WO2004068813A2 - Maximum-likelihood-abschätzung der kanalkoeffizienten und des dc-offset in einem digitalen basisbandsignal eines funkempfängers mit dem sage-algorithmus - Google Patents
Maximum-likelihood-abschätzung der kanalkoeffizienten und des dc-offset in einem digitalen basisbandsignal eines funkempfängers mit dem sage-algorithmus Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004068813A2 WO2004068813A2 PCT/DE2003/004277 DE0304277W WO2004068813A2 WO 2004068813 A2 WO2004068813 A2 WO 2004068813A2 DE 0304277 W DE0304277 W DE 0304277W WO 2004068813 A2 WO2004068813 A2 WO 2004068813A2
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- offset
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- channel coefficients
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/024—Channel estimation channel estimation algorithms
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/06—Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/0212—Channel estimation of impulse response
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method which serves for the estimation of a DC interference and for the simultaneous channel estimation in a digital baseband signal of a radio receiver.
- a problem in the operation of radio receivers is the intersymbol interference introduced by the transmission channel.
- the channel distortions caused by the intersymbol interference can become so severe under unfavorable transmission conditions that a correct data decision is no longer possible.
- Channel equalization takes place in time division multiplexing (TDMA), such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) or EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), using so-called training sequences.
- TDMA time division multiplexing
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
- training sequences are also stored in a memory on the receiver side.
- the radio receiver can therefore use the training sequences received by the radio transmitter and the training sequences obtained from the memory for channel estimation.
- the channel is estimated by calculating so-called channel parameters or channel coefficients.
- the channel parameters are used to reconstruct the data symbols transmitted by the radio transmitter from the signals received by the radio receiver.
- Another problem with the operation of radio receivers is that the radio receiver has identical components in the received signal for various reasons. These DC components are referred to below as DC offset (direct current) or as DC interference in accordance with common usage.
- DC offset direct current
- DC interference in accordance with common usage.
- the DC interference cannot be completely eliminated even with high-quality radio receivers and must therefore be estimated and corrected in the baseband signal processing. Otherwise, the DC interference would affect the equalization of the received signal and lead to an increased bit error rate in the radio receiver.
- the simplest approach to estimating the DC interference is to average the baseband symbols of several data bursts.
- this method often leads to very imprecise results in the event of a DC disturbance that changes with each data burst. This is particularly the case with a frequency hopping network. With frequency hopping, the DC interference must therefore be estimated individually for each data burst.
- GMSK Gausian Minimum Shift Keying
- 8-PSK Phase Shift Keying
- Another approach to estimating DC interference is to represent the baseband symbols as a circle in the complex number plane.
- a DC disturbance causes a shift in the center of the circle. This shift can be determined by determining the associated circle from the received baseband symbols by means of a least squares method.
- the disadvantage of this approach is that it is not applicable to the 8-PSK method, which is used, for example, in EDGE receivers.
- Fig. 1 the sequence of a conventional method for compensating for the DC interference and for channel equalization is shown schematically.
- the DC interference of the signals received in the radio receiver is initially estimated and then compensated for.
- the channel parameters are then calculated on the basis of the signals, which are no longer affected by DC interference, and the training sequence.
- the channel parameters are fed to a channel equalizer, which carries out the channel equalization.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows another, likewise known method for compensating the DC interference and for channel equalization, which is described in the article "Using a direct conversion receiver in EDGE terminals: A new DC offset compensation algorithm" by B. Lindoff , published in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, 2000, pages 959-963.
- the estimation of the DC interference as well as the channel estimation can be carried out simultaneously.
- the basic idea of the method is to consider the DC interference as an additional unknown parameter in the underlying channel model and to include the estimation of the DC interference in the channel estimation.
- the DC interference or the channel parameters determined in this way are then fed to a unit for compensation of the DC interference or to a channel equalizer.
- the joint estimate of the DC interference with the channel estimate can be applied to all types of modulation.
- a disadvantage of this method according to B. Lindoff is the large read-only memory requirement and the high computational effort.
- German patent application DE 101 37 675.8 which represents the state of the art according to ⁇ 3 (2) PatG, describes a method for estimating a DC interference and for channel estimation in a digital baseband signal of a radio receiver described.
- the channel parameters for the channel estimation are first calculated using a least squares method using a training sequence known to the receiver and neglecting the DC interference. This is followed by the estimation of the DC interference and the channel estimation, whereby correction terms for the channel parameters are calculated for the channel estimation taking into account the DC interference.
- This method takes advantage of the fact that the training sequence TSC in the GSM is real and thus the major part of the so-called Fisher information matrix is real. However, this procedure still has the disadvantage that this matrix must be saved. Since several training sequences are defined, a set of 8 matrices must be saved. If more channel lengths are to be taken into account, the number of stored matrices is multiplied accordingly.
- An essential idea of the invention is to use a training sequence known to the radio receiver and to carry out a maximum likelihood estimate in the estimation method, but to find the maximum of the likelihood function it is not necessary to calculate its entire parameter space, but an iterative method based on it the SAGE algorithm known per se in the prior art (space Alternating Generalized Expection Maximization).
- the SAGE algorithm is based on dividing the parameter set of the likelihood function into subsets and setting up separate likelihood functions for each of these parameter subsets.
- the expected value determination step and the maximizing step provided in the SAGE algorithm can be combined with one another in such a way that two recursion formulas result for the expected values of the parameter subsets.
- These recursion formulas provide a generally rapidly converging sequence of expected values for the parameter subsets.
- the parameter set is suitably divided into parameter subsets for the channel coefficients and the DC offset.
- the method according to the invention has the advantage that it represents an efficient method for obtaining the channel coefficients and the DC offset without a number of larger matrices having to be stored in a complex manner. Since in the method according to the invention mostly only a few iteration steps are required until convergence is achieved according to predetermined criteria, the computational complexity of this method is also limited.
- the method according to the invention has a further advantage over other methods serving the same purpose in that it can be used for all types of modulation, e.g. GMSK or 8-PSK, can be used.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a conventional method for compensating for a DC interference and for channel equalization.
- 2 shows a schematic illustration of a further conventional method for compensating for a DC interference and for channel equalization;
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a data burst with a training sequence
- Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of the iteration of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a data burst DB which contains M data symbols.
- the data burst DB is sent out by a radio transmitter and received by a radio receiver.
- p data symbols DATA1 are transmitted.
- the data symbols DATA1 and DATA2 contain the user data to be transmitted.
- the training sequence TSC is used to equalize the user data which are transmitted by the data symbols DATA1 and DATA2.
- the training sequence TSC contains a previously agreed pseudo-random data sequence that is known to both the radio transmitter and the radio receiver. As a result, the training sequence TSC can be used to calculate the channel distortions.
- the data symbols s (k) include both the data symbols DATA1 and DATA2 and the data symbols of the training sequence TSC.
- the data symbols s (k) are transformed in a modulator with the phase angle ⁇ into rotated data symbols s (k):
- the phase angle ⁇ depends on the modulation method used. For example, it is ⁇ / 2 for the GMSK method and 3 ⁇ / 8 for the 8-PSK method.
- the data symbols s (k) in the GMSK process assume the values -1 or +1.
- the data symbols s (k) are generally complex, while the values of the training sequence TSC are limited to the values -1 and +1.
- the signal according to Eq. (1) is transmitted via the radio channel, which through the channel impulse response with L + 1 components
- ⁇ (k) is the Kronecker delta impulse response.
- Data symbols x (k) are received by the radio receiver through the data burst DB:
- Equation (2) is based on a channel model according to which the rotated data symbols s (k) interfere in the transmission channel. This gives the sum in the first term of Equation (2).
- L stands for the channel order and h x for the channel parameters.
- a DC interference d is taken into account in the channel model.
- the data symbols x (k) have an additive noise component n (k) generated by the transmission.
- the observed baseband signal contains K> M samples, it being assumed that the total relevant signal energy for the detection of the data of a burst is contained within the observation of the length K.
- the data symbols t (m) of the training sequence TSC are also falsified, like the useful data in radio transmission, by inter-symbol interference and DC interference.
- the index of the first signal sample, which is dependent on TSC, is to be designated I. If it is assumed that I is known as the result of a synchronization algorithm, the TSC-dependent part of the received signal can be described by the following equation:
- the first and the last L signal samples of y (k) are influenced by the data symbols adjacent to the training sequence TSC.
- the part of the received TSC that can be used for the channel estimation is thus formed by the signal samples in the interval y (L) ... y (N-1).
- channel transmission matrix T is a real matrix while A is complex.
- Et is the covariance matrix of the noise vector and [. ] H denotes the conjugated transposition. Since it is assumed that the signal samples of the noise vector contain white noise, the noise covariance matrix is a diagonal matrix with the noise variance ⁇ 2 on its diagonal elements. Since the maximization does not depend on ⁇ 2 and therefore not on Et, Eq. (11) to be simplified
- the ML estimate is the value of the parameter vector for which Eq. (12) reaches a maximum:
- Eq. (13) requires much less effort than the complex search of the entire parameter space of the likelihood function in Eq. (12), it is still not suitable to be implemented on a mobile station.
- This algorithm is based on the SAGE algorithm (Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation Maximization), as is already known per se in the prior art, and for example in the publication "Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation-Maximization Algorithm" by JA Fessler and AO Hero in IEEE Trans, on Signal Processing, vol. 42, No. 10 Oct 1994.
- SAGE algorithm Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation Maximization
- the SAGE procedure is based on the subdivision of the parameter set into subsets. We vote
- the expected values of the log-likelihood functions Q h ( ⁇ h ; ⁇ ) and Q d ( ⁇ d ; ⁇ ) with the knowledge of the received data vector y and an estimate of the parameter vector ⁇ ⁇ h , ⁇ d J calculated.
- This last-mentioned estimate can be an estimate of the parameter vector that was obtained in a previous iteration step. It first emerges (15)
- the equations (15) for ⁇ h and ⁇ d are maximized, respectively.
- the values with which equations (15) are maximized can be calculated in a closed form.
- the following recursion equations for ⁇ h and ⁇ d are obtained with a given estimated value ⁇ ':
- FIG. 4 shows a flowchart for the iterative re-evaluation of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate.
- the procedure begins with the observed signal vector y and an initial estimate ⁇ of the parameter vector.
- Executing the re-evaluation algorithm according to equations (16) and (17) improves the initial estimate and converges towards the ML estimate.
- the re-evaluation algorithm is ended when a predetermined convergence criterion is met.
- the application of the SAGE method leads to the calculation of the ML estimate of Eq. (12) that the expected value determination step and the maximization step are combined with one another and lead to the recursion equations (16) and (17).
- An initial value ⁇ d for the DC offset can be seen in Eq.
- (16) can be used to subsequently carry out the recalculations with both equations in a certain number of iteration steps.
- the in the publication by Fessler et al. The mentioned monotony property of the SAGE algorithm guarantees that the logic likelihood values, which can be calculated from the estimated values of the individual iteration steps, form a non-falling sequence. In practice, very fast convergence is achieved, so that the initially used estimates only have to be re-evaluated for a small number of iteration cycles.
- the values initially used should, if possible, be close to the maximum of the log-likelihood function so that the sequence of the estimates can converge in this direction.
- the monotonicity property ensures that the sequence of estimates does not diverge, but it does not necessarily guarantee that convergence to an absolute or local maximum of the likelihood function occurs.
- the channel coefficients are estimated to be only 16 data symbols in length.
- the orthogonality of the TSC sequence for L ⁇ 6 is used.
- F "1 is a scaled unit matrix.
- step (1) the calculation ⁇ h is an intermediate result when T ⁇ is calculated. Therefore, no multiplications are counted for the calculation ⁇ h .
- the method of least squares according to DE 101 37 675.8 requires a memory of 512 memory words and 516 real-real multiplications.
- the embodiment of the iterative method reduces the memory requirements by more than 50% and the computational complexity by 18%. The reduced memory requirements are particularly advantageous since the 512 memory words must be stored for each training sequence.
- the algorithm can be implemented in hardware or in the DSP firmware (digital signal processor). Due to the complex planning and the multiple multiplication and accumulation operations, a firmware implementation is preferable.
- an iterative method for ' is the common calculation of the maximum likelihood estimates of the channel coefficients and the DC offset shown on the basis of a training sequence (TSC) in a TDMA Mobilkom munikationssystem.
- TSC training sequence
- a preferred embodiment of the iterative method uses the orthogonality of the TSC sequences of the GSM system for a length of 16 data symbols. This solution does not require storage of the TSC's inverse Fisher information matrix. However, an accurate estimate of the DC offset is obtained when the TSC portion of the received signal is observed over a length greater than 16 data symbols. Due to the monotonicity property of the SAGE algorithm, the estimate thus obtained is used to improve the accuracy of the channel coefficient estimates.
- the advantages of the proposed Methods are a reduced memory size of the ROM memory (read-only memory) and a reduction in the computing complexity.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003303843A AU2003303843A1 (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2003-12-23 | Maximum likelihood estimation of channel coefficients and dc-offset in a digital baseband signal of a radio receiver with a sage algorithm |
DE10394211T DE10394211D2 (de) | 2003-01-29 | 2003-12-23 | Maximum-Likelihood-Abschätzung der Kanalkoeffizienten und des DC-Offset in einem digitalen Basisbandsignal, eines Funkempfängers mit dem Sage-Algorithmus |
US11/193,605 US7340257B2 (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2005-07-29 | Maximum likelihood estimation of the channel coefficients and of the DC offset in a digital baseband signal of a radio receiver using the SAGE algorithm |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE10303475.7 | 2003-01-29 | ||
DE10303475A DE10303475B3 (de) | 2003-01-29 | 2003-01-29 | Maximum-Likelihood-Abschätzung der Kanalkoeffizienten und des DC-Offset in einem digitalen Basisbandsignal eines Funkempfängers mit dem SAGE-Algorithmus |
Related Child Applications (1)
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US11/193,605 Continuation US7340257B2 (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2005-07-29 | Maximum likelihood estimation of the channel coefficients and of the DC offset in a digital baseband signal of a radio receiver using the SAGE algorithm |
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WO2004068813A2 true WO2004068813A2 (de) | 2004-08-12 |
WO2004068813A3 WO2004068813A3 (de) | 2004-09-23 |
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PCT/DE2003/004277 WO2004068813A2 (de) | 2003-01-29 | 2003-12-23 | Maximum-likelihood-abschätzung der kanalkoeffizienten und des dc-offset in einem digitalen basisbandsignal eines funkempfängers mit dem sage-algorithmus |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US7340257B2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003303843A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10303475B3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004068813A2 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102004039440A1 (de) * | 2004-08-13 | 2006-02-23 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Offset-Fehlern in Modulatoren und Demodulatoren |
CN106713191A (zh) * | 2017-02-28 | 2017-05-24 | 西安电子科技大学 | 一种多级搜索sage方法 |
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US7697620B2 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2010-04-13 | Ibiquity Digital Corporation | Equalizer for AM in-band on-channel radio receivers |
KR100980647B1 (ko) * | 2007-07-05 | 2010-09-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 다중 안테나 시스템에서 간섭 제거 장치 및 방법 |
DE102008033437A1 (de) | 2007-11-14 | 2009-05-20 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung einer Gleichspannungs-Störung in einem OFDM-Übertragungssystem |
EP2061199B1 (de) | 2007-11-14 | 2016-08-03 | Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ermittlung einer gleichspannungs-störung in einem ofdm-übertragungssystem |
US8095076B2 (en) * | 2009-02-05 | 2012-01-10 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Methods and systems for low-complexity channel estimator in OFDM / OFDMA systems |
US9942078B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2018-04-10 | Avago Technologies General Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Methods and apparatus for simultaneous estimation of frequency offset and channel response for MU-MIMO OFDMA |
US20110142116A1 (en) * | 2009-12-15 | 2011-06-16 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Method and apparatus for estimating channel parameter |
US9099776B2 (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2015-08-04 | Hughes Network Systems Llc | Method for iterative estimation of global parameters |
US10511462B2 (en) * | 2016-01-06 | 2019-12-17 | Apple Inc. | DC offset cancelation for wireless communications |
WO2019140430A1 (en) * | 2018-01-15 | 2019-07-18 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Pattern detection at low signal-to-noise ratio with multiple data capture regimes |
US11729650B2 (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2023-08-15 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Neighbor measurement adjustment for dual connectivity |
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US6449320B1 (en) * | 1999-07-02 | 2002-09-10 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Equalization with DC-offset compensation |
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US5905721A (en) * | 1996-09-26 | 1999-05-18 | Cwill Telecommunications, Inc. | Methods for channel estimation and signal detection of CDMA signals |
US6111910A (en) * | 1997-12-11 | 2000-08-29 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Maximal correlation symbol estimation demodulator |
US6154507A (en) * | 1997-12-22 | 2000-11-28 | Ericsson Inc | System and method for signal demodulation |
US6226321B1 (en) * | 1998-05-08 | 2001-05-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Multichannel parametric adaptive matched filter receiver |
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DE10137675A1 (de) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-02-20 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Verfahren zur gemeinsamen Abschätzung von DC-Störung und Kanal in einem digitalen Basisbandsignal eines Funkempfängers und zugehörige Vorrichtung |
US7099409B2 (en) * | 2002-02-13 | 2006-08-29 | Broadcom Corporation | Channel estimation and/or equalization using repeated adaptation |
-
2003
- 2003-01-29 DE DE10303475A patent/DE10303475B3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-23 AU AU2003303843A patent/AU2003303843A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-23 DE DE10394211T patent/DE10394211D2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-23 WO PCT/DE2003/004277 patent/WO2004068813A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2005
- 2005-07-29 US US11/193,605 patent/US7340257B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
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WO2000076160A1 (fr) * | 1999-06-02 | 2000-12-14 | France Telecom | Procede de communications radiomobiles amrt iteratif |
US6449320B1 (en) * | 1999-07-02 | 2002-09-10 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Equalization with DC-offset compensation |
WO2001031867A1 (en) * | 1999-10-27 | 2001-05-03 | Nokia Corporation | Dc offset correction in a mobile communication system |
Cited By (2)
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DE102004039440A1 (de) * | 2004-08-13 | 2006-02-23 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Offset-Fehlern in Modulatoren und Demodulatoren |
CN106713191A (zh) * | 2017-02-28 | 2017-05-24 | 西安电子科技大学 | 一种多级搜索sage方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE10394211D2 (de) | 2005-12-08 |
US20060052062A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
DE10303475B3 (de) | 2004-10-07 |
WO2004068813A3 (de) | 2004-09-23 |
US7340257B2 (en) | 2008-03-04 |
AU2003303843A1 (en) | 2004-08-23 |
AU2003303843A8 (en) | 2004-08-23 |
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