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Definitions

• the invention relates to new 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives substituted by heterocycles, the acid addition salts thereof, as well as the pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
• the invention also relates to the use of said compounds as AMPA receptor antagonists.
• AMPA (2-ammo-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)-p£ ⁇ pior ⁇ ic acid) type glutamate receptors play a major role in a variety of central nervous system disorders. Inhibition of the activation of AMPA type receptors has been shown to have neu ⁇ op ⁇ otective, antiepileptic and muscle-relaxant effects (see e.g., Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rep. 6:225 (1994); Neurology 44 Suppl.8, S14 (1994);/. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 260:742 (1992)).
• Glutamate receptors have been found not only in the CNS but also in peripheral tissues indicating therapeutic potential opportunities beyond the CNS (see e.g., Skery et al., Trends in Pharm. Sci., 22:74 (2001). Respitatory tract inflammation has been postulated to be beneficially influenced by NMDA-type glutamate antagonists (Said, Trends in Pba ⁇ n. S ⁇ . 20:132 (1999); and Said etal, Trends in Pharm. S ⁇ ., 22:344 (2001)).
• AMPA type receptors can be inhibited by various competitive and non- competitive antagonists.
• the therapeutic potential of non-competitive antagonists may be superior to that of competitive ones insofar as their activity is not dependent on high concentrations of endogenous glutamate (see &g, Yki etal, CNS DmgRea, 2:91 (1996)).
• One of the most prominent non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonists is 5-(4-arninopheny ⁇ )-8- methyl-9H-l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]ber ⁇ zociiazepine (also designated as GYKI 52466) possessing remarkable antiepileptic, muscle relaxant and neuroprotective activities.
• the compounds listed above have been found to be particularly useful in diseases- in which the over- function of the glutamate system can be detected.
• Such acute disorders of the CNS include for example stroke, brain ischemia, brain and spinal cord injuries, perinatal hypoxia, hypoglycemic nervous damage, etc.
• Additional chronic illnesses in which selected AMPA antagonists can be applied include &g, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AIDS-induced dementia, glaucoma, diabetic rerinopathy as well as Parkinson's disease.
• AMPA antagonists have beneficial effect on the autoimmune encephalomyelitis elicited in rats, which is the accepted model of multiple sclerosis (Smith e al, Nature Medmm 6:62 (2000)).
• AMPA and NMDA receptors in the spinal cord have been implicated in the contraction of the bladder and the urethra, suggesting that AMPA antagonists maybe useful in the treatment of urinary incontinence (Nishizawa et l,Adu inExp. Med & Bid. 4:275 (1999)).
• GYKI 52466 has been reported to inhibit growth of selected tumor cell types (colon adenocarcinoma, astrocytoma, breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma) (Rzeski etal, Proc Nat Acad S ⁇ . 98:6372 (2001)).
• the invention relates to new 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives of formula (I) below, isomers and acid addition salts thereof and to pharmaceutical compositions containing the same,
• R 3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic ring containing at least 2 heteroatoms, in which the heteroatom can be oxygen-, sulfur- or nitrogen atom and in the case when the heterocyclic ring contains 2 heteroatoms one of them is different from nitrogen;
• R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R. 7 independently from each other represent hydrogen atom, halogen atom, C1-C3 alkyl group, nitro group or amino group, wherein the amino group can be substituted independently from each other with one or two G1-C3 alkyl group, G 2 -C 5 acyl group, or G2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl group, or aminocarbonyl group, or G2-C5 all ⁇ aminocarbonyl group; and
• R 9 represents C1-C3 alkoxy group or halogen atom
• R 10 represents hydrogen or halogen atom
• R 9 and R 10 together can be C1-C3 alkyiendioxy group.
• Representative compounds include, without limitation, ( )-5-(4-arr ⁇ inophenyl)-8- methyl-7- (5-met yl- 1,3,4-tr ⁇ (R)-5- (4-arnkophen; - 8-meth ⁇ h][2,3]benzodiazepine; (R)-5-(4-amkophenyl)-8-methyl-7-(2-thiazolyl)-8,9-dm dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzpdiazepine; (R)-5-(4-aminophenyl)-7-(4,5-cL ⁇
• the invention also discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula ( ⁇ ) as the active ingredient, wherein the meaning of R 3 -R 7 , R. 9 and R 10 is as defined herein, or a steroisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, diluents, carriers and filling materials.
• the compounds are suitable for treating conditions associated with muscle spasms, epilepsy, acute and chronic forms of neurodegenerative diseases as well as preventing, treating or alleviating the symptoms of acute and clironic mflammatory disorders.
• neurodegenerative disorders include, for example, cerebral ischemia (stroke), brain and spinal cord trauma, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AIDS-induced dementia, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and urinary incontinence.
• Acute or chronic disorders of the eyes associated with glutamate dysfunction include glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy.
• Disclosed also are methods for treating epilepsy, reducing muscle spasms, reducing pain, or mflarnrnatory disorders which comprise adrrunistering to the subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention.
• inflammatory disorders include allergic inflammatory disorders of the airways which can encompass allergic rhinitis, intrinsic or extrinsic asthma bronchiale, acute or chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis.
• the invention discloses novel substituted 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative compounds and methods of making the same.
• Pharmaceutical compositions employing the novel substituted 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative compounds and their use for the treatment for a number of disease conditions are also disclosed.
• variable can be equal to any integer value of the numerical range, including the end-points of the range.
• variable can be equal to any real value of the numerical range, including the end-points of the range.
• a variable which is described as having values between 0 and 2 can be 0, 1 or 2 for variables which are inherently discrete, and can be 0.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or anyother real value for variables which are inherently continuous.
• mammals or “mammal in need” include humans as well as non- human rnamrnals, particularly dorhesticated animals including, without limitation, cats, dogs, and horses.
• a compound of the invention is adrninistered need not suffer from a specific traumatic state. Indeed, the compounds of the invention may be adrninistered prophylactically, prior to any development of symptoms.
• the term "therapeutic”, “therapeutically”, and permutations of these terms are used to encompass therapeutic, palliative as well as prophylactic uses.
• by “treating or alleviating the symptoms” is meant reducing, preventing, and/or reversing the symptoms of the individual to which a compound of the invention has been administered, as compared to the symptoms of an individual receiving no such administration.
• R 1 and R 2 independently of each other represent hydrogen atom or C 1 -C 3 alkyl group
• R 3 represents substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic ring containing at least 2 hetero atoms, in which the hetero atom can be oxygen-, sulfur- or nitrogen atom and in the case when R 3 is a 5-membered ring one of the heteroatoms is different from nitrogen;
• R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 independently from each other represent hydrogen atom, halogen atom, Ci-Gj alkyl group, nitro group or amino group, wherein the amino group can be substituted independently from each other with one or two C1-C3 alkyl group, C2-C5 acyl group, or G2-C5 alkoxycarbonyl group, or aminocarbonyl group, or G2-C5 ali ⁇ arninocarbonyl group,
• R 9 represents C1-C3 alkoxy group or halogen atom
• R 10 represents hydrogen or halogen atom
• R 9 and R 10 together can be C1-C3 alkylendioxy group.
• the present invention is directed to 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives of formula
• R 1 and R 8 are hydrogen
• R 2 is CH 3
• R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 9 and R 10 is as defined above
• R 3 is a moiety selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted isoxazole, isothiazole, thiazole, tliiazoline, 4-thiazolinone, oxazole, oxazoline, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, l,3,4-thiadiazolin-2-one, l,2,4-t iadiazolin-3-one, 1,4,2-oxathiazoline, 1,3,4- oxadiazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,3,4-triazole, l,2,3,4-thiatriazole,.tetrazole, l,3-thiazin-4-one and l,3,4-thiadiazin-4-one ring.
• the heterocyclic substituent of the benzodiazepine ring as R 3 can be further substituted - among others — with one or more C C 6 alkyl group, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, a trifluoromethyl, a C ⁇ Cs alkoxy or a phenyl group, an oxo, a formyl, a carboxyl or a C 2 -C alkoxycarbonyl group, a C ⁇ -C 3 alkoxymethyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, whrerein the hydroxy group can be alkylated or acylate, a C1-C3 alkylthiomethyl group, a cyanomethyl group or an aminomehtyl group, wherein the amino group can be alkylated or acylated.
• alkyl group encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyl groups.
• alkenyl group can be vinyl, 1-propenyi or 2-propenyl group.
• halogen atom can be fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
• the amino group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two alkyl groups, as well as acylated with aliphatic or aromatic carboxyiic acid or any kind of carbonic acid esters.
• isomers means both enantiomers, as well as the E and Z isomers if applicable, furthermore, isomers shall include diastereom ⁇ rs, tautomers and mixture of them, for example racemic mixture.
• Salts of the compounds of formula (I) relate to physiologically acceptable salts formed with inorganic or organic acids.
• Suitable inorganic acids can be, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid.
• Suitable organic acids can be, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, aleic and fumaric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid or methanesulf onic acid.
• Representative compounds of formula (I) include, without limitation, (R)-5-(4- ammophenyl)-8-methyi-7-(5-meth ⁇ h][2,3]benzodiazepine; (R)-5-(4-ammophenyl)-8-methyl-7-( ⁇ l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepine; (R)-5-(4-ammophenyl)-8-methyl-7-(2-thiazolyI)-8,9- dihydro-7H-l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepine; (R)-5-(4-aminophenyl)-7-(4,5-dihydro- tlnazol-2-yl)-8-methyl-8,9-oHhydro-7H-l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]ber ⁇ zodiazepine; (R)-5-(4-(4
• R -R 10 are defined for formulas (I) and (II) above, by known methods or a compound having the following formula (IV) or the following isochromenilium salt having formula (IVa) which is formed from the compound of formula (IV) , wherein the meaning of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 is as defined above :
• a compound of formula (I) or (tl) obtained according to any of the above processes the nitro group is reduced or the amino group is acylated, alkylated, or after diazotation, is exchanged by a halogen atom or hydrogen atom, or a halogen atom is exchanged by an amino group and in this way it is transformed into another compound of formula (I) or (II) and/ or the isomers are separated and, if desired, salts are formed.
• the R 11 group can be a C 2 -Q alkoxycarbonyl group, such as a tert-butoxycarbonyl or a benzyloxycarbonyl group.
• optically active compounds of formula (III) can be synthesized by reacting a hemiketal of formula (IV) — prepared for example from an optically active substituted phenyl- isopropanol according to Anderson etal (J. Am Chem Soc. 117:12358 (1995)) - with an alkoxycarbonyl- hydrazide containing an easily removable alkoxycarbonyl group, such as a tert- butoxy-carbarnate in the presence of catalytic amount of an acid.
• a hemiketal of formula (IV) — prepared for example from an optically active substituted phenyl- isopropanol according to Anderson etal (J. Am Chem Soc. 117:12358 (1995)) - with an alkoxycarbonyl- hydrazide containing an easily removable alkoxycarbonyl group, such as a tert- butoxy-carbarnate in the presence of catalytic amount of an acid.
• heterocyclic moiety - corresponding to the R 3 substituent — of the compound of formula (I) or (II) is synthesized starting from the compounds of formula (III) according to methods known in the art relating to heterocyclic chemistry.
• Some of the compounds of formula (I) or (II) can be synthesized, for example, from the 4,5-dihydro-2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives substituted with thiocarbamoyl group at position 3 of the benzodiazepine ring.
• Latter compounds can be obtained from 4,5-dihydro-3H- 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives of formula (III), for example with potassium thiocyanate in acetic acid medium.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole group as R 3 substituent can be synthesized for example by the following way. First, a trimethylsilyl derivative is prepared from a 4,5-dihydro-3H-[2,3]benzodiazepine of formula (III), which is then reacted with thiophosgene to give thiocarboxylic acid chloride. Finally, the latter is treated with hydrazine to yield the thiocarboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives.
• [l,3,4]oxadiazole ring can be obtained, for example, if the above mentioned N-acyl- thiocarboxylic acid hydrazide derivative is treated with a sulfur binding reagent, for example mercury (II) acetate.
• a sulfur binding reagent for example mercury (II) acetate.
• the 4,5- ⁇ ydro-2,3-ber ⁇ zodiazepin-3-carbothiohydrazides can serve as starting materials for further new compounds of formula (I) or (II) substituted with a hetero- ring.
• N-methyl-carbamoyl-carbothiohydrazide obtained with methyl isocyanate is heated with concentrated acid, for example hydrochloric acid, then new compounds of formula (I) or (II) substituted with (5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-[l,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl) group can be obtained.
• 3-thiocarboxylic acid chlorides with hydroxylarnine which can be transformed into heterocyclic compounds by reacting with bifunctional alkylating agents.
• [l,4,2]oxathiazol-3- yl-2,3-benzodiazepines can be synthesized for example from thiohydroxamic acid derivatives with methylene iodide.
• [l,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl group as R 3 substituent can be prepared, for example, by reacting the unsubstituted compounds of formula (III) with phenoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate, then the resulting phenoxycarbonyl- thiocarbamoyl- benzodiazepine transformed into N- alkyl- carbamoyl- thiocarbamo3l-benzodiazepine with primary amines and the latter is reacted eg, with bromine to accomplish the ring closure between the sulfur and the nitrogen atoms.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) containing 4,5-dihydro-oxazol-2-yl group as an R 3 substituent can be synthesized by reacting the compounds of formula (III) with chloroethyl isocyanate to give ' an urea derivative, which is heated in the presence of sodium iodide and potassium carbonate in dimethylforina ide to accomplish the ring closure.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) containing 2-alkyl-thiazol-4-yl group as R 3 substituent can be synthesized by reacting 3-bromo-acetyl-[2,3]benzodiazepines with the appropriate carboxylic acid thioamide.
• the tetrazolyl compounds can be synthesized by reacting the nitrile derivative with sodium azide in dmiethyhorrnamide in the presence of ammonium chloride, while if the nitrile compound is first treated with hydroxylamine and the thus- obtained amidoxime is reacted with a carboxylic acid anhydride or chloride, then the appropriate 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl compounds can be obtained.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) containing 1,2,4-triazolyl group as R 3 substituent can be synthesized from a 3-thiocarbamoyl-[2,3]benzodiazepine derivative by reacting first with methyl iodide, then the obtained S-methyl compound is condensed with hydrazine and the so formed intermediate is treated with a carboxylic acid anhydride or chloride.
• hydrazones of formula (VII) are generally formed as a mixture of stereoisomers. They can be further reacted eg, with methanesulfonyl chloride in dichloromethane in the presence of triethykrnine, and the mesylate obtained after isolation is treated with a concentrated solution of a base in an alcohol or a mixture of alcohol — dichloromethane.
• the ring closure reaction can be achieved for example, by the Mitsunobu reaction (Mitsunobu Synthesis 1:1 (1981)) as well.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) obtained by different methods can be transformed into other compounds of formula (I) or (II) with further reactions.
• a reactive halogen atom in the side chain of the heterocycle — the R 3 substituent — can be exchanged for an amino group, for example by heating with an excess of a proper amine, or the NH group of a N-containing heterocyclic compound can be alkylated by known methods.
• the latter transformation for example in the case of a triazolyl compound, can be carried out with methyl iodide in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide.
• the reduction of the nitro group in the compounds of formula (I) or (II) is generally carried out in polar solvents at room temperature or at elevated temperature in the presence of catalysts such as Raney- nickel, platinum or palladium.
• catalysts such as Raney- nickel, platinum or palladium.
• other hydrogen sources eg, hydrazine hydrate, ammonium formate, potassium formate or cyclohexene can also be applied.
• the nitro group can be reduced, for example, with tin in the presence of an acid, or with tin (II) chloride by heating in an alcohol as well.
• the amino group can be further derivatised by known methods, for example alleviation, acylation, or Sandmeyer reaction.
• the AMPA antagonistic effect of the compounds of formula (I) or (II) was studied in the in liiv "spreading depression” model (Sheardown BrainRes. 607:189 (1993)).
• the AMPA antagonists prolong the latency of the development of the "spreading depression” caused by AMPA (5 ⁇ M).
• the activity of the compounds of the present invention was studied on acutely isolated cerebel r Purkinje cells by measuring the whole-cell current induced by 5 ⁇ M AMPA according for example to the method described byBleakman etal (JSleurophanmmlog 12:1689 (1996)).
• the compounds of the present invention inhibit the AMPA-induced ion-current by one to two magnitudes greater than the intemationally accepted reference compound GYKI 52466 (5-(4-aminophenyl)-9H-l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]- benzodiazepine, Hungarian patent No. 191 698), or GYKI 53773 ((R)-7-acetyl-5-(4- am ophenyl)-8,9-cL ydro-8-meth ⁇ U.S. Patent No.
• the anti-seizure activity of some of the compounds of the present invention was measured using the electroshock test (J. PharmwoL Exp. Ther.106:319 (1952)) and the results are shown in Table 3.
• the spasmolytic activity of the compounds of the present invention was investigated byusing eg, pentetrazole (J. Phanra ⁇ L Exp. Ther.108:168 (1953)), strychnine (J. Pharrmcd. Exp. Ther.129:75 (I960)), bemegrid, nicotine, bicucuJJine, 4-aminopyridine and mercapto-propionic acid for inducing the clonic-tonic seizures and lethality.
• the investigated compounds were administered orally in three doses using 10 male GDI mice/dose, usually 60 min before the induction of seizures. Non-limiting, illustrative results are summarized in Table 3.
• MES maximal electroshock seizure
• 4-AP 4-aminopyridine
• 3-MPA 3-mercaptopropionic acid
• the muscle relaxant activity of the compounds of formula (I) or (II) of the present invention was determined in the inclined screen test described by Randall (J. Phar tcd, Exp. Tloer.129:163 (I960)) as well as in the rotarod test (Dunham etal,]. Am Pharm A ssoc. 46:208 (1957)). The compounds were administered in three doses intraperitoneally using 10 CDl-mice/dose. The muscle relaxant activity of the compounds of the present invention was compared to that of the reference compounds GYKI 52466 and GYKI 53773. Representative, non- limiting results are summarized in Table 4. From these data, it is evident, that the muscle relaxant activity of the compounds of the present invention significantly exceeds that of GYKI 53773, which is now in clinical phase-II studies.
• the muscle relaxant activity of the compounds of formula (I) or (II) determined in the above tests indicates potential therapeutic use in the treatment of such illnesses in which the increased muscle tone causes problems.
• the compounds maybe useful in the treatment of essential tremor, multiple sclerosis (spasms + tremor) and Parkinson's disease (rigidity + tremor).
• the focal anti-ischemic activity of the compounds of formula (I) or (II) of the present invention was measured by the "middle cerebral artery occlusion" (MCAO) test (Bartus Stroke 11:2265 (1994) and Sydserff etal, Brit J. Pha ⁇ mcd. 1JA-1631 (1995)).
• MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion
• the blood supply of the left middle cerebral artery of anaesthetized rats was temporarily blocked (60 min) by an embolus introduced intra-arterially following Halothane anesthesia, without craniotomy, thereafter the perfusion was reestablished by removing the embolus and thus a human "stroke- like" status was triggered in an experimental animal model.
• the investigated compounds possess a strong neuroprotective activity in this experimental model, which is considered the model of the human stroke.
• Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system in which the axonal myelin coat, assuring the safe impulse conduction, is damaged.
• the oligodendrocytes forming the myelin coat express mainly AMPA/kainate receptors.
• the neurodegenerative process is further enhanced by glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter, which is released by the activated immune cells in large quantities which expresses its activity through AMPA/kainate receptors thereby damaging myelin oligodendrocytes and axons of neurons (Steinman Natur Medi ⁇ ne 6:15 (2000) and Werner etal.,]. Newd Tram ⁇ iss. Supp , 60: 375 (2000)).
• Muscle spasticity and intention tremor belong to the most severe neurological symptoms of multiple sclerosis (Baker etal, Nature 404:84 (2000)). Moderation or cure of these symptoms by a proper therapy would be very important.
• the activity of the 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives possessing AMPA antagonistic activity was further investigated in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis model (Smith et l, Nature M&Mne, 6:62 (2000)) in rats, using immunization with guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) and complete Freund adjuvant.
• MBP myelin basic protein
• the compounds were adrninistered intraperitoneally twice a day for 8 days, starting on day 10 after immv ⁇ nization and with an observation period until symptoms were present. 5-15 animals were used in each group. Their weights were 160-180 g (Lewis rats, female) and 180-220 g (Lewis rats, male).
• Example 86 According to our investigations, the compound described in Example 86 was more active than the reference compounds GYKI 53773 and GYKI 52466, respectively.
• the 2,3-benzodiazepine derivatives with AMPA antagonistic character are therapeutically important.
• Their combined neuroprotective, muscle relaxant, tremor irihibiting etc. properties beneficially influence the progression of the pathological neurological disorders and dirrrinish the pathological neurological symptoms, respectively.
• Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR.) and airway eos ophilia (AEP) are characteristic features of bronchial asthma.
• BHR is typified by an exaggerated response to a wide variety of stimuli that can induce an increased resistance to airflow in the airways.
• AEP is a result of prolonged eosinophil infiltration, mast cell, and T cell activation in the airways.
• immunized rats eg, Brown Norway [BN] strain
• repeated sensitization followed by antigenic challenge results in lung eosmophilia and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to different spasmogens (eg, acelylcholine). This is the most frequently employed model for stodying potential anti- asthmatic effects of new chemical entities.
• BN rats were actively immunized with allergen (ovalbumin).
• allergen ovalbumin
• rats were sensitized with the subcutaneous adrninistration of ov bumin suspended in Al(OEt)3 (2.5 ⁇ g ovalbumin + 20 mg Al(OH)3 in 0.5 ml saline).
• Booster injections (same dose and same route) were given at day 14 and 21.
• 0.25 ml of Bordatdla pertussis vaccine was injected intraperitoneally.
• animals were challenged by inhalation of the antigen (vaporized 1% OVA solution for 1 hour). Test compounds were administered orally 2 hours pre-challenge.
• bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained, and tracheae dissected from the animals.
• Eosinophil cell count (cells/ml BALF) was determined manually using a selective stain for eosinophils and counting the cells in a Buerker chamber.
• BHR was determined using tracheal rings suspended in an organ bath. After an equilibration period of 30 minutes, cumulative concentration response curves to acetylcholine were determined. Maximal response of control (unchallenged, non-treated) tracheal rings is obtained at 10' 3 M acetylcholine. The height of this response is defined as 100%. All other contractions are expressed as a percentage and related to the control response.
• Exemplary neurological illnesses which can be beneficially influenced or prevented include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington chorea, amyotropbic lateral sclerosis, oHvopontocerebellaric atrophy, AIDS dementia, senile dementia.
• a similar beneficial effect can be achieved in the treatment of neurodegenerative processes caused by cerebrovascular catastrophe (stroke, brain, and spinal injuries) or hypoxia, anoxia or hypoglycemia.
• the compounds of the invention can be advantageously used for the treatment of different psychiatric diseases such as anxiety, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, as well as alleviating the withdrawal syndrome of alcohol and drag abuse. Furthermore they may inhibit tolerance development in the case of sedatives or analgesics.
• a method of blocking the activation of one or more excitatory amino acid receptors in rriammals includes administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I) or (II).
• a method of treating epilepsy in mammals includes administering to a rnammal in need of such treatment an antiepileptic amount of a compound of the formula (I) or (II).
• a method of treating spasms of the skeletal musculature in rna mals includes administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a muscle- relaxing amount of a compound of the formula (I) or (II).
• a method of treating acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders in mammals includes adrninistering to a mammal in need of such treatment a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I) or (II).
• a method for treating bflammatory disorders in mammals includes to a rnammal in need of such treatment a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I) or (II).
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) can be advantageously used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
• a further therapeutic field, in which the compounds of formula (I) or (II) can be used, are illnesses that are caused by the over- function of the periferic glutamate receptors. Such illnesses include the acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways particularly allergic inflammations such as asthma- related pathologies. This latter potential therapeutic use is supported by the results obtained in ovalbumin sensitized rats.
• a pharmaceutical composition including a compound of formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) are formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle with any of the well-known pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, including diluents and excipients (see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 18 th Ed., Gennaro, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA 1990 and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1995). While the type of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier/ vehicle employed in generating the compositions of the invention will vary depending upon the mode of administration of the composition to a mammal, generally pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are physiologically inert and non- toxic. Formulations of pharmaceutical compositions may contain more than one type of compound of formula (I) or (II), as well as any other pharmacologically active ingredient useful for the treatment of the particular conditions, disease, or symptom being treated.
• compositions of the invention can be adrninistered by standard routes (eg, oral, inhalation, rectal, nasal, topical, including buccal and sublingual, or parenteral, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, transdermal, and intratracheal).
• routes eg, oral, inhalation, rectal, nasal, topical, including buccal and sublingual, or parenteral, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, transdermal, and intratracheal.
• polymers maybe added according to standard methodologies in the art for sustained release of a given compound.
• compositions of the invention maybe presented as discrete units such as capsules, caplets, gelcaps, cachets, pills, or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil- in- water liquid emulsion or a water-in- oil emulsion and as a bolus, etc
• administration of a composition including the compound of formula (I) or (II) maybe effected by liquid solutions, suspensions or elixirs, powders, lozenges, micronized particles and osmotic deliver)/- systems.
• Formulations suitable for adrninistration by inhalation include formulations that can be dispensed by inhalation devices known to those in the art. Such formulations may include carriers such as powder and aerosols. Liquid and powdered compositions suitable for nebulization and intrabronchial use, or aerosol compositions administered via an aerosol unit dispensing metered doses ("MDI") are contemplated.
• MDI aerosol unit dispensing metered doses
• the active ingredient may be formulated in an aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable inhalant vehicle, such as, for example, isotonic saline or bacterostatic water and other types of vehicles that are well known in the art.
• the solutions are administered by means of a pump or squeeze- actuated nebulized spray dispenser, or by any other conventional means fdr causing or enabling the requisite dosage amount of the liquid composition to be inhaled into the patient's lungs.
• Powder compositions include, by way of illustration, pharmaceutically acceptable powdered preparations of the active ingredient thoroughly mtermixed with lactose or other inert powders acceptable for intrabronchial administration.
• the powder compositions can be administered via a dispenser, mcluding, but not limited to, an aerosol dispenser or encased in a breakable capsule, which maybe inserted by the patient into a device that punctures the capsule and blows the powder out in a steady stream.
• Aerosol formulations for use in the subject method typically include propellants, surfactants, and co-solvents and maybe filled into conventional aerosol containers that are closed by a suitable metering valve.
• Formulations suitable for nasal adrninistration include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is administered, ie. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
• Suitable formulations, wherein the carrier is a liquid, for adrninistration, for example via a nasal spray, aerosol, or as nasal drops include aqueous or oily solutions of the compound of formula (I) or (II).
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non- aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, stabilizers, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non- aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and tHckening agents.
• the dosage of the active ingredient depends on the route of administration, the type and severity of the disease as well as the weight and age of the patient.
• the daily dose for adult patients can be 0.1-500 mg, preferably 1-100 mg, in a single dose or divided in several doses.
• a method for treating (a) an acute or chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with glutamate dysfunction; (b) a method for treating epilepsy, (c) a method for reducing muscle spasm in mammals; (d) a method for preventing, treating or alleviating the symptoms of acute or chronic irrflarnmatory disorders of the airways; (e) a method for relief of pathological pain in rnammals.
• These methods include administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II).
• the term "thera eutically effective amount" is used to denote treatments at dosages effective to achieve the therapeutic result sought. Furthermore, one of skill will appreciate that the therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention may be lowered or increased byfme-toriing and/or by adrninistering more than one compound of the invention, or by adnrinistering a compound of the invention with another pharmacologically active compound. The invention therefore provides a method to tailor the administration/ treatment to the particular exigencies specific to a given rna rnal. As illustrated in the following examples, therapeutically effective amounts maybe easily determined for example empirically by starting at relatively low amounts and by step- wise increments with concurrent evaluation of beneficial effect.
• the title compound was obtained from the starting material XIX by carrying out the acylation with acetic anhydride according to the method described in Example 27.
• the obtained crude product was purified by column chromatography using silica gel (M Kieselgel 60) as adsorbent and a mixture of n-hexane — ethyl acetate (1:1) as eluent. After concentration of the fractions containing the title compound, the residue was treated with isopropyl ether to yield 0.95 g of a solid foam (polymorph). Yield: 89%.
• Method B Method B.
• Example 47 and 48 were obtained analogously from the starting materials XXVIII and XXIX, respectively.
• Example 8 Example 8 and 7 ml of IN sodium hydroxide solution was stirred at 90°C. After cooling, it was acidified with acetic acid, diluted with water and the precipitated crystals were filtered off, washed with water and dried to yield 0.78 g (98%) of the title compound; Mp.: >260°C.
• (+)-7-methyl-5-(4- rntrophenyl)-7,8-dihydro-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isochromen-6-yHu perchlorate was filtered off, and it was stirred at reflux temperature with 1.6 g (14.55 mmol) of 2-hydrazmopy ⁇ imidine in 50 ml of isopropanol for 2 h, then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed several times with water.
• the cmde product was purified by column chromatography using silica gel (MNKieselgel 60) as adsorbent and a mixture of toluene - ethyl acetate (0.1:4) as eluent to yield 2.71 g (64%) of the tide compound; Mp.: 125- 127°G
• (+)-8-methyl-5-(4-mtrophenyl)-7-(lH(2H)-l,2,4-triazol-3-y ⁇ )-8,9-dmydro-7H ⁇ h][2,3]benzodiazepine (Example 56), 35 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 0.23 ml (3.69 mmol) of methyl iodide was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. After dilution with water the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was dried and concentrated.
• Step A The product of Step A was transformed into the title compound according to the procedure described in Example 9. Mp.: 130-135°C. Yield: 81%. .
• Examples 138-148 were prepared analogously to the method described in Example 137 using the appropriate activated carboxylic acid derivatives as reagents (e.g.: acyl chloride, acid anhydride, pentachlorophenol ester, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of the corresponding carboxylic acids).
• reagents e.g.: acyl chloride, acid anhydride, pentachlorophenol ester, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of the corresponding carboxylic acids.
• Example 149
• the tide compound was obtained from (R)-N'- ⁇ 8-methyl-5-(4-nitropheny ⁇ )-8,9- dihydro-7H- l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]ber ⁇ zodiazepme-7-carbothioyl ⁇ -formic hydrazide, according to the method described in Example 45.
• Yield: 35%, [c ⁇ : -604.0°(c 0.5; CHC1 3 ).
• the cmde product was purified by column chromatography using a rnixture of ethyl acetate-hexane (1:1) as eluent to yield 0.6 g (62%) of the title compound. Mp.: 203-205°C.
• Step C of Example 153 The compound obtained in Step C of Example 153 was transformed into the tide compound according to a method described for starting material XVIII. Mp.: 126-127°C; yield: 85%. Step B
• Example 156 by a method described for starting material I, however, during the reaction significant hydrolysis of the title product to the corresponding urea derivative was noticed as well.
• Title compound was isolated by column chromatography using a rnixture of hexane-ethyl acetate (3:1) as eluent. Mp.: 228-230°C; yield: 18%.
• Step B The compound obtained in Step B was transformed into the tide compound according to a method described for starting material XI.
• MES maximal electroshock seizure
• 4-AP 4-aminopyridine
• 3-MPA 3-mercapto-propionic acid

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