Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/0808—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. Val, Ile, Leu
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0812—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds that inhibit serine protease activity, particularly the activity of hepatitis C virus NS3-NS4A protease. As such, they act by interfering with the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus and are also useful as antiviral agents .
• the invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds either for ex vivo use or for administration to a patient suffering from HCV infection.
• the invention also relates to processes for preparing the compounds and methods of treating an HCV infection in a patient by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention.
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• the NS proteins are derived by proteolytic cleavage of the polyprotein [R. Bartenschlager et . al . , "Nonstructural Protein 3 of the Hepatitis C Virus Encodes a Serine-Type Proteinase Required for Cleavage at the NS3/4 and NS4/5 Junctions," J . Virol . , 67, pp. 3835-3844 (1993); A. Grakoui et . al . , "Characterization of the Hepatitis C Virus-Encoded Serine Proteinase: Determination of Proteinase-Dependent Polyprotein Cleavage Sites," J. Virol . , 67, pp.
• the HCV NS protein 3 contains a serine protease activity that helps process the majority of the viral enzymes, and is thus considered essential for viral replication and infectivity. It is known that mutations in the yellow fever virus NS3 protease decrease viral infectivity [Chambers, T.J. et . al . , "Evidence that the N-terminal Domain of Nonstructural Protein NS3 From Yellow Fever Virus is a Serine Protease Responsible for Site-Specific Cleavages in the Viral Polyprotein", Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, pp. 8898-8902 (1990)].
• the first 181 amino acids of NS3 have been shown to contain the serine protease domain of NS3 that processes all four downstream sites of the HCV polyprotein [C. Lin et al . , "Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Proteinase: Trans-Cleavage Requirements and Processing Kinetics", J. Virol . , 68, pp. 8147-8157 (1994)].
• HCV NS3 serine protease and its associated cofactor, NS4A helps process all of the viral enzymes, and is thus considered essential for viral replication. This processing appears to be analogous to that carried out by the human immunodeficiency virus aspartyl protease, which is also involved in viral enzyme processing. HIV protease inhibitors, which inhibit viral protein processing, are potent antiviral agents in man, indicating that interrupting this stage of the viral life cycle results in therapeutically active agents. Consequently HCV NS3 serine protease is also an attractive target for drug discovery.
• R' is independently selected from: hydrogen- ,
• R12 is: hydrogen- , (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C6-C10)-aryl-,
• R ⁇ (C5-C10) -heteroaryl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms in each R ⁇ may be optionally replaced with S, -S(0)-, -S(0) 2 -, -0-, -N-, or -N(H)-, in a chemically stable arrangement ,- wherein R ⁇ 2 may be optionally substituted with up to 3 J substituents; Z is : hydrogen- ,
• any ring may be optionally fused to a
• R is -C(O)-, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 -, -N(R 12 )-, -0-, or a bond;
• T is:
• T (C5-C10) -heteroaryl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-; wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms in T may be replaced with S, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 -, -0-, -N-, or -N(H)-, in a chemically stable arrangement; wherein each T may be optionally substituted with up to 3 J substituents; or T is selected from -N(R 6 ) (R6 ⁇ ) and
• the invention also relates to processes for preparing the above compounds and to compositions that comprise the above compounds and the use thereof.
• Such compositions may be used to pre-treat invasive devices to be inserted into a patient, to treat biological samples, such as blood, prior to administration to a patient, and for direct administration to a patient. In each case the composition will be used to inhibit HCV replication and to lessen the risk of or the severity of HCV infection.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula I :
• each R 6 is independently: hydrogen- , (C1-C12 ) -aliphatic- , (C6-C10)-aryl-,
• R' is independently selected from: hydrogen- , (C1-C12 ) -aliphatic- ,
• R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C1-C12)- aliphatic, wherein any hydrogen may be optionally replaced with halogen; wherein any terminal carbon atom of R 5 may be optionally substituted with sulfhydryl or hydroxy; or R 5 is Ph or -CHPh and R 5 » is H, wherein said' Ph or -CH 2 Ph group may be optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from J; or Rs and R 5 > together with the atom to which they are bound may optionally form a 3- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring system wherein up to 2 ring atoms may be optionally replaced with N, NH, 0, SO, or S0 2 ; wherein said ring system has up to 2 substituents selected independently from J; R 2 , R 4 , and R are each independently: hydrogen- ,
• Ri and R 3 may be independently and optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from J;
• R 9 , Rg*, Rio, and R ⁇ 0' are each independently -X-Y-Z;
• X is a bond, -C(H)(R 6 )-, -0-, -S-, or -N(Rn)-;
• Rii is: hydrogen- , (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C6-C10)-aryl-,
• R12 is: hydrogen- , (C1-C12 ) -aliphatic- , (C6-Cl0)-aryl-,
• R ⁇ 2 may be optionally substituted with up to 3 J substituents;
• Z is: hydrogen- , (C1-C12 ) -aliphatic- ,
• Re and R 6 >, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, may optionally form a (C3-C10) -heterocyclic ring system wherein said ring system may be optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from J. Definitions
• aryl as used herein means a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring system. Phenyl is an example of a monocyclic aromatic ring system. Bicyclic aromatic ring systems include systems wherein both rings are aromatic, e.g., naphthyl, and systems wherein only one of the two rings is aromatic, e.g., tetralin. It is understood that as used herein, the term “ (C6-C10) -aryl-" includes any one of a C6, C7 , C8, C9, and CIO monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring.
• heterocyclyl as used herein means a monocyclic or bicyclic non-aromatic ring system having 1 to 3 heteroatom or heteroatom groups in each ring selected from 0, N, NH, S, SO, and S0 2 in a chemically stable arrangement.
• heterocyclyl one or both rings may contain said heteroatom or heteroatom groups.
• (C5-C10)- heterocyclyl- includes any one of a C5, C6, C7 , C8, C9, and CIO monocyclic or bicyclic non-aromatic ring system having 1 to 3 heteroatom or heteroatom groups in each ring selected from 0, N, NH, and S in a chemically stable arrangement .
• heteroaryl as used herein means a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system having 1 to 3 heteroatom or heteroatom groups in each ring selected from 0, N, NH, and S in a chemically stable arrangement.
• heteroaryl a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system having 1 to 3 heteroatom or heteroatom groups in each ring selected from 0, N, NH, and S in a chemically stable arrangement.
• - one or both rings may be aromatic
• (C5-C10) -heteroaryl- includes any one of a C5, C6, C7 , C8, C9, and CIO monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system having 1 to 3 heteroatom or heteroatom groups in each ring selected from 0, N, NH, and S in a chemically stable arrangement.
• aliphatic as used herein means a straight chained or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl. It is understood that as used herein, the term “(C1-C12)- aliphatic-” includes any one of a Cl, C2 , C3 , C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, CIO, Cll, and C12 straight or branched alkyl chain of carbon atoms. It is also understood that alkenyl or alkynyl embodiments need at least two carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain.
• cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl refers to a monocyclic or fused or bridged bicyclic carbocyclic ring system that is not aromatic. Cycloalkenyl rings have one or more units of unsaturation. It is also understood that as used herein, the term “ (C3-C10) -cycloalkyl- or -cycloalkenyl-” includes any one of a C3, C4, C5 , C6, C7, C8, C9, and CIO monocyclic or fused or bridged bicyclic carbocyclic ring.
• Preferred cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, nornbornyl, adamantyl and decalin-yl.
• chemically stable arrangement refers to a compound structure that renders the compound sufficiently stable to allow manufacture and administration to a mammal by methods known in the art. Typically, such compounds are stable at a temperature of 40°C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive condition, for at least a week.
• Rg, Rio, and Rio- X and Y are both a bond and Z is hydrogen; and in Rg ⁇ ;
• X is a bond
• Y is a bond, -CH 2 -, or -C(O)-;
• Z is (C1-C12) -aliphatic-
• Z is (C1-C12) -aliphatic-
• Z is (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, (C3-C10) -cycloalkyl- or -cycloalkenyl-, [ (C3-C10) -cycloalkyl or -cycloalkenyl] - (C1-C12 ) - aliphatic-, or
• R 9 ⁇ is (C6-C10) -aryl- (C1-C12) aliphatic-, wherein up to three aliphatic carbon atoms in Z may be optionally replaced with S, -S(0)-, -S(0) 2 -, -0-, -N-, or -N(H)-, in a chemically stable arrangement; wherein Z may be independently and optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from J.
• R 9 ⁇ is
• Rg- is N-[0022] According to another embodiment, Rg- is N-[0022]
• Rg- is ethyl
• X is a bond
• Y is -C(0)-
• Z is (C1-C12) -aliphatic-, or
• Z is -0- (C1-C6) -aliphatic or -N(R') 2 , wherein the two R' groups bound to the nitrogen atom may optionally form a 3- to 7- membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring system wherein up to 3 ring atoms may be optionally replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from N, NH, 0, S, SO, and S0 2/ wherein said ring system may be optionally fused to a (C6-C10) aryl, (C5-C10) heteroaryl, (C3- C10) cycloalkyl, or a (C3-C10) heterocyclyl, wherein any ring has up to 3 substituents selected independently from J.
• Z is -N(R') 2 , wherein the two R' groups bound to the nitrogen atom may optionally form a 3- to 7- membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring system wherein up to 3 ring atoms may be optionally replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from N, NH, 0, S, SO, and S0 2 , wherein said ring system may be optionally fused to a (C6-C10) aryl, (C5-C10) heteroaryl, (C3- C10) cycloalkyl, or a (C3-C10) heterocyclyl, wherein any ring has up to 3 substituents selected independently from J.
• X and Y are both a bond and Z is hydrogen; and in each of Rg- and Rio- independently, X is a bond;
• Z is (C1-C12) -aliphatic-
• Z in each of Rg ⁇ and Rio- independently is (C1-C12 ) -aliphatic-, (C5-C10) -heteroaryl-, or (C5-C10) -heteroaryl- (C1-C12) -aliphatic-; wherein up to three aliphatic carbon atoms in Z may be optionally replaced with S, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 -, -O- , -N-, or -N(H)-, in a chemically stable arrangement; wherein any ring may be optionally fused to a (C6-C10)aryl, (C5-C10) heteroaryl, (C3-C10) cycloalkyl, or (C3-C10) heterocyclyl; wherein Z may be independently and optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from J. [0028] According to another embodiment, Z in each of Rg ⁇ and Rio- independently, is (C1-C12 ) -aliphatic
• the NRsR 6 is selected from -NH- (C1-C6 aliphatic), -NH-(C3-C6 cycloalkyl), -NH-CH (CH 3 ) -aryl, or -NH-CH (CH 3 ) -heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen .
• the R 6 R6 is:
• the NRgR ⁇ is:
• the ReR ⁇ is :
• the NR 6 R 6 is:
• the NR ⁇ R ⁇ in the W radical is:
• the NR ⁇ R ⁇ in the W radical is :
• the NR 6 R ⁇ is:
• W in compounds of formula I is:
• each Rs together with the boron atom is a (C5-CIO) -membered heterocyclic ring having no additional heteroatoms other than the boron and the two oxygen atoms .
• W is:
• R' is (C1-C6) -aliphatic .
• R' is methyl.
• R 5 > is hydrogen and R 5 is:
• R 5 . and R 5 is:
• R , R 4 , and R are each independently H, methyl , ethyl , or propyl .
• R 2 , R 4 , and R are each hydrogen.
• R 3 is:
• R 3 is:
• R 3 is
• Ri is:
• Ri is:
• Ri is isopropyl or cyclohexyl.
• R ⁇ , Re- , R 7 , and R 1 are as defined in any of the embodiments herein .
• R 6 is :
• R 1 2 is as defined in any of the embodiments herein.
• R 6 is :
• R ⁇ may be optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from J;
• R 12 is as defined in any of the embodiments herein.
• the radical is:
• Ri2 0 radical is :
• V is -C(0)- and R is a bond.
• V is -C(0)-
• R is a bond
• T is :
• T is (C3-C10) -heterocyclyl- or (C5-C10)heteroaryl- ; wherein each T is optionally substituted with up to 3 J substituents.
• T is (C5-C6) heterocyclyl- or (C5-C6) heteroaryl- ; wherein each T is optionally substituted with up to 3 J substituents.
• T is:
• T is:
• this invention does not include the following compounds:
• this invention does not include the following compounds wherein :
• V is -C(0)-
• R is a bond
• T is the (C5-C10) -heteroaryl
• this invention does not include compounds wherein:
• V is -C(O)-
• R is a bond
• T is 3-acetyl-4, 5-dimethyl-lH-pyrrole (e.g., compounds of formula II ' ' at page 85 of WO 03/087092).
• this invention does not include compounds wherein T is a C5-heteroaryl
• this invention does not include compounds wherein T is an optionally substituted pyrrole group (e.g., compounds of formula II at page 22 of WO 03/087092) .
• this invention does not include compounds wherein:
• V is -C(0)-, -S(0)-, or -S(0) 2 -; R is a bond; and
• T is:
• R 14 is -H, -S(0)R' , -S(0) 2 R' , -C(0)R' , -C(0)OR' , -C(0)N(R' ) 2 , -N(R' )C(0)R' , -N(COR' ) COR' , -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -S0 3 R' , -C(0)C(0)R' , -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R' , -C(S)R' , -C(S)N(R' ) 2 , -(CH 2 )o- 2 NHC(0)R' , -N(R' )N(R' )C0R' , -N(R' )N(R* ) C (0) OR' , -N(R' )N(R' )CON(R' ) 2 , -N(R' )S0 2 R' , -N (R' )
• Ri 5 and Ri ⁇ are independently halogen, -OR' , -OC(0)N(R' ) 2 , -N0 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -R' , oxo, 1,2- methylenedioxy, 1, 2-ethylenedioxy, -N(R' ) 2 , -SR' , -SOR' , -S0 2 R' , -S0 2 N(R' ) 2 , -S0 3 R' , -C(0)R' , -C(0)C(0)R' , -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R' , -C(S)R' , -C(0)OR' , -OC(0)R' , -C(0)N(R' ) 2 , -OC(0)N(R' ) 2 , -C(S)N(R' ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) 0 - 2 NHC(O)R'
• Rig is -OR', -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -R', -N(R') 2 , -SR', -C(0)R', -COOR', -CON(R') 2 , -N(R')C0R', or -N (COR' ) COR' ; wherein two R' groups together with the atoms to which they are bound form a 3- to 10-membered aromatic or non- aromatic ring having up to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, NH, 0, S, SO, or S0 , wherein the ring is optionally fused to a (C6-C10) aryl, (C5-C10) eteroaryl, (C3-C10) cycloalkyl, or a (C3-C10) eterocyclyl, and wherein any ring has up to 3 substituents selected independently from J ; or each R' is independently selected from: hydrogen- ,
• J 2 is halogen, -OR', -OC (O)N(R' ) 2 , -N0 2 , -CN, -CF 3 , -0CF 3 , -R' , oxo, thioxo, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, -N(R') 2 , -SR', -SOR', -S0 2 R', -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -S0 3 R' , -C(0)R', -C(0)C(0)R', -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R' , -C(S)R', -C(0)OR', -0C(0)R', -C(0)N(R') 2 , -0C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(S)N(R') 2 , - (CH 2 ) 0 - 2 NHC (0) R' , -N(R' )N(R' )C0R
• the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and thus may occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention.
• Each stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration.
• the compounds of this invention have the structure and stereochemistry depicted in compounds 1-77.
• TEMPO 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy, free radical
• PyBOP tris (pyrrolidino) bromophosphonium hexafluorophosphate TBTU or HATU: 2- (lH-benzotriazole-1-yl) -1, 1, 3 , 3- tetrameth luronium tetrafluoroborate
• DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine
• AIBN 2,2' -azobisisobutyronitrile rt or RT: room temperature
• Scheme 1-6 above provide synthetic pathways for the preparation of the compounds of this invention. Many of the starting proline derivatives may be purchased commercially from chemical suppliers known to those in the art . Intermediate Al may be prepared according to the procedure described in J " . Med. Chem . 39, p.2367 (1996) .
• Another embodiment of this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compound of formula I is present in an amount effective to decrease the viral load in a sample or in a patient, wherein said virus encodes a serine protease necessary for the viral life cycle, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention are utilized in these compositions, those salts are preferably derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
• acid salts include the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzene sulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphor sulfonate, cyclopentane-propionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl-propionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate,
• Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates
• long chain halides such
• compositions and methods of this invention may also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties.
• modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.
• compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat .
• the compositions of this invention are formulated for pharmaceutical administration to a mammal.
• the compositions of this invention are formulated for pharmaceutical administration to a human
• compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques .
• the compositions are administered orally or intravenously.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically- acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• oils such as olive oil or castor oil
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
• Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.5 and about 75 mg/kg body weight per day of the protease inhibitor compounds described herein are useful in a monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of antiviral, particularly anti-HCV mediated disease.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 5 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w) . In another embodiment, such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
• compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents
• both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 10 to 100% and in another embodiment between about 10 to 80% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers that are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried comstarch.
• aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
• compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
• suppositories may be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs .
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract may be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers .
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration.
• the compositions of this invention additionally comprise another agent, including a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor.
• cytochrome P-450 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ritonavir.
• compositions of this invention additionally comprise another anti-viral agent, including an anti-HCV agent.
• anti-viral agents include, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory agents, such as -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -interferons, pegylated derivatized interferon- compounds, and thymosin; other anti-viral agents, such as ribavirin, amantadine, and telbivudine; other inhibitors of hepatitis C proteases (NS2-NS3 inhibitors and NS3-NS4A inhibitors) ; inhibitors of other targets in the HCV life cycle, including but not limited to, helicase and polymerase inhibitors; inhibitors of internal ribosome entry; broad-spectrum viral inhibitors, such as IMPDH inhibitors (e.g., VX-497 and other IMPDH inhibitors disclosed in United States Patents 5,807,876 and 6,498,178, mycophenolic acid and derivatives thereof); inhibitors of cytochrome P-450, such as ritonavir, or combinations of any of the above.
• immunomodulatory agents
• a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the amount of active ingredients will also depend upon the particular described compound and the presence or absence and the nature of the additional anti-viral agent in the composition.
• the invention provides a method for treating a patient infected with a virus characterized by a virally encoded serine protease that is necessary for the life cycle of the virus by administering to said patient a pharmaceutically acceptable composition of this invention.
• the methods of this invention are used to treat a patient suffering from a HCV infection. Such treatment may completely eradicate the viral infection or reduce the severity thereof.
• the methods of this invention are used to treat a patient suffering from a HCV infection wherein the patient is a human being .
• the methods of this invention additionally comprise the step of administering to said patient an anti-viral agent preferably an anti- HCV agent.
• anti-viral agents include, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory agents, such as 0C-, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -interferons, pegylated derivatized interferon- compounds, and thymosin; other anti-viral agents, such as ribavirin, amantadine, and telbivudine; other inhibitors of hepatitis C proteases (NS2-NS3 inhibitors and NS3-NS4A inhibitors) ; inhibitors of other targets in the HCV life cycle, including helicase and polymerase inhibitors; inhibitors of internal ribosome entry; broad-spectrum viral inhibitors, such as IMPDH inhibitors (e.g., VX-497 and other IMPDH inhibitors disclosed in United States Patents 5,807,876 and 6,498,178, mycophenolic acid and derivatives
• IMPDH inhibitors
• Such additional agent may be administered to said patient as part of a single dosage form comprising both a compound of this invention and an additional antiviral agent.
• the additional agent may be administered separately from the compound of this invention, as part of a multiple dosage form, wherein said additional agent is administered prior to, together with or following a composition comprising a compound of this invention.
• the present invention provides a method of pre-treating a biological substance intended for administration to a patient comprising the step of contacting said biological substance with a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of this invention.
• biological substances include, but are not limited to, blood and components thereof such as plasma, platelets, subpopulations of blood cells and the like; organs such as kidney, liver, heart, lung, etc; sperm and ova; bone marrow and components thereof, and other fluids to be infused into a patient such as saline, dextrose, etc.
• the invention provides methods of treating materials that may potentially come into contact with a virus characterized by a virally encoded serine protease necessary for its life cycle.
• This method comprises the step of contacting said material with a compound according to the invention.
• materials include, but are not limited to, surgical instruments and garments (e.g. clothes, gloves, aprons, gowns, masks, eyeglasses, footwear, etc.); laboratory instruments and garments (e.g. clothes, gloves, aprons, gowns, masks, eyeglasses, footwear, etc.); blood collection apparatuses and materials; and invasive devices, such as shunts, stents, etc.
• the compounds of this invention may be used as laboratory tools to aid in the isolation of a virally encoded serine protease.
• This method comprises the steps of providing a compound of this invention attached to a solid support; contacting said solid support with a sample containing a viral serine protease under conditions that cause said protease to bind to said solid support; and eluting said serine protease from said solid support.
• the viral serine protease isolated by this method is HCV NS3-NS4A protease.
• R (min) refers to the HPLC retention time, in minutes, associated with the compound.
• the HPLC retention times listed were either obtained from the mass spec . data or using the following method:
• reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for lh and quenched with 100 mL of ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride solution (1:4). Extracted with ether and the organic phase was washed to remove all the copper salts. The ether layer was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to an oil that was subjected to flash chromatography (ether-hexanes (2:3) to provide 3.5 g (73%) of the desired intermediate olefin.
• 3-Phenyl proline 10a was hydrogenated with catalytic platinum oxide in ethanol/acetic acid/water (7/2/1) under 50 psi of hydrogen for 18 h to give 3- cyclohehyl proline quantitatively.
• Compound 12a was prepared according to benzoylation and esterification from example 1; step 3.
• Tripeptide C was prepared by the coupling of cyclopropylmethyl proline A (41 mg, 0.16 mmol) and capped dipeptide B (52 mg, 0.16 mmol) with EDC/HOAt to give 60 mg (77%) of the desired tripeptide C after chromatography (1:1 ethyl acetate-hexanes) .
• ⁇ NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 9.4 (s, IH) ; 8.8 (s, IH) ; 8.5 (s, IH) ; 8.2 (d, IH) ; 6.5 (d, IH) ; 4.6
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• RNA virus such as Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
• BVDV Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
• RNA extraction reagents such as reagents from RNeasy kits
• Total RNA was extracted according the instruction of manufacturer with modification to improve extraction efficiency and consistency.
• total cellular RNA including HCV replicon RNA, was eluted and stored at -80°C until further processing.
• a Taqman real-time RT-PCR quantification assay was set up with two sets of specific primers and probe. One was for HCV and the other was for BVDV. Total RNA extractants from treated HCV replicon cells was added to the PCR reactions for quantification of both HCV and BVDV RNA in the same PCR well. Experimental failure was flagged and rejected based on the level of BVDV RNA in each well. The level of HCV RNA in each well was calculated according to a standard curve run in the same PCR plate. The percentage of inhibition or decrease of HCV RNA level due to compound treatment was calculated using the DMSO or no compound control as 0% of inhibition. The IC 50 (concentration at which 50% inhibition of HCV RNA level is observed) was calculated from the titration curve of any given compound.
• Buffer 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.8; 20% glycerol; 100 mM NaCl
• test compound 2.5 ⁇ L was dissolved in DMSO (DMSO only for control) and added to each well. This was incubated at room temperature for 15 min.
• Solvent B HPLC grade acetonitrile + 0.1% TFA
• Table 1 depicts IC 50 data for certain compounds of the invention.
• l ⁇ M 0. l ⁇ M are designated B.
• Compounds with Ki ' s below 0. l ⁇ M are designated C.
• Compounds with ICso's ranging from l ⁇ M to >10 ⁇ M are designated A.
• Compounds with ICso's ranging from I ⁇ M to 0.5 ⁇ M are designated B.
• Compounds with ICso's below 0.5 ⁇ M are designated C.
• ND means no data.

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