed adjacent to the solar simulator and, using a calipers, was positioned such that the beam of UN radiation exiting the solar simulator illuminated the same 1 cm spot on the slide.
• the slide was again placed in position on the UV transmittance analyzer, and a scan of the exposed spot was performed. The procedure was repeated on the same 1 cm spot on the slide until the desired total radiation dosage was achieved (approximately 35 MED for the UV-B studies, and' 120 J/cm 2 for the UV-A studies).
• Figure 12 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen compositions listed in Table VIII. As shown in Figure 12, the sunscreen composition that does includes 2% of the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer achieves the highest absorbance as compared to the sunscreen composition of Table VIII that does not include the polymer.
• Example 11 A determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the sunscreen compositions that were prepared in Example 8 was performed. To test the SPF of the compositions, each slide was placed on the UN transmittance analyzer and scans were taken from five locations on the slide. An SPF report was generated for each slide using the Labsphere software UNI OOOS, Version 1.27.
• SPPF Sun Protection Factor
• Example 12 The water resistance of sunscreen compositions listed in Table VIII was tested by immersing slides of VITRO-SKTN, which contain the compositions, in moving water for a period of time and testing the slides for a loss in absorbance as measured by SPF. The slides were tested before and after being immersed in water and the results were compared.
• the slides were prepared according to the procedure set forth in Example 10, and each slide was placed in a beaker and the top, bottom, and sides of the slides were secured in the beaker with binder clips. The slides were then completely immersed in water by the addition of two liters of tap water to the beaker.
• the beaker was placed on a stir table and a stir bar is placed on the bottom of the beaker. The stir bar is set in motion to circulate the water with a mild vortex.
• the slides were removed from the beaker, shaken to remove excess water, and allowed to air-dry for 30 minutes. Scans are taken from five locations on the slides. The absorbance spectra and an SPF report was generated for each composition.
• FIG. 13 is a graph of the absorbance of the sunscreen composition listed in Table VI that included 2% Crylene/Behenyl Polymer in the composition.
• the absorbance spectra indicates that the immersion of the composition with 2% Crylene/Behenyl Polymer in moving water for 40 minutes causes less of a loss in the absorbance over the entire UV-spectra (290-400 nm) than the composition that does not include the Crylene/Behenyl Polymer.

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