Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C13/00—Dental prostheses; Making same
  • A61C13/0003—Making bridge-work, inlays, implants or the like
  • A61C13/0006—Production methods
  • A61C13/0013—Production methods using stereolithographic techniques
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C13/00—Dental prostheses; Making same
  • A61C13/0003—Making bridge-work, inlays, implants or the like
  • A61C13/0006—Production methods
  • A61C13/0018—Production methods using laser
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
  • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
  • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
  • B22F10/30—Process control
  • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
  • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
  • B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
  • B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
  • B22F10/30—Process control
  • B22F10/31—Calibration of process steps or apparatus settings, e.g. before or during manufacturing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
  • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a device for generating control data sets for the production of metallic and / or non-metallic products, in particular dental products or medical products, by free-form sintering and / or melting by means of a high-energy beam, in particular laser or electron beam, wherein a product is built up layer by layer by means of this beam, which is guided on the basis of a control data record, from a material to be applied in layers.
• the method comprises the steps of reading in a product target geometry data record that represents the target geometry of the product to be manufactured and generating the control data record based on the product target geometry data record.
• the device for generating control data records has means for reading in a product target geometry data record, which represents the target geometry of the product to be manufactured, and means for generating the control data record starting from the product target data record.
• the invention further relates to a device for producing such products by free-form sintering and / or melting by means of a high-energy table beam, in particular laser or electron beam, the device comprising: a beam source for generating this beam, a platform for receiving a layer-by-layer material and a controller for controlling the beam, by means of which the beam can be guided in a data-controlled manner around a product build up from the material layer by layer.
• Such methods, devices and devices are known. They are used, among other things, in the production of dental products, such as tooth crowns, dental bridges, implants, etc. However, they can also be used for other products.
• the invention is therefore based on the technical problem of improving the dimensional accuracy of the products produced by free-form sintering and / or melting by means of a high-energy beam, in particular a laser or electron beam.
• the invention solves this problem in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that this method further comprises the steps of determining a compensation data set and / or a compensation function for compensating manufacturing-related influences caused by sintering and / or melting and linking the compensation data set and / or applying the compensation function to the product target geometry data record to generate the control data record.
• the invention also solves this problem by a device of the type mentioned at the outset, the means for determining a compensation data record and / or a compensation function for compensating manufacturing-related influences caused by sintering and / or melting and means for linking the compensation data record and / or applying the compensation function to the product set geometry data record for generating the control data record.
• the invention solves this problem by means of a device of the type mentioned at the outset, in which the control has a device, described above, for generating control data for guiding the beam.
• the invention has recognized that influences caused by production technology, ie influences caused by sintering and / or melting using a high-energy beam, can have a negative influence on the dimensional accuracy of the products to be produced.
• a product is formed in that a high-energy beam, for example a laser beam or an electron beam, irradiates a material which is generally in powder form in sections, as a result of which the material is heated and melted, so that it combines with the neighboring material.
• a high-energy beam for example a laser beam or an electron beam
• this layer-by-layer structure means that in the case of products with (lateral) sections inclined to the horizontal or vertical, a new layer to be applied extends into an area below which there is no section of the product to be manufactured. This means that the layer to be newly produced protrudes laterally from the previously produced layer.
• the invention has recognized that material material melted in these protruding regions extends into the region of the layer underneath.
• so-called melting gel that is spherical or partially spherical protuberances of the product, which falsify the dimensions of the product.
• the product becomes thicker than originally planned.
• the invention has also recognized that as a result of the layer-by-layer structure and the connection of layers of different temperatures, because of a different thermal expansion within the different layers, stresses arise within the layers. These tensions lead to deformations as soon as the product is released from a carrier, the so-called substrate plate.
• the changes in the actually manufactured product compared to the planned product that arise as a result of these influences are compensated according to the invention by first determining a compensation data record and / or a compensation function.
• This compensation data record is then linked to the data record of the product target geometry or the compensation function is applied to this product target geometry data record in order to generate the control data record by means of which the high-energy beam is guided during sinteming and / or melting.
• the compensation function or the compensation data salt thus determined, the negative manufacturing influences of sintem or melting can be largely compensated for by means of a high-energy beam, so that the dimensional accuracy can be substantially increased.
• the compensation data set or the compensation function is preferably determined as a function of the size and the shape or an angle of inclination of a plane lying tangentially on an outer surface of the product to be manufactured, to a reference plane, for example a horizontal reference plane.
• a thickness of the product to be manufactured which is determined perpendicular to this tangential plane is determined by means of the grain reduced compensation data set or the compensation function depending on this inclination angle.
• the compensation function is preferably continuous and differentiable.
• the compensation function has a second, third, fourth and / or higher degree polynomial. It has been shown that by means of such a compensation function, the effects of the different temperature-related and geometry-related tensions which arise due to the layered structure of the product can be compensated satisfactorily.
• compensation functions are used for different areas of the product to be manufactured.
• the degree of the polynomial of such a compensation function is also dependent on the respective area of the product to be manufactured.
• a polynomial of low degree is used for regions of the product to be manufactured with simple geometry and a polynomial of higher degree for regions of the product to be manufactured with more complex geometry.
• the degree of the respective polynomial also determines the computational effort.
• the computing effort naturally increases with the degree of the polynomial. Therefore, only such a polynomial is advantageously used that has the lowest possible degree, so that satisfactory compensation results can be achieved.
• the effects of the temperature-related tensions depend on the geometry of the product to be manufactured, the effects of these tensions on different areas of the product to be manufactured are also different. It is therefore usually sufficient for more compact geometries to use a simpler compensation function and a more complex compensation function for more complex or delicate geometries.
• the computing effort can thus be reduced in an advantageous manner and the efficiency of the sintering or melting device used can be increased.
• the compensation function is applied to the product geometry data set only for certain areas of the product to be manufactured.
• the compensation function on the product geometry data set is only used as a tooth replacement for connector areas of a dental bridge to be manufactured.
• the compensation function it has been shown that there are special tensions in these connector areas, while the tensions in the relatively compact areas representing a tooth have the effects of the temperature-related tensions much less serious.
• the computing effort can also be reduced and the computing power of the device used can thus be better utilized.
• the compensation data set and / or the compensation function is particularly preferably determined on the basis of at least one parameter from a group of parameters which comprises the following: the elastic modulus, the solidus temperature, the thermal expansion coefficient, the tensile strength and the elastic yield point of the material; a processing chamber temperature, which represents the temperature within a processing chamber surrounding the material to be processed; a machining temperature representing the temperature of the area of the material irradiated by the high energy beam; the layer thickness, which represents the thickness of an applied material layer; the power of the beam source, in particular the laser or the electron beam source, or the power of the beam, in particular the laser beam or the electron beam, during the sintering or melting process; the Verfahrge- schwindigke 'rt of the beam; the radiation strategy; the geometry and in particular the height of the product to be manufactured and the type of possible aftertreatment of the product after sintering or melting. It has been shown that by taking these parameters or a part of these parameters into account, a substantial compensation of the influences caused by the production technology
• an emerging or created contour of the product is optically measured during and / or after the irradiation of a material layer.
• the measurement data obtained in this way are compared with the data of the product target geometry data set.
• the control data record is corrected in accordance with the detected deviation.
• Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of an apparatus for producing products by free-form laser sintering and / or melting according to an embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 2 is a schematic> Schn 'ittansicht to illustrate the layered construction of means of a device according to FIG 1 products prepared according to an ideal theoretical model.
• FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation corresponding to FIG. 2 of a real manufactured product
• FIG. 4 shows a schematic side sectional view of a first laser-sintered or laser-melted layer of the product to be produced, which is connected to an underlying substrate plate by means of several supports;
• FIG. 5 shows the product from FIG. 4 with a further applied layer
• Fig. 6 shows the product of Fig. 5, but in the state separated from the supports and
• FIG. 7 shows a flowchart to illustrate the method steps of a method for generating control data sets for the laser beam according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
• the device 1 shows a device 1 for producing metallic and / or non-metallic products 2, in particular dental products, such as tooth crowns, bridges, implants, etc., or medical products, such as e.g. Prostheses, through free-form laser sintering and / or melting.
• the device 1 has a table 3 with a height-adjustable platform 4 on which a substrate plate 5 lies.
• the platform 4 can be adjusted in height step by step via a drive (not shown), in particular in steps adapted to the size of powder grains of a material 6 in powder form.
• the device 1 also has a laser 7, for example a CO 2 laser, arranged above the table 3, the beam 8 of which is guided by a suitable device, in particular a computer-controlled mirror galvanometer 9.
• a laser 7 for example a CO 2 laser
• the device 1 also has a coating mechanism 10, by means of which the powdery material 6 is evenly distributed over the surface of the table 3, so that in particular the space between the surface of the platform 4 and the surface of the table 3 to the surface of the Table 3 is filled with powdered material 6.
• the production of a product 2 proceeds as follows: First, the platform 4 is in an upper starting position. The laser 7 is then activated and its laser beam 8 is directed onto the powdery material 6. The laser beam 7 solidifies and melts due to the heat it generates, the powdery material 6, which - depending on the amount of energy applied to the powdery material 6 - is sintered or fused with surrounding powder grains. The laser beam 8 is guided by means of a control data set. According to this guidance, it irradiates predetermined positions of the powdery material 6. A solid layer of fused or sintered material material is formed on the areas irradiated by the laser beam 8.
• the laser 7 is deactivated and the platform 4 is lowered by a layer thickness which is adapted, for example, to the average diameter of the powder grains of the material 6.
• a new layer of powdery material 6 is then applied by means of the coating mechanism 10 and smoothed out.
• the laser 7 is activated again and the laser beam 7 again moves under computer-controlled predetermined positions within which the powdery material 6 is fused or sintered with the previously generated layer, or also to adjacent or non-adjacent areas.
• This process of applying layers of powdered starting material 6 and sintering or melting these layers with the previously applied layers by means of the laser beam 8 is carried out repeatedly until the product 2 has formed in the desired shape.
• the device 1 has a control 11, by means of which in particular the activation and deactivation of the laser 7 and the positioning of the laser beam 8 are controlled via the mirror galvanometer 9 and the height adjustment of the platform 4.
• the coordination of these components of the device 1 essentially ensures the desired formation of the products 2.
• the controller 11 has means for reading in a data record of product target geometry data, which represent the target geometry of the product to be manufactured. Based on this target geometry data, the control system calculates a control data set, by means of which the laser beam is guided. For example, this control data record has data for adjusting the mirror galvanometer 10, by means of which the point of incidence of the laser beam 9 on the top layer of the material 6 is determined.
• the control 11 furthermore determines a compensation data set and / or a compensation function of manufacturing-technical influences described below, which occur during laser sintering or laser melting.
• This compensation data is linked to the target geometry data or the compensation function is applied to the target geometry data set in order to generate the control data set explained above.
• the manufacturing technical influences of laser sintering or laser melting described in more detail below can be taken into account before the manufacture of the products 2 or before the next layer of the product 2 to be formed.
• 2 serves to explain a first influence of this type in manufacturing technology.
• 2 shows a section of an already laser-sintered or laser-melted product 2, which is to be produced in several layers 12, 13, 14, 15.
• the layers 12 to 15 are not arranged vertically one above the other, but rather offset from one another. The corresponding offset results in an inclination of a tangential plane applied to the ends of the layers with an angle ⁇ relative to the horizontal, for example the top of the platform 4.
• the layers 12 to 15 each have the same width, so that ideally an obliquely placed plate with the thickness d is formed, which takes the angle ⁇ with respect to the horizontal plane.
• FIG. 3 shows the product shown theoretically in FIG. 2 in a practical implementation.
• layers 13 to 15 which are each offset by a certain distance from layer 12 to 14 below, so-called melting balls or melting ball sections 16, 17, 18 form during laser sintering or laser melting.
• melted material 6 namely not only heats the material powder 6 exactly within the thickness of a layer 13, 14, 15, but also the surrounding material powder 6, which is melted in the process and flows downward in the liquid phase and thereby the melting balls 16, 17, 18 forms.
• the melting balls 16 to 18 lead to an increased thickness d 'compared to the thickness d shown in FIG. 2.
• This manufacturing-related influence on the thickness of the product to be manufactured includes depending on the angle of inclination ⁇ .
• FIG. 4 shows a plurality of supports 19 which have been sintered onto a substrate plate 5 in order to form a first layer 20 of a product 21 to be produced thereon.
• This first layer has a height h.
• the layer 20 cools down after the melting. As a result, the layer 20 contracts due to the cooling in accordance with its coefficient of thermal expansion. The resulting shrinkage of the layer, however, takes place to a greater extent in the upper region of the layer 20 than in the lower region of the layer 20, since the lower region of the layer 20 due to the supports 19 and thus due to the connection to the substrate plate 5 wise rigid and therefore much less compliant.
• the top side of layer 20 shrinks most. This is shown in FIG. 4 by means of the dashed lines at the lateral ends of the layer 20.
• FIG 5 shows how a further, second layer 22 has been applied to the already cooled layer 20, which in turn shrinks more strongly upwards at its lateral ends than in its lower region as a result of the cooling.
• a product is formed by a multiplicity of such layers 20, 22, which shrink in each case as a result of the cooling and as a result of the coefficient of thermal expansion and therefore generate stresses within the product 21 to be produced.
• FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 the changes in width of the layers due to the cooling are not shown to scale and are greatly exaggerated. However, this serves to illustrate this influence caused by manufacturing technology.
• FIG. 6 shows the product 21 from FIG. 5 after the lowermost layer 20 has been separated from the supports 19, for example along the line shown with dots in FIG. 5.
• the product 21 is separated from the supports 19, it deforms as a result of the stresses explained above within the layers 20, 22.
• the product 21 is bent upwards at its lateral ends after the separation from the supports 19.
• This bend approximately corresponds to a bend line to be described with a second degree polynomial.
• the parameters mentioned have different influences on the dimensional accuracy of the product to be manufactured. Depending on the desired precision of the product to be manufactured, it is therefore not necessary to exactly determine all parameters. The best results are achieved when all parameters are taken into account. However, taking all parameters into account leads to high expenditure, which ultimately results in significantly higher product costs. In a particularly preferred exemplary embodiment, therefore, only a selection of the most important, that is to say the most influential, parameters is taken into account.
• step 7 shows a flowchart to illustrate a method according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
• the setpoint geometry data of a product to be manufactured are read in by the control 11.
• the controller 11 determines a compensation data record and / or a compensation function.
• the compensation data set and / or an application of the compensation function to the target geometry data of the product for generating a data set for controlling the laser beam 8.
• the laser beam 8 is controlled or guided on the basis of this control data set.
• the resulting product is optically measured in a further step 27 during laser sintering or laser melting.
• the measurement data obtained in this way are compared with the nominal geometry data of the product.
• the control data are corrected in accordance with any discrepancy that has been determined, so that the laser beam is then controlled or guided using a corrected control data record.
• the invention has recognized that influences of laser sintering or laser melting on the products to be produced, which are caused by manufacturing technology, can be compensated for by manipulating the control data of the laser beam, and the dimensional accuracy of the products to be produced can thus be substantially improved.
• the invention was explained above in connection with laser sintering or laser melting.
• the invention is not limited to the use of a laser beam for sintering or melting.
• a laser beam e.g. an electron beam can also be used.
• the laser described above can therefore also be easily replaced by an electron beam source.
• the invention therefore relates to any type of sintering or melting process that is generated by a high-energy beam from a corresponding source for such a high-energy beam.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
• Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
• Dental Prosthetics (AREA)
• Dental Preparations (AREA)
• Inorganic Insulating Materials (AREA)

Priority Applications (6)

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Cited By (18)

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• 2004
  • 2004-02-25 DE DE102004009126A patent/DE102004009126A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2005
  • 2005-02-16 AT AT05708022T patent/ATE419940T1/de active
  • 2005-02-16 EP EP05708022A patent/EP1720676B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-02-16 ES ES05708022T patent/ES2318455T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-02-16 JP JP2007500207A patent/JP2007534838A/ja active Pending
  • 2005-02-16 CA CA2557049A patent/CA2557049C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-02-16 CN CN2005800058251A patent/CN1921970B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-02-16 DE DE502005006423T patent/DE502005006423D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2005-02-16 US US10/590,677 patent/US8884186B2/en active Active
  • 2005-02-16 WO PCT/EP2005/050668 patent/WO2005080029A1/de not_active Ceased

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