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  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• N-METHYL-SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDAZOLES Field of the Invention relates to N-methyl-substituted benzamidazole derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof.
• MAPK/ERK Kinase (“MEK”) enzymes are dual specificity kinases involved in, for example, immunomodulation, inflammation, and proliferative diseases such as cancer and restenosis. Proliferative diseases are caused by a defect in the intracellular signaling system, or the signal transduction mechanism of certain proteins. Defects include a change either in the intrinsic activity or in the cellular concentration of one or more signaling proteins in the signaling cascade.
• the cell may produce a growth factor that binds to its own receptors, resulting in an autocrine loop, which continually stimulates proliferation. Mutations or overexpression of intracellular signaling proteins can lead to spurious mitogenic signals within the cell. Some of the most common mutations occur in genes encoding the protein known as
• Ras a G-protein that is activated when bound to GTP, and inactivated when bound to GDP.
• This signal is an absolute prerequisite for proliferation in most cell types. Defects in this signaling system, especially in the deactivation of the Ras-GTP complex, are common in cancers, and lead to the signaling cascade below Ras being chronically activated. Activated Ras leads in turn to the activation of a cascade of serine/threonine kinases.
• One of the groups of kinases known to require an active Ras-GTP for its own activation is the Raf family. These in turn activate MEK (e.g., ME ⁇ and MEK.) which then activates the MAP kinase, ERK (ERK 1 and ERK.).
• MAP kinase Activation of MAP kinase by mitogens appears to be essential for proliferation; constitutive activation of this kinase is sufficient to induce cellular transformation.
• Blockade of downstream Ras signaling for example by use of a dominant negative Raf-i protein, can completely inhibit mitogenesis, whether induced from cell surface receptors or from oncogenic Ras mutants.
• Ras is not itself a protein kinase, it participates in the activation of Raf and other kinases, most likely through a phosphorylation mechanism.
• Raf and other kinases phosphorylate MEK on two closely 218 222 adjacent serine residues, S and S in the case of MEK-1, which are the prerequisite for activation of MEK as a kinase.
• MEK in turn phosphorylates MAP kinase on both a tyrosine, 185 183
• MAP kinase a threonine residue
• Activated MAP kinase can then catalyze the phosphorylation of a large number of proteins, including several transcription factors and other kinases. Many of these MAP kinase phosphorylations are mitogenically activating for the target protein, such as a kinase, a transcription factor, or another cellular protein.
• target protein such as a kinase, a transcription factor, or another cellular protein.
• other kinases activate MEK, and MEK itself appears to be a signal integrating kinase.
• MEK is highly specific for the phosphorylation of MAP kinase.
• no substrate for MEK other than the MAP kinase, ERK has been demonstrated to date and MEK does not phosphorylate peptides based on the MAP kinase phosphorylation sequence, or even phosphorylate denatured MAP kinase.
• MEK also appears to associate strongly with MAP kinase prior to phosphorylating it, suggesting that phosphorylation of MAP kinase by MEK may require a prior strong interaction between the two proteins.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula
• Q is -0-R 3 , -NH 2 , -NH[(CH 2 ) k CH 3 ], or -NH[0(CH.) k CH_], wherein the -NH. is optionally substituted with 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methyl and -NR 9 R 9a , and the -(CH.) k CH 3 moieties of the -NH[(CH_) k CH_], and -NH[0(CH 2 ) k CH 3 ] groups are optionally substituted with 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from -OH, -NR 9 R 9a , C 1 _.
• Z is -NH., -NH[(CH.) k CH 3 ], or -NH[0(CH 2 ) k CH 3 ], wherein the -NH.
• Ri is hydrogen, C r6 alkyl, C alkenyl, C alkynyl, C _C 12 cycloalkyl, -(CR ⁇ oR ⁇ )q(C 6 -C ⁇ o aryl), or -(CR ⁇ 0 Rn) q (4-10 membered heterocyclic); wherein said Ri is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of -COOH, -COOR ⁇ , -COR 9 , -(CR ⁇ 0 R ⁇ )q(C 6 -C 10 aryl), -(CR
• R 4 is bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, C r6 alkyl, C 2 . 4 alkenyl, C 2 __ alkynyl, C ⁇ _ cycloalkyl, -(CH_)-C__.
• alkyl R. is hydrogen or fluorine; R- and R. are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; Rg and R 9a are each independently hydrogen or C . alkyl; k is 0 to 3; m is 1 to 4; n is 1 to 2; p is 0 to 2; t is 0 to 1 ; v is 1 to 5; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, C 1 _. amides and C ⁇ . esters thereof.
• An embodiment of the present invention provide a compound of formula I, as defined above, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Additionally, the present invention also provides compounds of formula (I); wherein W is -COOH.
• the present invention also provides compounds of formula (I); wherein W is -CO-Q; wherein Q is -0-R 3 , -NH 2 , -NHR 1Q , -NR ⁇ R ⁇ , wherein the -NH 2 is optionally substituted with 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methyl and amino, and the -0-R 3
• R moieties are optionally substituted with 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from -OH, C _ alkyl, and C ⁇ _ cycloalkyl.
• the present invention also provides compounds of Formula I wherein R 1 is methyl; R 1 is methyl substituted with -COOH; R, is fluorine; R. is iodine, C , alkyl, C-_. alkenyl, C-_, alkynyl, or -S-CH 3 ; R 4 is iodine; R 4 is ethyl, ethenyl, acetylene or -S-CH 3 ; R 4 is iodine, ethyl, or acetylene; or R. is fluorine.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound or a salt of formula (I):
• the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound or a salt of formula (I), wherein W is -CO-Q; and Q is -0-R 3 , -NH 2 , -NHR 10 , -NR R , wherein the -NH 2 is optionally substituted with 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methyl and amino, and the -0-R 3j R 1Q and R ⁇ moieties are optionally substituted with 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from -OH, C alkyl, and C ⁇ .
• the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound or a salt of formula (I), wherein W is -CO-Q; and Q is -NR.-R ⁇ (j e _ compounds of formula la):
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (I) further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (II); comprising: (b) treating a compound of formula (IV): wherein R 1 f R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 are as described above; with a compound of formula C ⁇ F 5 OH in the presence of a coupling agent in a solvent.
• the coupling agent is DCC.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (II) further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (IV); comprising: (c) treating a compound of formula (V):
• R R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 are as described above; and R 15 is -0-R 3 , -NH 2 , -NH[(CH 2 ) k CH 3 ], or -NH[0(CH.) k CH_], wherein the -NH 2 is optionally substituted with 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methyl and -NR 9 R 9a , and the -(CH 2 ) k CH 3 moieties of the -NH[(CH 2 ) k CH 3 ], and -NH[0(CH.) CH 3 ] groups are optionally substituted with 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from -OH, -NRgRg a , C alkyl, and C 3 _C 12 cycloalkyl; wherein Rg, Rg a , and k are as described above; with a hydrolyzing agent in a solvent.
• the hydrolizing agent is potassium t methyl silanote.
• R 15 is -O-R 3 , wherein R 3 is C - alkyl; such as methyl.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (IV) further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (V); comprising: (d) treating a compound of formula (VI): wherein R ⁇ R 2 , R , R5, and R 15 are as described above; R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C g alkyl, C._. alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl,
• Lg is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of halo, sulfate esters, sulfonate esters, tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate; each q is 0 to 5
• R 15 is - O-R 3 , wherein R 3 is C alkyl; such as methyl.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (IV) further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (VI); comprising: (e) treating a compound of formula (VII):
• R , R , R5, Re, and R 15 are as described in compound of formula (VI); with a suitable alkylating agent; in a solvent.
• said suitable alkylating agent is C h alky! tosylate, such as methyl tosylate; or d. 6 alkyl triflate, such as methyl triflate.
• said suitable alkylating agent is C h alky! halide; such as methyl iodide.
• said suitable alkylating agent is trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate.
• R 15 is -0-R 3 , wherein R 3 is C r6 alkyl; such as methyl.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (VI), further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (VII); comprising: (f) treating a compound of formula (VIM):
• R 15 is -O-R 3 , wherein R 3 is C alkyl; such as methyl.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (VII), further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (VIII); comprising: (g) treating a compound of formula (IX):
• R 15 is -0-R 3 , wherein R 3 is C r . alkyl; such as methyl.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (VIII), further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (IX); comprising: (h) treating a compound of formula (X):
• R 2 , R , Rs, and R15 are as described above; with a compound of formula R 8 -NH 2 , wherein R 8 is as described above; in a solvent.
• said compound of formula R 8 -NH 2 is 2-hydroxyethylamine or 4- methoxybenzylamine.
• R 15 is -O- R 3 , wherein R 3 is C 6 alkyl; such as methyl.
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (IX), further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (X); comprising: (i) treating a compound of formula (XI):
• a suitable esterificating agent includes a combination of a halogenating agent, such as SOCI 2 , and a suitable alcohol, such as H-0-R 3 .
• a suitable esterificating agent includes a combination of a catalytic acid, such as catalytic HCl, and a suitable alcohol, such as H-O-R 3 .
• a suitable amidating agent includes includes a combination of a halogenating agent, such as SOCI , and a suitable amine, such as -NH 2 , -NH[(CH 2 ) k CH 3 ], or -NH[0(CH.) k CH.].
• a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (X) comprising: (j) treating a compound of formula (XII):
• the present invention provides a method of preparing said compound or a salt of formula (XI), further comprising the step of preparing said compound of formula (XII); comprising: (k) treating a compound of formula (XIV):
• R 5 is as described above; with a nitro-producing agent in a solvent.
• said nitro-producing agent is HCI/H 2 S0 4 .
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (VI):
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Additionally, the invention provides a method of treating a proliferative disease in a patient in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• the invention provides methods of treating cancer, restenosis, psoriasis, autoimmune disease, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, heart failure, chronic pain, and neuropathic pain in a patient in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• the invention provides a method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with radiation therapy or at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
• the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the disease states or diseases provided above. Detailed Description of the Invention Certain terms are defined below and by their usage throughout this disclosure.
• halogen or “halo” in the present invention refer to a fluorine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine atom or fluoro, bromo, chloro, and iodo.
• fluorine and fluoro for example, are understood to be equivalent herein.
• Alkyl groups such as “C r _ alkyl”, include aliphatic chains (i.e., hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbon radical structures containing hydrogen and carbon atoms) with a free valence. Alkyl groups are understood to include straight chain and branched structures.
• C r6 alkyl includes within its definition the terms
• C r4 alkyl and “C r2 alkyl”.
• alkoxy refers to a straight or branched alkyl chain attached to an oxygen atom.
• C ⁇ alkoxy refers to a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to eight carbon atoms attached to an oxygen atom. Typical alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy and the like.
• C ⁇ _ 8 alkoxy includes within its definition the terms “C alkoxy” and "C r4 alkoxy”.
• Alkenyl groups are analogous to alkyl groups, but have at least one double bond (two adjacent sp2 carbon atoms). Depending on the placement of a double bond and substituents, if any, the geometry of the double bond may be e ⁇ tadel (E), or sixteen (Z), cis, or trans. Similarly, alkynyl groups have at least one triple bond (two adjacent sp carbon atoms). Unsaturated alkenyl or alkynyl groups may have one or more double or triple bonds, respectively, or a mixture thereof. Like alkyl groups, unsaturated groups may be straight chain or branched.
• alkenyls and alkynyls examples include vinyl, allyl, 2 -methyl-2-propenyl, cis-2- butenyl, trans-2-butenyl, and acetyl.
• Cycloalkyl groups such as C ⁇ . cycloalkyl, refer to a saturated hydrocarbon ring structure containing from 3 to 6 atoms. Typical C ⁇ . cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.
• aryl means an unsubstituted aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl), multiple rings (e.g., biphenyl), or multiple condensed rings in which at least one is aromatic (e.g., 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl, anthryl, or phenanthryl).
• Heterocyclic radicals which include but are not limited to heteroaryls, include: furyl,
• heterocyclic radicals include thienyl, piperidyl, quinolyl, isothiazolyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydrobenzothiofuranyl, octahydrobenzofuranyl, (iso)quinolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzimidazolyl, and benzoxazolyl.
• heteroaryl includes monocyclic aromatic heterocycles containing five or six ring members, of which from 1 to 4 can be heteroatoms selected, independently, from N, S and O, and bicyclic aromatic heterocycles containing from eight to twelve ring members, of which from 1 to 4 can be heteroatoms selected, independently, from N, S and O.
• the present invention includes the hydrates and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates of the compounds defined by Formula I.
• the compounds of this invention can possess a sufficiently basic functional group, and accordingly react with any of a number of inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts of the compounds of Formula I which are substantially non-toxic to living organisms.
• Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of the present invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable mineral or organic acid. Such salts are also known as acid addition salts.
• Such salts include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed in Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1955;66:2-19, which are known to the skilled artisan.
• Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts are inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, and the like.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like
• organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, and
• Example of such pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, bromide, hydrobromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprate, caprylate, acrylate, ascorbate, formate, hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, glucuronate, glutamate, propionate, phenylpropionate, salicylate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, malate, maleate, hydroxymateate, mandelate, mesylate, nicotinate, isonicotinate, cinnamate, hippurate, nitrate, stearate, phthalate,
• a preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salt is hydrochloride. It should be recognized that the particular counterion forming a part of any salt of this inventions is usually not of a critical nature, so long as the salt as a whole is pharmacologically acceptable and as long as the counterion does not contribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole. It is further understood that such salts may exist as a hydrate.
• the enantiomers of compounds of the present invention can be resolved by one of ordinary skill in the art using standard techniques well-known in the art, such as those described by J. Jacques, et al., “Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions", John Wiley and Sons, Inc 1981. Examples of resolutions include recrystallization techniques or chiral chromatography.
• the compounds of the present invention have one or more chiral centers and may exist in a variety of stereoisomeric configurations. As a consequence of these chiral centers, the compounds of the present invention occur as racemates, mixtures of enantiomers and as individual enantiomers, as well as diastereomers and mixtures of diastereomers. All such racemates, enantiomers, and diastereomers are within the scope of the present invention.
• the compounds of Formula I can be prepared by techniques and procedures readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example by following the procedures as set forth in the following Schemes, or analogous variants thereof. These synthetic strategies are further exemplified in examples below. These schemes are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
• Scheme 1 provides syntheses of the compounds of Formula I.
• R 10 and Rn are indepentely hydrogen, amino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy.
• Step A a suitable benzoic acid derivative (1) is converted to the nitrobenzoic acid derivative (3) by a procedure known to one of skill in the art.
• Step B the 2-(arylamino)-5- ⁇ itrobenzoic acid derivative (4) is prepared from the coupling of the nitrobenzoic acid derivative (3) and a suitable aniline (2) in the presence of a strong base, for example, lithium bis(thmethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS) or lithium diisopropylamide, in a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile or dimethylformamide.
• a strong base for example, lithium bis(thmethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS) or lithium diisopropylamide
• a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile or dimethylformamide.
• the aniline (2) and the nitrobenzoic acid (3) are dissolved in a suitable organic solvent and cooled to about -58°C under nitrogen.
• the suspension is treated with an excess of a suitable base, such as the lithium base, LiHMDS, and allowed to warm to room temperature.
• the reaction is typically complete within about 2 hours to about 5 days.
• the resulting nitrobenzoic acid derivative (4) can be isolated by removing the solvent, for example by evaporation under reduced pressure or by filtering the precipitated solid through Celite® and washing with a suitable solvent.
• the nitrobenzoic acid derivative (4) can be further purified, if desired, by standard methods such as chromatography, crystallization, or distillation.
• Step C the nitrobenzoic acid derivative (4) is converted to the methyl ester derivative (5) by a procedure generally known in the art.
• the nitrobenzoic acid derivative (4) in a suitable solvent is treated with sodium bicarbonate followed by a dimethylsulfate.
• Step D a suitable amine, such as allylamine was added to the methyl ester derivative (5) in a suitable solvent system such as, methanol, THF and water, to provide the alkynyl-amino methyl ester derivative (6).
• Step E the nitro substituent of the alkenyl-amino methyl ester derivative (6) was converted to the corresponding amine (5) according to a procedure known in the art.
• the nitro methyl ester derivative (6) is treated with ammonium chloride in a mixture of a suitable solvent, such as methanol, and dioxane. Iron powder is added under nitrogen and the entire mixture is refluxed to provide the amine (5).
• Step F the benzamidazole (8) is formed from the amine (5).
• the amine (5) in a suitable solvent, such as methanol is treated with formamidine acetate and refluxed under nitrogen to provide the benzamidazole (8).
• Step G benzamidazole (8) is converted to a substituted benzamidazole (9) by treating the benzamidazole (8) with iodomethane in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile.
• Step H substituted benzamidazole (9) is deprotected to provide the compound (10).
• Step I compound (10) is treated with potassium trimethyl silanolate in a solvent, such as THF/water.
• a compound (11) is reacted with an active ester, in the presence of a base, if necessary, to produce an activated compound (12).
• Preferred active esters include pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate and preferred bases include diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine, pyridine or a substituted pyridine, for example, 4-dimethylaminopyridine or 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
• Preferred solvents are polar aprotic solvents such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or N,N- dimethylacetamide.
• the compounds of formula I are generally obtained by the union of a compound (12) with amine or alkoxylamine in the presence of a base, if necessary.
• Preferred bases include diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine, pyridine or a substituted pyridine, for example, 4-dimethylaminopyridine or 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
• Preferred solvents are polar aprotic solvents such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylacetamide.
• the reactions are generally carried out at a temperature between about -58 °C to about 25 °C, and are normally complete within about 1 hour to about 5 days.
• the product amide can be isolated by removing the solvent, for example by evaporation under reduced pressure, and further purified, if desired, by standard methods such as chromatography, crystallization, or distillation.
• Step A an acyl hydrazide of formula Ie is converted to an oxadiazolinone of formula Id.
• a preferred reagent is carbonyldiimidazole in polar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide.
• Step B compound (15) is obtained by the union of oxadiazolinone (Id) with an alkyl amine or substituted alkylamine.
• Preferred solvents for this transformation include pyridine, isopropanol and ethanol at temperatures between 80 °C and 120°C. Reactions are generally complete between 1 h and 5 days.
• step C the urea (15) is subjected to conditions of cyclodehydration to afford oxazdiazoles for formula If.
• Preferred conditions for this transformation are the combination of carbon tetrachloride and triphenyphosphine (or polymer-supported triphenylphoshine) and a base such as triethylamine.
• Preferred solvents for this transformation include dichloromethane or 1 ,2-dichloroethane at temperatures between 35 °C and 100 °C.
• hydroxyl or amino substituents on the R 10 alkyl chain may be chemically protected, if necessary, using protecting groups familiar to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, a protection/deprotection sequence, if necessary, is implicit in Step C.
• preferred protecting groups include silyl ethers, for example tert- butyldimethylsilyl ethers, tiethylsilyl ethers, or triisopropylsilyl ethers.
• silyl ethers are chemically removed using fluoride.
• Preferred reagents for this deprotection include tetrabutylamonium floride or cesium fluoride.
• R 4 is halogen
• R 4 is not halogen
• the compounds of formula I, wherein R4 is not halogen are prepared from the compounds of formula I wherein R 4 is halogen, by transition metal-promoted coupling with reagent M-R 4 wherein R 4 is non-halogen (12) in a suitable solvent or solvents such as triethylamine, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide.
• the transition metal-promoted coupling may be carried out with a palladium(O) or palladium (II) coupling agent, such as
• M is defined as a functional group known to transfer a carbon radical fragment in transition metal-promoted coupling processes.
• a suitable M group include trialkylstannyl, trialkylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, zinc, tin, copper, boron, magnesium and lithium.
• Preferred halogens when R 4 is halogen, are bromine and iodine.
• the resulting compound of formula I, as well as the protected Formula I compound can be isolated by removing the solvent, for example by evaporation under reduced pressure, and further purified, if desired, by standard methods such as chromatography, crystallization, or distillation. It would be understood by * one of skill in the art that the substituent R 4 token, when R 4 relieve is non-halogen, may be further transformed, such as by oxidation, reduction, deprotection, or hydrogenation.
• a compound wherein R 4 is C 2 _ 4 alkenyl may be transformed to a compound wherein
• R 4 is -OH-substituted alkyl by treating the double bond of the alkene with ozone and NaBH 4 .
• a compound wherein R 4 is C 2 _ 4 alkenyl may be transformed to a compound wherein R 4 is alkyl substituted with 2 -OH substituents by treating the double bond of the alkene with OsOont.
• a compound wherein R 4 is an alkene or alkyne derivative may be reduced under conditions known in the art, such as through hydrogenation, such as with Pd/C under an atmosphere of hydrogen.
• the alkyne derivative is dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as absolute ethanol, in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon. This mixture is stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen from about 1 to 24 hours at room temperature to provide the fully saturated derivative.
• the alkyne derivative is partially reduced via hydrogenation to provide the alkene derivative.
• the alkyne derivative is dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of a catalyst, such as Lindlar catalyst or palladium on carbon and, if desired, a suitable compound which disrupts the actions of the catalyst, such as quinoline or pyridine.
• a catalyst such as Lindlar catalyst or palladium on carbon
• a suitable compound which disrupts the actions of the catalyst such as quinoline or pyridine.
• This mixture is stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen from about 1 to 24 hours at room temperature to provide the alkene derivative.
• the substituent R 4 may also be transformed into a different R 4 through standard synthetic procedures known to one of skill in the art.
• R 4 may be transformed before the coupling of the ester (1) and aniline (2) as shown in Scheme 1 , Step A. Further transformations of R 4 ho are shown in Scheme 5 below.
• step A the compound of formula lg is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride to give the intermediate mesylate, then Nal in EtOAc to give the iodide compound (13).
• step B the iodide compound (13) is reacted with a suitable amine, such as methylamine or dimethylamine, or a suitable alkoxide to give compounds of formula Ih.
• a suitable amine such as methylamine or dimethylamine
• an aniline (2) may be prepared to include the desired R4.
• aniline (2) can be prepared by techniques and procedures readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art and by following the procedures as set forth in the following Schemes, or analogous variants thereof. Additionally, anilines (2) are taught in USSN 10/349,801 filed January 23, 2003 and USSN 10/349,826 filed January 23, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. These Schemes are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
• Step A a suitable amine or alkoxide (14) is reacted with a 4-terf- butoxycarbonylamino-3-substituted-benzyl bromide (13), such as 4-fert-butoxycarbonylamino- 3-fluorobenzyl bromide (J. Med. Chem., 2000/43:5015).
• Step B the BOC protecting group of compound of structure (15) is hydrolized with, for example, TFA, to provide the desired aniline (2a).
• Step A a suitable 3-substituted-4-nitrophenol (16), such as 3-fluoro-4- nitrophenol, is alkylated with a compound of structure (15) in the presence of a suitable base to provide a compound of structure (18).
• Step B compound (18) is reduced via hydrogenation in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon, in an atmosphere of hydrogen to provide the desired aniline (2b).
• a metal catalyst such as palladium on carbon
• a suitable 4-(aminophenyl)thiocyanate (19) is alkylated with a compound of structure (15') in the presence of a suitable nucleophilic base to provide an alkylthio compound of structure (2c).
• this compound is then oxidized to the corresponding sulfonyl compound, also generally, the diphenylamine (3), wherein R 4 is -SO.-(alkyl) .
• the desired aniline (2e) wherein R2 is methyl, fluorine or chlorine, using compound (21) as the starting material can be prepared.
• R2 is fluorine
• the sulfonyl chloride derivative (21) is a compound known in the literature (German Patent DE 2630060, 1958).
• the sulfonyl chloride derivative (21) is also known in the literature (German Patent. DE 2550150, 1958).
• the sulfonyl chloride derivative (21) where R2 is chlorine is commercially available.
• acetylating anilines For example, heating the aniline and acetic anhydride together in a suitable solvent, such as acetic acid, would achieve the same result.
• Compounds of the present invention also include, but are not limited to the following compounds: Compound Structure Number
• Compounds of the present invention also include, but are not limited to the following compounds:
• compounds of the present invention also include
• compounds of the present invention also include and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention also include
• compounds of the present invention also include
• compounds of the present invention also include
• compounds of the present invention also include
• compounds of the present invention also include;
• compounds of the present invention also include
• compounds of the present invention also include;
• compounds of the present invention also include;
• the term "patient” refers to any warm-blooded animal such as, but not limited to, a human, horse, dog, guinea pig, or mouse. Preferably, the patient is human.
• treating for purposes of the present invention refers to treatment, prophylaxis or prevention, amelioration or elimination of a named condition once the condition has been established.
• Selective MEK 1 or MEK 2 inhibitors are those compounds which inhibit the MEK 1 or MEK 2 enzymes, respectively, without substantially inhibiting other enzymes such as MKK3, PKC, Cdk2A, phosphorylase kinase, EGF, and PDGF receptor kinases, and C-src.
• a selective MEK 1 or MEK 2 inhibitor has an IC50 for MEK 1 or MEK 2 that is at least one- fiftieth (1/50) that of its ICsg for one of the above-named other enzymes.
• a selective inhibitor has an IC50 that is at least 1/100, more preferably 1/500, and even more preferably 1/1000, 1/5000, or less than that of its IC50 or one or more of the above-named enzymes.
• the disclosed compositions are useful as both prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for diseases or conditions related to the hyperactivity of MEK, as well as diseases or conditions modulated by the MEK cascade.
• the invention further relates to a method for treating proliferative diseases, such as cancer, restenosis, psoriasis, autoimmune disease, and atherosclerosis.
• Other aspects of the invention include methods for treating MEK-related (including ras-related) cancers, whether solid or hematopoietic.
• cancers include brain, breast, lung, such as non-small cell lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, colorectal, cervical, acute leukemia, and gastric cancer.
• Further aspects of the invention include methods for treating or reducing the symptoms of xenograft (cell(s), skin, limb, organ or bone marrow transplant) rejection, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis, complications of diabetes (including diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy), hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, stroke (such as acute focal ischemic stroke and global cerebral ischemia), heart failure, septic shock, asthma, Alzheimer's disease, and chronic or neuropathic pain.
• xenograft cell(s), skin, limb, organ or bone marrow transplant) rejection, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis, complications of diabetes (including diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy),
• Compounds of the invention are also useful as antiviral agents for treating viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis (B) virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
• B hepatitis virus
• HPV human papilloma virus
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• EBV Epstein-Barr virus
• chronic pain for purposes of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, neuropathic pain, idiopathic pain, and pain associated with chronic alcoholism, vitamin deficiency, uremia, or hypothyroidism.
• Chronic pain is associated with numerous conditions including, but not limited to, inflammation, arthritis, and post-operative pain.
• the term "neuropathic pain” is associated with numerous conditions which include, but are not limited to, inflammation, postoperative pain, phantom limb pain, burn pain, gout, trigeminal neuralgia, acute herpetic and postherpetic pain, causalgia, diabetic neuropathy, plexus avulsion, neuroma, vasculitis, viral infection, crush injury, constriction injury, tissue injury, limb amputation, arthritis pain, and nerve injury between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
• the invention also features methods of combination therapy, such as a method for treating cancer, wherein the method further includes providing radiation therapy or chemotherapy, for example, with mitotic inhibitors such as a taxane or a vinca alkaloid.
• mitotic inhibitors include paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, and vinflunine.
• Other therapeutic combinations include a MEK inhibitor of the invention and an anticancer agent such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluoro-2-4(1 H,3H)- pyrimidinedione (5FU), flutamide, and gemcitabine.
• the chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be administered before, concurrently, or after the administration of a disclosed compound according to the needs of the patient.
• an effective amount or a therapeutically-effective amount will be between about 0.1 and about 1000 mg/kg per day, preferably between about 1 and about 300 mg/kg body weight, and daily dosages will be between about 10 and about 5000 mg for an adult subject of normal weight.
• Commercially available capsules or other formulations such as liquids and film-coated tablets) of 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg can be administered according to the disclosed methods.
• compositions of the present invention are preferably formulated prior to administration. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the active ingredient such as a compound of Formula I
• the carrier or diluted by a carrier or enclosed within a carrier.
• Dosage unit forms or pharmaceutical compositions include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, aqueous and nonaqueous oral solutions and suspensions, and parenteral solutions packaged in containers adapted for subdivision into individual doses. Dosage unit forms can be adapted for various methods of administration, including controlled release formulations, such as subcutaneous implants.
• Administration methods include oral, rectal, parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), intracistemal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, intravesical, local (drops, powders, ointments, gels, or cream), and by inhalation (a buccal or nasal spray).
• Parenteral formulations include pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersion, suspensions, emulsions, and sterile powders for the preparation thereof.
• carriers include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Carriers for solid dosage forms include (a) fillers or extenders, (b) binders, (c) humectants, (d) disintegrating agents, (e) solution retarders, (f) absorption acccelerators, (g) adsorbants, (h) lubricants, (i) buffering agents, and (j) propellants.
• Compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents; antimicrobial agents such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid; isotonic agents such as a sugar or sodium chloride; absorption-prolonging agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin; and absorption-enhancing agents.
• adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents
• antimicrobial agents such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid
• isotonic agents such as a sugar or sodium chloride
• absorption-prolonging agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin
• absorption-enhancing agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• HN0 3 Fuming HN0 3 was added dropwise to the cold (5 to -10° C) cone.
• H 2 S0 (5L) and stirred in a three-necked round bottom flask (20L), maintaining the temperature between 5 to - 10° C.
• 2 , 3 e-trifluorobenzoic acid (1 kg, 5.6 mol) in portions, maintaining the temperature at 5o C and after completion of the addition the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for 2h and (the suspension becomes light yellow solution) then poured into 30 kg of crushed ice.
• Step B Preparation of the 3.4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylaminoV5-nitro-benzoic acid
• reaction mixture A A stirred solution of 2,3,4-trifluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid (400 g, 1.9 mol) in dry THF (6L) under nitrogen was cooled to -58° C and a solution of 2.0 L 1.0 M LiHMDS (1.0M, 2L, 2.0 mol) was added dropwise at -58° C.
• This reaction mixture (yellow solution turned into yellow orange suspension) was designated as reaction mixture A.
• 2-fluoro-4-iodoaniline (400g, 1.0 mol) in THF (4L) was cooled to -58° C under nitrogen and a solution LiHMDS (1.0M, 3.65L, 3.6 mol) was added dropwise at -58° C (the yellow solution turned into a white suspension).
• reaction mixture B This reaction mixture was designated as mixture B. Both the reaction mixtures A and B were stirred for 45 min., maintaining the temperature at -58° C and mixture A was transferred into reaction mixture B by a ca ⁇ nula. The resulting orange suspension was stirred for 1 h at -58° C, then allowed to warm-up to room temperature and stirred overnight under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was cooled to -10° C and adjusted to pH 1 by bubbling HCl gas. The white solid separated was filtered through a short bed of Celite®, washed with THF (3L) and the filtrate (brown) was evaporated under vacuum. The residue (yellow orange solid) obtained was triturated with 10% aq.
• Step C Preparation of 3.4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-5-nitro-benzoic acid methyl ester
• Step D Preparation of 4-allylamino-3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-5-nitro-benzoic acid methyl ester
• Step E Preparation of 4-allylamino-5-amino-3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)- benzoic acid methyl ester
• reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 h (completion of reaction is confirmed by TLC - EtOA ⁇ Hexane/ 3:5) and poured onto a mixture of 10 kg of crushed ice and 6.5L of saturated sodium bicarbonate. To the mixture was added 1 kg of Celite®, stirred and the thick suspension was filtered through a Celite®bed. The Celite® bed was rinsed with water, then with ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate layer was separated.
• Step F Preparation of 1-allyl-5-fluoro-6-.2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino 1 H-benzoimidazole-5- carboxylic acid methyl ester
• Step G Preparation of 3-Allyl-4-fluoro-5-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino 6-methoxycarbonyl-1- methyl-3H-benzoimidazol-1-ium iodide
• Step H Preparation of 5-fluoro-6- ( 2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature (completion of reaction is confirmed by TLC -DCM:MeOH 9:1) and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between DCM (1.5L) and 1N HCl (1.5L) and the organic layer was separated.
• Step I Preparation of 5-fluoro-6-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-3-methyl-3H-benzoimidazole- 5-carboxylic acid
• Step J Preparation of 5-fluoro-6-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino 3-methyl-3H-benzoimidazole- 5-carboxylic acid pentafluorophenyl ester
• Step K Preparation of 5-fluoro-6-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid .2--OH-ethoxy)-amide
• 2-(aminooxy)ethan-1-ol 25.31 g, 0.354 mol
• Step A Preparation of 5-Fluoro-6-(2-fluoro-4-vinyl-phenylamino)-3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with ethyl acetate (255 mL).
• Aqueous potassium fluoride (1M, 50 mL) was added to the filtrate and the biphasic mixture was shaken.
• the resultant precipitate was removed by filtration and the organics were further washed with aqueous potassium fluoride (1 M, 50 mL), water (2 x 100 mL), and saturated brine (100 mL).
• the solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo and chromatographed on silica gel.
• Step B Preparation of 6- ⁇ 4-Ethyl-2-fluoro-phenylamino)-5-fluoro-3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• Step C Preparation of 6-(4-Ethyl-2-fluoro-phenylamino)-5-fluoro-3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid amide
• Step A Preparation of 1-Allyl-5-fluoro-6-(4-iodo-2-methyl-phenylamino) 1 /-/-benzoitnidazole- 5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• step A can be prepared by the sequence of example 1 , steps A-F using 4- iodo-2-methylaniline. Alternately, the compound can be prepared by the modified sequence shown below.
• B-1 TMSCHN TMSCHN
• Step B Preparation of 3-Allyl-4-fluoro-5-(4-iodo-2-methyl-phenylamino)-6-methoxycarbonyl- 1-methyl-3H-benzoimidazol-1-ium iodide
• Step C Preparation of 5-Fluoro-6-(4-iodo-2-methyl-phenylamino 3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester Deprotection of 3-allyl-4-fluoro-5-(4-iodo-2-methylanilino)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-1 -methyl-3/-/- benzimidazol-1-ium iodide was performed in a fashion analogous with example 1 step H to give the title compound in 88% yield, mp. 235-235°C.
• Step A Preparation of 5-Fluoro-6-(4-iodo-2-methyl-phenylamino)-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• step A can be prepared by the sequence of example 1, steps A-F using 4- methoxybenzylamine in place of allylamine
• the compound can be prepared by the modified sequence shown below
• Step B Preparation of 4-Fluoro-5-(4- ⁇ odo-2-methyl-phenylam ⁇ no)-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6- methoxycarbonyl-1-methyl-3 --benzo ⁇ m ⁇ dazol-1- ⁇ um iodide
• Step C Preparation of 5-Fluoro-6-.4-iodo-2-methyl-phenylamino)-3-methyl-3H- benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• Procedure C Via intermediates containing CH 2 CH 2 CN.
• MEK inhibitors were evaluated by determining their ability to inhibit phosphorylation of MAP kinase (ERK) in murine colon 26 (C26) carcinoma cells. Since ERK1 and ERK2 represent the only known substrates for MEKIand MEK2, the measurement of inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in cells provides direct read out of cellular MEK inhibition by the compounds of the invention. Detection of phosphorylation of ERK was carried out either by Western blot or ELISA format.
• the assays involve treatment of exponentially growing C26 cells with varying concentrations of the test compound (or vehicle control) for one hour at 35° C.
• test compound or vehicle control
• Western blot assay cells were rinsed free of compound/vehicle and lysed in a solution containing 50 mM NaCI, 50 mM glycerol phosphate, 10 mM HEPES, pH 5.4, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM Na3V04, 100 ⁇ M PMSF, 10 ⁇ M leupeptin and 10 ⁇ M pepstatin.
• Supernatants were then subjected to gel electrophoresis and hybridized to a primary antibody recognizing dually phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2.
• blots were subsequently 'stripped' and re-probed with a 1 :1 mixture of polyclonal antibodies recognizing unphosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2.
• pERK TiterZyme Enzyme immunometric Assay kits were acquired from Assay Designs, Inc (Ann Arbor, Ml). Briefly, cells were harvested in lysis solution containing 50mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 10mM HEPES, pH5.4, 50mM NaCI, 2mM EDTA and 1%SDS and protein lysates were diluted 1:15 with supplied Assay buffer prior to the execution of the assay. The subsequent steps were carried out essentially as recommended by the manufacturer.
• COMPOUND ID C26CPA1 C26ELSA 1 0.55 6 0.569 9 0.012 11 1 12 0.022 13 0.0034
• COMPOUND ID C26CPA1 C26ELSA 14 0.028 15 0.086 16 0.11 15 0.11 20 0.19 21 0.268 22 0.041 23 0.002 0.00842 24 0.556 25 0.122 26 0.15 28 0.566 30 0.0004 31 1 32 0.0019 34 0.022 35 0.00885 38 0.23 40 0.08 42 0.28
• Example 9 Carraqeenan-induced Footpad Edema (CFE) Rat Model Male outbred Wistar rats (135-150 g, Charles River Labs) are dosed orally with 10 mL kg vehicle or test compound 1 hour prior to administration of a sonicated suspension of carrageenan (1 mg/0.1 mL saline). Carrageenan is injected into the subplantar region of the right hind paw. Paw volume is determined by mercury plethysmography immediately after injection and again five hours after carrageenan injection. Percent inhibition of edema is determined, and the ID40 calculated by linear regression. Differences in swelling compared to control animals are assessed by a 1-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's test.
• CFE Carraqeenan-induced Footpad Edema
• Example 10 Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice
• Type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is an experimental model of arthritis that has a number of pathologic, immunologic, and genetic features in common with rheumatoid arthritis.
• the disease is induced by immunization of DBA/1 mice with 100 ⁇ g type II collagen, which is a major component of joint cartilage, delivered intradermally in Freund's complete adjuvant.
• the disease susceptibility is regulated by the class II MHC gene locus, which is analogous to the association of rheumatoid arthritis with HLA-DR4.
• a progressive and inflammatory arthritis develops in the majority of mice immunized, characterized by paw width increases of up to 100%.
• a test compound is administered to mice in a range of amounts, such as 20, 60, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight/day. The duration of the test can be several weeks to a few months, such as 40, 60, or 80 days.
• a clinical scoring index is used to assess disease progression from erythema and edema (stage 1), joint distortion (stage 2), to joint ankylosis (stage 3). The disease is variable in that it can affect one or all paws in an animal, resulting in a total possible score of 12 for each mouse. Histopathology of an arthritic joint reveals synovitis, pannus formation, and cartilage and bone erosions. All mouse strains that are susceptible to CIA are high antibody responders to type II collagen, and there is a marked cellular response to CM.
• Example 11 SCW-induced monoarticular arthritis Arthritis is induced as described by Schwab et al., Infection and Immunity, 1991 ;59:4436-4442 with minor modifications. Rats receive 6 ⁇ g sonicated SCW [in 10 ⁇ L Dulbecco's PBS (DPBS)] by an intraarticular injection into the right tibiotalar joint on Day 0. On Day 21 , the DTH is initiated with 100 ⁇ g of SCW (250 ⁇ L) administered IV. For oral compound studies, compounds are suspended in vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropyl- methylcellulose/0.2% Tween 80), sonicated, and administered twice daily (10 mlJkg volume) beginning 1 hour prior to reactivation with SCW. Compounds are administered in amounts between 10 and 500 mg/kg body weight/day, such as 20, 30, 60, 100, 200, and
• Edema measurements are obtained by determining the baseline volumes of the sensitized hindpaw before reactivation on Day 21, and comparing them with volumes at subsequent time points such as Day 22, 23, 24, and 25. Paw volume is determined by mercury plethysmography.
• Mouse ear-heart transplant model Fey T.A. et al. describe methods for transplanting split-heart neonatal cardiac grafts into the ear pinna of mice and rats (J. Pharm. and Toxic. Meth., 1998;39:9-15).
• Compounds are dissolved in solutions containing combinations of absolute ethanol, 0.2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in water, propylene glycol, cremophor, and dextrose, or other solvent or suspending vehicle.
• Mice are dosed orally or intraperitoneally once, twice or three times daily from the day of transplant (Day 0) through Day 13 or until grafts have been rejected.
• Rats are dosed once, twice, or three times daily from Day O through Day 13.
• Each animal is anesthetized and an incision is made at the base of the recipient ear, cutting only the dorsal epidermis and dermis.
• the incision is spread open and down to the cartilage parallel to the head, and sufficiently wide to accommodate the appropriate tunneling for a rat or insertion tool for a mouse.
• a neonatal mouse or rat pup less than 60 hours old is anesthetized and cervically dislocated.
• the heart is removed from the chest, rinsed with saline, bisected longitudinally with a scalpel, and rinsed with sterile saline.
• the donor heart fragment is placed into the preformed tunnel with the insertion tool and air or residual fluid is gently expressed from the tunnel with light pressure.
• Implants are examined at 10- to 20-fold magnification with a stereoscopic dissecting microscope without anesthesia. Recipients whose grafts are not visibly beating may be anesthetized and evaluated for the presence of electrical activity using Grass E-2 platinum subdermal pin microelectodes placed either in the pinna or directly into the graft and a tachograph. Implants can be examined 1 to 4 times a day for 10, 20, 30 or more days. The ability of a test compound to ameliorate symptoms of transplant rejection can be compared with a control compound such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or orally-administered lefluonomide.
• a control compound such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or orally-administered lefluonomide.
• Example 13 The analgesic activity of the compounds of the present invention is assessed by a test with rats. Rats weighing from 155 to 200 g are injected with carrageenan (2% in 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous solution, 100 ⁇ L injection volume) into the footpad of one hind limb. The rats are placed on a glass plate with illumination from a halogen lamp placed directly under the injected paw. The time (in seconds) from beginning illumination until the hindlimb was withdrawn from the glass was measured and scored as Paw Withdrawal Latency (PWL). Drug substances were given by oral gavage injection 2A hours after carrageenan injection to the footpad.
• PWL Paw Withdrawal Latency
• PWL was measured prior to carrageenan injection, just prior to drug injection, and 1 , 2 (and sometimes 3) hours after drug injection.
• Carrageenan a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed
• hyperalgesia Pain-related behavioral responses of greater intensity than expected
• This hyperalgesia is maximal 2 to 3 hours after injection.
• Treatment of rats with various analgesic drugs reduces hyperalgesia measured in this way and is a conventional test for detection of analgesic activity in rats.

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• 2004
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  • 2004-07-12 JP JP2006520928A patent/JP4896717B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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  • 2004-07-12 MX MXPA06000921A patent/MXPA06000921A/es unknown
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