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  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/42—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with nitro or nitroso radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with nitro or nitroso radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms attached in position 5
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  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to thiophene carboxamide derivatives, processes and 5 intermediates used in their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in therapy.
• the NF- ⁇ B (nuclear factor KB) family is composed of homo- and heterodimers of the
• NF- ⁇ B dimer complex The most commonly found Rel family dimer complex is composed of p50 NFkB and p65 RelA (Baeuerle and Baltimore, Cell 53:211-217, 1988; Baeuerle and Baltimore, Genes Dev. 3:1689-1698, 1989). Under resting conditions NF- ⁇ B dimers are retained in the cytoplasm by a member of the I ⁇ B family of inhibitory proteins (Beg et. al., Genes Dev.,
• I ⁇ B proteins become phosphorylated on two critical serine residues (Traenckner et. al., EMBO J., 14:2876, 1995) and are then targeted for ubiquitination and proteosome-mediated degradation (Chen, ZJ. et. al., Genes and Dev. 9:1586-1597, 1995;
• Receptor-mediated NF- ⁇ B activation relies upon specific interactions between the receptor and adapter/signalling molecules (for example, TRADD, RIP, TRAF, MyD88) and associated kinases (IRAK, NIK) (Song et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9792-9796, 1997; Natoli et. al., JBC 272:26079-26082, 1997).
• IRAK, NIK associated kinases
• Environmental stresses such as UN light and ⁇ -radiation appear to stimulate ⁇ F- ⁇ B via alternative, less defined, mechanisms.
• NF- ⁇ B inducing kinase (NIK) (Boldin et. al, Cell 85:803-815, 1996), I ⁇ B kinase-1 (IKK-1) (Didonato et. al, Nature 388:548, 1997; Regnier at. al, Cell 90:373 1997) and I ⁇ B kinase-2 (IKK-2) (Woronicz et. al., Science 278:866, 1997; Zandi et. al., Cell 91:243, 1997).
• NIK NF- ⁇ B inducing kinase
• IKK-1 I ⁇ B kinase-1
• IKK-2 I ⁇ B kinase-2
• NIK appears to represent a common mediator of NF- ⁇ B signalling cascades triggered by tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1, and is a potent inducer of I ⁇ B phosphorylation. However NIK is unable to phosphorylate I ⁇ B directly.
• IKK-1 and IKK-2 are thought to lie immediately downstream of NIK and are capable of directly phosphorylating all three I ⁇ B sub-types.
• IKK-1 and IKK-2 are 52% identical at the amino acid level but appear to have similar substrate specificities; however, enzyme activities appear to be different: IKK-2 is several-fold more potent than IKK-1.
• Expression data, coupled with mutagenesis studies, suggest that IKK-1 and IKK-2 are capable of forming homo- and heterodimers through their C-terminal leucine zipper motifs, with the heterodimeric form being preferred (Mercurio et. al., Mol. Cell Biol., 19:1526, 1999; Zandi et. al, Science; 281:1360, 1998; Lee et. al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9319, 1998).
• NIK, IKK-1 and IKK-2 are all serine/threonine kinases. Recent data has shown that tyrosine kinases also play a role in regulating the activation of NF- ⁇ B. A number of groups have shown that TNF- ⁇ induced NF- ⁇ B activation can be regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and tyrosine kinases (Amer et. al., JBC 273:29417-29423, 1998; Hu et. al., JBC 273:33561-33565, 1998; Kaekawa et. al., Biochem. J. 337:179-184, 1999; Singh et.
• PTPs protein tyrosine phosphatases
• tyrosine kinases Amer et. al., JBC 273:29417-29423, 1998; Hu et. al., JBC 273:33561-33565, 1998; Kae
• IKK-1 and IKK-2 form part of a 'signalosome' structure in association with additional proteins including IKAP (Cohen et. al., Nature 395:292-296, 1998; Rothwarf et.
• IKK-1 results in a dramatic increase in IKK-1 activity but only a small effect on IKK-2 (for review, see Mercurio, F., and Manning, A.M., Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 11:226-232, 1999).
• NF- ⁇ B signalling plays a significant role in the development of cancer and metastasis.
• Abnormal expression of c-Rel, NF- ⁇ B2 or I ⁇ B ⁇ have been described in a number of tumour types and tumour cell lines, and there is now data to show that constitutive NF- ⁇ B signalling via IKK-2 takes place in a wide range of tumour cell lines.
• This activity has been linked to various upstream defects in growth factor signalling such as the establishment of autocrine loops, or the presence of oncogene products e.g. Ras, AKT, Her2, which are involved in the activation of the IKK complex.
• NF- ⁇ B activity is believed to contribute to oncogenesis through activation of a range of anti- apoptotic genes e.g. Al/Bfi-1, IEX-1, XIAP, leading to the suppression of cell death pathways, and transcriptional upregulation of cyclin Dl which promotes cell growth. Other data indicate that this pathway is also likely to be involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and cell surface proteases. This suggests a possible additional role for NF- ⁇ B activity in the development of metastasis.
• Evidence confirming the involvement of NF- ⁇ B activity in oncogenesis includes the inhibition of tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo on expression of a modified form of I ⁇ B ⁇ (super-repressor I ⁇ B ⁇ ).
• NF- ⁇ B is also activated in response to certain types of chemotherapy. Inhibition of NF- ⁇ B activation through expression of the super-repressor form of I ⁇ B ⁇ in parallel with chemotherapy treatment has been shown to enhance the anti-tumour effect of the chemotherapy in xenograft models. NF- ⁇ B activity is therefore also implicated in inducible chemoresistance.
• Patent application WO 01/58890 discloses certain thiophene carboxamide derivatives that are useful as IKK-2 inhibitors. We now disclose a further group of thiophene carboxamide derivatives that possess desirable pharmacological activity profiles, in particular, increased beneficial potencies.
• R 1 represents H or CH 3 ;
• R 2 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, CI to 2 alkyl, trifluoromethyl or CI to 2 alkoxy;
• R 3 and R 4 independently represent H or CH 3 ; or the group CR 3 R 4 together represents a C3 to 6 cycloalkyl ring;
• A represents a six-membered aromatic ring optionally incorporating one or two nitrogen atoms; and the group -CR 3 R 4 -X-R 5 is bonded to ring A in the 4-position relative to the thiophene ring;
• X represents NR 6 ;
• R 5 represents H, CI to 6 alkyl, C2 to 6 alkenyl or C3 to 6 cycloalkyl; said cycloalkyl group optionally incorporating one heteroatom selected from O, S(O) n or NR ; said alkyl group being optionally further substituted by one or more groups selected independently from CN, OH, CI to 4 alkoxy, F, a C5 to 10 monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system optionally incorporating one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N, and said ring system being optionally further substituted by one or more substituents selected independently from halogen, CI to 2 alkyl, CI to 2 alkoxy or CF 3 ; or said alkyl being optionally further substituted by a C5 to 6 cycloalkyl ring that optionally incorporates a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) m or NR and/or a carbonyl group and is optionally further substituted by OH; R 6 represents H or
• Certain compounds of formula (I) are capable of existing in stereoisomeric forms. It will be understood that the invention encompasses all geometric and optical isomers of the compounds of formula (I) and mixtures thereof including racemates. Tautomers and mixtures thereof also form an aspect of the present invention.
• R 1 in formula (I) represents H.
• R 2 in formula (I) represents H.
• A represents an optionally substituted phenyl.
• R 3 and R 4 in formula (I) each represent H.
• R 5 represents CI to 4 alkyl or C3 to 6 cycloalkyl; said cycloalkyl group optionally incorporating one heteroatom selected from O, S(O) n or NR 7 ; and said alkyl group being optionally further substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups selected independently from CN, OH, CI to 4 alkoxy, F, a C5 to 10 monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic ring system optionally incorporating one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N, and said ring system being optionally further substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected independently from halogen, CI to 2 alkyl, CI to 2 alkoxy and CF 3 ; or said alkyl being optionally further substituted by a C5 to 6 cycloalkyl ring that optionally incorporates a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) m or NR 8 and/or a carbonyl group and is optionally further substituted by 1 OH group.
• R 5 represents CI to 6 alkyl or C3 to 6 cycloalkyl; said cycloalkyl group optionally incorporating one heteroatom selected from O, S(O) n or NR 7 ; and said alkyl group being optionally further substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups selected independently from CN, OH, CI to 4 alkoxy, F, a C5 to 10 monocyclic and a bicyclic aromatic ring system optionally incorporating one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N, and said ring system being optionally further substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected independently from halogen, CI to 2 alkyl, CI to 2 alkoxy and CF 3 ; or said alkyl being optionally further substituted by a C5 to 6 cycloalkyl ring that optionally incorporates a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) m or NR 8 and/or a carbonyl group and is optionally further substituted by 1 OH group.
• R 5 represents CI to
• the carboxamido group in formula (I) is attached to the 3-position of the thiophene ring. In another embodiment, the carboxamido group in formula (I) is attached to the 2- position of the thiophene ring.
• the present invention relates to a class of compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each represent H; the carboxamido group is attached to the 3- position of the thiophene ring; the carboxamido group in formula (I) is attached to the 2- position of the thiophene ring; A represents an optionally substituted phenyl; and R and R are as defined above.
• the present invention relates to a class of compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R each represent H; the carboxamido group is attached to the 3-position of the thiophene ring; the carboxamido group in formula (I) is attached to the 2- position of the thiophene ring; A represents phenyl; R6 is H or CI to 4 alkyl; said alkyl group being optionally substituted by CN, OH, CI to 4 alkoxy or by 1, 2 or 3 fluoro atoms; and R 5 has any of the definitions defined above.
• the present invention relates to a class of compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R each represent H; the carboxamido group is attached to the 3-position of the thiophene ring; the carboxamido group in formula (I) is attached to the 2- position of the thiophene ring;
• A represents phenyl;
• R6 is H or CI to 4 alkyl; said alkyl group being optionally substituted by CN, OH, CI to 4 alkoxy or by 1, 2 or 3 fluoro atoms; and
• R 5 represents CI to 6 alkyl or C3 to 6 cycloalkyl; said cycloalkyl group optionally incorporating one heteroatom selected from O, S(O) n or NR 7 ; and said alkyl group being optionally further substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups selected independently from CN, OH, CI to 4 alkoxy, F, a C5 to 10 monocyclic and a bicyclic
• the invention further provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or racemate thereof.
• Another aspect of the invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament, for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases or conditions in which inhibition of IKK-2 activity is beneficial.
• a more particular aspect of the invention provides the use of a compound of formula
• a method of treating, or reducing the risk of, diseases or conditions in which inhibition of IKK-2 activity is beneficial which comprises administering to a person suffering from or at risk of, said disease or condition, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method of treating, or reducing the risk of, inflammatory disease in a person suffering from or at risk of, said disease comprises administering to the person a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include those exemplified herein:
• CI to 6 alkyl denotes a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl.
• C2 to 6 alkenyl denotes a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms incorporating at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of such groups include ethenyl and propenyl.
• C3 to 6 cycloalkyl denotes a saturated carbocyclic ring having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• CI to 4 alkoxy denotes a straight or branched chain alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of such groups include methoxy, ethoxy and isopropoxy.
• CI to 2 alkoxy is to be interpreted analogously.
• halogen referred to herein denotes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• Examples of a six-membered aromatic ring optionally incorporating one or two nitrogen atoms include phenyl, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine.
• Examples of a C3 to 6 cycloalkyl ring that optionally incorporates one heteroatom selected from O, S(O) n or NR 8 include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl- 1,1 -dioxide, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl and piperidinyl.
• Examples of a C5 to 10 monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system optionally incorporating one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N include phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, indolyl, isoxazolyl and pyrazolyl
• Examples of a C5 to 6 cycloalkyl ring that optionally incorporates a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) m or NR 8 and/or a carbonyl group include cyclohexyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl 1,1 -dioxide, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl and piperidinyl.
• a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or racemate thereof which comprises: (a) reaction of a compound of formula (II):
• R 1 is as defined in fo ⁇ nula (I); or
• A, R ⁇ l , r R> 2 , ⁇ R>3 and R are as defined in formula (I), and LG represents a leaving group, with an amine of fo ⁇ nula R > 5 ⁇ R) 6* NH, wherein R and R are as defined in formula (I); or
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined in formula (I), with an amine of formula R 5 R 6 NH wherein R 5 and R 6 are as defined in fo ⁇ nula (I), under reductive amination conditions; or
• R , R , R , R , R and A are as defined in formula (I), with an aldehyde or ketone under reductive amination conditions; and where necessary converting the resultant compound of formula (I), or another salt thereof, into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or converting the resultant compound of formula (I) into a further compound of formula (I); and where desired converting the resultant compound of formula (I) into an optical isomer thereof.
• suitable isocyanate reagents include trimethylsilylisocyanate, trichloroacetylisocyanate and sodium isocyanate.
• the reaction with trimethylsilylisocyanate can be ca ⁇ ied out in a solvent such as dichloromethane/d nethylformamide at a suitable elevated temperature, for example, at the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture.
• the reaction with sodium isocyanate can be ca ⁇ ied out in a suitable solvent system such as aqueous acetic acid at ambient temperature.
• the trichloroacetylisocyanate reaction can be ca ⁇ ied out in a suitable solvent system such as acetonitrile at ambient temperature, and subsequently treating the mixture with ammonia to give compounds of the general formula (I).
• a suitable solvent system such as acetonitrile at ambient temperature
• ammonia to give compounds of the general formula (I).
• the isocyanate is trichloroacetylisocyanate.
• metal can be a metal or semi-metal such as magnesium, zinc, copper, tin, silicon, zirconium, aluminium or boron. Suitable leaving groups include iodo, bromo, chloro, triflate or phosphonate.
• the compounds of formulae (Nil) are reacted together with amines under appropriate reaction conditions. This can either be in the presence or absence of base. Such bases can be either inorganic or organic. Suitable leaving groups include iodo, bromo, chloro, sulphonate and triflate.
• the carbonyl compounds of formula (NIII) are reacted together with amines under appropriate reductive amination reaction conditions.
• the reducing agent for these reactions include sodium cyanoborohydride and sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
• Solvents can include trimethylorthoformate and methanol. Titanium (IN) salts may also be used in this process.
• compounds of the formula (NIII) can be reacted with amines to form the co ⁇ esponding imine, which can then be reduced to produce compounds of formula (I).
• additional reducing agents such as sodium borohydride may be used.
• Conditions for process (f) are analogous to those described above for process (e).
• the present invention includes compounds of formula (I) in the form of salts, in particular acid addition salts.
• Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids.
• Such acid addition salts will normally be pha ⁇ naceutically acceptable although salts of non- pharmaceutically acceptable acids may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question.
• prefe ⁇ ed salts include those fo ⁇ ned from hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, phosphoric, citric, tartaric, lactic, pyruvic, acetic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, methanesulphonic and benzenesulphonic acids.
• Salts of compounds of formula (I) may be fo ⁇ ned by reacting the free base, or a salt, enantiomer or racemate thereof, with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid.
• the reaction may be ca ⁇ ied out in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble or in a solvent in which the salt is soluble, for example, water, dioxane, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, or a mixture of solvents, which may be removed in vacuo or by freeze drying.
• the reaction may also be a metathetical process or it may be carried out on an ion exchange resin.
• Compounds of formula (II) can be prepared by standard chemistry described in the literature [for example, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 36, 333 (1999)] or by reaction of compounds of formula (X)
• LG represents a leaving group, with ammonia. Suitable groups LG include halogen, in particular chloro.
• the compounds of formula (I) have activity as pha ⁇ naceuticals, in particular as IKK-2 enzyme inhibitors, and may be used in the treatment (therapeutic or prophylactic) of conditions/diseases in human and non-human animals in which inhibition of IKK-2 is beneficial.
• conditions/diseases include inflammatory diseases or diseases with an inflammatory component.
• Particular diseases include inflammatory arthritides including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondylitis, Reiters syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, lupus and bone resorptive disease; multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease; asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, rhinitis, myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease, allograft rejection, psoriasis, dermatitis, allergic disorders, immune complex diseases, cachexia, ARDS, toxic shock, heart failure, myocardial infarcts, atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, AIDS, cancer and disorders characterised by insulin resistance such as diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, polycystic ovarian disease, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and Syndrome X.
• insulin resistance such as diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, polycy
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I), or a pha ⁇ naceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases or conditions in which modulation of the IKK-2 enzyme activity is beneficial.
• therapy also includes “prophylaxis” unless there are specific indications to the contrary.
• therapeutic and “therapeutically” should be construed accordingly.
• Prophylaxis is expected to be particularly relevant to the treatment of persons who have suffered a previous episode of, or are otherwise considered to be at increased risk of, the disease or condition in question.
• Persons at risk of developing a particular disease or condition generally include those having a family history of the disease or condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the disease or condition.
• the invention still further provides a method of treating an IKK-2 mediated disease which comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined.
• the invention also provides a method of treating an inflammatory disease, especially asthma, rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, in a patient suffering from, or at risk of, said disease, which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined.
• an inflammatory disease especially asthma, rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis
• administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined.
• the dosage administered will, of course, vary with the compound employed, the mode of administration, the treatment desired and the disorder indicated.
• the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be 5 used on their own but will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in which the formula (I) compound/salt (active ingredient) is in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or ca ⁇ ier.
• the pharmaceutical composition will preferably comprise from 0.05 to 99 %w (per cent by weight), more preferably from 0.05 to 80 %w, still more preferably from 0.10 to
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
• the invention further provides a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, which comprises mixing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore defined, with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or ca ⁇ ier.
• compositions may be administered topically (e.g. to the user).
• the composition may be adapted for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
• the composition may be administered in a form
• inhalation for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol such as an aerosol formed from a predominantly aqueous solution or suspension, or for administration by insufflation, for example as a finely divided powder.
• delivery by inhalation or insufflation provides higher concentrations of the drug to the required site, namely the epithelial lining of the lungs, than those readily achievable following systemic absorption of the drug. Smaller doses can therefore be used to delivered the drug locally to the specific cells which are to be controlled. Thereby, any adverse systemic side effects of the drug are reduced and the beneficial effects of the treatment can be realised more quickly.
• Such administration may use a compressed gas to expel the drug from a container, for example an aerosol formulation may be used comprising fine liquid or solid particles ca ⁇ ied by a propellant gas under pressure.
• the aerosol contains the drug which is dissolved, suspended or emulsified in a mixture of a fluid carrier and a propellant.
• propellants may be used, for example hydrocarbons or other suitable gases or mixtures thereof.
• MDIs metered dose aerosol and breath-activated delivery devices
• the drug may be administered using a conventional nebuliser, which generates fine liquid particles of substantially uniform size containing the drug dispersed as small droplets that can penetrate into the respiratory tract of the patient.
• a powder composition containing the drug, with or without a lubricant, ca ⁇ ier or propellant may be used.
• a powder mixture of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch may be presented in a unit dosage form that may be administered with the aid of an inhaler.
• a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch
• certain patients may produce copious quantities of mucus in the lungs and such patients may not be treatable initially by inhalation, hi that event, it may be preferable to delivery the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention by injection or orally.
• compositions of the invention maybe obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients that are well known in the art.
• compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents.
• the aqueous phase was filtered to remove a small amount of insoluble material and the filtrate then neutralised with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
• the precipitated product was collected by filtration and washed with water and dried.
• the crude material was purified by preparative hplc, product-containing fractions combined, neutralised with concentrated aqueous ammonia and evaporated to give the product as a pale brown solid (0.008 g).
• Triisopropylborate (1.8 ml) was added before allowing the mixture to warm to room temperature. After sti ⁇ ing at room temperature for 3.5 h, the THF was removed under vacuum and DME (20 ml), water (2 ml) and 2-(aminocarbonyl)amino-5-bromo-thiophene-3-carboxamide (0.47 g) were added. The mixture was degassed by purging with argon and sonicating for 15 min, sodium hydrogen carbonate (0.445 g) and Pd(Ph 3 ) 4 (0.1 g) added and heated to 90 °C for 18 h under argon. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between 2N sodium hydroxide solution and DCM.
• Example 4 (a) by the same method as for Example 4 (a) to give the product as a solid (0.155 g).
• 2-Methoxyethylamine (16 ml) was added to a solution of 4-bromobenzaldehyde (17.2 g) in THF (150 ml). Glacial acetic acid (5.32 ml) and MgSO 4 (0.5 g) were added and the mixture was sti ⁇ ed for 45 min. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (29.7 g) was added and the resulting mixture was sti ⁇ ed for 4 h. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated sodium bicarbonate.
• Examples 38 to 55 were prepared from 3-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4- formylphenyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide and the appropriate amine using the general method of Example 8.
• Example 40 3-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-r4-(rN-benzyl-N-methylaminolmethyl ⁇ phenynthiophene-2- carboxamide MS (ES) 395 (M+H) + .
• 1H NMR (DMSO-D6) 2.10 (s, 3H), 3.49-3.57 (m, 4H), 6.60 (s, 2H), 7.22-7.29 (m, IH), 7.31- 7.48 (m, 8H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 8.23 (s, IH), 10.06 (s, IH).
• test compounds were tested for inhibition of IKK-2 using a filter kinase assay.
• the test compounds were dissolved to 10 mM in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO).
• DMSO dimethylsulphoxide
• the compounds were then diluted 1 in 40 in kinase buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4 containing 0.1 mM EGTA, 0.1 mM sodium orthovanadate and 0.1% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol). 1 in 3 serial dilutions were made from this solution with 2.5% DMSO in kinase buffer.
• 20 ⁇ l of compound dilution was added to wells of a 96 well plate in duplicate.
• 20 ⁇ l 2.5%> DMSO in kinase buffer instead of compound was added to control wells (0% inhibition).
• 20 ⁇ l 0.5 M EDTA was added instead of compound to background wells (100 % inhibition).
• the kinase reactions were incubated at 21 °C for 80 minutes and the reaction stopped by precipitating the protein by the addition of an equal volume (50 ⁇ l) of 20 % trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The precipitate was allowed to form for 10 minutes and then filtered onto a GF/C unifilter 96 well plate. Each filter was washed twice with approximately 1 ml 2 % TCA. The filter plate was dried at 30-40 °C for 60 minutes, 20 ⁇ l scintillant was added to each well and the plate sealed and radioactivity counted on a Packard Topcount microplate scintillation counter.
• TCA trichloroacetic acid
• IKK-1 Filter Kinase Assay The selectivity of compounds was assessed by testing them for inhibition of IKK-1 using a filter kinase assay.
• the assay conditions were identical to the IKK-2 filter kinase assay except that a mixture of IKK-1 (0.25 ⁇ g/well) and 1-53 GST MB (9 ⁇ g/well) was added to each well to start the reaction.
• test compounds on nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) activation in cells was assessed by measuring inhibition of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ⁇ ) production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• LPS bacterial lipopolysaccharide
• the cloudy layer containing PBMCs was collected with a fine tipped Pasteur pipette, transferred into 8 clean polypropylene centrifuge tubes (approximately 10 ml per tube) and diluted to 50 ml with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). These tubes were centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 8 minutes. PBS (10 ml) was added to each cell pellet and the cells were gently re-suspended. The cells were pooled in 4 centrifuge tubes, PBS was added to each tube to make the volume up to 50 ml and the tubes were centrifuged at 1,400 rpm for 8 minutes. The cell pellets were again re-suspended in 10 ml PBS, pooled in 2 centrifuge tubes, the volume made up to 50 ml with PBS and the tubes centrifuged at 900 rpm for 10 minutes.
• PBS phosphate-buffered saline
• the final cell pellets were gently re-suspended in 10 ml tissue culture medium (RPMI containing 1% heat-inactivated human serum, L-glutamine and penicillin and streptomycin), combined into 1 tube and the volume made up to 30 ml with RPMI medium. The cells were counted and the cell suspension was diluted to 2.6 x IO 6 cells/ml.
• tissue culture medium RPMI containing 1% heat-inactivated human serum, L-glutamine and penicillin and streptomycin
• Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO to 10 mM and diluted 1 in 250 (40 ⁇ M) with RPMI medium. The compounds were then serially diluted 1 in 3 with 0.4% DMSO in RPMI medium. Aliquots of test compound dilutions (50 ⁇ l) were transfe ⁇ ed to the wells of a 96-well plate. Control wells contained 0.4% DMSO in RPMI instead of compound.
• TNF ⁇ in the supematants were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).
• ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
• the ELISA plate was prepared by coating the wells of a 96 well plate with a sheep anti-human TNF ⁇ monoclonal antibody (100 ⁇ l of l ⁇ g/ml antibody diluted in coating buffer; 0.5 M carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6 containing 0.2 g/1 sodium azide) and incubating overnight at 4°C. Blank wells were not coated.
• the wells were washed once with 0.1% BSA in PBS containing 0.05% Tween (PBS/Tween) then incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 1% BSA in coating buffer (200 ⁇ l). The wells were then washed 3 times with 0.1% BSA in PBS/Tween.
• the samples of supernatant from the PBMC incubation were diluted 1 in 3 with 1% BSA in PBS/Tween. 100 ⁇ l aliquots of these dilutions were added to the ELISA plate.
• Other wells contained 100 ⁇ l TNF ⁇ standard (10, 3.3, 1.1, 0.37, 0.12, 0.04, 0.014 and 0 ng/ml).
• the ELISA plate was incubated at room temperature for 2 h before the wells were washed 3 times with 0.1% BSA in PBS/Tween.
• a rabbit anti-human TNFa antibody (100 ⁇ l of a 2.5 ⁇ g/ml solution) was added to each well and the plate incubated at room temperature for 1.5 h.
• Peroxidase substrate was prepared by dissolving a 1 mg TMB tablet (Sigma, T-5525) in 100 ⁇ l DMSO (100 ⁇ l) and adding this and 36 ⁇ l UHPO (BDH, 30559; 1 g tablet dissolved in 25 ml distilled water) to 10 ml 0.1M citrate/acetate buffer, pH6. 100 ⁇ l substrate was added to each well and the plate incubated in the dark at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 25 ⁇ l 2 M sulphuric acid to each well. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured in a 96 well plater spectrophotometer. Results

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