Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H1/00—Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
  • C07H15/12—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to a nitrogen atom of the saccharide radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
  • C07H3/04—Disaccharides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H9/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing at least two hetero atoms with a saccharide radical
  • C07H9/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing at least two hetero atoms with a saccharide radical the hetero ring containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms
  • C07H9/04—Cyclic acetals

Definitions

• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• LPS lipopolysaccharides
• lipid A structure is highly conserved among all types of gram-negative organisms, common
• Page l of 175 pathophysiologic changes characterize gram-negative sepsis. It is also generally thought that the distinct cell wall substances of gram-positive bacteria and fungi trigger a similar cascade of events, although the structures involved are not as well studied as gram-negative endotoxin.
• endotoxin initiates septic shock, it has little or no direct toxic effect on tissues; instead, it triggers an immunobiological response leading to a cascade of release of cytokines such as tumor-necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, and other biological mediators such as nitric oxide, as well as an array of secondary mediators (e.g., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interferons, platelet-activating factor, endorphins and colony-stimulating factors).
• TNF tumor-necrosis factor
• interleukin-1 interleukin-1
• interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 interleukin-8
• other biological mediators such as nitric oxide
• secondary mediators e.g., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interferons, platelet-activating factor, endorphins and colony-stimulating factors.
• Such therapies include corticosteriod treatment, suggested to ameliorate endotoxin-mediated cell membrane injury and to reduce production of certain biological mediators; administration of antibodies designed to neutralize bacterial LPS; treatment with agents to suppress hypotension or with naloxone which apparently blocks the hypotensive effects associated with sepsis syndrome; and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, purported to block cyclooxygenases and thereby decrease the production of certain secondary mediators such as prostaglandins and thromboxane.
• none of these therapies to date has resulted in significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality resulting from sepsis and septic shock syndrome. Thus there is a long felt need for agents to affirmatively treat this disorder.
• the present invention provides a method for synthesizing LPS antagomst B1287 having the structure:
• the invention encompasses methods for synthesizing any stereoisomer of LPS antagonist B1287.
• the inventive method comprises steps of: (d) effecting glycosylation of a monosaccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting the glycosylation
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; with a monosaccharide having the structure:
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (e) deprotecting the disaccharide formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected disaccharide having the structure:
• step (f) reacting the partially deprotected disaccharide formed in step (b) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a diphosphorylated disaccharide having the structure:
• R 3a and R 3b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (g) treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions to effect formation of a disaccharide having the structure:
• step (c) the step of treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions leads to the formation of a compound having the structure: which is then purified to yield the corresponding tetra-sodium salt:
• the purification process comprises chromatographic separation and treatment with a base.
• the purification process comprises (i) ion exchange chromatography, (ii) POROS 50 R2, methanol, and (iii) treatment with aqueous NaOH.
• the saccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting a glycosylation reaction
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• R 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group; with a suitable vaccenoyl acid derivative to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (b) reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (a) with a suitable reagent to effect formation of a phosphorylated saccharide having the structure:
• R 2a and R 2 are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (c) deprotecting the phosphorylated saccharide formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an alcohol intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the alcohol intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a saccharide having the structure:
• OX-1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting a glycosylation reaction.
• R and R are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of: (a) reacting a saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6a and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6a and R 6b are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the decanyl ether formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected intermediate having the structure:
• step (c) deprotecting the amide moiety of the intermediate formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to give an amine intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (c) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having tl e structure:
• P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions to effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of: (a) reacting a saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6a and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6a and R 6 are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the amide moiety of the decanyl ether intermediate formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amine having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (b) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having the structure: wherein P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group;
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions to effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• the invention provides a method for preparing B1287 and the method comprises steps of: (a) effecting glycosylation of a monosaccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting the glycosylation
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; with a monosaccharide having the structure:
• R and R 4 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (b) deprotecting the disaccharide formed in step (a) under suitable conditions o effect formation of a partially deprotected disaccharide having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the partially deprotected disaccharide formed in step (b) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a diphosphorylated disaccharide having the structure:
• R 3a and R 3b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, ' heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (d) treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions to effect formation of a disaccharide having the structure:
• step of treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions leads to the formation of a compound having the structure:
• the purification process comprises chromatographic separation and treatment with a base.
• the purification process comprises (i) ion exchange chromatography, (ii) POROS 50 R2, methanol, and (iii) treatment with aqueous NaOH.
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• R 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group; with a suitable vaccenoyl acid derivative to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (b) reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (a) with a suitable reagent to effect formation of a phosphorylated saccharide having the structure:
• R 2a and R 2 are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (c) deprotecting the phosphorylated saccharide formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an alcohol intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the alcohol intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a saccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leavmg group for effecting a glycosylation reaction.
• tlie saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of: (a) reacting a saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6 and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6 and R 6b are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the decanyl ether formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected intermediate having the structure:
• step (c) deprotecting the amide moiety of the intermediate formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to give an amine intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (c) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having the structure:
• P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (i) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions to effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of: (a) reacting a saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R s , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6a and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6a and R 6b are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the amide moiety of the decanyl ether intermediate formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amine having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (b) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having the structure:
• P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions to effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• protecting group By the term “protecting group”, has used herein, it is meant that a particular functional moiety, e.g., O, S, or N, is temporarily blocked so that a reaction can be carried out selectively at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound.
• a protecting group reacts selectively in good yield to give a protected substrate that is stable to the projected reactions; the protecting group must be selectively removed in good yield by readily available, preferably nontoxic reagents that do not attack the other functional groups; the protecting group forms an easily separable derivative (more preferably without the generation of new stereogenic centers); and the protecting group has a minimum of additional functionality to avoid further sites of reaction.
• oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon protecting groups may be utilized.
• oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to methyl ethers, substituted methyl ethers (e.g., MOM (methoxymethyl ether), MTM (methylthiomethyl ether), BOM (benzyloxymethyl ether), PMBM (p- methoxybenzyloxymethyl ether), to name a few), substituted ethyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers (e.g., TMS (trimethylsilyl ether), TES (triethylsilylether), TIPS (triisopropylsilyl ether), TBDMS (t-butyldimethylsilyl ether), tribenzyl silyl ether, TBDPS (t-butyldiphenyl silyl ether)), esters (e.g., formate, acetate, benzoate (Bz), trifluoroacetate, dichloride (CH-methyl ether), methylthiomethyl ether), BOM (benzy
• nitrogen protecting groups are utilized. These nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamates (including methyl, ethyl and substituted ethyl carbamates (e.g., Troc), to name a few) amides, cyclic i ide derivatives, N- Alkyl and N-Aryl amines, imine derivatives, and enamine derivatives, to name a few. Certain other exemplary protecting groups are detailed herein, however, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not . intended to be limited to these protecting groups; rather, a variety of additional equivalent protecting groups can be readily identified using the above criteria and utilized in the present invention.
• silyl protecting group refers to any silicon- containing oxygen protecting group.
• a silyl protecting group is one that forms a silyl ether upon reaction with the hydroxyl group that it is meant to protect.
• Silyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, heteroalkyldiarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, dialkylheteroarylsilyl, alkyldiheteroarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, triheteroarylsilyl protecting groups. See, for example, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” Third Ed. Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 1999, pp. 113-148.
• the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties.
• substituted whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
• the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
• substituted is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds.
• heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms.
• this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by 'this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds.
• stable as used herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.
• aliphatic includes both saturated and unsaturated, straight chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups.
• aliphatic is intended herein to include, but is not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl moieties.
• alkyl includes straight and branched alkyl groups.
• alkyl b6 alkenyl
• alkynyl encompass both substituted and unsubstituted groups.
• lower alkyl is used to indicate those alkyl groups (cyclic, acyclic, substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched) having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In certain other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-4 carbon atoms.
• Illustrative aliphatic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, allyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl, moieties and the like, which again, may bear one or more substituents.
• Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l-yl, and the like.
• Representative alkynyl groups include, but are' not limited to, ethynyl, 2-propynyl (propargy 1 ), 1 -propynyl and the like.
• alicyclic refers to compounds which combine the properties of aliphatic and cyclic compounds! and include but are not limited to cyclic, or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons and bridged cycloalkyl compounds, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups.
• alicyclic is intended herein to include, but is not limited to, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups.
• Illustrative alicyclic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, cyclopropyl, -CH 2 - cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, -CH -cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, -CHa-cyclopentyl-n, cyclohexyl, -CH -cyclohexyl, cyclohexenylethyl, cyclohexanylethyl, norborbyl moieties and the like, which again, may bear one or more substituents.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety tlirough an oxygen atom or through a sulfur atom.
• the alkyl or cycloalkyl group contains 1-20 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms.
• the alkyl or cycloalkyl group contains 1-10 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms.
• the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group contains 1-6 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl group contains 1-4 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms.
• alkoxy include but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, neopentoxy and n-hexoxy.
• thioalkyl include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, and the like.
• alkylamino refers to a group having the structure - NHR'wherein R' is alkyl or cycloalkyl, as defined herein.
• dialkylamino refers to a group having the structure -N(R') 2 , wherein each occurrence of R' is independently alkyl or cycloalkyl, as defined herein.
• aminoalkyi refers to a group having the structure NH 2 R'-, wherein R' is alkyl or cycloalkyl, as defined herein.
• the alkyl group contains 1-20 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms.
• the alkyl or cycloalkyl group contains 1-10 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl or cycloalkyl group contains 1-6 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl or cycloalkyl group contains 1-4 aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atoms. Examples of alkylamino include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, iso- propylamino and the like.
• substituents of the above-described aliphatic (and other) moieties of compounds disclosed in the present invention include, but are not limited to aliphatic; alicyclic; heteroaliphatic; heteroalicyclic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminoalkyi, aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; CI; Br; I; -OH; -1I0 2 ; -CIT; -CF 3 ; -CH 2 CF 3 ; -CHC1 2 ; -CH 2 OH; -CH 2 CH 2 OH; - CH2NH2; -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 ; -C(O)R x ; -CQ 2 (R X ); -CON(R x ;
• aryl and heteroaryl refer to stable mono- or polycyclic, heterocyclic, polycyclic, and polyheterocyclic unsaturated moieties having preferably 3-14 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. It will also be appreciated that aryl and heteroaryl moieties, as defined herein may be attached via.
• an alkyl or heteroalkyl moiety and thus also include -(alkyl)aryl, -(heteroalky ⁇ )aryl, -(heteroalkyl)aryl, and - (heteroalkyl)heteroaryl moieties.
• aryl or heteroaryl and “aryl, heteroaryl, -(alkyl)aryl, -(heteroalkyl)aryl, -(heteroalkyl)aryl, and -(heteroalkyl)heteroaryl” are interchangeable.
• Substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the previously ' mentioned substitutents, i.e., the substituents recited for aliphatic moieties, or for other moieties as disclosed herein, resulting in the formation of a stable compound.
• aryl refers to a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or two aromatic rings including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.
• heteroaryl refers to a cyclic aromatic radical having from five to ten ring atoms of which one ring atom is selected from S, O and N; zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, the radical being joined to the rest of the molecule via any of the ring atoms, such as, for example, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiasolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and the like.
• aryl and heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, wherein substitution includes replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon independently with any one or more of the following moieties including, but not limited to: aliphatic; alicyclic; heteroaliphatic; heteroalicyclic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; CI; Br; I; -OH; -NO 2 ; -CN; -CF 3 ; -CH 2 CF 3 ; -CHC1 2 ; -CH 2 OH; - CH 2 CH 2 OH; -CH 2 NH 2 ; -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 ; -C(O)R x ; -
• any two adjacent groups taken together may represent a 4, 5, 6, or 7-membered, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic or heteroalicyclic moiety. Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that are described herein.
• cycloalkyl refers specifically to groups having three to seven, preferably three to ten carbon atoms. Suitable cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like, which, as in the case of other alicyclic, heteroalicyclic or heterocyclic moieties, may optionally be substituted with substituents including, but not limited to aliphatic; alicyclic; heteroaliphatic; heteroalicyclic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; CI; Br; I; -OH; -NO 2 ; -CN; -CF 3 ; - CH 2
• heteroaliphatic refers to aliphatic moieties in which one or more carbon atoms in the main chain have been substituted with a heteroatom.
• heteroaliphatic group refers to an aliphatic chain which contains one or more oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus or silicon atoms, e.g., in place of carbon atoms.
• Heteroaliphatic moieties may be branched or linear unbranched.
• heteroaliphatic moieties are substituted by independent replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with one or more moieties including, but not limited to aliphatic; alicyclic; heteroaliphatic; heteroalicyclic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; CI; Br; I; -OH; -NO 2 ; -CN; -CF 3 ; -CH 2 CF 3 ; -CHC1 2 ; -CH 2 OH; -CH 2 CH 2 OH; - CH 2 NH 2 ; -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 ; -C(O)R x ; -CO 2 (R x ); -CON(R x ) 2 ; -OC(O)R x ; ;
• heteroalicyclic refers to compounds which combine the properties of heteroaliphatic and cyclic compounds and include but are not limited to saturated and unsaturated mono- or polycyclic heterocycles such as morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, furanyl, thiofuranyl, pyrrolyl etc., which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups, as defined herein.
• any of the alicyclic or heteroalicyclic moieties described above and herein may comprise an aryl or heteroaryl moiety fused thereto.
• haloalkyl denotes an alkyl group, as defined above, having one, two, or three halogen atoms attached thereto and is exemplified by such groups as chloromethyl, bromoethyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic 5-, 6- or 7- membered ring or a polycyclic group, including, but not limited to a bi- or tri-cyclic group comprising fused six-membered rings having between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, wherein (i) each 5-membered ring has 0 to 1 double bonds and each 6- membered ring has 0 to 2 double bonds, (ii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally be oxidized, (iii) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, and (iv) any of the above heterocyclic rings may be fused to a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl ring.
• heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrah3 rofuryl.
• a "substituted heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle” group refers to a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle group, as defined above, substituted by the independent replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with but are not limited to aliphatic; alicyclic; heteroaliphatic; heteroalicyclic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; CI; Br; I; - OH; -NO 2 ; -CN; -CF 3 ; -CH 2 CF 3 ; -CHC1 2 ; -CH OH; -CH 2 CH 2 OH; - CH 2 NH 2 ; -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 ; -C(O)R x ;
• heterocycloalkyl encompass substituted and unsubstituted, and saturated and unsaturated groups. Additionally, the terms “cycloalkyl”, “cycloalkenyl”, “cycloalkynyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”,
• heterocycloalkenyl encompass both substituted and unsubstituted groups.
• B1287 contains asymmetric carbon atoms and hence can exist as stereoisomers, both enantiomers and diastereomers.
• inventive method may be adapted to the preparation of any of all possible stereoisomers of B1287. While the examples provided herein disclose the preparation of a particular isomer, methods for preparing other stereoisomers of B1287 are considered to fall within the scope of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a method for synthesizing LPS antagonist B1287 having the structure:
• B1287 is a potent LPS antagonist, and thus the compound is useful for the prophylactic and affirmative treatment of any LPS-mediated disorder.
• LPS-mediated disorders include, but are not limited to, sepsis, septicemia (including but not limited to endotoxemia), endotoxemia resulting from gram negative bacteremia (with its accompanying symptoms of fever, generalized inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hepatocellular destruction and/or cardiac failure) and various forms of septic shock (including but not limited to endotoxic shock).
• septicemia including but not limited to endotoxemia
• endotoxemia resulting from gram negative bacteremia with its accompanying symptoms of fever, generalized inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hepatocellular destruction and/or cardiac failure
• ARDS adult respiratory distress
• the title compound may be useful in the prophylactic or affirmative treatment of localized or systemic inflammatory response to infection by different types of organisms, including gram negative bacteria, and in diseases related to translocation of gram negative bacteria or endotoxin from the gut. Together these disorders are termed systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS (For a discussion of these terms, see Bone, et al, Chest 1992; 101: 1644-55).
• SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome
• the invention encompasses methods for synthesizing any stereoisomer of LPS antagonist B1287.
• the inventive method comprises steps of: (a) effecting glycosylation of a monosaccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting the glycosylation
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; with a monosaccharide having the structure:
• R ⁇ 3 a .)-. «nd- R are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (b) deprotecting the disaccharide formed in step (a) under suitable conditions o effect formation of a partially deprotected disaccharide having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the partially deprotected disaccharide formed in step (b) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a diphosphorylated disaccharide having the structure:
• R 3a and R 3b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (d) treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions to effect formation of a disaccharide having the structure:
• step (c) the step of treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions leads to the formation of a compound having the structure:
• R 1A is hydrogen and R X1B is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl.
• R X1A is hydrogen and R X1B is - CX 3 , wherein X represents a halogen atom.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise an organic sulfonic acid and a suitable solvent.
• the organic sulfonic acid is an alkanesulfonic acid.
• the alkyl sulfonic acid is MeSO 3 H or EtSO 3 H.
• the solvent is an apolar solvent.
• the apolar solvent is toluene, hexane or combination thereof.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise zinc triflate (Zn(OTf) 2 ) and a suitable solvent.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise zinc triflate (Zn(OTf) 2 ) and methylene chloride.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise silver triflate (AgOTf) and a suitable solvent.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise silver triflate (AgOTf) and methylene chloride.
• reaction conditions used in deprotection step are identical to the reaction conditions used in deprotection step
• (b) comprise a strong acid in a suitable solvent.
• the strong acid is HF and the solvent is acetonitrile.
• R is a moiety having the structure:
• reaction conditions of deprotection step (b) comprise a strong acid in a suitable solvent.
• the strong acid is HF and the solvent is acetonitrile.
• the reagent in step (c) is a phosphorylating agent.
• the recation conditions in step (c) comprise bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine and an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is Oxone.
• R 2a , R 2b , R 3a and R 3b are each independently a substituted or unsusbtituted alkenyl moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 2a , R 2b , R 3a and R 3b are each allyl.
• heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, heteroaliphatic, heteroalicyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, -C( O)R A or-ZR A , wherein Z is - O-, -S-, -NR B , wherein each occurrence of R A and R B is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, heteroaliphatic, heteroalicyclic, aryl or heteroaryl moiety.
• R ?£ is allyl
• the treating conditions in step (d) further comprise triphenyl phosphine and acetic acid.
• the purification process comprises (i) ion exchange chromatography, (ii) POROS 50 R2, methanol, and (iii) treatment with aqueous NaOH.
• the saccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting a glycosylation reaction
• R 2 and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• R 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group; with a suitable vaccenoyl acid derivative to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (b) reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (a) with a suitable reagent to effect formation of a phosphorylated saccharide having the structure:
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (c) deprotecting the phosphorylated saccharide formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an alcohol intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the alcohol intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a saccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting a glycosylation reaction.
• the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is a vaccenoyl chloride. In certain exemplary embodiments, the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is ⁇ -l l-cis- vaccenoyl chloride. In certain other exemplary embodiments, the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is a vaccenoyl chloride and the reaction conditions for reacting the amine with the vaccenoyl acid derivative in step (a) comprise a weak base.
• the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is ⁇ -ll-cis- accenoyl chloride and the reaction conditions for reacting the amine with the vaccenoyl acid derivative in step (a) comprise a weak base.
• the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is ⁇ -l l-cis- vaccenoyl chloride.
• the weak base is aqueous NaHCO 3 . In certain other exemplary embodiments, the weak base is aqueous K 2 CO 3 .
• the reagent in step (b) is a phosphorylating agent.
• the reaction conditions in step (b) comprise bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine and an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is Oxone.
• the reaction conditions in step (b) further comprise tetrazole.
• the reaction conditions in step (b) comprise bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine (DPP), pyridinium trifluoroacetate and an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
• R 3a , R 3b , R 3a and R 3b are each independently a substituted or unsusbtituted alkenyl moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 3a , R 3b , R 3 and R 3b are each allyl.
• R 1 is a moiety having the structure: r ⁇
• the deprotection reaction in step (c) comprise strongly acidic conditions.
• the deprotection conditions in step (c) comprise HCl in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is THF or acetonitrile.
• the step of reacting the alcohol intermediate in step (d) comprises reacting the alcohol intermediate with a moiety having the structure R X1B CN in the presence of a weak base.
• R and R are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of: (a) reacting a saccharide having the structure:
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6 and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6a and R 6b are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the decanyl ether formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected intermediate having the structure:
• step (c) deprotecting the amide moiety of the intermediate formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to give an amine intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (c) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having the structure:
• P is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions o effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• R 4 and R 5 taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3 -dioxane moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a 2,2-dimethyl- 1 ,3 -dioxane moiety.
• the decanyl derivative used in step (a) is a moiety having the structure CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 SO 2 R x , wherein R x is alkyl or aryl.
• R x is methyl and the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate.
• the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate and the step of reacting the saccharide in step (a) comprises reacting the saccharide with NaH in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is THF/NMP.
• the step of deprotecting the decanyl derivative in step (b) comprises subjecting the decanyl derivative to acidic conditions.
• the step of deprotecting the decanyl derivative in step (b) comprises reacting the decanyl derivative with AcOH in H 2 O.
• R 6a is hydrogen
• the step of deprotecting the amide moiety in step (c) comprises deprotecting the amide moiety in the presence of tBuOK in a suitable solvent, followed by treatment with KOH.
• the solvent is DMSO.
• 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid derivative in step (d) is 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid itself and the reaction conditions comprise reacting the amine intermediate with 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid in the presence of EDC in NMP.
• P is a silyl protecting group.
• P 1 is a trialkylsilyl protecting group.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of selectively protecting the amide intermediate in step (e) comprises reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) with tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMSC1) in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent.
• TDMSC1 tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride
• the base is imidazole and the solvent is DMF.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the saccharide having the structure: with HOAc in a suitable solvent system.
• the solvent system is z ' PrOH/H 2 O.
• P 1 is tert- Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with HF in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is methylene chloride.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with a tetraalkylammonium reagent under fluoride catalysis.
• the tetraalkylammonium reagent is tetra-iV-butyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF).
• the reagent used in step (f) to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises a combination of triphosgene and allyl alcohol.
• the step of reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) to form the carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises (i) reacting the protected intermediate with triphosgene in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent, and (ii) trapping the phosgene adduct formed in situ with allyl alcohol under suitable conditions.
• the base is pyridine and the solvent is toluene.
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6a and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6a and R 6 are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the amide moiety of the decanyl ether intermediate formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amine having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (b) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected amide intermediate having the structure:
• P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions to effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• R 4 and R 5 taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-dioxane moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a 2,2-dimethyl- 1,3 -dioxane moiety.
• the decanyl derivative used in step (a) is a moiety having the structure CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 SO 2 R x 5 wherein R x is alkyl or aryl.
• R x is methyl and the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate.
• the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate and the step of reacting the saccharide in step (a) comprises reacting the saccharide with NaH in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is THF NMP.
• R 6a is hydrogen
• the step of deprotecting the amide moiety of the decanyl ether in step (b) comprises deprotecting the amide moiety in the presence of tBuOK in a suitable solvent, followed by treatment with KOH.
• the solvent is DMSO.
• 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid derivative in step (c) is 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid itself and the reaction conditions comprise reacting the amine intermediate with 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid in the presence of EDC in NMP.
• the step of deprotecting the intermediate in step (d) comprises subjecting the intermediate to acidic conditions.
• the step of deprotecting the intermediate in step (d) comprises reacting the decanyl derivative with AcOH in H 2 O.
• P 1 is a silyl protecting group. In certain exemplary embodiments, P 1 is a trialkylsilyl protecting group. In certain exemplary embodiments, P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of selectively protecting the amide intermediate in step (e) comprises reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) with tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS CI) in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent; In certain exemplary embodiments, the base is imidazole and the solvent is DMF.
• TDMS tert-Butyldimethylsilyl
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the saccharide having the structure:
• the solvent system is PrOH/H 2 O.
• P 1 is tert- Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with HF in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is methylene chloride.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with a tetraalkylammonium reagent under fluoride catalysis.
• the tetraalkylammonium reagent is tetra-JV-butyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF).
• the reagent used in step (f) to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises a combination of triphosgene and allyl alcohol.
• the step of reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) to form the carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises (i) reacting the protected intermediate with triphosgene in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent, and (ii) trapping the phosgene adduct formed in situ with allyl alcohol under suitable conditions.
• the base is pyridine and the solvent is toluene.
• the invention provides a method for preparing
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting the glycosylation
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; with a monosaccharide having the structure: wherein R >3 and R are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group;
• step (b) deprotecting the disaccharide formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected disaccharide having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the partially deprotected disaccharide formed in step (b) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a diphosphorylated disaccharide having the structure:
• R 3a and R 3b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (e) treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions to effect formation of a disaccharide having the structure:
• step of treating the diphosphorylated disaccharide formed in step (c) with one or more suitable reagents under suitable conditions leads to the formation of a compound having the structure:
• R ,X1A and R »X X 1 1 B B are each independently hydrogen or an aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heteroalicyclic, aryl or heteroaryl moiety.
• R X1A is hydrogen and R X1B is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl.
• R X1A is hydrogen and R X1B is - CX 3 , wherein X represents a halogen atom.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise an organic sulfonic acid and a suitable solvent.
• the organic sulfonic acid is an alkanesulfonic acid.
• the alkyl sulfonic acid is MeSO 3 H or EtSO 3 H.
• the solvent is an apolar solvent.
• the apolar solvent is toluene, hexane or combination thereof.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise zinc triflate (Zn(OTf) ) and a suitable solvent.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise zinc triflate (Zn(OTf) 2 ) and methylene chloride.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise silver triflate (AgOTf) and a suitable solvent.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise silver triflate (AgOTf) and methylene chloride.
• reaction conditions used in deprotection step are identical to the reaction conditions used in deprotection step
• (b) comprise a strong acid in a suitable solvent.
• the strong acid is HF and the solvent is acetonitrile.
• R is a moiety having the structure:
• reaction conditions of deprotection step (b) comprise a strong acid in a suitable solvent.
• the strong acid is HF and the solvent is acetonitrile.
• the reagent in step (c) is a phosphorylating agent.
• the recation conditions in step (c) comprise bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine and an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is Oxone.
• R 2a , R 2b , R 3a and R 3 are each independently a substituted or unsusbtiruted alkenyl moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 2a , R 2b , R 3a and R 3b are each allyl.
• R x is allyl
• the treating conditions in step (d) further comprise triphenyl phosphine and acetic acid.
• the purification process comprises (i) ion exchange chromatography, (ii) POROS 50 R2, methanol, and (iii) treatment with aqueous NaOH.
• the saccharide having the structure:
• OX represents a suitable leaving group for effecting a glycosylation reaction
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• R 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group; with a suitable vaccenoyl acid derivative to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (b) reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (a) with a suitable reagent to effect formation of a phosphorylated saccharide having the structure:
• R 2a and R 2b are each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
• step (c) deprotecting the phosphorylated saccharide formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an alcohol intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) reacting the alcohol intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a saccharide having the structure:
• OX 1 represents a suitable leaving group for effecting a glycosylation reaction.
• the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is a vaccenoyl chloride. In certain exemplary embodiments, the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is ⁇ -l l-cis- vaccenoyl chloride. In certain other exemplary embodiments, the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is a vaccenoyl chloride and the reaction conditions for reacting the amine with the vaccenoyl acid derivative in step (a) comprise a weak base.
• the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is ⁇ -l l-cis- vaccenoyl chloride and the reaction conditions for reacting the amine with the vaccenoyl acid derivative in step (a) comprise a weak base.
• the vaccenoyl acid derivative of step (a) is ⁇ -11-cis-vaccenoyl chloride.
• the weak base is aqueous NaHCO 3 . In certain other exemplar ⁇ ' embodiments, the weak base is aqueous K CO 3 .
• the reagent in step (b) is a phosphorylating agent.
• the reaction conditions in step (b) comprise bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine and an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is Oxone.
• the reaction conditions in step (b) further comprise tetrazole.
• the reaction conditions in step (b) comprise bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine (DPP), pyridinium trifluoroacetate and an oxidizing agent.
• the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
• R 3a , R 3b , R 3a and R 3b are each independently a substituted or unsusbtituted alkenyl moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 3a , R 3b , R 3a and R 3b are each allyl.
• R 1 is a moiety having the structure: and the deprotection reaction in step (c) comprise strongly acidic conditions.
• the deprotection conditions in step (c) comprise HCl in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is THF or acetonitrile.
• the step of reacting the alcohol intermediate in step (d) comprises reacting the alcohol intermediate with a moiety having the structure R X1B CN in the presence of a weak base.
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of:
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6a and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R 6a and R 6b are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the decanyl ether formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected intermediate having the structure:
• step (c) deprotecting the amide moiety of the intermediate formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to give an amine intermediate having tlie structure:
• step (d) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (c) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having the structure:
• P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions o effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• R 4 and R 5 taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-dioxane moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a 2,2-dimethyl- 1 ,3 -dioxane moiety.
• the decanyl derivative used in step (a) is a moiety having the structure CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 SQ 2 R X , wherein R x is alkyl or aryl.
• R x is methyl and the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate.
• the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate and the step of reacting the saccharide in step (a) comprises reacting the saccharide with NaH in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is THF/NMP.
• the step of deprotecting the decanyl derivative in step (b) comprises subjecting the decanyl derivative to acidic conditions.
• the step of deprotecting the decanyl derivative in step (b) comprises reacting the decanyl derivative with AcOH in H 2 O.
• R 6a is hydrogen
• the step of deprotecting the amide moiety in step (c) comprises deprotecting the amide moiety in the presence of tBuOK in a suitable solvent, followed by treatment with KOH.
• the solvent is DMSO.
• 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid derivative in step (d) is 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid itself and the reaction conditions comprise reacting the amine intermediate with 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid in the presence of EDC in NMP.
• P 1 is a silyl protecting group. In certain exemplary embodiments, P 1 is a trialkylsilyl protecting group. In certain exemplary embodiments, P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of selectively protecting the amide intermediate in step (e) comprises reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) with tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMSC1) in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent. In certain exemplary embodiments, the base is imidazole and the solvent is DMF.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the saccharide having the structure:
• the solvent system is iPrOH/H 2 O.
• P 1 is tert- Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with HF in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is methylene chloride.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with a tetraalkylammonium reagent under fluoride catalysis.
• the tetraalkylammonium reagent is tetra-N-butyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF).
• the reagent used in step (f) to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises a combination of triphosgene and allyl alcohol.
• the step of reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) to form the carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises (i) reacting the protected intermediate with triphosgene in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent, and (ii) trapping the phosgene adduct formed in situ with allyl alcohol under suitable conditions.
• the base is pyridine and the solvent is toluene.
• the saccharide having the structure: wherein R 3 and R are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; is prepared by a process comprising steps of: (a) reacting a saccharide having the structure:
• R , R and R are each independently a suitable oxygen protecting group; wherein R 4 and R 5 , taken together, may form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R 6a and R 6b are each independently hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, or R 6a and R 6b , taken together, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein R a and R are not simultaneously hydrogen;
• step (b) deprotecting the amide moiety of the decanyl ether intermediate formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amine having the structure:
• step (c) reacting the amine intermediate formed in step (b) with a suitable 3-Oxo- tetradecanoic acid derivative under suitable conditions to effect formation of an amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (d) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (c) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a partially deprotected amide intermediate having the structure:
• step (e) selectively protecting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) under suitable conditions to effect formation of a protected intermediate having the structure:
• P 1 is a suitable oxygen protecting group
• step (f) reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) with a suitable reagent under suitable conditions to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate having the structure:
• step (g) deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) under suitable conditions to effect formation of the saccharide having the structure:
• R 4 and R 5 taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-dioxane moiety. In certain exemplary embodiments, R 4 and R 5 , taken together, form a 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxane moiety.
• the decanyl derivative used in step (a) is a moiety having the structure CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 SO 2 R x , wherein R x is alkyl or aryl.
• R x is methyl and the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate.
• the decanyl derivative is decanyl mesylate and the step of reacting the saccharide in step (a) comprises reacting the saccharide with NaH in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is THF/NMP.
• R 6a is hydrogen
• the step of deprotecting the amide moiety of the decanyl ether in step (b) comprises deprotecting the amide moiety in the presence of tBuOK in a suitable solvent, followed by treatment with KOH.
• the solvent is DMSO.
• 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid derivative in step (c) is 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid itself and the reaction conditions comprise reacting the amine intermediate with 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid in the presence of EDC in NMP.
• the step of deprotecting the intermediate in step (d) comprises subjecting the intermediate to acidic conditions.
• the step of deprotecting the intermediate in step (d) comprises reacting the decanyl derivative with AcOH in H 2 O.
• P 1 is a silyl protecting group. In certain exemplary embodiments, P 1 is a trialkylsilyl protecting group. In certain exemplary embodiments, P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of selectively protecting the amide intermediate in step (e) comprises reacting the amide intermediate formed in step (d) with tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMSC1) in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent. In certain exemplary embodiments, the base is imidazole and the solvent is DMF.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the saccharide having the structure:
• the solvent system is z ' PrOH/H 2 O.
• P 1 is tert- Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with HF in a suitable solvent.
• the solvent is methylene chloride.
• P 1 is tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) and the step of deprotecting the intermediate formed in step (f) comprises reacting the protected saccharide with a tetraalkylammonium reagent under fluoride catalysis.
• the tetraalkylammonium reagent is tetra-iV-butyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF).
• the reagent used in step (f) to effect formation of a carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises a combination of triphosgene and allyl alcohol.
• the step of reacting the protected intermediate formed in step (e) to form the carbonic acid allyl ester intermediate comprises (i) reacting the protected intermediate with triphosgene in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent, and (ii) trapping the phosgene adduct formed in situ with allyl alcohol under suitable conditions.
• the base is pyridine and the solvent is toluene.
• the invention provides intermediates useful for the preparation of B12 ⁇ 7 and its stereoisomers.
• Preferred intermediates include, but are not limited to:
• Particularly preferred intermediates include, but are not limited to:
• preparation of the disaccharide scaffold 14 is achieved by coupling (i.e., glycosylation) trichloro-acetimidic acid ester intermediate 5 with alcohol intermediate 13, as depicted in Scheme 1.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise zinc triflate (Zn(OTf) 2 ) and a suitable solvent (e.g., methylene chloride.
• the glycosylation conditions comprise silver triflate (AgOTf) and a suitable solvent (e.g., methylene chloride).
• methane sulfonic acid (or ethane sulfonic acid) in a suitable solvent system may be used.
• Disaccharide intermediate 14 may then be converted to B1287 in five steps, as outlined in Scheme 2.
• hydrolysis of intermediate 14 with a strong acid e.g., HCl or HF
• a suitable solvent e.g., acetonitrile
• Phosphorylation of 15 in the presence of bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine in tetrazole, followed by oxidation (e.g., oxone) lead to the formation of diphosphorylated intermediate 16, which, upon hydrolysis in suitable conditions (e.g., Pd(PPh 3 ) , PPh 3 , HOAc) lead to the formation of deprotected intermediate 17.
• suitable conditions e.g., Pd(PPh 3 ) , PPh 3 , HOAc
• trichloro-acetimidic acid ester intermediate 5 is prepared in four steps from amine intermediate 1, as described in Scheme 3.
• reaction of amine 1 with ⁇ -L l-cis- vaccenoyl chloride under suitable conditions e.g., saturated aqueous NaHCOS
• suitable conditions e.g., saturated aqueous NaHCOS
• Phosphorylation of amide 2 under suitable conditions e.g., bis(allyloxy)diisopropyl aminophosphine, followed by treatment with oxone
• leads to intermediate 3 which, upon hydrolysis, gives the corresponding alcohol intermediate 4.
• Scheme 3 An exemplary synthesis of alcohol intermediate 13 is described in Scheme 4.
• treatment of amine 9 with 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid in the presence of EDC in NMP gives the corresponding amide 10.
• Selective protection of the primary alcohol with TBDMSC1 leads to the formation of silyl ether 11. Protection of the secondary alcohol moiety as its carbonic acid allyl ester may be accomplished by treating alcohol 11 with triphosgene, followed by reaction with allyl alcohol to give intermediate 12. Hydrolysis of the TBDMS ether leads to the desired intermediate 13.
• Scheme 5 depicts an exemplary synthesis of starting amine 9.
• alcohol 6 can be converted to the corresponding decanyl ether by deprotonation with NaH, followed by reaction with decanylmesylate to give the corresponding ether 7.
• Hydrolysis of the acetonide functionality in 7 leads to diol 8, which, upon treatment with a strong base, gives the corresponding amine 9.
• Precursor 9 is known in the art, and its preparation, which is depicted in Scheme 5, has been described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,417,172 - see columns 36-37] TBD SCI.
• intermediate 13 may be accessed from the acetonide- protected derivative of compound 9 (e.g., compound 7), as depicted in Scheme 6.
• acetonide 7 may be subjected to basic hydrolysis to give the corresponding amine 19. Protection of the amine moiety as its 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic amide (20), followed by hydrolysis of the acetonide, leads to the corresponding diol 10, which can be converted to the desired intermediate 13 through a similar reaction sequence as that depicted in Scheme 3.
• This approach differs from that outlined in Scheme 3 in that it involves an acetonide intermediate rather than the corresponding diol.
• acetonide intermediates 19 and 20 may be easier to handle and to purify than their diol counterparts 9 and 10.
• the acetonide intermediates are less polar than their diol counterparts, and thus allow for easier chromatographic separation.
• diols 9 and 10 may be prone to side reactions (due to their free hydroxyl groups). The use of acetonides 19 and 20 avoid any such side reactions, and thus may lead to improved yields.
• each of the reactions described in Schemes 1-6 above can be carried out using reagents and conditions as described for tlie synthesis of various types of exemplary intermediates described above, or they may be modified using other available reagents, protecting groups or starting materials.
• reagents and conditions as described for tlie synthesis of various types of exemplary intermediates described above, or they may be modified using other available reagents, protecting groups or starting materials.
• amide formation conditions, phosphorylation and pyranose protecting/deprotecting conditions are well-known in the art and can be utilized in the method of the invention. See, generally, March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5 th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2001; and "Comprehensive Organic Transformations, a guide to functional group preparations", Richard C.
• the present invention provides a synthesis of B1287 in significantly fewer steps than previously reported methods.
• the instant method affords the title compound in higher overall yields and eliminates major safety concerns associated with existing methods (i.e., the present method does not involve azide chemistry, and thus is more readily applicable for preparations of B1287 on an industrial scale).
• the practitioner has a well-established literature of carbohydrate chemistry to draw upon, in combination with the information contained in the many examples which follow, for guidance on synthetic strategies, protecting groups, and other materials and methods useful for the synthesis of B1287.
• the title compound may be prepared according to the synthetic method described herein using any of the available relevant chemical transformations, combined with protection and deptrotection as desired or required. Such processes, when used to prepare the title compound, are illustrated by the following representative examples.
• the various starting materials are either commercially available or may be obtained by standard procedures of organic chemistry. The preparation of certain starting materials is described elsewhere (See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,530,113, 5,935,938 and 6,417,172). .
• reaction mixtures were stirred using a magnetically driven stirrer bar.
• An inert atmosphere refers to either dry argon or dry nitrogen.
• Reactions were monitored either by thin layer chromatography, by proton nuclear magnetic resonance or by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), of a suitably worked up sample of the reaction mixture. . .
• NMP N-Methyl pyrrolidone
• Example 1 Exemplary preparation of B1287 left-hand fragment (5):
• Example 2 Other exemplary preparation of B1287 left-hand fragment (5);
• the reaction mixture was cooled with a cooling bath and was slowly added to a cool (2°C) solution of Oxone (6.45 g, 10.49 m mole. 1.67 eq.) in water (17 ml) and THF (10 ml) over 15 min (exothermic) while maintaining the reaction mixture between 2 and 10°C.
• Example 3 Exemplary preparation of B1287 right-hand fragment £1311
• Removal of the TBDMS protecting group may be effected by treating saccharide 12 with HOAc in /PrOH/H 2 O.
• An exemplary synthesis is described below:
• Portion (0.1 mL) of the resulting THF mixture was mixed with HPLC grade MeCN (0.9 mL), was filtered through 0.45 ⁇ m syringe filter, and was then subjected to HPLC analysis. Typically, after 92 hours and 5 minutes of stirring, the ratio [cyclized biproduct]/13/12 was 1.1/91.2/7.7. The ratio was 1.9/96.5/1.6 after 115 hours and 5 minutes of stirring.
• Process water (18 kg) in a 50 L reactor was cooled to 0.9°C with stirring.
• Half of the filtrate containing compound 13 was added to the cold water with moderate stirring and the reaction temperature was kept below 8°C.
• the addition was carried out with a metering pump. The addition took about 25 minutes.
• the resulting mixture was stirred for 25 minutes while maintaining the reaction temperature between 5 and 10°C.
• Compound 13 was collected in a Nutsche filter and the resulting solid was washed with process water.
• isolation of the first half of compound 13 was carried out in a centrifuge first. During the process, a milky filtrate was collected but the solid was washed with 10.0 kg of 10°C process water anyway.
• the bag contained solid compound 13 and large quantities of water. Attempts to process the material in the bad in a Nutsche filter with either one or two filter papers failed because the filter paper(s) ruptured under vacuum. At the end, a polypropylene mesh was put under a filter paper to support the filter paper and vacuum filtration of the material from the bag was completed. The filtration was extremely slow. A Buchner funnel was also used to speed up the process. The solid in the Buchner funnel was washed with 12 kg of process water and was then transferred to the Nutsche filter. The combined solid was washed with 2 kg of process water.
• deprotection may be effected by treatment of compound 12 with HF in a suitable solvent (e.g., CH 2 C1 2 ).
• a suitable solvent e.g., CH 2 C1 2
• An exemplary procedure is as follows: [0187] To a solution of 48% aqueous hydrofluoric acid, 11 mL, in acetonitrile 293 mL, was added 4.6 g of silica gel, followed by a solution of saccharide 12, 146.7 g, in methylene chloride, 147 mL.
• Step 1 Preparation of compound 19 fBuO , DMSO
• reaction may be effected as follows:
• a solution of saccharide 20 in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and water may be stirred overnight.
• the reaction mixtire may be poured into water and filtered.
• Removal of the TBDMS protecting group may be effected by treating saccharide 12 with HOAc in tPrOH/H 2 O.
• deprotection may be effected by treatment of compound 12 with HF in a suitable solvent (e.g., CH 2 C1 2 ).
• a suitable solvent e.g., CH 2 C1 2 .
• An exemplary procedure is as follows: [0208] To a solution of 48% aqueous hydrofluoric acid, 11 mL, in acetonitrile 293 mL, was added 4.6 g of silica gel, followed by a solution of saccharide 12, 146.7 g, in methylene chloride, 147 mL. After one half-hour, the mixture was diluted with water, 975 mL, and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer re-extracted with methylene chloride.
• Example 5 Exemplary preparation of B1287
• the coupling reaction may be carried out using Zn(OTf) 2 .
• An exemplary procedure is as follows: [0212] Zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.060 kg) was weighed out in a dry-box into a new clean 3 L flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer and nitrogen gas inlet. The flask was placed ina hood and acetonitrile (anhydrous, 1.04 kg) was added to the flask. This was stirred at room temperature until the solid completely dissolves (at least 30 minutes). Meanwhile, compound 13 (3.42 kg, 97.6%, 5.0 moles) was charged to a cleaned 50 L reactor rinsed with methylene chloride and flushed with nitrogen.
• the sample was analyzed using test method TM-450. TLC was also used to monitor the reaction.
• the TLC solvent system used was 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes.
• the stationary phase was High Performance Silica Gel plates made by E. Merck. Spots were visualized by charring a plate dipped in p- anisaldehyde/sulfuric acid.] The amount of unreacted 13 was 0.32 area% (target ⁇ 1%), so the reaction was worked-up. First, the reactino mixture was transferred to a 100 L reactor. The equipment and pump were rinsed with methylene chloride (ACS, 8.9 kg).
• ACS methylene chloride
• a sodium chloride/sodium bicarbonate solution (1.06 kg NaCL, ACS plus 0.64 kg NaHCO 3 , ACS plus 22.0 kg process water) was added slowly to prevent excess foaming.
• Process water (2.0 kg) was used to rinse the equipment.
• methanol ACS, 8.4 kg was added. This was stirred for 10 to 15 minutes, agitation was stopped and the solution was allowed to settle for 20 to 30 minutes.
• the bottom organic layer was removed, followed by the top aqueous solution (pH 9 to 10, strip). After charging the top organic layer to the reactor, the equipment was washed with methylene chloride (ACS, 5.0 kg).
• a toluene solution of 14 (68.7 kg) was charged to a 400 L reactor and the solvent was evaporated under full vacuum. [Notes: The quality of 14/toluene solution was 11.44 w/w% purity, 94.7 area% purity, 0.02% water content. Toluene (4.6 kg) was used to rinse residual amounts of 14 into the bulb. The jacket temperature was between 46.4°C and 20.6°C] Acetonitrile (28.3 kg) was charged to the reactor and solvent evaporation continued. After the first acetonitrile charge, the toluene content of the liquid phase from the resulting suspension was 29.4 w/w% and the acetonitrile content was 55.1 w/w%.
• the jacket temprature was between 24.2°C and 45.6°C.
• the acetonitrile chase (28.3 kg) was repeated.
• the toluene content of the liquid phase from the resulting suspension was 12.2 w/w% and the acetonitrile content was 78.5 w/w%.
• the jacket temprature was between 45.6°C and 26.3 °C.
• Acetonitrile (28.2 kg) was added to the residue in the bulb and the mixture was well stirred to give a suspension.
• the reaction may be carried out using HF in a suitable solvent (e.g., acetonitrile).
• a suitable solvent e.g., acetonitrile
• An exemplary procedure is as follows: [0221] A solution of disaccharide 14, 161.3 g, in methylene chloride, 215 mL, in a Teflon bottle was added to a solution of 48% hydrofluoric acid, 150 mL, in acetonitrile, 474 mL. After four hours, the mixture was poured onto 500 mL of water. The mixture was extracted twice with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica. Gradient elution (methylene chloride:ethyl acetate methanol 500:500:20 to 500:500:160) gave a yellow waxy gum.
• Disaccharide 15, 719 mg was dissolved in methylene chloride and sodium sulfate (1.4 g) was added.
• Diallyldiiospropylphosphoramidite (189 ⁇ L) and tetrazole (162 mg) were added, the mixture stirred for 10 minutes, and then cooled to -78°C.
• a solution of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (192 mg) in methylene chloride (4 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was washed with aqueous sodium thiosulfate and with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried (sodium sulfate), and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed to give 660 mg.
• a 100 L, glass-lined, iconel reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer and balnketed with nitrogen gas was prepared for use by flushing the reactor through pumping process water into the bottom drain valve while exiting through the top of the valve tree. The flushing process was maintained for five minutes, after which time the flush was stopped and the water present in the reactor was checked for impurities. The water was drained. Methanol was pumped through the reactor in a similar fashion as that described above for the water flushing process. The wash methanol was drained to waste. THF was pumped through the reactor in a similar fashion as that described above for the water flushing process. The wash THF was drained to waste. The reactor was then charged approximately half full with fresh THF.
• THF was refluxed through the condenser system for 30 minutes, after which time the THF was drained to waste.
• the reactor was then placed under a vacuum of ⁇ 50 Torr for 40 minutes. The reactor when then flushed with nitrogen gas.
• a solution of compound 16 in low-water THF was prepared by mixing 8.80 kg of THF with 13.90 kg of product iol from the previous reaction.
• Solid triphenylphosphine (2.22 kg, 8.46 mol) was added to a 100 L glass-lined reactor. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (3.22 kg, 2.79 mol) was transferred into the reactor by use of a nitrogen-purged glove bag affixed to the port of the reactor.
• the reactor was then charged with 13.30 kg of low- water THF, and the mechanical stirrer was started. After stirring for one hour, 15.21 kg of double-distilled acetic acid was added. The addition of the solution of compound 16 in THF was then started at such a rate as to allow addition over a period of approximately one hour. Starting at 25°C, the internal reaction temperature was 33.8°C at the end of the addition one hour later [This was accomplished by leaving the reactor jacket circulation off during the early phase of the 15/THF addition. At a time of 50 minutes into the addition, the jacket temperature was then set to 40°C in preparation for the subsequent reaction period]. Ther eaction was then allowed to warm to 40- 42°C. The reaction solution was sampled periodically for HPLC analysis.
• the purification process includes (i) ion exchange chromatography, (ii) POROS 50 R2, methanol, and (iii) treatment with aqueous NaOH.

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