Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C3/00—Rotary-piston machines or engines with non-parallel axes of movement of co-operating members
  • F01C3/02—Rotary-piston machines or engines with non-parallel axes of movement of co-operating members the axes being arranged at an angle of 90 degrees
  • F01C3/025—Rotary-piston machines or engines with non-parallel axes of movement of co-operating members the axes being arranged at an angle of 90 degrees of intermeshing engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co-operating members similar to that of toothed gearing
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C3/00—Rotary-piston machines or engines with non-parallel axes of movement of co-operating members
  • F01C3/02—Rotary-piston machines or engines with non-parallel axes of movement of co-operating members the axes being arranged at an angle of 90 degrees
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C1/00—Rotary-piston machines or engines
  • F01C1/08—Rotary-piston machines or engines of intermeshing engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co- operating members similar to that of toothed gearing
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C1/00—Rotary-piston machines or engines
  • F01C1/08—Rotary-piston machines or engines of intermeshing engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co- operating members similar to that of toothed gearing
  • F01C1/082—Details specially related to intermeshing engagement type machines or engines
  • F01C1/084—Toothed wheels
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C20/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, machines or engines
  • F01C20/18—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, machines or engines characterised by varying the volume of the working chamber
  • F01C20/20—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, machines or engines characterised by varying the volume of the working chamber by changing the form of the inner or outlet contour of the working chamber
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C20/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, machines or engines
  • F01C20/24—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, machines or engines characterised by using valves for controlling pressure or flow rate, e.g. discharge valves

Definitions

• This invention relates to devices used for the compression or expansion of elastic fluids. More particularly, but not exclusively, this invention relates to rotary devices used for the compression or expansion of gases, and rotary engines comprising such devices.
• compressors are well known devices.
• One type of compressor is the reciprocating compressor.
• Reciprocating compressors have the advantage that they are able to operate at high pressures.
• reciprocating compressors have a large number of moving parts and are therefore relatively complex devices.
• One other type of compressor, the Roots compressor has rotary instead of reciprocating motion and its resulting simplicity means that it has few moving parts and is reliable.
• this type of compressor has its disadvantages.
• One such disadvantage is that it relies on "back-compression" to raise the pressure of the pumped gases. This means that np compression is performed on the low pressure input gases until they come into contact and mix with the higher pressure gases within the compressor. This irreversible process is inefficient, and leads to a higher drive power requirement and elevated air outlet temperatures.
• Lysholm compressor Another type of rotary compressor, the Lysholm compressor, employs internal compression to overcome the problems caused by "back compression".
• these compressors are significantly more efficient.
• their performance depends in large measure upon maintaining very small clearances between the moving elements, thus presenting considerable manufacturing problems. Imperfect sealing between the elements leads to back-leakage of the gas, limiting the pressures that can be attained using a single compressor.
• Compressors of the types discussed above are used in internal combustion engines.
• rotary compressors of the Roots, single-screw or Lysholm type are used in rotary engines, together with a corresponding expander mechanism that allows work to be extracted during expansion of the hot, pressurised gases.
• Rotary engines like rotary compressors, can have fewer moving parts and are thus more reliable than their reciprocating equivalents. Production and maintenance costs are also potentially lower.
• rotary engines are also less noisy and can achieve more combustion cycles'-per second compared to reciprocating engines, thus leading to a superior power to weight ratio.
• the idealised cycle that most rotary internal combustion engines approximate is the Otto cycle.
• One disadvantage of the Otto cycle is that the amount of work that can be extracted from the hot, pressurised gases is limited because the expansion ratio of the engine cannot exceed its compression ratio. The gases at the end of the Otto cycle's isentropic expansion step could do more work if further expansion to ambient pressure was allowed.
• This disadvantage is overcome in the idealised cycle known as the Atkinson-Miller cycle.
• the Atkinson-Miller cycle allows isentropic expansion to ambient pressure, and thus compression and expansion ratios that can be different.
• a number of rotary internal combustion engines using the Atkinson-Miller cycle have been proposed. However, these engine designs typically have many moving parts, or use parts that are difficult to manufacture.
• Advantageous rotary engine designs are capable of high compression ratios so that they may be used in compression ignition engines such as diesel engines.
• the power output of a rotary engine should be smooth and continuous, with minimal vibration. Noise and mechanical wear should be minimal.
• Various single screw rotary engines are well known in which compression and expansion occur in helical shaped channels which are formed in the surface a rotatable block. Separate working chambers are defined by the helical channel, a surface surrounding the rotatable block which seals the helical channel, and wheels having teeth or vanes which mesh with the helical channel.
• GB653185 discloses a rotary engine in which compression and expansion are achieved by providing a helical channel of varying depth and in which varying fractions of the wheel teeth or vanes define the working chambers.
• the tip of a tooth or vane remains within the channel, and the tooth or vane is always in contact with the gas in the working chamber.
• the shape of the wheel teeth or vanes does not significantly affect the compression or expansion ratio of the engine, and compression and expansion are performed in different parts of the engine:
• US3862623 and US3897756 disclose rotary engines in which a rotatable block only rotates about its axis by a fraction of a revolution during each cycle, and in which compression and expansion occur against the teeth or vanes of a rotating wheel.
• the depth of the channel does not vary, and thus two different working chambers must be used for compression and expansion respectively.
• US4003348, US4005682 and US4013046 disclose rotary engines having different compression and expansion ratios. However, in order to control the flow of fuel and air, they have passages of complex form, which present significant manufacturing problems. US4013046 discloses a rotary engine in which valves open and close during each cycle to control the flow of gases.
• US2674982, US3208437, US3060910, US3221717, and US3205874 disclose rotary engines in which the working chambers are defined by intermeshing toothed. or vaned wheels. However, in these engines, the working chamber is defined by first one wheel, and then another wheel, so that more than one rotating part needs to be sealed.
• a rotary device for use with compressible fluids, the device comprising a first rotation element mounted to rotate about a first axis and a casing having a surface enclosing at least a part of the first rotation element, an elongate cavity of varying cross sectional area being defined between a surface of the first rotation element and the casing surface, the rotary device further comprising a number of second rotation elements mounted to rotate about respective second axes, each second rotation element being mounted to project through the casing surface and cooperate with the first rotation element surface to divide the cavity into adjacent working portions, at least one working portion defining a closed volume for a part of a cycle of the device, the volumes of the working portions varying as the first and second rotation elements rotate, wherein each second rotation element comprises a number of projecting portions of varying radius about the respective second axis such that each projecting portion projects through the casing into the cavity by a varying amount to cooperate with the first rotation element surface.
• the first rotation element and each of the second rotation elements have a variable radius.
• the casing surface which has a constant radius, and the first rotation element surface therefore define a cavity that extends around the first axis.
• the cavity also rotates about the first axis.
• Each of the second rotation elements project through the casing surface.
• rotation of the first rotation element and each of the second rotation elements is co-ordinated so that they mesh together to provide a seal.
• Each of the second rotation elements thus define a number of working portions of the cavity. Working portions may also be defined by the first rotation element where its radius is at a maximum by providing a seal with the casing.
• the volumes of the working portions of the cavity change, thus providing compression or expansion of a fluid within.
• a rotary compressor or expander, or a rotary engine using the same can thus be realised having a number of desirable qualities while at the same time being simple to manufacture and use.
• the rotary device relies on internal compression thus avoiding the disadvantages associated with 'back compression', such as inefficiency.
• the simplicity of the design allows effective sealing between the various elements of the rotary device thus avoiding the manufacturing complexity and other problems associated with known internal compression rotary devices.
• the first and second rotation elements each comprise a plurality of integral segments each having different radii.
• the second rotation elements are distributed around the casing surface, each second rotation element being mounted to rotate about a respective axis that is perpendicular to both the first axis and the radius of the casing surface.
• a number of working portions of the cavity can be defined, and a compression and/or expansion process can be performed simultaneously in each.
• the first rotation element may be internal to the casing surface with the plurality of second rotation elements being external to the casing surface.
• the first rotation element will be substantially cylindrical.
• the first rotation element may be external to the casing surface with the plurality of second rotation elements being internal to the casing surface.
• the first rotation element will substantially take the form of an annulus.
• the rotary device may be a rotary compressor or rotary expander.
• rotation of the first rotation element and each of the plurality of second rotation elements causes the volume of each of the working portions of the cavity to reduce during each cycle.
• rotation of the first rotation element and each of the plurality of second rotation elements causes the volume of each of the working portions of the cavity to increase during each cycle.
• the rotary device may be a rotary engine that performs compression followed by expansion. In this case, rotation of the first rotation element and each of the plurality of second rotation elements causes the volume of the working portions of the cavity to reduce and then increase during each cycle. Since compression and expansion are performed by different portions of the first rotation element surface, an engine having different compression and expansion ratios can be realised.
• the rotary engine also comprises ignition means for ignition of a compressed fluid prior to expansion.
• the ignition means may comprise a spark plug.
• a spark plug may induce combustion, as in a conventional petrol engine.
• the gases include highly pressurised oxygen, the injection of fuel itself may induce combustion, as in a conventional diesel engine.
• Other means of causing a sudden further increase in pressure may be used, such as the injection of a small volume of high pressure, low temperature gas. The sudden increase in pressure allows more work to be extracted during expansion than was used in compression, thus powering the engine.
• the first rotation element also comprises at least one passage for fluid inlet or fluid outlet.
• the first rotation element may even comprise passages for both fluid inlet and fluid outlet. In this way, fluids can be drawn or forced into the working portions of the cavity, or exhausted or released from the working portions of the cavity.
• the casing may also comprise at least one side valve, each of the at least one side valves being operative as a fluid inlet or fluid outlet only when adjacent to a working portion of the cavity, each of the at least one side valves being adjacent to a working portion of the cavity for a fraction of a cycle of the device.
• the rotary device may therefore be designed so that the area of the casing containing a side valve only forms a boundary of a working portion of the cavity when fluid inlet or fluid outlet is desired.
• each of the at least one side valves is operative to vary the flow rate of a fluid into a working portion of the cavity, to vary the pressure of fluid within a working portion of the cavity, or to vary a compression or expansion ratio of the rotary device.
• Side valves may therefore provide a way of controlling the operation of the rotary device.
• closed loop feedback control is used to control the operation of each of the at least one side valves, the closed loop feedback control being based - on an operating parameter such as fluid inlet pressure, fluid outlet pressure and rotary speed.
• an operating parameter such as fluid inlet pressure, fluid outlet pressure and rotary speed.
• This invention also provides a rotary device comprising two of the rotary devices described above.
• the respective second rotation elements ' may be arranged so that the net forces on the first rotation element are minimised. For example, this could be achieved by providing a second rotation element from each of the rotary devices on opposite sides of the integral first rotation element.
• Figures 1 and 2 show cross sections of a first rotary engine according to the invention in first and second positions respectively;
• Figure 3 shows a side profile of a second rotation element of the first rotary engine according to the invention
• Figures 4 and 5 show cross sections of the first rotary engine according to the invention in third and fourth positions
• Figure 6 shows a cross section of a second rotary engine according to the invention
• Figure 7 shows a cross section of a third rotary engine according to the invention
• Figures 8 and 9 show cross sections of a fourth rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figures 10 to 14 show cross sections of a fifth rotary engine according to the invention in first to fifth positions respectively;
• Figures 15 and 16 show the surface of the first rotation element of the fifth rotary engine according to the invention in sixth and seventh positions respectively;
• Figure 17 shows the surface of the first rotation element of a sixth rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figure 8 shows a cross section of a seventh rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figures 19 shows a cross section of an eighth rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figures 20 to 27 show cross sections of the eighth rotary engine according to the invention in first to eighth positions respectively;
• Figure 28 and 29 show cross sections of a ninth rotary engine according to the invention in first and second positions respectively;
• Figure 30 shows the surface of the first rotation element of the ninth rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figure 31 shows a cross section of a first compressor according to the invention
• Figures 32 and 33 show the surface of the first rotation element of the first compressor according to the invention in first to third positions respectively; .
• Figure 34 shows the surface of the first rotation element of a second compressor according to the invention
• Figure 35 shows a cross section of a third compressor according to the invention.
• Figure 36 shows the surface of the first rotation element of the third compressor according to the invention.
• Figure 37 shows a cross section of a tenth rotary engine according to the invention
• Figures 38 and 39 show cross sections of an eleventh and twelfth rotary engine according to the invention respectively;
• Figure 40 shows a side profile of a second rotation element of a thirteenth rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figure 41 shows a cross section of a fourteenth rotary engine according to the invention.
• Figures 42, 43, 44 and 45 illustrate characteristics of the second rotation elements shown in figures 1 to 41 ;
• Figure 46 illustrates characteristics of devices shown in figures 1 to 41.
• Figures 1 to 5 show a first rotary engine according to the invention.
• the first rotary engine comprises a first rotation element 1 , a casing 2, three second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c, three spark plugs 8a, 8b, 8c and a power output shaft (not shown).
• the first rotation element 1 is mounted to rotate about a first axis 6.
• the first rotation element 1 is a substantially cylindrical block of material, but having large variations in radius.
• the first rotation element 1 is made from steel, although those skilled in the art will understand that it may advantageously be made from other materials, Suitable materials for the other described components of the first rotary engine will also be known to those skilled in the art.
• the substantially cylindrical first rotation element 1 is essentially formed from four segments each having a different radius: a sealing segment 1a, a compression segment 1 b, a combustion segment 1c and an expansion segment 1d.
• the sealing segment 1a spans a very small angle about the first axis 6 but has the largest radius.
• the compression, combustion and expansion segments 1 b, 1c, 1d each span slightly less than 120° about the first axis.
• the sealing segment 1a is followed by the compression segment 1 b, which is followed by the combustion segment 1c, which is followed by the expansion segment 1d.
• the radius of the combustion segment 1 c is slightly less than the radius of the sealing segment 1 a.
• the radius of the compression segment 1 b is less than the combustion segment 1 c.
• the radius of the expansion segment 1d is less than the compression segment 1 b.
• the first rotation element 1 also comprises a fluid inlet passage 4 and a fluid outlet passage 9 adjacent to the sealing segment 1a.
• the casing 2 includes a substantially cylindrical surface of constant radius centred about the first axis 6 and partially enclosing the first rotation element 1.
• the casing 2 also has end walls 2a that prevent axial movement of the first rotation element 1 along the first axis 6.
• the end walls 2a also provide a seal between the casing 2 and the ends of the first rotation element 1.
• a cavity 5a, 5b, 5c is defined between the first rotation element 1 and the casing 2.
• the cross sectional area of the cavity 5a, 5b, 5c varies around the first axis 6 depending on the radius of the first rotation element 1.
• the cross sectional area of the cavity is small where it is adjacent to the combustion segment 1 c, and the cross sectional area of the cavity is large where it is adjacent to the expansion segment 1d.
• the sealing segment 1a is instead in contact with the casing 2 to provide a seal.
• the sealing segment 1a also forms the beginning and end of the cavity 5a, 5b, 5c.
• the cavity 5a, 5b, 5c also rotates.
• the three second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c are each mounted around the casing 2 at 120° intervals about the first axis 6.
• the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c are all mounted at the same axial distance from the ends of the casing 2.
• the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c are each mounted to rotate about respective axes that are perpendicular to the first axis 6 and a radius of the first rotation element 1.
• they each project through the casing 2 into the cavity 5a, 5b, 5c by varying amounts.
• a seal is formed between each of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c and the casing 2.
• Figure 3 shows a side profile of one of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c and the axis 7 about which it rotates.
• Figures 4 and 5 show cross sections of the engine, perpendicular to the axis 7.
• Figures 4 and 5 clearly show the end walls 2a of the casing 2, as well as the cylindrical surface. It can be seen from figure 3 that, in common with the first rotation element 1 , each second rotation element 3a, 3b, 3c is essentially formed from four segments each having a different radius.
• the radius of each of the segments of the second rotation element 3a, 3b, 3c is designed so that, in operation, each of the segments of each of the second rotation elements co-operate with a different segment 1a, 1 b, 1c, 1d the first rotation element 1 to provide a seal.
• the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c therefore define three or four working portions of the cavity.
• the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c are thin, planar components. However, it can be seen from figures 1 and 2, and will be understood by those skilled in the art, that a certain thickness is necessary to withstand the forces present on the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c during operation. Those skilled in the art will also understand that the shape of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c must be designed so that a good seal is formed with the first rotation element 1.
• Each of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c are driven to rotate at the same angular speed as the first rotation element.
• Various mechanisms for driving the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c at the same angular speed as the first rotation element are well known to those skilled in the art. For examples the elements may be connected together by gears.
• the spark plugs 8a, 8b, 8c are each mounted in the casing 2 at 120° intervals about the first axis 6, intermediate the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c.
• the spark plugs 8a, 8b, 8c are flush with the casing surface so that they do not protrude into the cavity. Means of operating the spark plugs (not shown) will be known to those skilled in the art.
• the first rotation element is rotated about the first axis 6. Referring to figures 1 and 4, as the first rotation element 1 rotates, gases in the form of vaporised fuel and oxygen are drawn into the first rotary engine through the fluid inlet passage 4. The gases are drawn into a working portion of the cavity defined between the sealing segment 1a of the first rotation element 1 and second rotation element 3a. This working cavity expands as the first rotation element 1 rotates, thus creating a vacuum that draws in the gases.
• Figure 2 shows the first rotary engine with the first rotation element 1 advanced by 60° compared to figure 1.
• the sealing segment 1a of the first rotation element 1 has now rotated to second rotation element 3c.
• the working portion of the cavity is therefore now defined between second rotation elements 3a and 3c.
• the fluid inlet passage 4 is about to rotate past second rotation element 3c, thus causing the gases that have been drawn into the rotary engine to be fully enclosed.
• first rotation element 1 causes the combustion segment 1c to begin to rotate into the working portion of the cavity defined between second rotation elements 3a and 3c.
• the larger radius of the combustion segment 1 c compared to the compression segment 1 b causes the volume of the working portion of the cavity to reduce. Since the working portion of the cavity is fully enclosed, the pressure of the gases rises. The pressure of the gases continues to rise until the volume of the working portion of the cavity reaches a minimum. This minimum volume is reached when the combustion segment 1c of the first rotation element 1 has fully rotated past second rotation element 3a.
• first rotation element 1 Further rotation of the first rotation element 1 causes the expansion segment 1d to begin to rotate into the working portion of the cavity, defined between second rotation elements 3a and 3c.
• the smaller radius of the expansion segment 1d compared to the combustion segment 1c causes the volume of the working portion of the cavity to increase.
• the highly pressurised gases perform work as they expand, thus powering the engine. The gases continue to perform work until the expansion segment 1d of the first rotation element 1 has fully rotated past second rotation element 3a. Because the compression and expansion segments 1 b, 1d of the first rotation element 1 have different radii, the compression and expansion ratios of the first rotary engine can be different. The invention therefore allows use of the efficient Atkinson-Miller cycle.
• sealing segment 1a begins to rotate into the working portion of the cavity-defined between second rotation elements 3a and 3c.
• the exhausted gases are forced out through the fluid outlet passage 9 and a new cycle is begun as fresh gases are drawn into the working portion of the cavity through the fluid inlet passage 4.
• the compression-combustion-expansion cycle described above is also being simultaneously performed in working cavities defined between second rotation elements 3a and 3b, and 3b and 3c.
• Power can be taken from the first rotary engine via a power output shaft (not shown) coupled to the first rotation element 1.
• FIG 6 shows a second rotary engine according to the invention.
• the second rotary engine has an annular first rotation element 1 that is mounted external to the casing 2.
• Three second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c are mounted within the casing 2.
• the second rotary engine operates in the same way as the first rotary engine, with a compression-combustion-expansion cycle being simultaneously performed in working portions of the cavity defined between adjacent second rotation elements.
• Figure 7 shows a third rotary engine according to the invention.
• the first rotation element 1 is substantially cylindrical.
• the sealing, compression, combustion and expansion segments 1a, 1 b, 1c, 1d all protrude in a direction parallel to the first axis 6.
• the casing 2, including the end walls 2a, therefore takes the form of an annulus extending around the first axis 6 with a channel shaped cross section.
• the third rotary engine operates in a similar way to the first and second rotary engines.
• the third rotary engine also allows for cooling fins to be integrated into one side of the first rotation element.
• Other arrangements of the first rotation element will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
• the end walls of the casing 2 are non-parallel, being at an angle ⁇ to each other.
• Angle ⁇ is the angle about the centre of the second, rotation, element defined by the inner surfaces of the casing end walls 2a.
• each of the second rotation elements are out of phase by an angle of 120°.
• the segment of the second rotation elements corresponding to the combustion segment of the first rotation element must therefore span an angle of 120°+ ⁇ .
• the end walls 2a of the casing 2 shown in. figure 7 provide a more efficient arrangement than that shown in figures 4 and 5 because angle ⁇ is smaller.
• angle ⁇ must be small so that, once a segment of a second rotation element has rotated into the casing 2 by angle ⁇ to form a seal and define two working portions of the cavity, the seal is maintained until the segment of the first rotation element 1 with which it is cooperating has rotated past. This limits the size of the cavity and thus the power that may be. produced by the engine.
• Figures 8 and 9 show a fourth rotary engine according to the invention that overcomes the above problem. Angle ⁇ is larger in the fourth rotary engine than in the first to third rotary engines. This increase in angle ⁇ is achieved by modifying the segments that make up the first rotation element 1 and each of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c.
• the segment of each of the second rotation elements that co-operates with the combustion segment 1c of the first rotation element spans an angle of ⁇ +120°. This ensures that a seal is defined between the combustion segment 1c of the first rotation element and the relevant second rotation element for a sufficient duration.
• the span of the segment of each of the second rotation elements that co-operates with the compression segment 1 b of the first rotation element 1 is reduced. However, the radius of this segment is increased to compensate for the reduction in span. This is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in span and reduction in radius of the compression segment 1 b of the first rotation element 1.
• Figures 10 to 16 show a fifth rotary engine according to the invention.
• the radii of the compression segment and the expansion segment of the first rotation element 1 are the same.
• the compression segment and expansion segment also span different angles.
• Figures 15 and 16 show the surface of the first rotation element 1 of the fifth rotary engine. Figures 15 and 16 also show the relative positions of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c. In figure 16, the first rotation element 1 has rotated by 60° compared to figure 15. The hatched areas show the surfaces of the first rotation element 1 that define the cavity, and the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c.
• Figure 17 shows the surface of the first rotation element 1 of a sixth rotary engine according to the invention. Figure 17 also shows the relative positions of the second rotation elements 3.
• the sixth rotary engine has six second rotation elements 3 performing the compression-combustion-expansion cycle in six working portions of the chamber.
• second rotation elements 3 allow individual ones of them to be positioned on opposite sides of the first axis 6, thus balancing the forces generated during combustion. This minimises the net forces on the first rotation element 1 , and ensures the centre of mass of first rotation element 1 lies on the first axis 6.
• Figure 18 shows a cross section of a seventh rotary engine according to the invention.
• the seventh rotary engine also has six second rotation elements 3 performing the compression-combustion-expansion cycle in six working portions of the chamber. Forces generated during combustion are balanced by positioning second rotation elements 3 on opposite sides of the first rotation element 1.
• FIGS 19 to 27 show cross sections of an eighth rotary engine according to the invention.
• the eighth rotary engine comprises a large number of second rotation elements 3 distributed around the casing 2.
• Each of the second rotation elements 3 includes two lobes of unequal length.
• the cross sectional area of the cavity varies gradually around the first axis 6.
• Figures 20 to 27 show the eighth rotary engine at various stages of the compression-combustion-expansion process.
• the second rotation element 3 has rotated to a position where it does not project into the first rotation element 1.
• a seal is formed between the first rotation element 1 and the casing 2.
• This seal defines the two ends of the cavity that extends around the first axis 6 and ensures that fresh gases drawn in to the cavity do not mix with exhausted gases.
• the first rotation element 1 has rotated in to the cavity defined between the first rotation element 1 and the casing 2.
• a working portion of the cavity is now defined between the seal formed by the first rotation element 1 and the casing 2, and the second rotation element 3. Gases are drawn into the working portion of the cavity as it expands through a fluid inlet passage 4, as indicated by the arrow.
• the engine continues to rotate and gases are drawn into the cavity until it the second rotation element 3 has rotated into the position shown in figure 22. In this position, the working portion of the cavity is defined between adjacent second rotation elements 3.
• the fluid inlet passage 4 has rotated away from the working portion of the cavity, which is now fully enclosed.
• the working portion of the cavity continues to contract until the second rotation element 3 reaches the position shown in figure 24. In this position, the volume of the working portion of the cavity is at a minimum and the gases contained therein have been compressed. Combustion of the gases is then induced, thus causing a further increase in the pressure of the gases.
• each of the second rotation elements 3 include two lobes of different shape. One of the lobes is used during compression and the other is used during expansion..
• the engine continues to rotate so that the exhausted gases are expelled, as shown in figure 27.
• the second rotation element 3 has rotated further so that the working portion of the cavity is contracting.
• the first rotation element 1 has also rotated so that a fluid outlet channel is exposed to the working portion of the cavity. As the working portion of the cavity contracts, the gases contained therein are expelled from the engine through the fluid outlet passage 9, thus completing a cycle of the rotary engine.
• Figures 28 to 30 show a ninth rotary engine according to the invention.
• the ninth rotary engine utilises sliding valves 10 to control its compression ratio.
• the sliding valves 10 are located in a region of the casing surface that defines the working portion of the cavity during compression of the gases, but not during expansion of the gases. This is achieved by ensuring that the segment of each of the second rotation elements that co-operates with the compression segment of the first rotation element 1 has the largest radius.
• the fluid outlet passage 9 is provided within the first rotation element 1 , as shown in figure 29.
• the ninth rotary engine is different to other rotary engines according to the invention, for example the fifth engine shown in figure 11.
• the design of the first rotation element 1 allows, gases to flow between working portions of the cavity defined on opposite sides of the second rotation element 3a during expulsion, thus providing an exit route for the gases as the working portion of the cavity contracts.
• Figure 30 shows the surface of the first rotation element 1 of the ninth rotary engine, together with an indication of the relative positions of the second rotation elements 3a, 3b, 3c and the sliding valves 10.
• Each of the valves 10 has a sliding cover 11.
• Figure 30 shows the position of the sliding covers when the sliding valves 10 are fully open.
• the sliding valves 10 allow the compression-combustion-expansion cycle, of the engine to be modified.
• the cycle can be modified so that the some of the compressed gases are vented from the working portion of the cavity prior to combustion, thus reducing the compression ratio of the engine.
• the vented gases will be recycled so as to reduce fuel inefficiency.
• the sliding valves 10 are only in use during compression of the gases. Therefore, the sliding valves 10 may remain in the same position throughout the compression-combustion-expansion cycle.
• the positions of the sliding valves 10 are only modified if a change in the compression ratio of the engine is desired. This principal of operation differs from a conventional combustion engine, in which the valves open and close in every compression-combustion- expansion cycle.
• Valves may form the exclusive fluid inlet for the rotary engine, or else may be provided in combination with one or more fluid inlet passages in the first rotation element 1. Where valves form a fluid inlet to the rotary engine, they may be used to adjust the timing at which gases are no longer drawn into the engine.
• Figures 31 to 33 show a first compressor according to the invention. The first compressor operates in a similar way to the rotary engines described above. However, the elimination of combustion and expansion stages from the operating cycle allows simplification.
• the compressor comprises a single second rotation element 3 that rotates at half the angular velocity of the first rotation element 1. Gases are drawn into the compressor, compressed and then released through a sliding valve 10.
• the sliding valve 10 can be used to control the extent to which the gases are compressed by .the compressor.
• the first rotation element 1 may be designed so that, during release of the compressed gases, gases may flow between working portions of the cavity defined on opposite sides of the second rotation element 3. This provides an exit route for the gases as the working portion of the cavity contracts.
• the compressor may comprise two second rotation elements in order to balance the forces on the first rotation element 1. This may be achieved using the techniques disclosed in figures 17 and 18 and the descriptions thereof.
• Figure 34 shows a second compressor according to the invention.
• the volume of the working portion of the cavity is larger than in the first compressor.
• Figures 35 and 36 show a third compressor according to the invention.
• sliding valves 10 are used to control the intake of gases rather than their expulsion.
• the first, second, and third compressors may operate as expanders. In this case, compressed gases are fed into the fluid outlet and the first and second rotation elements are driven in the opposite directions to those shown in the figures.
• Figure 37 shows a cross section of a tenth rotary engine according to the invention.
• a number of small teeth 12 have been added to the second rotation elements 3.
• the first rotation element 1 may directly drive the second rotation elements 3 at the correct angular velocity.
• the small teeth 12 and the parts of the first rotation element 1 with which they mesh shall have rounded corners.
• Figures 38 and 39 show cross sections of eleventh and twelfth rotary engines according to the invention respectively.
• the eleventh rotary engine comprises second rotation elements 3 whose centre of gravity is on their axis of rotation. This provides for ease of manufacture and is achieved by providing twice as many segments as are provided in the second rotation elements of the other described rotary inventions.
• the segments of the second rotation elements 3 span smaller angles than in the other described rotary engines, and thus the cavities volumes of the working portions of the cavity that they define are smaller. However, to some extent this is compensated in the eleventh rotary engine by having cavities on either side of the second rotation element 3. In this way, the eleventh rotary engine may operate as a composite engine.
• the two cavities are positioned out of phase, thus producing a smoother power output.
• Excess material has also been removed from the first rotation element 1 of the twelfth rotary engine. This minimises engine ' weight, minimises the contact area between the first rotation element 1 and the casing 2, and provides enhanced ventilation for the engine.
• the shape of the second rotation elements corresponds to the cross sectional shape of the cavity. Since force is proportional to a pressure difference multiplied by area, careful design of the shape of the second rotation elements may provide an engine having a power output that is constant over an entire revolution.
• the area of the first rotation element on which work is performed is the difference between the area of second rotation elements that define each end of the cavity.
• the volume and thus pressure of gases within a cavity may be calculated. This pressure and volume allow calculation of the available energy as a function of the rotation of the first rotation element, thus allowing calculation of the torque of the engine.
• the torque from each cavity may be found.
• a shape for the second rotation elements may then be found that provides an engine having a smooth torque output.
• the shape of the second rotation elements may be specified by radius as a function of the angle. Specifying a goal such as "maximise the minimum torque" allows computational methods that will be known to those skilled in the art to be used to find a shape of second rotation element that provides an engine having a smooth power output.
• Figure 40 shows an example of a shape of second rotation element 3 that may be used to provide an engine having smooth power output.
• the spike at the top left of the second rotation element 3a reduces the area that performs compression of the gases when pressure is high.
• the spike at the bottom right of the second rotation element 3a allows a gradual expansion of gases when the pressure is high, and a rapid expansion of gases when the pressure is lower, thus providing an engine having a steady power output.
• Figure 41 shows a cross section of a fourteenth rotary engine according to the invention.
• the fourteenth rotary engine has an annular first rotation element 1 that is mounted external to the casing 2.
• Two second rotation elements 3a, 3b are mounted within the casing 2.
• these elements have been mounted so that the plane of the second rotation elements does not intersect the axis of the first rotation element. This allows the second rotation elements to have a maximum radius greater than the inner radius of the casing, allowing a larger working volume for a given engine radius.
• this engine has a relatively low casing radius compared to the outer radius of the first rotation element. This gives a relatively low area for friction between the first rotation element and the casing, and a relatively small length for leakage between the casing and the first rotation element.
• Figures 42 to 46 illustrate some of the characteristics of the device according to the invention that distinguish it from known rotary devices. It is noted that the parts shown in these figures have already been described with reference to earlier figures, and that figures 42 to 46 do not add additional knowledge required for building the engine or understanding its operation.
• Figures 42 to 44 illustrate second rotation elements 3 that may be viewed as having one large tooth, or protruding portion.
• Figure 45 illustrates a second rotation element that may be viewed as having two large teeth, or protruding portions.
• the teeth, or protruding portions are the parts of the second rotation element that protrude into the cavity defined by the casing and the first rotation element at some part of the cycle.
• the teeth define a "tooth-angle", ⁇ , measured around the axis of the rotation element 3.
• the second rotation element is designed so that the tooth angle is just less than 360°/t, where t is the number of teeth.
• the tooth-angle ⁇ is just under 360°.
• the tooth-angle is just under 180°.
• Figure 46 illustrates that the casing 2 may be viewed as having a slot-angle, ⁇ , measured around the axis of the first rotation element 3, and defined by the region where the second rotation element may project into the cavity.
• the tooth-angle ⁇ is larger than the slot angle ⁇ .

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