Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
  • A21D—TREATMENT OF FLOUR OR DOUGH FOR BAKING, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS
  • A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B11/00—Preservation of milk or dairy products
  • A23B11/60—Preservation of cheese or cheese preparations
  • A23B11/65—Preservation of cheese or cheese preparations by addition of preservatives
  • A23B11/67—Preservation of cheese or cheese preparations by addition of preservatives of antibiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
  • A23B2/70—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
  • A23B2/725—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B2/729—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B2/7295—Antibiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
  • A23B2/70—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
  • A23B2/725—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B2/729—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B2/733—Compounds of undetermined constitution obtained from animals or plants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
  • A23B2/70—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
  • A23B2/725—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B2/729—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B2/771—Organic compounds containing hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
  • A23B2/70—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
  • A23B2/725—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B2/729—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B2/783—Microorganisms; Enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B4/00—Preservation of meat, sausages, fish or fish products
  • A23B4/10—Coating with a protective layer; Compositions or apparatus therefor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B4/00—Preservation of meat, sausages, fish or fish products
  • A23B4/12—Preserving with acids; Acid fermentation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B4/00—Preservation of meat, sausages, fish or fish products
  • A23B4/14—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12
  • A23B4/18—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12 in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B4/20—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B4/00—Preservation of meat, sausages, fish or fish products
  • A23B4/14—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12
  • A23B4/18—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12 in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B4/20—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B4/22—Microorganisms; Enzymes; Antibiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B5/00—Preservation of eggs or egg products
  • A23B5/06—Coating eggs with a protective layer; Compositions or apparatus therefor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B5/00—Preservation of eggs or egg products
  • A23B5/08—Preserving with chemicals
  • A23B5/12—Preserving with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B5/14—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B5/00—Preservation of eggs or egg products
  • A23B5/08—Preserving with chemicals
  • A23B5/12—Preserving with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B5/14—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B5/16—Microorganisms; Enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23C19/00—Cheese; Cheese preparations; Making thereof
  • A23C19/06—Treating cheese curd after whey separation; Products obtained thereby
  • A23C19/068—Particular types of cheese
  • A23C19/08—Process cheese preparations; Making thereof, e.g. melting, emulsifying, sterilizing
  • A23C19/084—Treating the curd, or adding substances thereto, after melting
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L13/70—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor
  • A23L13/72—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor using additives, e.g. by injection of solutions
  • A23L13/74—Tenderised or flavoured meat pieces; Macerating or marinating solutions specially adapted therefor using additives, e.g. by injection of solutions using microorganisms or enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/127—Antibiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
  • A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
  • A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
  • A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
  • A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
  • A23P10/35—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives with oils, lipids, monoglycerides or diglycerides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying
  • B01J13/043—Drying and spraying
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/08—Simple coacervation, i.e. addition of highly hydrophilic material
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• Bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteins or peptides that can be produced by certain bacteria, which can kill or inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria.
• the bacteriocins 10 produced by lactic acid bacteria are of particular importance since they have great potential for the preservation of food and for the control of foodborne pathogens. (Wessels et al. 1998.)
• bacteriocins have since been discovered with potential as food preservatives, e.g. 25 pediocin, lacticin, sakacin, lactococcin, enterococin, plantaricin, leucocin. These are also active, although usually with a more narrow spectrum, against Gram-positive bacteria. Their food use is at present restricted to production of the bacteriocin in situ, i.e. by growth of the producer organism within the food.
• Antioxidants are widely used in food products susceptible to oxidative degeneration.
• An antioxidant is defined by the Food and Drug Administration (21CFR 170.3) as "a substance used to preserve food by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration due to oxidation”.
• Spices or plant extracts can be used in food as antioxidants and to impart flavour.
• One advantage of such extracts is that they are perceived as natural 35 ingredients when compared to chemical antioxidants such as butyl hydroxyanisol (BHA) and butylated hydoxytoluene (BHT). Plants of the family Labiatae contain several well known herbs.
• Extracts from these plants have been shown to have antioxidant and, in some cases, antimicrobial activity (Nychas & Skandamis, 2003; Smid and Gorris, 1999; Loliger, 1989).
• Such extracts may be essential oils and oleoresins (extracts with essential oil content used in flavours and fragrances) or "deodorised”', extracts that have a high phenolic diterpene content and low level of flavour-inducing compounds.
• Carnosic acid a phenolic diterpene (C 2 oH 28 ⁇ 4 ), occurs naturally in leaves of plants of the Labiatae family, particularly rosemary and sage, but also thyme and marjoram. Dried leaves of rosemary or sage contain 1.5 - 2.5% carnosic acid and 0.3 - 0.4% carnosol (US6231896).
• Carnosol is an oxidative artefact of carnosic acid (Wenkert et al. J. Org. Chem 30:2931 , 1965). The oxidation takes place in the presence of harvesting in the leaves left to dry in the air and if the leaves are subjected to extraction with solvents. Rosmanol may also be a product of the oxidation of carnosic acid.
• 6083921 discusses a combination of plant extracts including one from Labiatae:
• Scutellaria preferably root (Radix scutellariae).
• US 5472684 teaches an oral composition for plaque and gingivitis containing thymol and eugenol
• Food safety and prevention of food spoilage is an ever present concern worldwide, particularly with the increasing trend for convenience foods such as ready to eat meals, soups, sauces or snacks. Spoilage of food is a major economic problem for the food manufacturer. Food manufacturers need to protect the health and safety of the public by delivering products that are safe to eat. Such food must have a guaranteed shelf life, either at chilled or ambient temperature storage. Consumers prefer good tasting food of high quality - this is difficult to achieve with chemical preservatives, harsh heating regimes and other processing measures. Food safety and protection is best achieved with a multiple preservation system using a combined approach of milder processing and natural preservatives. Foodborne micro-organisms are also less able to adapt and grow in food preserved with different preservative measures.
• Bacteriocins such as nisin can be used as preservatives in food to help meet this need.
• Nisin is a proven safe, natural preservative with GRAS status.
• Other bacteriocins can be used for preservation if produced in situ, by growth of the bacteriocin producer organism in the food.
• the bacteriocin levels required to ensure preservation or food safety may prove uneconomical, or are below effective levels due to regulatory and legislation constraints.
• the resulting bacteriocin levels may not be high enough to achieve the required preservative effect.
• the present invention alleviates the problems of the prior art.
• the present invention provides a composition
• a composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the present invention provides a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the present invention provides use of (a) an antimicrobial material; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material; wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the present invention provides kit for preparing a composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition, in separate packages or containers; optionally with instructions for admixture and/or contacting and/or use.
• rosemary and sage have antioxidant activity in foods that is mainly related to phenolic diterpenes such as carnosic acid and carnosol, as well as other phenolic compounds, including phenolic triterpenes such as betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid; and rosmarinic acid.
• Antimicrobial activity has been attributed to some of these compounds, all of which can be obtained by selective extraction from the plants.
• the phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid are distinct from the essential oils and oleoresins that are often used in flavours and fragrances. The high flavour and odour levels of essential oils is not conducive to their use in food.
• the present invention provides a synergistic combination of components for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, such as foodstuff.
• This combination of components allows lower levels of the antimicrobial material to be used to provide effective action and prevent the development of tolerance to the antimicrobial material. This is particularly important in food applications where reduction of dosage and/or avoidance of development of tolerance is desired for commercial and regulatory reasons.
• the antimicrobial material is a bacteriocin.
• the antimicrobial material such as a bacteriocin
• a bacteriocin may typically be selected from materials (bacteriocins) that can be used as preservatives in food
• the antimicrobial material is selected from lanthionine containing bacteriocins, Lacfococci/s-derived bacteriocins, Sfreptococcws-derived bacteriocins, Pediococcus- derived bacteriocins, Lactobacillus-de ⁇ ved bacteriocins, Carnobacterium- ⁇ e ⁇ ved bacteriocins, Lei/conosfoc-derived bacteriocins, Enterococci/s-derived bacteriocins and mixtures thereof
• the antimicrobial material is at least nisin.
• the antimicrobial material consists of nisin.
• Nisin is a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin (US 5691301) derived from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (formerly known as Streptococcus-lactis) (US 5573801).
• the bacteriocin used in the present invention is at least nisin.
• nisin is a polypeptide bacteriocin produced by the lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (formerly known as Streptococcus lactis Group N).
• Nisin is reportedly a collective name representing several closely related substances which have been designated nisin compounds A, B, C, D and E (De Vuyst, L. and Vandamme, E. J. 1994. Nisin, a lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis: properties, biosynthesis, fermentation and applications. In: Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Microbiology, Genetics and Applications. Eds.: De Vuyst and Vandamme. Blackie Academic and Professional, London). . The structure and properties of nisin are also discussed in the article by E.
• Nisin preparation Affirmation of GRAS status as a direct human ingredient. Federal Regulations 53: 11247).
• the international activity unit (IU hereinafter) was defined as 0.001 mg of an international nisin reference preparation.
• Nisaplin® Natural Antimicrobial is the brand name for a nisin concentrate containing 1 million IU per g, which is commercially available from Danisco.
• Nisin is an acknowledged and accepted food preservative with a long history of safe, effective food use. There have been several reviews of nisin, e.g. Hurst 1981; 1983; Delves-Broughton, 1990; De Vuyst and Vandamme, 1994; Thomas et al. 2000; Thomas & Delves-Broughton, 2001). Nisin was discovered over 50 years ago and the first commercial preparation, made in 1953, was Nisaplin®. Nisin has several characteristics that make it particularly suitable as a food preservative. It has undergone extensive toxicological testing to demonstrate its safety. It is heat-stable, acid-stable and effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria.
• Nisin is an effective preservative in pasteurised and heat-treated foods (e.g.
• processed cheese, cheese, pasteurised milks, dairy desserts, cream, mascarpone and other dairy products puddings such as semolina, tapioca etc., pasteurised liquid egg, pasteurised potato products, soy products, crumpets, pikelets, flapjacks, processed meat products, beverages, soups, sauces, ready to eat meals, canned foods, vegetable drinks) and low acid foods such as salad dressings, sauces, mayonnaise, beer, wine and other beverages.
• Effective levels of nisin to preserve foodstuffs reportedly range from 25-500 lU/g or more. Other effective levels would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. For example levels of 50-400 lU/g may be utilised.
• the bacteriocin pediocin produced by Pediococcus pentosaceus, P. acidilactici, or Lactobacillus plantarum, may be used in the present invention. Like nisin, different structures of pediocin have been described. At present pediocin and other bacteriocins are not allowed as food additives but their antibacterial activity can be achieved by production of the bacteriocin in situ, as a consequence of the growth of the producer organism in the food. This is the purpose of commercial protective cultures such as HOLDBACTM Listeria (Danisco).
• Pediocin has a more narrow antimicrobial spectrum compared to nisin, but there is much interest in its food safety ability to kill, prevent or control the growth of the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Ray & Miller, 2000).
• Other bacteriocins may be used in the present invention, including those named generally as divercin, leucocin, mesentericin, sakacin, curvacin, bavaricin, acidocin, bifidocin, camobacteriocin, pisicocin, piscicolin, mundticin, enterocin, thermophilin, lacticin, plantaricin, lactococcin, divercin, diplococcin, mesenterocin, leuconosin, carnosin, acidophilin, lactacin, brevicin, lactocin, helevticin, reutericin, propionicin.
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.05wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.05wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises carvone in an amount of less than 10wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises carvone in an amount of less than 10wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises thymol in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 10wt.%, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises thymol in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition preferably less than 10wt.%, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises eugenol in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 10wt.%, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises eugenol in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition preferably less than 10wt.%, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition.
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and each of carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 15wt.% based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition).
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and each of carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 15wt.% based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition).
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and each of carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 15wt.% based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition).
• the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and each of carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 15wt.% based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt.% based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt.%, preferably less than 5wt.%, preferably less than 2wt.%, preferably less than 1wt.%, preferably less than 0.75wt.%, preferably less than 0.5wt.%, preferably less than 0.2wt.%, preferably less than 0.1wt.%, preferably less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the composition).
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 1wt.% based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 1wt.% based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 1wt.% based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 1wt.% based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 1wt.% based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 1wt.% based on the extract.
• the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.%, preferably less than 0.05wt.%, preferably less than 0.04wt.%, preferably less than 0.02wt.%, preferably less than 0.01wt.%, preferably less than 0.004wt.%, based on the extract.
• the extract used in the present invention is obtained from or is obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family.
• the extract used in the present invention is obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family.
• the extract used in the present invention is obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family.
• an extract obtainable from a plant may be obtained from a plant or may be isolated from the plant, identified and then obtained from an alternative source, for example by chemical synthesis or enzymatic production.
• the extract may be produced by a eukaryotic or prokaryotic fermentation, by a process of genetic manipulation.
• the invention comprises use of a combination of a bacteriocin such as nisin and a of the Labiatae plant family, such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) or sage (Salvia officinalis) that together give enhanced control of Gram-positive bacteria in a food system.
• a bacteriocin such as nisin
• a of the Labiatae plant family such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) or sage (Salvia officinalis) that together give enhanced control of Gram-positive bacteria in a food system.
• the extracts responsible for synergy in the present invention preferably refer to extracts of the plant family Labiatae that have been selectively extracted (“deodorised extracts") to increase their phenolic diterpene content (such as carnosol and carnosic acid), phenolic tripterpene content (such as ursolic acid, betulinic acid and oleanolic acid) or rosmarinic acid content.
• deodorised extracts can be distinguished by their high phenolic diterpene content (for example greater than 3.5 wt.%) and their low level (less than 1 wt.%) of flavour-inducing compounds from plant essential oils and oleoresins that are used as flavours or fragrances.
• Essential oils are typically extracted by simple steam distillation of the plant material.
• Essential oils comprise the various essential oils in plants having the odour or the flavour of the plant from which they were extracted.
• the essential oils are typically terpenoids often comprising monoterpenes.
• an antioxidant type of rosemary extract which could be described as selectively extracted or deodorised, contains > 3.5% phenolic diterpenes but less than 1 wt.% essential oils.
• a non-selective, flavouring extract contains 10-30 wt.% essential oils and a phenolic diterpene content of 2- >3.5wt.%.
• Essential oils are commonly described as the volatile ethereal fraction obtained from a plant or plant part by a physical separation process such as distillation or chromatographic separation.
• Essential oils have also been described as a "group of odorous principles, soluble in alcohol and to a limited extent in water, consisting of a mixtures of esters, aldehydes, ketones and terpenes.
• Essential oils are typically obtained by distilling plants with water; the oil that separates from distillate usually has highly characteristic odors identified with the plant origin. The resulting mixture of organic compounds was thought, in the days of alchemists, to be the essence of the plant, hence the term "essential oil".
• the extract is a deodorised extract.
• the (deodorised) extract contains from 1.0 to 70 wt.% phenolic diterpenes, preferably 3.5 to 70 wt.% phenolic diterpenes and less than 1 wt.% essential oil.
• the extract is selected from phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid.
• the extract is or comprises a phenolic diterpene.
• the phenolic diterpene is selected from carnosic acid, carnosol and methylcamosic acid.
• the phenolic diterpene is selected from carnosic acid and carnosol.
• the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the extract is greater than 1.0 wt.%. In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt.%.
• the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt.%. In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt.%.
• the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 1.0 wt.%, for example greater than 5.0 wt.%, greater than 10.0 wt.%, greater than 20.0 wt.%, or greater than 25.0 wt.%. In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt.%.
• the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt.%. In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt.%.
• the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition is greater than 1.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 2.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 3.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 3.5 wt.%, preferably greater than 5.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 10.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 20.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 40.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 50.0 wt.%.
• the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition is from 2.0 to 2.5 wt.%, such as 2.3 wt.%.
• the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition is from 4.0 to 4.5 wt.% , such as 4.2 wt.%.
• the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 1.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 2.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 3.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 3.5 wt.%, preferably greater than 5.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 10.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 20.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 40.0 wt.%, preferably greater than 50.0 wt.%.
• the extract contains one or more phenolic triterpenes.
• the phenolic triterpenes are selected from betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.
• phenolic triterpene is selected from betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.
• the amount of phenolic triterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt.%. In one highly preferred aspect the amount of phenolic triterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt.%.
• the extract is or comprises rosmarinic acid.
• the amount of rosmarinic acid, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt.%. In one preferred aspect the amount of rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt.%.
• the extract contains flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt.% based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contains flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt.%) based on the composition.
• flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils are camphor, verbenone, borneol and alfa-terpineol.
• the combined amount of camphor present in the extract is less than 1 wt.%) (preferably less than 0.2 wt.%, more preferably less than 0.15wt.%, more preferably less than 0.1 wt.%) based on the extract.
• the combined amount of verbenone present in the extract is less than 1 wt.% (preferably less than 0.2 wt.%, more preferably less than 0.15wt.%, more preferably less than 0.1 wt.%) based on the extract.
• the combined amount of borneol present in the extract is less than 1 wt.% (preferably less than 0.2 wt.%, more preferably less than 0.15wt.%, more preferably less than 0.1 wt.%) based on the extract.
• the combined amount of alfa-terpineol present in the extract is less than 1 wt.% (preferably less than 0.2 wt.%, more preferably less than 0.15wt.%, more preferably less than 0.1 wt.%) based on the extract.
• the combined amount of camphor, verbenone, borneol and alfa- terpineol present in the extract is less than 1 wt.% (preferably less than 0.2 wt.%, more preferably less than 0.15wt.%, more preferably less than 0.1wt.%) based on the extract.
• the extract contain less than 1 wt.% of plant essential oils and/or oleoresins based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contain less than 1 wt.%) of plant essential oils and/or oleoresins based on the composition.
• the extract contains essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt.% based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contains essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt.% based on the composition.
• the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary, sage, oregano, marjoram, mint, balm, savoury and thyme. In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary, sage, oregano, marjoram, mint, balm, and savoury. It will be understood that these name cover all species and varieties of plants known by these names.
• the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), marjoram (Origanum marjorana L.), mint (Mentha spp.), balm (Melissa officinalis L.), savoury (Satureia hortensis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris ).
• the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), marjoram (Origanum marjorana L.), mint (Mentha spp.), balm (Melissa officinalis L.), and savoury (Satureia hortensis).
• the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), marjoram (Origanum marjorana L.), mint (Mentha spp.), balm (Melissa officinalis L.), and savoury (Satureia hortensis).
• the plant of the Labiatae family is rosemary.
• the present invention provides
• composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid (preferably carnosic acid and carnosol).
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid (preferably carnosic acid and carnosol).
• the present invention may prevent and/or inhibit the growth of, and/or kill a micro-organism in a material. This may be slowing or arresting a micro-organism, such a bacteria, or by killing the micro-organism present on contact with the present composition.
• the antimicrobial material and/or the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic effect.
• the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic effect.
• the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic synergistic effect.
• the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal synergistic effect.
• microbicidal or microbiostatic effect is a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.
• the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of Gram- positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
• the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of Gram-positive bacteria.
• the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of an organism selected from Gram-positive bacteria associated with food spoilage or foodborne disease including Bacillus species, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria species, Listeria monocytogenes, lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid spoilage bacteria, Lactobacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium species, C. sporogenes, C. tyrobutyricum.
• the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of the invention in combination with a chelating agent is in respect of an organism selected from other micro-organisms associated with food spoilage or foodborne disease, including yeasts, moulds and Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, and Pseudomonas species.
• the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of an organism selected from Bacillus cereus 204, B. cereus Campden, B. cereus NCTC2599, B. subtilis Campden, Clostridium sporogenes strain Campden, Clostridium sporogenes strain 1.221 , Clostridium sporogenes NCIMB1793, Listeria monocytogenes 272, L. monocytogenes NCTC12426, L monocytogenes S23, Lactobacillus sake 272, Escherichia coli S15, E. coli CRA109, Salmonella Typhimurium S29, Pseudomonas fluorescens 3756,
• compositions, process and use of the present invention may prevent and/or inhibit the growth of, and/or kill a micro-organism in any material.
• the composition is a foodstuff or may be added to a foodstuff.
• the essential components of (a) an antimicrobial material and (b) a extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family are already present in the foodstuff. They may have been provided by one or more means. For example they may have been added in the form of a composition containing the bacteriocin and the extract.
• the two components may have been added to the foodstuff sequentially.
• one or more of the components may have be formed in situ in the foodstuff.
• the bacteriocin may be formed in situ in the foodstuff by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.
• composition of the present invention is a protectant composition suitable for addition to a foodstuff.
• composition of the present invention or the composition for use in the present invention may contain one or more additional components.
• the protectant composition of the present invention (suitable for addition to a foodstuff) contains no additional components or contains no additional components that materially affect the properties of the composition. In these aspects the present invention provides
• composition consisting essentially of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different
• composition consisting of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different
• composition consisting essentially of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different, wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• composition consisting of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different, wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• composition further comprises a chelator.
• a chelator is selected from EDTA, citric acid, monophosphates, diphosphates, triphosphates and polyphosphates.
• chelator examples include carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, amino acids and phosphates.
• carboxylic acids include carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, amino acids and phosphates.
• amino acids include amino acids and phosphates.
• the following compounds and their salts may be useful:
• sequestering agents are useful in food processing in their salt forms, which are commonly alkali metal or alkaline earth salts such as sodium, potassium or calcium or quaternary ammonium salts. Sequestering compounds with multiple valencies may be beneficially utilised to adjust pH or selectively introduce or abstract metal ions e.g. in a food system coating. Additional information chelators is disclosed in T. E. Furia (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, 2nd Ed., pp. 271-294 (1972, Chemical Rubber Co.), and M. S. Peterson and A. M. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Food Science, pp. 694-699 (1978, AVI Publishing Company, Inc.) which articles are both hereby incorporated by reference.
• chelator is defined as organic or inorganic compounds capable of forming co-ordination complexes with metals. Also, as the term “chelator” is used herein, it includes molecular encapsulating compounds such as cyclodextrin. The chelator may be inorganic or organic, but preferably is organic.
• Preferred chelator are non-toxic to mammals and include aminopolycarboxylic acids and their salts such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its salts (particularly its di- and tri-sodium salts), and hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.
• aminopolycarboxylic acids and their salts such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its salts (particularly its di- and tri-sodium salts), and hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.
• non-citric acid and non-citrate hydrocarboxylic acid chelators are also believed useful in the present invention such as acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and their salts.
• Cyclodextrin are further described in Chapter 11 entitled, “Industrial Applications of Cyclodextrin", by J. Szejtli, page 331-390 of Inclusion Compounds, Vol. Ill (Academic Press, 1984) which chapter is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the chelator enhances the antimicrobial activity and/or antimicrobial spectrum of the bacteriocin. More preferably the chelator enhances the antimicrobial activity and/or antimicrobial spectrum of the bacteriocin in respect of Gram-negative bacteria and other micro-organisms.
• the present invention provides process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the bacteriocin and the extract are added to the material together.
• the bacteriocin and the extract are added to the material sequentially.
• the present invention provides in one aspect a preservative/protectant composition which may be added to a range of materials such as food systems and in another aspect a combination of two separate products which may added sequentially to materials such as food products.
• the extract is added to the material.
• the bacteriocin is added to the material.
• the extract is formed in situ in the material.
• the bacteriocin is formed in situ in the material.
• the bacteriocin may be formed in situ in the foodstuff by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.
• the present invention provides a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the present invention provides use of (a) an antimicrobial material; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material; wherein (a) and (b) are different; and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• compositions comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• bacteriocin nisin
• an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material
• the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.%, based on the composition, and the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition
• composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid.
• composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) carnosic acid .
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) carnosic acid.
• a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, thyme, mint, balm, savoury, sage and oregano, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a selectively extracted extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• bacteriocin wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a selectively extracted extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oloanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oloanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• bacteriocin wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oloanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) carnosic acid.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) carnosic acid.
• a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.Owt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.
• composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a bacteriocin wherein the bacteriocin is nisin
• the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt
• a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• bacteriocin wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect • use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid , for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect
• composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt.% , based on the composition, wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.04wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 0.04.% based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.04wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 0.04.% based on the composition..
• bacteriocin nisin
• an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material
• the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.% , based on the composition, wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.04wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 0.04.% based on the composition.
• composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0wt.%, based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.Owt.%.
• composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• composition • use of (a) an antimicrobial material; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material; wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition.
• kits for preparing a composition as defined herein comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt.% based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt.% based on the composition, in separate packages or containers; optionally with instructions for admixture and/or contacting and/or use.
• Figure 1 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin cidal activity against
• Figure 2 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin control of Listeria monocytogenes growth in chilled chicken soup by a selectively extracted rosemary extract (GRE09)
• Figure 3 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement by a selectively extracted rosemary extract of nisin control of ⁇ . cereus spore outgrowth in chilled chicken soup.
• Minimal detection limit was 100 cfu/g.
• the samples containing the combination of nisin and rosemary had Bacillus counts at or below 100 cfu/g.
• Figure 4 is a graph showing combined effect of nisin, selectively extracted rosemary extracts and rosemary extract components against L monocytogenes in chicken soup at
• Figure 5 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin activity by selectively extracted extracts of rosemary or rosmarinic acid against Listeria monocytogenes in a chicken soup at ambient temperature.
• Figure 6 is a graph showing a demonstration of synergy between nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Inhibition of L. monocytogenes at 8°C.
• Figure 7 is a graph showing a demonstration of synergy between nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Inhibition of ⁇ . cereus at 15 °C.
• Figure 8 is a graph showing enhanced nisin growth inhibitory activity by a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Control of L. monocytogenes in carbonara sauce at 8 °C. 32a
• Figure 9 is a graph showing enhanced nisin growth inhibitory activity by a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Control of B. cereus spores in carbonara sauce at 15 °C.
• Figure 10 is a graph showing enhanced cidal effect of a nisin and phenolic diterpene- containing rosemary extract against L monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20 °C. a) pH 4.5
• Figure 11 is a graph showing enhanced cidal effect of a nisin and phenolic diterpene- containing rosemary extract against L monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20 °C. b) pH 6.7
• GUARDIANTM Rosemary Extract 09 (Danisco) (GRE09). This is a water dispersible deodorised rosemary extract containing 4% phenolic diterpenes and ⁇ 1% essential oils, extracted from rosemary leaves, combined with the carriers polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and propylene glycol. A commercial extract of nisin at potency of 1 x 10 6 lU/g: Nisaplin® Natural Antimicrobial (Danisco).
• Test strains Bacillus cereus 204, ⁇ . cereus Campden, ⁇ . cereus NCTC2599, ⁇ . subtilis Campden, Listeria monocytogenes 272, L. monocytogenes NCTC12426, L. monocytogenes S23, Lactobacillus sake 272, Escherichia coli S15, E. coli CRA109, Salmonella Typhimurium S29, Pseudomonas fluorescens 3756.
• a 100,000 ppm GRE09 solution was prepared in water and filter sterilised (0.2 ⁇ m). Further dilutions were prepared in sterile deionised water at 1 ,250 - 20,000 ppm.
• Brain Heart Infusion broth (Oxoid) was prepared and GRE09 stock solutions were added to give the following test solutions of GRE09; 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000 ppm.
• a 10,000 lU/ml nisin solution was prepared, filter sterilised and a range of stock solutions then prepared. A range of nisin concentrations was then prepared in Brain Heart Infusion broth.
• a fully automated microbial growth analyser was used to determine microbial growth curves (Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C analyser linked to a PC with installed software BioLink v 5.30; Labsystem Oy, Finland). Tests were prepared in honeycomb 2 (HC 2) microtitre/cuvette plates with a capacity of 100 wells per plate. The wells were loaded with 270 ⁇ l of the prepared media and inoculated at a level of 10 3 CFU(colony forming units)/ml with 30 ⁇ l of microbial suspension. Incubation time and temperature was as appropriate for the test organism. This test allowed suitable test levels for the compounds to be determined. The rosemary extract and nisin were then tested in combination, using the same procedure. Nisin solutions were prepared at 50 -1000 lU/ml in broth as above. GRE09 solutions were prepared at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm as above. Combinations of all these test levels were prepared and tested in the Bioscreen as before.
• Test compounds GRE09 at 0.1%, 0.5%, Nisaplin® (Danisco).
• Test strains a cocktail was prepared of L. monocytogenes strains NCTC12426, NCTC5105, NCC FSM60 and CRA3930. The Listeria strains were grown at 30 °C on Brain heart infusion agar overnight then inoculated into broth at 30 °C overnight. A volume of each broth was mixed together to give a cocktail of strains with a cell concentration of approximately 10 9 CFU/ml.
• a chilled pasteurised chicken soup was used as a food model because it was a good mix of different food components including vegetables, dairy products and poultry meat. It was comprised of a chicken stock with the addition of chicken, cream, vegetables, flour and seasonings. The pH was 6.12. After addition of nisin and rosemary extract GRE09, the soup was pasteurised at a core temperature of 80 °C for 2 minutes. The Listeria cocktail was diluted to 10 4 CFU/ml and inoculated into soup tests to give a 36 final cell count of approximately 10 2 CFU/g (growth inhibitory tests) and 10 7 CFU/ml (cidal tests). The latter test was incubated at 25 °C for 2 h and then tested by viable count enumeration to estimate the extent of cidal activity. The growth test was incubated at 8 °C with regular sampling to estimate bacteriostatic activity.
• Nisaplin (100 lU/ml) + GRE09 at 0.5% did not give any total aerobic viable counts above 100 cfu/g.
• Test strains a cocktail of Bacillus spores was prepared as an inoculum, using Bacillus cereus strain 204, Bacillus cereus strain 199, ⁇ . cereus strain Campden, and B. cereus strain ABC 4/9.
• test compounds were made to chicken soup, prepared as above.
• the soup was pasteurised at 70 °C for 2 minutes, cooled and inoculated with approximately 10 3 CFU/g of a cocktail of Bacillus cereus spores. Incubation was for 56 days. Results are shown in Figure 3 and summarised in Table3. Bacteriostatic synergy between the nisin and rosemary extract GRE09 was evident. For example, spoilage (i.e. 10 6 CFU/ml) resulted after 13 days in the presence of 25 lU/ml nisin, and after 10 days in the presence of 300 ppm GRE09. In the presence of both these ingredients, no spoilage had occurred by the end of the trial (56 days).
• Table 3 Summary of results of chilled chicken soup trial inoculated with Bacillus cereus spores (Trial lasted 70 days).
• Test strains a cocktail of Clostridium spores was prepared as an inoculum, using Clostridium sporogenes strain Campden, Clostridium sporogenes 1.221 , and Clostridium sporogenes NCIMB1793.
• test compounds were made to chicken soup, prepared as above.
• the soup was pasteurised at 70 °C for 2 minutes and transferred to sterile test tubes. These were inoculated with a cocktail of heat-shocked Clostridium sporogenes spores, at a level of 2.2 x 10 2 CFU/g, then anaerobic conditions were created by plugging the tubes with agar.
• the samples were incubated at 37 °C and checked daily for gas production (observed by blowing of the gas plug and by the distinctive clostridial odour). Results for a 27 day incubation period, demonstrating synergy, are shown in Table 4.
• Table 4 Summary of results of chicken soup trial inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes spores incubated at 37 °C (Trial lasted 27 days).
• MIC Minimum inhibitory concentrations
• the test compounds comprised nisin (as Nisaplin®; Danisco), GRE09 (Danisco), pure rosmarinic acid (RA; Sigma) and a range of deodorised rosemary extracts. These had been prepared by selected extraction with either organic solvents or CO 2 to obtain extracts containing 28% phenolic diterpenes (28RE; Danisco) and a rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA; Danisco).
• nisin activity was evident with a combination of nisin combined with pure rosmarinic acid (RA; this may have partly been due to low pH levels), a combination of nisin with a rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA) and a combination of nisin with a deodorised rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes and ⁇ 1% essential oils (28RE).
• RA pure rosmarinic acid
• 6RA rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid
• 28RE deodorised rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes and ⁇ 1% essential oils
• Test strains Listeria monocytogenes strains 272, CRA3930 and NCTC12426
• the test was repeated at two nisin levels and over different time periods.
• the pH of the soup without 41 addition was pH 6.06 - 6.20.
• Addition of rosmarinic acid at 0.1% resulted in a slight pH drop to pH 5.75.
• Addition of 6% RA resulted in a soup pH of pH 5.75-5.78.
• Addition of 0.5%) RE28 resulted in a soup pH of pH 5.98.
• Addition of 0.5% RE70 resulted in a soup pH of pH 6.10.
• Addition of 0.5% GRE09 resulted in a soup pH of pH 6.02-6.09.
• Results shown in Figures 4 and 5, indicate that all the deodorised extracts tested and rosmarinic acid contributed to synergy with nisin in achieving kill of Listeria cells. This could not be attributed to the drop in pH caused by some of the additions.
• the additional synergy with Tween 80 was observed in GRE09.
• the results indicate that the antioxidant compounds carnosol and carnosic acid, present at 28 and 70% in two of the extracts tested, synergistically enhanced the cidal and growth inhibitory activity of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes. A nisin synergy with rosmarinic acid was evident but not as strong.
• nisin as Nisaplin®, Danisco
• Rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes RE28
• a blend of nisin with the Rosemary extract at levels of 50 lU/mg and 4.2% phenolic diterpenes were added to commercial chicken soup that contained no other preservatives.
• the soup pH 5.8 was pasteurised at a core temperature of 70 °C for 2 minutes.
• the soup was cooled to ambient temperature and either inoculated with a cocktail of stationary phase cells of Listeria monocytogenes strains or spores of Bacillus cereus.
• the strain cocktails comprised: L monocytogenes strains NCIMB12426, strain 358, strain 272, strain CRA3930.
• the B. cereus cocktail comprised strains 204, 199, ABC4/9 and 3.046. Initial inoculum levels were approximately 10 2 - 10 3 CFU/g. Bacillus tests were incubated at 15 °C, Listeria tests were incubated at 8 °C. Microbiological analysis was conducted at regular intervals (Milk Plate count Agar, Oxford Listeria Selective agar).
• Results The results, shown as the time taken for bacterial numbers to reach 10 6 CFU/g, are summarised in Table 5. The full data are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The results show 42 that the Rosemary extract alone had no activity against Bacillus, and only slight activity against Listeria. The Rosemary extract significantly enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of nisin. Table 5. Summary of results demonstrating nisin/phenolic diterpene synergy against Listeria and Bacillus in a pasteurised chicken soup
• Results The results, shown as the time taken for bacterial numbers to reach 10 6 CFU/g, are summarised in Table 6. These show that the rosemary extract alone had no activity against Bacillus, and only slight activity against Listeria. The rosemary extract significantly enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of nisin. Table 6. Summary of results demonstrating nisin/phenolic diterpene synergy against Listeria in a pasteurised meat sauce at 8 °C
• the diluted chicken soup (pH 6.2) was prepared as above, and split into 2 batches with one batch being adjusted to pH 4.5 with HCl. Appropriate additions of nisin, rosemary extract and blends were made, then the soup was pasteurised. A cocktail of Listeria strains was inoculated to give an initial inoculum of 10 5 CFU/g. Viable cells were enumerated by microbiological analysis at 0 and 2 h.
• test blends contained 1) 100 lU/g nisin + 30 ppm rosemary extract (i.e. 8.4 phenolic diterpenes), and 2) 150 lU/g nisin + 45 ppm rosemary extract (i.e. 12.6 phenolic diterpenes).
• Phenolic diterpenes in sage and rosemary Phenolic diterpenes in sage and rosemary
• Bacteriocins other than nisin the pediocin-like cystibiotics of lactic acid bacteria.

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