WO2004108924A1 - Cd9/cd81二重欠損非ヒト動物 - Google Patents
Cd9/cd81二重欠損非ヒト動物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004108924A1 WO2004108924A1 PCT/JP2004/008261 JP2004008261W WO2004108924A1 WO 2004108924 A1 WO2004108924 A1 WO 2004108924A1 JP 2004008261 W JP2004008261 W JP 2004008261W WO 2004108924 A1 WO2004108924 A1 WO 2004108924A1
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- A01K67/0275—Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
- C12N2830/008—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription cell type or tissue specific enhancer/promoter combination
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a double-deficient non-human animal lacking the CD9 gene and the CD81 gene, which can be used as a model animal for the development of a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis or a therapeutic agent for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- CD9 and CD81 are known as members of a family of proteins called tetraspanins. Tetraspanin, as the name implies, is a superfamily with a structure that penetrates the cell membrane four times, and about 30 members have been known so far in mammals. It is said to be involved in cell proliferation, motility, fusion, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, but details of its function were unknown.
- knockout mice with CD81 for example, see Non-Patent Document 1
- CD9 for example, see Non-Patent Document 2
- these cells show abnormalities in antibody / cytokine production and infertility, respectively. And the importance of tetraspanin in the reproductive system.
- Osteoporosis is a disease primarily found in postmenopausal women and the elderly, causing pathological fractures and spinal deformities. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective therapeutic agents for osteoporosis, but there are few model animals that can be used as experimental models. Ovariectomized mice are frequently used as osteoporosis model animals at present, and these mice are excellent as osteoporosis model animals with increased osteoclast activity due to decreased estrogen, which are often seen in postmenopausal women.
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COPD patients not only have lungs but also have high rates of systemic complications such as weight loss, muscle weakness, and osteoporosis, which accelerates ADL and decreased respiratory function (eg, See Patent Document 3).
- systemic complications such as weight loss, muscle weakness, and osteoporosis, which accelerates ADL and decreased respiratory function (eg, See Patent Document 3).
- Steroid administration, vitamin D deficiency, and smoking are thought to be factors in these systemic changes, but the true mechanism of extrapulmonary involvement is unknown.
- mice have been created to elucidate the mechanism of the onset of emphysema and to develop therapeutic methods. For example, it has been confirmed that emphysema occurs in mice that overexpress collagenase, a type of protease. As for knockout mice, emphysema has been reported in surfactant protein D integrin ⁇ 6 knockout mice (for example, see Non-patent Document 4 and Non-patent Document 5). There are no reports of extrapulmonary involvement such as osteoporosis.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Maecker HT.J Exp Med 185: 1505-1510, 1997
- Non-Patent Document 2 Miyado K. Science 287: 321-324, 2000
- Non-Patent Document 3 Biskobing DM. Chest 121: 609-620, 2002
- Non-patent document 4 Wert SE.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 5922-5977, 2000 (Non-patent document 5) Morris DG Nature 422: 169-173, 2003 Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention is to solve the conventional problems and achieve the following objects. That is, a CD9 / CD81 double deficient non-human animal that can be used as a model animal that well represents at least one of the pathological conditions of osteoporosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and that the non-human animal is an osteoporosis model Animal COP D model It is intended to provide a method for use as at least one of animals.
- the present inventors have created a double-deficient mouse of CD9 and CD81, members of the tetraspanin protein family, and obtained the knowledge that osteoporosis and COPD occur in this mutant mouse. Reached.
- a non-human CD9ZCD81 double-deficient animal characterized in that the functions of the gene encoding CD9 and the gene encoding CD81 are defective in at least somatic cells.
- ⁇ 2> The non-human animal according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the non-human animal is a rodent.
- the gene encoding CD9 is any of the following (a) and (b), and the gene encoding CD81 is any of the following (c) and (d):
- ⁇ 3> is a non-human CD9 / CD81 double deficient animal described in any of ⁇ 3>.
- At least one of a gene encoding CD9 and a gene encoding CD81 is introduced downstream of the promoter of a gene that is specifically expressed in germ cells.
- the non-human CD9 / CD81 double-deficient animal according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein at least one of the functions of the gene encoding CD81 is not deleted.
- the CD9 / CD81 double deficiency according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, wherein the deficiency is at least one of a phenotype in which osteogenesis is inhibited and a phenotype similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is a non-human animal.
- the non-human CD9 / CD81 double deficient animal according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, which is at least one of an osteoporosis model animal and a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model animal. .
- ⁇ 9> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, further comprising the step of measuring the degree of osteogenesis inhibition of a CD9 / CD81 double-deficient non-human animal. This is a method of using the CD9 / CD81 double deficient non-human animal as an osteoporosis model animal.
- the test substance is administered to a non-human CD9 / CD81 double-deficient non-human animal according to any one of the above ⁇ 1> Karak ⁇ , and the test substance suppresses osteogenesis inhibition.
- the method described in the above ⁇ 9> which is a method for screening for an osteoporosis drug, which tests whether or not the drug has osteoporosis.
- ⁇ 11> a step of measuring the degree of phenotype similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a non-human CD9 / CD81 double-deficient animal according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>.
- a test substance is administered to a CD9 / CD81 double-deficient non-human animal according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, wherein the test substance exhibits chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Screening agent for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease screening for phenotypic effects The method described in ⁇ 11> above, which is a marking method.
- ⁇ 13> At least one of a CD9 / CD81 double deficient non-human animal described in ⁇ 1> and an osteoporosis model animal or a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model animal is produced. Is for use. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
- FIG. 1 represents the full-length DNA sequence of CD9.
- FIG. 2 shows the full-length DNA sequence of CD81.
- FIG. 3 depicts genomic DNA, construction vectors and recombinant DNA for gene targeting for CD9 knockout mouse production.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of a CD 9 Southern blot.
- FIG. 5 shows the results of CD 9 PCR.
- FIG. 6 is an X-ray image of the whole body skeleton of a 30-week-old wild-type (wi1d) and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mouse.
- FIG. 7 is an X-ray image of the femur of a 30-week-old wild-type (wi1d) and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mouse.
- FIG. 8 is an X-ray image of the spine of a 30-week-old wild-type (wi1d) and CD9ZCD81 double-deficient (DKO) mouse.
- Figure 9 shows bone tissue in the proximal tibia of 8-week-old wild-type (wiId) and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mice stained with toluidine blue in the upper row and TRAP in the lower row. It shows the result of the test.
- Fig. 1 OA shows the results of pQCT analysis of 8-week-old wild-type (wild) and CD9-deficient mice, CD81-deficient mice, and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mouse bones.
- FIG. 1 OB shows the analysis results of bone mass.
- FIG. 1 OC shows the analysis results of bone strength.
- Figure 11A shows 8-week-old wild-type, CD9-deficient (CD9KO) mice, CD81-deficient (CD81KO) mice, and CD9ZCD81 double heterologous (CD9 / CD81).
- (DHO) Mouse, CD9 ZCD81 double deficient homozygous (CD9 / CD81 DKO) Indicates the unit bone mass of the morphometric results of the proximal tibia of the mouse.
- FIG. 11B shows the trabecular width of the morphological measurement results of the mouse similar to FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 11C shows the number of bones in the morphological measurement results of the mouse as in FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 11D shows the osteoid thickness of the morphological measurement results of the mouse similar to FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 11E shows the osteoid surface of the morphological measurement results of the mouse similar to FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 11F shows the osteoblast surface of the mouse morphometry results similar to FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 11G shows the number of osteoclasts in the mouse morphometry results similar to FIG. 11A.
- Fig. 11H shows the osteoclast surface of the mouse morphometry results similar to Fig. 11A.
- Figure 12A shows 8-week-old wild-type (wi1d) mice, CD9-deficient (CD9KO) mice, CD81-deficient (CD81KO) mice and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice.
- Loss (DKO) represents the results of luciferin atssie in mice.
- FIG. 12B shows the rate of bone formation by Calcine Atsushi.
- FIG. 13 shows expansion of the air space and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the alveolar septum in a wild-type (Wi1d) mouse and a CD9ZCD81 double-deficient (DKO) mouse in Example 8.
- FIG. 14 shows the age-related changes in the alveolar cavity diameter of wild-type (WiId) mice and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mice by morphometry in Example 8.
- FIG. 15 shows fission of elastic fibers and hyperplasia of goblet cells in wild-type (Wild) mice and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice (DKO) in Example 8.
- FIG. 9 shows the enhancement of MMP activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a wild-type (WiId) mouse mouse CD 9ZCD81 double deficient (DKO) mouse in Example 9.
- FIG. FIG. 17 shows the increase in the number of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of wild-type (WiId) mice and CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mice in Example 9. 4008261
- the present inventors first created a double-deficient mouse of CD9 and CD81, members of the tetraspanin protein family, and obtained the knowledge that osteoporosis would occur in this mutant mouse.
- CD9 / CD81 double deficient mice had smaller skeletons, kyphosis, thinner cortical bone, and increased bone X-ray permeability.
- Morphological analysis of bone tissue suggested an increase in osteoclasts and decreased function, and a decrease in osteoblast function.
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- the non-human animal of the present invention lacks the function of the gene encoding CD9 and the gene encoding CD81 in at least somatic cells (refer to “CD9 ZCD812- It is sometimes referred to as "double loss").
- the non-human animal is not particularly limited as long as it is an animal other than a human, and examples thereof include mammals such as mice, rats, egrets, pigs, dogs, sheep, goats, birds such as chickens, and trout. And the like, and are preferably mammals, and more preferably rodents. Among them, mice are particularly preferable because they have a short life cycle and are easy to breed, and technology for producing a gene-deficient animal has been established.
- non-human animal deficient in gene function refers to a non-human animal having a gene deficient in gene function due to mutation in the gene.
- Genes with defective functions include genes whose gene expression is suppressed or whose gene product activity is lost or decreased as compared to a normal gene without mutation.
- mutations include not only deletions but also additions and substitutions, and there are no restrictions on the site or length of the mutation.
- There are no particular restrictions on the method of introducing the mutation but by introducing DNA into the cell in which a mutation has been introduced into the base sequence of the target gene and selecting a homologous recombinant, the target gene can be suddenly transformed.
- the mutation can be introduced by a gene targeting technique.
- the targeting site for introducing a mutation may be any of a promoter region, an untranslated region, a translated region, and the like.
- a mutant gene whose transcriptional activity is impaired can be obtained by deletion or substitution of the nucleotide sequence of the promoter region of the gene.
- a mutant gene in which a stable transcript cannot be synthesized due to deletion or substitution of the base sequence in the untranslated region can also be obtained.
- gene products cannot be obtained due to deletion or substitution of a nucleotide sequence in the translation region, or even if a gene product is obtained, a mutant gene that does not function properly as a protein can be obtained.
- the non-human animal of the present invention may be a non-human animal in which a mutant gene deficient in function is present in a homologous state on a chromosome (homozygote), or a heterozygous state. (Heterozygotes). Heterozygotes can be used primarily for homozygous breeding.
- CD9 examples include salmon (AF427519), chicken (AB032767), mouse (NM_007657), rat (XM_216279), cat (D30786), dog (U15792), pig (AF525029), It is known to be present in mosquitoes (NM_173900), monkeys (D10726) and humans (NM 001769). JP2004 / 008261
- NM-131518 Zebrafish (NM-131518), chicken (AB101638), mouse (NM-133655), rat (NM-013087), monkey (AF116600) and human (NM-004356).
- GenBank accession number of GenBank, from which the base sequence information of the gene and the amino acid sequence information of the protein encoded by the gene can be accessed.
- the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding CD9 in the previously reported mouse is described in SEQ ID NO: 1 (FIG. 1)
- the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding CD81 is described in SEQ ID NO: 2 (FIG. 2).
- the amino acid sequence of mouse CD9 protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10
- amino acid sequence of CD81 protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the DNA coding for CD81 exists as a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions with DNA complementary to the DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
- stringent conditions include hybridization in 4 ⁇ SSC at 65 ° C., followed by washing in 0.1 ⁇ SSC at 65 ° C. for 1 hour.
- amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 10
- one or more, preferably one or several amino acids include a gene encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence in which residues are added, deleted or substituted.
- one or several Examples include a gene encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence in which amino acid residues are added, deleted or substituted.
- the non-human animal of the present invention has a deficient function of the gene encoding CD9 and the gene encoding CD81, and this “deficient function” occurs at least in the somatic cell system. Just do it. That is, the functions of the CD9 gene and CD81 gene, which are native to the non-human animal, are deficient, and the genes encoding CD9 and CD9 newly introduced under a promoter that is not expressed under normal conditions in somatic cells. The present invention is not excluded from the present invention even when a gene encoding CD81 exists.
- a transgenic mouse in which CD9 or CD81 has been introduced under a promoter specifically expressed in germ cells may be used.
- CD9 gene-deficient female mice are infertile, these mice are usually obtained by crossing heterozygotes or crossing between female heterozygous females and male mice deficient in CD9 gene. There is a need to .
- Female mice deficient in the CD81 gene also have a small number of births and are known to be infertile depending on the type of mouse. Therefore, in order to generate homozygotes of CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice using current technology, it is necessary to use CD9 / CD81 double-deficient male mice and CD9ZCD81 double-deficient heterozygous female mice.
- CD 9 gene Defective female mice are infertile because CD9 is expressed on egg cells and is essential for inducing fertilization with sperm. However, once fertilization has been established, it has been shown that CD 9 is not required for subsequent developmental processes, and that mice that do not have CD 9 give birth to fetuses. Based on this finding, we introduced at least CD9 under a promoter specifically expressed in cultured cells, which we devised so that it could be mated between homozygous males and females and strained.
- CD9 / CD81 double deficient mouse (CD81 may also be introduced) is also included in the present invention.
- CD9ZCD81 double-deficient mouse having CD81 introduced under a promoter specifically expressed in germ cells is not excluded from the present invention.
- the CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mouse having CD9 or the like introduced under a promoter specifically expressed in germ cells as described above can be produced, for example, as follows.
- a transgenic mouse (TGPzp3 :: CD9) was prepared by introducing a CD9 structural gene downstream of the promoter of the ZP3 gene, which is a gene specifically expressed in egg cells. :: When CD9 and CD9 gene-deficient mice were bred to create a mouse that did not have the CD9 gene but had the Pzp3 :: CD9 gene, the resulting mouse had CD9 in the egg cells. It was able to express and produce offspring.
- CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mouse created by crossing the CD9-deficient mouse obtained in this way with the CD81-deficient mouse obtained by a conventional method, Cells also have newly introduced CD 9 (TG P zp 3:: CD 9), but do not express CD 9 under normal conditions in somatic cells. Nevertheless, it can be said that CD9 deficiency occurs at least in somatic cell lines. Therefore, such a mouse is also included in the scope of the present invention.
- the infertility tendency of CD81-deficient female mice is thought to be due to the necessity of CD81 in the fertilization process, and can be resolved by the same method as that for CD9 gene-deficient mice.
- Such a CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mouse expressing CD9 or CD9 and CD81 downstream of the ZP3 gene promoter is a mouse homozygous for the CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mouse. It is possible to breed between males and females, which is advantageous from the viewpoint that mass production is easy as a model mouse.
- the homozygote has a phenotype in which osteogenesis is inhibited.
- Having a phenotype in which osteogenesis is inhibited refers to a decrease in bone formation rate and histomorphometry in at least some bone tissues compared to wild-type compared to wild-type. Means that any of the bone formation parameters (osteoid thickness, osteoid surface, osteoblast surface) has decreased due to
- the homozygote has a phenotype similar to that of human COPD.
- the phenotype similar to COPD is most notably the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expansion of air spaces in the alveolar septum of aged non-human animals.
- Histological analysis of the CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mouse lung shows that with aging, more inflammatory cells infiltrate the alveolar septum than wild-type mice, and the air space is enlarged. These are consistent with the histological features of emphysema in human COPD.
- ruptured images of the alveolar septum and hyperplasia of bronchial mucus-producing cells were observed, which are consistent with the pathology of COPD in humans.
- the non-human animal can be at least one of an osteoporosis model animal and a COPD model animal.
- the method of using the non-human animal as an osteoporosis model animal comprises the step of measuring the inhibition of bone formation of the non-human animal of the present invention.
- a method of measuring osteogenesis inhibition in addition to the measurement of actual bone mass, etc., the morphological measurement of atsey and bone formation parameters (osteoid thickness, osteoid surface, osteoblast surface) by the injection of luciferin, and fracture
- atsey and bone formation parameters osteoid thickness, osteoid surface, osteoblast surface
- luciferin luciferin
- fracture There is no particular limitation as long as it is a measurement method related to osteogenesis inhibition, such as measurement of bone resorption parameters by bone cells, and it can be appropriately selected from known measurement methods.
- a method for screening for a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis may be mentioned.
- the test compound which is a drug candidate compound, is administered to the non-human animal, the degree of osteogenesis inhibition is measured, and it is determined whether the test substance has an effect of suppressing osteogenesis inhibition. It is possible to screen for various drugs.
- the administration form of the test substance is not particularly limited, and can be administered, for example, orally, by injection, or by application.
- the method for use as the COPD model animal comprises a step of measuring the degree of a phenotype similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a CD9 / CD81 double deficient non-human animal of the present invention.
- a method of measuring phenotypes similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease histological analysis of the lung was used to determine the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the alveolar septum and the expansion of the air space in the lungs of aged non-human animals. There is a method for analysis.
- MMP matrix metalloproteinase
- Examples of a method for using the non-human animal as a COPD model animal include a method for screening for a therapeutic agent for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- the non-human animal is administered a test substance, which is a scavenging compound of a drug, and the degree of osteogenesis inhibition is measured to determine whether the test substance has an effect of suppressing the phenotype indicative of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This allows screening for effective drugs.
- the CD9 gene is isolated, and a targeting vector containing the mutant gene sequence in which a part of the gene is replaced with a genetic marker is prepared.
- This targeting vector is introduced into mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells) to cause homologous recombination with the CD9 gene, and ES cells that have undergone homologous recombination using a genetic marker as an index are obtained.
- ES cells mouse embryonic stem cells
- phase Mouse ES cells that have undergone homologous recombination are microinjected into fertilized eggs and transplanted into the uterus of pseudopregnant female mice, which are developed to obtain adult chimeric mice.
- the male chimeric mouse is bred to a wild-type female mouse, and a heterozygote of a chimeric mouse individual in which an ES cell-derived CD9-deficient gene has been incorporated into the germ line based on coat color and the like is selected. Similarly, heterozygotes are obtained for CD81. A cross between a CD9 deficient heterozygote and a CD81 deficient heterozygote yields a CD9 / CD81 double deficient mouse.
- mice were bred in an environmentally regulated clean room under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions at the Animal Research Facility attached to the Osaka University School of Medicine. All equipment and food, including cages, water bottles, wood shavings and food grains, were used sterile.
- SPF pathogen-free
- Genomic DNA for mouse CD9 was isolated from a 129 / sV mouse genomic phage library purchased from Stratagene using the full-length mouse CD9 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) as a probe. Approximately 9 x 10 5 phage clones were screened by plaque hybridization and 20 positive clones were obtained. To determine if these clones encoded CD9, a second screen using a CD9 probe was performed separately. As a result, it was found that all clones were CD9-positive clones derived from a single phage clone. The resulting clones were digested with several restriction enzymes and partially sequenced to create a structural map of the genomic clones ( Figure 3). The resulting CD9 clone covered 60 kb of the gene and contained homologous sequences corresponding to the human CD9 gene exons 1 to ethasons 6.
- Figure 3 shows the targeting strategy for the CD9 gene.
- a portion of the isolated genomic clone was deleted with a restriction enzyme, and a positive selectable marker gene (neo-po 1 yA cassette) (po 1 yA means poly A) Yes) was purchased.
- the construction of the targeting vector for CD9 involves constructing part of the second transmembrane region for mature CD9 between the ApaI and BamHI sites of exon 3 and etason4 from the fourth transmembrane region.
- the DNA fragment of about 1.3 kb was deleted, and a neo-po1yA cassette was inserted instead of the DNA fragment.
- a diphtheria toxin A fragment gene (DT) as a negative marker was inserted into the third and the end of the vector under the control of the thymidine kinase promoter (Fig. 3).
- the homology regions at the 5 'and 3' ends were approximately 4 kb and 5 kb, respectively.
- the ES cells used in the present invention are TT2 cells obtained from C57BL6 + CBA mice.
- TT 2 cells can be obtained as described in Dr. Shinichi Aizawa (Experimental Medicine Separate Volume Biomanual Series 8, Gene Targeting-Generating Mutant Mice Using ES Cells, Yodosha, 1995) .
- elect port Paule ⁇ "Deployment against ES cells, 1 0 7 cells per approximately 20 -. 25 g to introduce linearized targeting vector electronics Toro Po configuration, for example Bio - in Rad Gene Pulser
- the cells can then be transferred to ES medium (20% fetal serum serum (Sigma), mouse leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF Ezgro Amrad), sodium pyruvate (Nacalai Tesque).
- Neomycin 200 ⁇ g / m1 sigma as a selective drug in Du1becco-modified Eag1e medium (Nacalai Tester) supplemented with, non-essential amino acids (Wako) and beta-mercaptoethanol (Nacalai Tesque) Change the culture medium containing the drug every day.
- ES cells targeting the CD9 gene were implanted into fertilized embryos.
- the method of transplantation can be appropriately modified by those skilled in the art, but in this example, it was modified from the report of Origin Nanore (Nagy et al., 1993, Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8424-8428).
- a chimeric embryo was prepared by the injection method for the 8-cell stage embryo. Put ES cells between the zona pellucida and the blastomere in the 8-cell stage where compaction has not occurred in the hole on the plastic dish, and culture overnight in BBW medium or M16 medium. The formed blastocysts were transferred into the offspring of pseudopregnant female mice (Hogan et al.
- Embryos that can be used as 8-cell stage embryos in the injection method may be derived from a cross between pure lines or from a cross between pure lines. In the present invention, 1. Embryo from shaku 1 It is desirable to use 4008261.
- the mouse After maturation of an OS cell-derived embryo-derived chimeric mouse, the mouse is mated with a pure mouse female mouse, and ES cells are introduced into the germ line of the chimeric mouse by the coat color of the next-generation offspring. You can confirm that.
- ES cells derived from the agouti line (TT2) were used, the chimeric mouse of oss produced was crossed with a black C57BL6 female mouse, and It was confirmed that the ES cells were introduced into the germ line of the chimeric mouse by the color of the coat color of the offspring of the offspring of the offspring of the offspring of the offspring.
- TT2 agouti line
- mice obtained by crossing the heterozygotes were screened for the presence of homologously recombined alleles by PCR using DNA isolated from the tail. For the PCR reaction, those having SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 5 below the primers were used.
- SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 were used to detect the deleted aryl, and SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 were used to detect the wild type aryl.
- PCR reaction buffer was 50 mM Tris-HC1 (pH 8.0), 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.001% Tween 20, 0.001% the NP - 40, 5 0% Guriseronore were performed at 2 5 mM Mg S 0 4, 2mMdNTP and 1 U / ⁇ 1 polymerase (KODP 1 us Toyobo).
- the PCR cycle conditions were as follows: a reaction was performed at 94 ° C for 15 seconds, at 62 ° C for 30 seconds, and at 68 ° C for 1 minute as one cycle, and the reaction was performed for 30 cycles. As shown in Fig. 5, it was confirmed that the heterozygous (H) has both the recombined allele and the wild-type allele, and the homozygous (K) has only the recombined allele.
- PC orchid 004/008261 We also found that homozygotes were produced according to the Mendelian ratio by crossing heterozygotes.
- a region containing all of exons 3 to etason 7 and a part of etason 8, that is, a DNA fragment of about 3 kb including a portion from the second transmembrane region to the C-terminus of mature CD81 was deleted with restriction enzyme BamHI and a neo-po1yA cassette was inserted instead of the DNA fragment.
- the intron and exon information of CD81 can be found at accession number AJ251835.
- ES clones grown in the presence of neomycin were pooled and genomic DNA was isolated from them. Clones were screened by Southern blot hybridization to confirm whether homologous recombination had occurred.
- CD81 gene-deficient mice were created in the same manner as CD9. Heterozygotes were healthy and fertile in the CD81-deficient mouse pups created. Mice obtained by crossing heterozygotes were screened for PCR using homologous recombination alleles using PCR using DNA isolated from the tail. In the PCR reaction, primers having the following SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 9 were used.
- P2 5,-TCTCATGGAAAGTCTTCACCACAG-3, (SEQ ID NO: 7)
- SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 7 are wild type allyl
- SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9 are missing 2004/008261 Used to detect aryl.
- the knockout mouse of CD81 was prepared according to the method described in Non-Patent Document 1, “Maecker HT, Levy S. J Exp Med. 1997 Apr 21; 185 (8): 1505- 10. Normal lymphocyte development but delayed humoral Immune response in CD81-null mice. "and" Tsitsikov EN, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Geha RS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Sep 30; 94 (20): 10844-9. Antibody response to type II T independent antigen and reduction of Bl cells in CD81—deficient mice. ”
- a heterozygous mouse was produced for the CD9 / CD81 gene double-deficient mouse. Furthermore, by crossing male and female heterozygotes of the double deficient mouse of CD9 / CD81 gene, a mouse homozygote of double deficient mouse of CD9 / CD81 gene was produced.
- Histological examination of the proximal tibia was performed using an 8-week-old mouse.
- the tibia of 8-week-old wild-type and CD9ZCD81 double-deficient mice were fixed with 90% ethanol, and non-decalcified specimens were embedded in glycomethacrylate. A 3 mm wide section of the proximal tibia was stained with toluidine blue or TRAP.
- Figure 9 shows the results of staining with Tolusimple I and the results of staining with TRAP. 08261
- the arrowhead indicates the cortical bone, and the cortical bone was thinner in the CD9ZCD81 double-deficient mouse than in the wild type.
- osteoclasts are dark (red in actual pictures).
- the femoral shaft was analyzed by p QCT (peripheral quant itative computed tomography) analysis.
- the pQCT analysis was performed using XCTrese arsch S A (Stratectechnik) after fixing the mouse femur with 10% formalin.
- the diaphyseal contour was determined by automatic analysis using the pQCT soft-to-air algorithm. Analysis results are shown in Fig. 10 AC
- CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (WKO) mice have reduced bone mass and bone strength compared to wild-type mice, CD9-deficient (KO) mice, and CD81-deficient (KO) mice was.
- Morphometry of the proximal tibia of an 8-week-old mouse was performed.
- Calcine assay is a well-established technique used to measure osteoblastic bone formation, taking advantage of the fact that calcium is incorporated into bone during bone formation.
- FIGS. 12A and B show photographs by a fluorescence microscope and bone formation rates calculated by an Osteoplan II (Zeiss) semi-automation system.
- CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice In the CD9 / CD81 double-deficient (DKO) mouse, the distance between the two bands was smaller than that in the wild-type (wi1d) mouse, and the bone formation rate was reduced. Bone formation rate of CD 9 / CD 81 double-deficient mice was reduced to about 60% of wild type
- the CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice are mice lacking membrane proteins and exhibit a pathology similar to low-rotation osteoporosis seen in aging. This confirmed that it could be used as an animal model for low-rotation osteoporosis.
- Isolate ZP3 a gene specifically expressed in egg cells, and promote this gene.
- An Eco RV site was artificially inserted downstream of a fragment of about 6 kb containing the PC Kasumi 004 protein, and a vector was prepared in which a blunt-ended CD9 structural gene was inserted into this Eco RV site.
- Transgenic mice (TGPzp3 :: CD9) carrying this gene were created.
- mice were bred to produce mice that did not have the CD9 gene but had the Pzp3 :: CD9 gene.
- Pzp3 CD9-deficient mouse having the CD9 gene and a CD81-deficient mouse obtained by a conventional method were crossed, and both germ cells and somatic cells were newly introduced.
- Orcein staining showed rupture of elastic fibers
- PAS staining showed hyperplastic images of goblet cells (stained in red) with mucus-producing ability. (Fig. 15).
- Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from randomly selected 10-week-old CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice and wild-type mice, and MMP activity was examined by gelatin zymogram. Bronchoalveolar lavage
- Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid supernatant was collected from four randomly selected 10-week-old wild-type CD 9 / CD 8 1 double-deficient mice and concentrated 10-fold in Centricon 10. .
- the concentrate was injected into a 10% gelatin zygogram gel and electrophoresed under non-reducing conditions. After staining with Coomassie blue, destaining was performed and the gelatin dissolving activity of MMP was detected.
- the CD9 / CD81 double-deficient mice showed emphysema and hyperplasia of mucus-producing cells, and had lung lesions matching the pathological image of COPD in humans.
- osteoporosis which is associated with a high rate of COPD in COPD patients, is considered to be a disease model that reflects the pathology of COPD more faithfully than the gene-engineered mice reported so far.
- COPD model animals are also effective for screening therapeutic agents.
- a CD9 / CD81 double-deficient non-human animal which is well represented and can be used as a model animal, showing the pathology of osteoporosis and COPD, and the non-human animal as an osteoporosis model animal COPD model Methods can be provided for use as at least one of the animals.
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JP2005506852A JP4696316B2 (ja) | 2003-06-06 | 2004-06-07 | Cd9/cd81二重欠損非ヒト動物 |
DE602004018773T DE602004018773D1 (de) | 2003-06-06 | 2004-06-07 | Nicht menschliches cd9/cd81-doppelnull-tier |
EP04745835A EP1640454B1 (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2004-06-07 | Cd9/cd81 double-deficient non-human animal |
US11/293,388 US7659441B2 (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2005-12-05 | CD9/CD81 double-deficient non-human animal |
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US11/293,388 Continuation US7659441B2 (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2005-12-05 | CD9/CD81 double-deficient non-human animal |
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EP (1) | EP1640454B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4696316B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602004018773D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004108924A1 (ja) |
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Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
---|
FUNAKOSHI T, ET AL: "Expression of tetraspanins in human lung cancer cells: frequent dowregulation of CD9 and its contribution to cell motility in small cell lung cancer", ONCOGENE, vol. 22, no. 5, 6 February 2003 (2003-02-06), pages 674 - 687, XP002981743 * |
HAYASHI S-I, ET AL: "The CD9 molecule on stromal cells", LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA, vol. 38, no. 3/4, July 2000 (2000-07-01), pages 265 - 270, XP002981745 * |
See also references of EP1640454A4 * |
TAKEDA Y, ET AL.: "Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 function to prevent the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes", JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 161, no. 5, 9 June 2003 (2003-06-09), pages 945 - 956, XP002981746 * |
TANIO Y, ET AL.: "CD9 molecule expressed on stromal cells is involved in osteoclastogenesis", EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 5, May 1999 (1999-05-01), pages 853 - 859, XP002981744 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1640454A4 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
DE602004018773D1 (de) | 2009-02-12 |
US7659441B2 (en) | 2010-02-09 |
JPWO2004108924A1 (ja) | 2006-07-20 |
JP4696316B2 (ja) | 2011-06-08 |
EP1640454A1 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
EP1640454B1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
US20060288435A1 (en) | 2006-12-21 |
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