WO2004059876A1 - 伝送路シミュレート方法及び伝送路シミュレータ - Google Patents
伝送路シミュレート方法及び伝送路シミュレータ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004059876A1 WO2004059876A1 PCT/JP2003/016531 JP0316531W WO2004059876A1 WO 2004059876 A1 WO2004059876 A1 WO 2004059876A1 JP 0316531 W JP0316531 W JP 0316531W WO 2004059876 A1 WO2004059876 A1 WO 2004059876A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/0082—Monitoring; Testing using service channels; using auxiliary channels
- H04B17/0087—Monitoring; Testing using service channels; using auxiliary channels using auxiliary channels or channel simulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
- H04B17/391—Modelling the propagation channel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transmission path simulation method for simulating a wireless transmission path in multi-antenna communication and a transmission path simulator for simulating the wireless transmission path in multi-antenna communication to promote development of wireless devices.
- a device that simulates a wireless transmission path that is, a transmission path simulator, is required as an environment for evaluating the performance of the developed equipment. Become.
- Fig. 1 shows a configuration example of a conventional transmission path simulator.
- the transmission path simulator 10 allows the transmission signal output from the transmission system of the development device 40 to pass through a multipath transmission path configured according to the setting parameters from the control device 30. At this time, the signal passing through each path is subjected to amplitude fluctuation and phase fluctuation (hereinafter, referred to as transmission path fluctuation) imitating forging, and the signals are weighted and added by the gain of each path.
- the signal given the transmission path fluctuation by the transmission path simulator 10 The signal is received and demodulated by the receiving system 50 of the transmitting device, and the demodulated signal is transmitted to the error rate measuring device 70. In this way, the performance of the transmission system 40 and the reception system 50 of the developed device can be evaluated by observing the error rate measurement results when various transmission line fluctuations are given by the transmission line simulator 10. Can be.
- the transmission line simulator 10 is connected to the transmission system 40 of the development device consisting of a digital baseband processing unit (digital BB processing unit) 41, an analog baseband processing unit (analog BB processing unit) 42, and a radio circuit 43. In addition to being connected, it is connected to a receiving system 50 of a development device including a wireless circuit 53, an analog BB processing unit 52, and a digital BB processing unit 51. Note that in Fig. 1, the I-channel (in-phase, ie, the real part of the complex number) and the Q-channel (the orthogonal, ie, the complex Part) consists of two baseband signal lines.
- the digital data generated by the data generator 60 is input to the transmission path simulator 10 via the digital BB processing unit 41, the analog BB processing unit 42, and the radio circuit 43 of the transmission system 40.
- the transmission system 40 of the development device is a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) transmission device
- the digital BB processing unit 41 performs digital modulation processing, spreading processing, and the like. If it is a device, it is a part that performs digital modulation processing, inverse Fourier transform processing, and the like.
- the analog-to-analog BB processing unit 42 is a digital-to-analog conversion circuit
- the wireless circuit 43 is a unit that performs up-conversion, signal amplification, and the like.
- the transmission path simulator 10 includes a radio circuit 11 that performs a process reverse to that of the radio circuit 43, that is, a process such as down-conversion, and an analog BB processing unit 12 that is an analog-to-digital conversion circuit. Then, the signal from the transmission system 40 is returned to the digital baseband signal by the analog BB processing unit 12.
- the digital baseband signal is input to a multipath signal generator 13 including a shift register 14 and a selector 15, and is converted into a multipath signal by the multipath signal generator 13. Specifically, shift register 14 is input The digital baseband signal is shifted by the time obtained by dividing the maximum delay time of the path by the sampling period of the analog BB processing unit 12.
- the selector 15 selects and outputs as many signals as the number of passes from the signals output from each shift stage of the shift register 14.
- the multipath generating unit 13 receives a multipath instruction signal S1 indicating the number of paths specified by the control device 30 and the delay time of each path, and the shift register 14 and the selector 15 It operates based on the path instruction signal S1.
- a signal corresponding to each path in the multipath environment is output from the selector 15 of the multipath generation unit 13.
- the signal corresponding to each path is sent to each of the complex multipliers A1 to Ak of the instantaneous fluctuation (ray leaf aging) adding section 16.
- the complex multipliers A1 to Ak are supplied with complex Gaussian noise generated by band-limited complex Gaussian noise generators (LGN) D1 to Dk.
- the band-limited complex Gaussian noise generators (LGN) D l to D k are composed of a white Gaussian noise generator and a Doppler filter, and have a bandwidth within the range of the maximum Doppler frequency S 2 input from the controller 30. Generates limited white Gaussian noise. As a result, the signals of the paths to which the instantaneous fluctuations are given are output from the complex multipliers A1 to Ak.
- the signal of each path to which the instantaneous variation is added is sent to a plurality of complex multipliers B 1 to B k forming the short-period variation giving unit 17.
- Each of the complex multipliers B 1 to B k is supplied with a complex gain S 3 corresponding to each path specified by the control device 30, whereby shadowing and distance from the short-period variation providing unit 17 are provided.
- the signal of each path to which the fluctuation is given is output.
- a signal to which the instantaneous fluctuation, shadowing, and distance fluctuation specified by the control device 30 are added is formed for each path, and the signal of each path is formed.
- This multipath signal is supplied to the adder C3.
- the white Gaussian noise generated by the white Gaussian noise generator (WGN) 21 is added to the adder C 3 to the amplifier 22.
- the signal is amplified and supplied to the noise level S 4 specified by the control device 30.
- receiver noise is added to the multipath signal in adder C3.
- the analog BB processing section 19 and the radio circuit 20 have the same configuration as the analog BB processing section 42 and the radio circuit 43 of the transmission system 40, and transmission line fluctuation and receiver noise are added. After digital-to-analog conversion of the digital BB signal, it performs radio processing such as up-conversion and amplification.
- the output signal of the transmission path simulator 10 is input to the wireless circuit 53 of the development device (reception system) 50.
- the wireless circuit 53 has an AGC (Automatic Gain Control) circuit and an AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) circuit, and compensates for the carrier frequency offset and input / output fluctuation between transmission and reception.
- the signal that has been converted from analog to digital by the analog BB processing unit 52 is sent to the digital BB processing unit 51. .
- the development device (receiving system) 50 is a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) receiving device
- the digital BB processing unit 51 performs digital demodulation processing and despreading processing. If so, it is the part that performs digital demodulation processing and Fourier conversion processing.
- the signal processed by the digital BB processing unit 51 is sent to the error rate measuring unit 70, and the error rate measuring unit 70 measures the transmission line error rate.
- the transmission path simulator 10 simulates the multipath that would occur on the transmission path and the fading fluctuation to each path for the radio signal obtained by the transmission system 40 of the development device.
- the obtained signal is input to the receiving system 50 of the development device, and the error rate characteristics of the signal processed by the receiving system 50 are measured, whereby the transmission system 40 and the receiving system 50 are measured.
- the transmission characteristics are evaluated.
- a multi-antenna technology such as a multi-input multi-output (MIM) adaptive array antenna, has attracted attention as a technology that enables large-capacity data transmission. For example, using MIM ⁇ technology
- the equipment has multiple antennas for the transmission system and the reception system. Different data are transmitted from the antennas, and in the receiving system, signals mixed with each other are separated by performing propagation path estimation or the like to recover multiple data. .
- this multi-antenna device if an attempt is made to evaluate performance using a conventional transmission path simulator, only inadequate evaluation can be performed.
- a transmission path for MXN channels exists, but the conventional transmission path simulator has one channel.
- the conventional transmission path simulator has one channel.
- it is remarkable to evaluate these methods whose performance depends on spatial information such as the arrangement of transmitting and receiving antennas and the radiation direction and arrival direction of each path. Not enough.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a transmission path simulation method and a transmission path simulator that can easily and satisfactorily simulate an M N channel transmission path formed by a multi-antenna apparatus.
- This object is achieved by generating transmission path fluctuations for all channels based on the arrangement information of the transmitting and receiving antennas.
- attention is paid to the fact that a delay difference and a phase difference of each path occur between the channels according to the antenna installation position between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and only the delay difference and the phase difference of each path are checked.
- the model of transmission path fluctuation of the MXN channel is simplified.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a conventional transmission path simulator
- Figure 2 shows a 1x1 channel transmission path
- Figure 3 is a diagram for explaining the path
- Figure 4 (A) shows the delay profile
- Figure 4 (B) is a diagram showing instantaneous fluctuations
- Figure 4 (C) is a diagram showing short-term fluctuations
- Fig. 4 (D) is a diagram showing long-range fluctuations
- Figure 5 is a diagram for explaining the ray
- Figure 6 is a diagram showing the model when the number of rays is one
- Figure 7 shows a case where a wave diffusely reflected by a sphere near the virtual antenna is received as a raw wave within the line-of-sight angle ⁇ ;
- Fig. 9 (A) shows the direction of arrival of an elementary wave when the radius of the scattering sphere includes the receiving antenna
- Figure 9 (B) is a diagram showing the direction of arrival of a ray when the radius of the scattering sphere includes the receiving antenna;
- Fig. 10 is a diagram for explaining the principle of generation of standing waves in an environment with many reflected waves
- Fig. 11 is a diagram for explaining the power density spectrum of envelope and line amplitude fluctuation due to Rayleigh fading ;
- FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining a power density spectrum of envelope amplitude fluctuation due to Rayleigh fading
- Figure 13 is a diagram showing the M X N channel transmission path formed by the multi-antenna device
- Figure 14 (A) is a diagram used to explain the path difference caused by the distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas, the radiation angle, and the angle of arrival
- Fig. 14 (B) is a diagram for explaining the path difference caused by the distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas, the radiation angle, and the angle of arrival;
- Figure 15 shows the environment where waves arrive from all directions
- Figure 16 shows the model for adding the instantaneous variation to each channel when there is no multipath
- Figure 17 is a diagram showing a model for the instantaneous variation of each channel when there are multipaths
- Figure 18 shows a model that uses a matrix to generate mutually correlated band-limited complex Gaussian noise from M X N X P band-limited complex Gaussian noises;
- Figure 19 is a block diagram showing the configuration for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations (two waves) proposed by Sasaoka;
- Figure 20 (A) is a diagram for explaining the principle of forming a correlated instantaneous variation of the M X N channel from the instantaneous variation of the 1 X 1 channel;
- FIG. 20 (B) is a diagram for explaining the principle of forming a correlated instantaneous variation of the M ⁇ N channel from the instantaneous variation of the 1 ⁇ 1 channel;
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing a state of connection with a transmission line simulator development device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the transmission line simulator according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 23 is a table showing the contents of each parameter used in the embodiment;
- FIG. 24 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a reference channel path control unit
- Figure 25 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the channel processing unit
- Figure 26 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the correlated Gaussian noise generator
- FIG. 27 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a reference channel path control unit
- Figure 28 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the channel processing unit
- Figure 29 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the correlated Gaussian noise generator
- FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a fading adding unit
- FIG. 31 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a transmission analog adjustment unit
- FIG. 32 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a pseudo power amplifier (PA).
- PA pseudo power amplifier
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a reception analog adjustment unit. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- the inventor of the present invention can simplify the transmission path model when forming the transmission path model for the MXN channel in the multi-antenna apparatus, thereby reducing the number of parameters and the amount of calculation, and as a result, the apparatus configuration is relatively simple.
- the present invention was deemed to be possible.
- the gist of the present invention is to generate transmission line fluctuations of all channels based on the arrangement information of the transmitting and receiving antennas.
- attention is paid to the fact that the delay difference and the phase difference of each path occur between the channels according to the antenna installation position between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and only the delay difference and the phase difference of each path are determined between the channels.
- the channel variation model of the MXN channel is simplified.
- a transmission path fluctuation model that gives correlated instantaneous fluctuations for each path is generated. did.
- a transmission line fluctuation model for multiple channels can be formed with a relatively small amount of computation using similar multipath transmission lines from existing one-channel transmission line measurement data obtained from RayTrace simulations and actual driving experiments. Can become so.
- the present invention proposes the following five methods as a method for generating the instantaneous fluctuation (correlated complex Gaussian noise) correlated between the respective channels and between the respective paths.
- 1 to ⁇ are used to calculate the correlated instantaneous fluctuation given to each channel from the band-limited complex Gaussian noise independent of each other using the transformation matrix A. It is something devised.
- (2) is an extension of Sasaoka's method of generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations proposed for the IX2 channel, and is devised to generate correlated instantaneous fluctuations of the MXN channel.
- the inventor of the present invention first considered differences and similarities between the 1 ⁇ 1 channel transmission line and the M ⁇ N channel transmission line.
- the 1X1 channel model In order to extend the 1X1 channel model to the MXN channel model as easily as possible, we examined in detail how to extend the short-term variation and instantaneous variation. Hereinafter, they will be sequentially described.
- Figure 2 shows a unidirectional 1x1 channel transmission path between one transmitting antenna and one receiving antenna.
- the transmission path between the one-to-one transmission / reception antennas is referred to as one channel.
- Figure 3 shows the path.
- the channel is indicated by a straight line, but it is actually received by the receiver through various paths ( ⁇ to ⁇ ⁇ in Fig. 3) due to reflection and diffraction. It is.
- the delay profile can be drawn with the propagation delay time on the horizontal axis and the received power on the vertical axis, as shown in Fig. 4 (A). Waves arriving with different delays must have different propagation paths, and these propagation paths are called paths.
- Each path is specified by a transfer coefficient (complex number) that indicates how much delay and gain (actually attenuation) the signal passing through the path undergoes and how much the phase shifts.
- a transfer coefficient complex number
- the phase of each path changes depending on the traveling speed and the arrival angle of the wave with respect to the traveling direction.
- Figures 4 (B) to 4 (D) show path gain fluctuations (note that the horizontal axis is distance, not time).
- Gain fluctuations are classified into long-range fluctuations (distance fluctuations) depending on the distance from the transmitting antenna and the directivity of the transmitting and receiving antennas, short-range fluctuations (shadowing) due to the effect of shielding by terrestrial objects, and instantaneous fluctuations due to superposition of multiple waves. .
- the long-term variation has almost the same shape as the delay profile.
- the propagation distance (or propagation delay) of each path changes, and its reception level also changes, but its fluctuation speed is the slowest (very slow) compared to other fluctuations.
- Long-range fluctuations have been modeled on the Okumura curve (Hata formula) created by statistical analysis of a large amount of running test data, and have been widely used recently. The improved Sakagami type is also used.
- Short-term fluctuations are gain fluctuations caused by each path being blocked or appearing by a building, etc. (In a wireless LAN, etc., it may be blocked by people walking nearby). Although there is no theoretical formula for the fluctuation speed, it is generally said that the fluctuation speed is 1 Hz or less. Actually, short section fluctuations should be determined in relation to the features and traveling speed from the cause.For example, when traveling in a 30 m wide building at 30 km / h, it takes about 3.6 seconds. It is considered that it fluctuates with the period. It is expected to be less. A model is proposed in which the gain fluctuations due to short-term fluctuations follow a log-normal distribution, and the gain changes simultaneously within the band (in the above case, the band is 0 to lZ3.6 [Hz]).
- the instantaneous fluctuation is a fluctuation that occurs when several rays are superimposed.
- a path that appears as a single path on the delay profile actually passes through multiple waves (in the sense that the amplitude and phase do not completely match).
- a multiplex wave that appears to have passed through one path on the delay profile is called an elementary wave, and its amplitude and phase fluctuate. (This means that one wave passes through a path whose gain and phase fluctuate. Can be considered to come).
- the instantaneous fluctuation can be described as the Doppler effect, and fluctuates at a speed of about several Hz to 1 kHz as described later.
- Fig. 5 focuses on the ray 3 in Fig. 4 (A).
- the receiver receives a signal with completely different fluctuations. Therefore, for example, the elementary wave in (3) can be regarded as coming from the virtual transmitting antenna on the extension of the direction of arrival as shown in Fig. 5 (assuming that the receiver is moving upward at speed V).
- Figure 6 shows a case where the number of rays is one.
- the elementary wave is not a multiplex wave, it is received without fluctuation in amplitude and phase other than Doppler shift due to traveling.
- Such cases are rare in mobile communications, but they are sometimes used as transmission channel models.
- Doppler shift amount of rays 3 is when the f D two v X f e Z c, represented by f D COS 0.
- Figure 7 shows the case where the wave diffusely reflected by the sphere near the virtual antenna is received as an elementary wave within the line of sight ( ⁇ ) (the fluctuation range of the angle of arrival ⁇ ).
- ⁇ the line of sight
- the amplitude and phase of the ray fluctuate, but the line-of-sight angle ⁇ is small, so the delay difference is small, and the angle of arrival 0 can be measured stably.
- the line-of-sight angle ⁇ increases (the radius of the scattering sphere near the virtual transmitting antenna increases), as shown in Fig. 8, waves with a considerably large delay difference are included in the rays.
- both amplitude and phase fluctuate greatly. It becomes difficult to measure the angle of arrival 0 itself.
- Fig. 9 (A) when the radius of the scattering sphere is further increased to include the receiving antenna, the ray appears to come from all directions. Rather, in such a case, it should be divided into multiple paths of rays on the delay profile. However, even if an elementary wave is divided by a delay profile, it includes a number of waves that have the same propagation delay but travel spatially different paths. It looks like it comes from all directions. In other words, the image is as shown in Fig. 9 (B) (just as the transmission direction in Fig. 7 is reversed). Obviously, the angle of arrival of each ray cannot be measured (measurement is meaningless). In an environment with many reflected waves, as shown in Fig.
- Figures 11 and 12 show the power density spectra of envelope f spring amplitude fluctuations due to Rayleigh fading.
- Fig. 11 when the waves arrive in the directions of 1, 2, 3, and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ with respect to the traveling direction V, the waves arriving from the direction of 1 appear to have the highest frequency, and conversely, from the direction of 4. The incoming wave appears at the lowest frequency. This maximum frequency shift is called the maximum Doppler frequency ⁇ D.
- the maximum Doppler frequency f D can be calculated as a number included in the distance traveled per second by a standing wave repeated in the wavelength period, and is generally several Hz to about L k H z (carrier frequency 2 GHz For a running speed of 100 km / h, multiply these by 20 OH z).
- Each path on the long section delay profile is subject to long section fluctuations.
- the delay and gain are determined by the feature conditions, traveling speed, direction and angle of arrival, and change slowly.
- Each path on the short-term delay profile receives short-term fluctuations (shadowing) in addition to long-term fluctuations.
- the gain of each path fluctuates at a speed of 1 Hz or less in an independent lognormal distribution for each path.
- Each path on the instantaneous delay profile receives instantaneous fluctuations in addition to long-term fluctuations and short-term fluctuations.
- the gain and phase of each path undergo independent Rayleigh aging (gain is Rayleigh distribution and phase is uniform distribution) for each path.
- the fluctuating speed is determined by the carrier frequency, running speed, angle of arrival, and line of sight, and ranges from several Hz to several hundred Hz.
- the amplitude on the delay profile represents the received power of the ray arriving from each path and has no gain or phase (correctly, it can be called the complex amplitude of the complex impulse response of each channel). Conversely, expressions such as power for each path are inappropriate, but such expressions may be used to the extent that there is no misunderstanding according to custom. .
- FIG. 13 shows an M ⁇ N channel transmission line formed by a multi-antenna device including M transmission antennas and N reception antennas.
- each of the MXN channels would be very similar to each other.
- the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas is distributed over an area of several m square, it is a different story, but considering that the short-period fluctuation period is about several tens of meters, the long interval actually observed by each receiving antenna is considered.
- the short-term delay profile as well as the delay profile should be considered almost equal.
- the difference between the channels in the sense of the short-term delay profile was considered to be only the propagation delay and carrier phase of each path due to the path difference due to the transmission and reception antenna arrangement.
- Fig. 14 (A) compares the paths from some two transmitting antennas to one receiving antenna. If the inter-element distance d T is sufficiently small, the path from the vicinity of this antenna to the receiving antenna can be regarded as common, so the path difference is d T ⁇ cos 0, and the path delay and phase (carrier) Phase, but may be called the phase of the path).
- the inventor of the present invention has found that if the radiation angle and arrival angle of each path of any one channel short-term delay profile are known, the short-term delay profiles of other channels can be obtained from the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antenna elements. It was concluded that can be calculated.
- the transmission channel measurement data for one channel is transmitted and received.
- the transmission path fluctuation model for the MXN channel is formed by calculating the short-term delay profile (delay of all paths' gain-phase fluctuation) for the MXN channel from the arrangement of the antenna elements. This makes it possible to easily and accurately generate path information of all channels from information of each path of the reference channel.
- the instantaneous fluctuations for example, 5 standing waves in GH Z band average 3 cm equal gutter 'Ukoto in all antenna as short-term variation because it contains one wave in (half wavelength) is not a put. That said, at the moment a certain antenna is undergoing positive fluctuations, it is likely that the neighboring antennas are also moving in a substantially positive direction. The same can be said about the time direction. Since the instantaneous fluctuation fluctuates at a speed of 1 kHz or less, if a positive fluctuation is received at a certain moment, it is quite possible that the positive fluctuation continues 0.1 lms later. The former is quantitatively expressed by the spatial correlation function, and the latter is quantitatively expressed by the time correlation function. It has been derived that the following equation is given for Rayleigh fading in which waves arrive from all directions.
- X i (t) and x i (t) are each i
- d is the distance between the antennas
- ⁇ is the delay time of the path
- f D is the maximum Doppler It is a frequency.
- * Means conjugate complex number
- J Means Bessel function. In the conventional antenna diversity performance evaluation, it was assumed that the received waves could be regarded as uncorrelated with each other by setting the distance between antennas so as to be separated by a half wavelength or a small space correlation value.
- the M X N channel transmission channel shown in Fig. 13 can be rewritten to MN channels as shown in Fig. 16 when there is no multipath.
- the gain of the short-term fluctuation of each channel is assumed to be equal, only the instantaneous fluctuation of each channel is shown in FIG.
- all transmission data is fixed at "1".
- the signal of each channel may be multiplied by an instantaneous variation (complex Gaussian noise) having a spatial correlation based on the distance between the antennas to give a variation.
- each path follows the space-time correlation function of Eq. (2), and the band-limited complex with consideration of the angle of arrival and line of sight.
- An instantaneous variation may be given by Gaussian noise.
- the correlation matrix method eigenvalue transformation method, Cholesky decomposition method
- the extended Sasaoka method are proposed as methods for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations as described above.
- Fig. 18 shows that the transformation matrix A (MNP rows and XMNP columns) converts the MXN XP (P: number of paths) band-limited complex Gaussian noises that are independent of each other into M XNXP mutually correlated band limits It is designed to generate attached complex gas noise (correlated Gaussian noise).
- the problem is what transformation matrix A can be used to provide the desired inter-path correlation.
- the inter-path correlation matrix is as follows.
- the subscripts are represented by serial numbers for simplicity.
- the superscript * denotes a conjugate complex number
- ⁇ denotes a conjugate complex transpose
- ⁇ () denotes a set average.
- the (M'NP) 2 pieces of each element represents the correlation between each pass, the propagation delay difference between paths between the path length difference determined from the radiation angle ⁇ AoA of the elements receive antenna arrangement and wave
- the desired path correlation matrix ⁇ is obtained by calculating the space ⁇ time correlation value of the equation (2).
- Equation (4) means that by multiplying the correlated (MNPX 1) signal vector Y as shown in equation (3) by the matrix A- 1 , the mutually uncorrelated (MNPX 1) signal vector X is obtained. Yes, this relationship is known as eigenvalue transformation (or KL transformation).
- the eigenvalue transform is the MN of the desired path correlation matrix ⁇ ⁇ as A- 1.
- ⁇ ⁇ (MNPX 1) unit eigenvectors e or e 2 ,, e MNP may be used.
- the transformation matrix A is as follows.
- the desired inter-path correlation matrix ⁇ can be Cholesky-decomposed as follows: ⁇ -LL (6) where L is the lower triangular matrix of (MNP ⁇ ) type
- the transformation matrix ⁇ in FIG. 18 may be obtained by the following equation with respect to the obtained lower triangular matrix L.
- Figure 19 shows a block diagram of the occurrence of correlated instantaneous fluctuations (two waves) proposed by Sasaoka.
- the system and parameters defined in FIG. 19 are shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 19, first, two systems of white Gaussian noise generated by the white Gaussian noise generators 101 and 104 by the Doppler filters 102 and 105, respectively, are generated from all directions. Spectral shaping into the power density spectrum of ray-leaf aging when arriving (if the angle of arrival or line of sight of the raw wave is known, the band should be further narrowed accordingly).
- filters 103 and 106 are spatial correlation values p and f ( 1-2 ), and cannot express a temporal correlation. Sasaoka replaced it with a filter to include time correlation.
- the filter characteristics H (f) and G (f) are determined by the distance d between the two receiving antenna elements, the antenna arrangement angle ⁇ with respect to the traveling direction, the carrier wavelength ⁇ , and the maximum Doppler frequency; Since the gain is in the relationship between sin and cos, the power density spectrum of the instantaneous fluctuations input to the complex multiplier 111 of the ray 2 is the same as that of the ray 1 (the form of a Doppler filter).
- one of the rays is delayed by one of the delay circuits 108 and 109 according to the sign of cos. Note that the output from the delay circuit 108 is valid when cos 0, and the output from the delay circuit 109 is valid when cos is 0.
- G () i 2x2 () ⁇
- 2 ⁇ S ()] nu 2 if) (f) S xlxl (f) H "(f) S, lxl (f) (9) First, even if correlated, the shape of the power density spectrum of the instantaneous fluctuations cannot change, so the following equation must be satisfied.
- FIGS. 20 (A) and 20 (B) are diagrams for explaining the principle of forming a correlated instantaneous variation of the M ⁇ N channel from the instantaneous variation of the 1 ⁇ 1 channel.
- FIG. 20 (A) shows 1 XN channel and 1 XM channel
- FIG. 20 (B) shows conversion from 1 XM channel to 1 MX channel.
- FIG. 20 (B) The left is a 1 XM channel transmission line from right to left. If the transmitting and receiving antennas are at the same position, the 1-1 channel has the same complex impulse response as the 11-channel in Fig. 20 (A) due to the reversibility of the transmission path. Therefore, all the correlated instantaneous fluctuations on the left side of FIG. 20 (B) can be generated similarly to FIG. 20 (A). After that, if the signal direction is changed again using the reversibility of the transmission path, the correlated instantaneous fluctuations of all the channels on the right in Fig. 20 (B) can be obtained (that is, even if the transmitting antenna is different, there is one receiving antenna). This means that the transmission path has a correlation.)
- one channel is used as the reference transmission line, but any channel may be used as the reference. This is because when the reference channel is changed, the propagation delay and phase change, but there is no change as a relative value.
- the reference channel may be set at the center point where there is no antenna.
- the instantaneous fluctuation of each channel is generated by the force specified by the correlation with the reference channel.
- the correlation between channels 112 and 113 is not guaranteed. Rather, the correlation is the cosine function value between the two data vectors. In view of this, this extension is not appropriate.
- FIG. 21 in which parts corresponding to FIG. 1 are assigned the same reference numerals, shows how the transmission line simulator 120 and the development devices 40 and 50 according to the embodiment are connected. In the following, the description of the parts already described with reference to FIG. 1 will be omitted.
- the transmission path simulator 120 simulates the transmission paths of the development apparatuses 40 and 50 having a multi-antenna configuration so that the transmission path characteristics of the development apparatuses 40 and 50 can be evaluated.
- the transmission path simulator 120 can receive the digital baseband signal DB from the digital BB processing unit 41 of the transmission system 40, the analog baseband signal AB from the analog BB processing unit 42, and the radio signal RF from the radio circuit 43. ing.
- the output from the transmission path simulator 120 is selectively output to the digital BB processing unit 51, analog BB processing unit 52, or wireless circuit 53 of the reception system 50 in accordance with the operation of the switches SW3 and SW4. Has been done.
- the digital baseband signal DB from the digital BB processing unit 41 can be obtained.
- the transmission path characteristics of the digital BB processing units 41 and 51 can be independently evaluated.
- the operation of the digital baseband processing units 41 and 51 which is the center of the processing, can be performed without waiting for the completion of the radio circuits 43 and 53 (especially the radio circuit 53 of the receiving system 50). Since confirmation can be performed, development efficiency can be improved.
- Fig. 22 shows the configuration of the transmission path simulator 120.
- the transmission path simulator 120 is composed of the radio signal R Fin from the radio circuit 43, the analog baseband signal A Bin from the analog BB processor 42, or the digital baseband signal D Bin from the digital BB processor 41. Is input to the interface section 1 2 2. Specifically, a radio signal R Fin or an analog baseband signal A Bi corresponding to the number M of transmitting antennas is input to the analog circuit 123, and is converted into a digital baseband signal by the analog circuit 123. Is output.
- the switch SW 10 selects either the input digital baseband signal D Bin or the digital baseband converted by the analog circuit 123 and outputs it to the transmission analog adjuster 124.
- the baseband signal is composed of 2 XM signals composed of an I signal and a Q signal, and this is shown as 2 M in the figure. That is, in the circuits after the transmission analog adjustment section 124, M digital baseband signals are to be processed.
- the transmission analog adjustment section 124 is provided with the number M of digital baseband signals, and the development apparatus (transmission system) 40] ⁇ 1 analog BB processing section 42, radio circuit 43, and analog port It corrects the change in the transmission characteristics among the M digital baseband signals caused by the performance variation in the switching circuit 123.
- the detailed configuration of the transmission analog adjustment section 124 will be described later.
- the switch 125 as a signal duplication means forms MXN digital baseband signals by copying each of the M digital baseband signals to N, and converts these into MXN channel processing units. 1 26-1 to 1 26-Send to MN.
- each channel processing unit 126-1-1 to 126-MN has the transmission channel model information of the reference channel formed by the reference channel path control unit 127. Information, transmission / reception antenna arrangement information, and the like are input, and each of the channel processing units 126-1 to 126 _MN constructs a transmission channel model of its own channel. Then, the short-term complex impulse response for the own channel and the correlated instantaneous fluctuation according to the constructed channel model are given to the digital baseband signal of the own channel by complex multiplication.
- the detailed configuration of the channel processing units 126_1 to 126-MN will be described later.
- the selection / synthesis unit 128 forms a digital baseband signal with N reception antennas by selectively synthesizing M digital baseband signals output from the channel processing units 126-1 to 126-MN. .
- the reception analog adjustment unit 129 is provided for the number N of digital baseband signals, and the performance of the N analog BB processing units 52, the radio circuit 53, and the analog circuit 13 1 of the development device (reception system) 50 is determined. Compensates for changes in transmission characteristics between N digital base spanned signals caused by variations. The detailed configuration of the reception analog adjustment unit 129 will be described later.
- the digital baseband signal output from the reception analog adjustment section 129 is input to the output interface section 130.
- the digital baseband signal DBout is input to the digital BB processing section 51 of the receiving system 50 via the switch SW4.
- the analog baseband signal A Bout obtained by the analog circuit 131 is converted into the analog signal of the reception system 50 via the switch SW3. It is input to the BB processing unit 52.
- FIG. 24 shows the configuration of the reference channel path control unit 127.
- the reference channel path control unit 127 includes a reference channel transmission channel model forming unit 140 and an instantaneous fluctuation initial generation unit 141.
- the reference channel transmission path model generator 140 sets the complex impulse response information manually (that is, set by the controller 122).
- the standard model generator 142 periodically updates and sets the complex impulse response with random numbers.
- Statistical model generation unit 144, EayTrace simulation ⁇ real driving model generation unit 144 that reads complex impulse response information obtained from actual driving experiments etc. and sequentially updates and sets them.
- the selection unit 1450 selects and outputs the transmission channel model for one channel generated in any of 2 to 144.
- the reference channel transmission path model forming section 140 obtains the complex impulse response information (consisting of the number of paths, the delay of each path, and the complex gain) of the transmission path that fluctuates at the number of + m intervals for the reference channel. It is formed. Since each of the model generators 142 to 144 is a known technique, a description thereof will be omitted.
- the instantaneous fluctuation initial value generation unit 1441 generates the instantaneous fluctuation initial value for each path of the reference channel so as to be a random value by using a random number.
- the control device 122 sends a parameter P 100 (model type instruction to indicate which traveling model is to be selected, traveling speed 'direction, arrangement of transmitting / receiving antennas) to the reference channel transmission path model forming unit 140. ⁇ Direction and phase fluctuation ONZO FF instruction) are input.
- a parameter P 11 (number of paths, delay of each path ⁇ ⁇ complex gain) is input from the controller 12 1 to the standard model generator 14 2.
- the parameter P 12 (Ray i'ace / actual driving experiment data) is input from the control device 12 1 to the actual driving model generating section 144. From the selection unit 14 5, the parameter P 14 (carrier frequency, running speed direction, transmission / reception antenna arrangement / directivity, ONZOO FF instruction of phase change) and parameter P 15 (The number of path divisions (when compressed), the number of paths of the reference channel, the delay of each path of the reference channel, the short-term fluctuation complex gain, the angle of arrival, and the line of sight) are output.
- FIG. 25 shows the configuration of each channel processing unit 126-1-1 to 126-MN.
- the channel processing unit 1266-1 inputs the parameters P14 and P15 to the short-term complex impulse response generation unit 150 for its own channel.
- the own-channel short-term complex impulse response generator 150 calculates the path difference between the reference channel and the own channel from the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas, and, based on the path difference, calculates the complex of the short-term variation of each path of the own channel. Calculate the gain and send it as a parameter P 18 to the data acquisition unit 15 1, and generate correlated Gaussian noise using the number of paths of the own channel, delay, arrival angle and line of sight of each path as parameters P 20. Send it to section 15 2.
- the short-term complex impulse response generation section 150 for the own channel assumes that the gain due to the long-term variation and the short-term variation of each path included in the short-term complex impulse response is equal within the area where the transmitting and receiving antennas are installed.
- the own channel has the same number of paths as the reference channel, and only the delay and phase of each path are determined by the transmission / reception points of the reference channel and the own channel, the positional relationship between the transmission / reception antennas of the own channel, and the Generates a complex impulse response of its own channel, assuming that it is shifted by the path difference obtained from the radiation direction and the arrival direction.
- the short-term complex impulse response generating section 150 for its own channel generates an I component according to the phase change.
- a complex gain is generated by controlling the magnitude of the Q component.
- This complex impulse response is interpolated by the data interpolator After the up-conversion, it is sent to the short-period variation adding section 155 of the fading adding section 154.
- the sampling frequency fs of the baseband signal can be obtained even if the processing operation before the data interpolation unit 151 is somewhat slower. It is possible to give fine fluctuations according to The same applies to the relationship between the data interpolator 15 3 and the correlated Gaussian noise generator 15 2.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generating section 152 receives the parameters P 14, P 15 and P 20 and generates correlated Gaussian noise for each path of the own channel.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generators 152 of each of the channel processing units 126-1-1 to 126-MN have a channel-to-channel or channel-to-channel
- correlated instantaneous fluctuations of the MXN channels correlated between the paths are formed.
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuation P 16 generated in the correlated Gaussian noise generator 15 2 (including information on the number of paths and the delay of each path in addition to the complex gain of the instantaneous fluctuation of each path) is a data interpolator After being interpolated by 153, it is sent to the correlated instantaneous variation adding section 156.
- the number of paths and the delay information of each path are used as information for forming a multipath having a delay according to the antenna arrangement as described later.
- FIG. 26 shows the configuration of the correlated Gaussian ⁇ sound collection unit 152.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generator 15 2 generates Gaussian noise in a band corresponding to the arrival angle and line-of-sight angle of each path of the reference channel as a multitone having the initial phase of the initial value of the instantaneous variation of each path of the reference channel. Then, the multitone is weighted by a Doppler filter and a correlated filter characteristic using the antenna arrangement information as a parameter, thereby forming a correlated instantaneous fluctuation correlated with the instantaneous fluctuation of the reference channel. That is, the Sasaoka method described above is applied.
- the multitone generating section 161 generates a multitone having the initial phase of the instantaneous variation initial value of each path of the own channel generated by the instantaneous variation initial value generating section 160 as an initial phase.
- This multitone is applied to the Doppler filter 1 6 2 After a predetermined band within the Doppler frequency ⁇ D is further limited, the signal is transmitted to a filter 165 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ having a filter characteristic of Expression (12).
- the multitone generating section 163 generates a multitone having an initial phase corresponding to the initial value of the instantaneous fluctuation of each path of the reference channel generated by the instantaneous fluctuation initial direct generation section 141 (FIG. 24). After being limited to a predetermined band of the Doppler frequency f D The multitone Doppler filter 16 4 is sent to a filter 165 B having (1 1) of the filter characteristics.
- the carrier frequency and the traveling speed-direction are input to the Doppler filters 162 and 164, and the characteristics of the Doppler filters 162 and 164 are determined according to these.
- the carrier frequency, the traveling speed ⁇ direction, the arrangement and directivity of the transmitting and receiving antennas, the arrival angle ⁇ line-of-sight angle of each path are input to the correlation filter unit 165, and the characteristics of the filters 165A and 165B are correspondingly input. Is determined.
- the output from the correlation filter unit 165 is added to the adder 166 and then input to the phase fluctuation ONZOFF unit 167.
- the phase fluctuation ONZOFF unit 167 performs ONZOFF control of the phase fluctuation of the correlated Gaussian phantom sound in response to the phase fluctuation ON / OFF instruction from the control device 121. Specifically, when it is instructed to perform ON control of the phase fluctuation, the correlated Gaussian noise from the adder 166 is output as it is.
- the variation value envelope amplitude V ′′ (I 2 + Q 2 ) of the correlated Gaussian noise of the I channel and the Q channel is calculated.
- the amplitudes of the fluctuation envelopes are output as I-channel and Q-channel signals, that is, the correlated Gaussian noise with the same magnitude of the I-channel and Q-channel is formed as the instantaneous fluctuation, and the subsequent correlated instantaneous fluctuation is added. Only the level variation is given without giving the phase variation in the unit 156. The reason for this will be described later.
- the output of the phase fluctuation ON / OF F section 167 is automatically output via the delay section 168. It is sent to the correlated instantaneous fluctuation adding section 156 as an instantaneous fluctuation.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generation unit 152 provided for each channel obtains the correlated instantaneous fluctuation correlated with the similar instantaneous fluctuation of the reference channel.
- Correlated instantaneous fluctuations for MXN channels that are correlated with the reference channel can be formed.
- the instantaneous variation of the MXN channel can be simulated accurately and easily compared to the case where the instantaneous variation of the MXN channel is independently set.
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuation correlated with the reference channel is obtained using the multitone has been described, but the multitone generators 16 1 and 16 3 generate a single white Gaussian noise, and the Doppler filter 1
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuations for the MXN channels may be obtained by setting 62, 164 as filter characteristics that pass only the band considering the arrival direction of the path.
- FIG. 27 shows the reference channel path control unit 170 when the eigenvalue conversion method is used (the reference channel path control unit 127 in FIG. Corresponding) is shown.
- the unit-specific vector calculation unit 171 which is a conversion matrix calculation means, includes a parameter output from the reference channel transmission channel model forming unit 140.
- the meters P 14 and P 15 information on the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas, the directivity information, and the information on the angle of arrival and the line of sight of each path of the reference channel are input.
- the unit-specific vector calculation unit 171 first calculates the theoretical relationship between the positional relationship between the transmitting and receiving antennas, the radiation direction and arrival direction of the reference channel wave, and the Rayleigh fading (when only the correlation between channels is obtained, (1)
- the correlation matrix is obtained from Eq. (2).
- a matrix of (MXN) rows and (MXN) columns is obtained when a correlation matrix between channels is obtained.
- the number of paths is a matrix of columns.
- the unit-specific vector calculation unit 171 calculates the unit-specific vector based on the equations (3), (4), and (5) as described in the section (1-3-3-1). (Actually, the unit eigenvector is the conjugate complex transpose). Then, this is sent to correlated Gaussian noise generating section 173 as a transformation matrix for calculating mutually correlated signal vectors from mutually uncorrelated signal vectors.
- the unit-specific vector calculator 171 generates the instantaneous fluctuation initial value of each path of each channel together with the unit-specific vector, and uses these as the parameter P30 as a correlated value of the channel processor 172 shown in FIG. It is sent to Gaussian noise generator 173.
- FIG. 28 shows the configuration of channel processing section 172 in FIG. 28.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generation unit 173 generates, in the Doppler filter unit 180, instantaneous fluctuations of (MX NX paths) independent of each other between channels and between paths. More specifically, the band-limited white Gaussian noise generator (LWGN) 181-1 receives the instantaneous fluctuation initial value of each path of channel 1_1, and the band-limited white Gaussian noise generator 181-1-2 Is the instantaneous fluctuation of each path of channels 1 and 2.
- LWGN band-limited white Gaussian noise generator
- the initial value is input, and the band-limited white Gaussian noise generator 181—MN receives the instantaneous variation initial value of each path of the channel M—N into the MN, thereby obtaining the band-limited white Gaussian noise generator 18 1— 1 to 181—MN generates band-limited white Gaussian noise independent of each other.
- This independent band-limited white Gaussian noise is band-limited to the Doppler frequency f D by the Doppler filters 182-1 to 182 -MN, respectively, and then sent to the weighting and adding unit 183.
- the weighting and adding section 183 as a matrix calculating means is configured to perform a unique calculation of its own channel with respect to instantaneous fluctuations (MXNX paths) independent of each other and between paths obtained by the Doppler filter section 180.
- MXNX paths instantaneous fluctuations
- correlated instantaneous fluctuations that are mutually correlated between paths are obtained.
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuation has a correlation between channels.
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuation output from the weighting and adding section 183 is transmitted to the correlated instantaneous fluctuation adding section 156 (FIG. 28) as the instantaneous fluctuation of each path of the own channel via the phase fluctuation ONZO F F section 184.
- instantaneous fluctuations independent of each other are generated between the channels, and each is calculated based on the input data or experimental data and the antenna positional relationship.
- a (MN X MN) correlation matrix is obtained from the path propagation path difference and the Rayleigh fading theoretical spatial correlation value, and a conversion matrix for calculating mutually correlated signal vectors from mutually uncorrelated signal vectors is obtained.
- a matrix operation process using a transformation matrix is performed on the plurality of instantaneous variations for a number of passes to obtain correlated instantaneous variations of MXN channels that are mutually correlated between channels.
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuation is formed by using the eigenvalue conversion method.
- the correlated instantaneous fluctuation using the above-described Cholesky decomposition method can be formed with the same configuration.
- the path correlation matrix is Cholesky-decomposed to obtain a lower triangular matrix, and its conjugate complex transpose is calculated. Then, this is sent to the correlated Gaussian noise elimination section 1 173 of the channel processing section 172.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generation unit 173 inputs the transformation matrix obtained by this Cholesky decomposition to the weighting addition unit 183 as a matrix operation means, and performs weighting addition using this transformation matrix. Determine the instantaneous correlation fluctuation.
- the weighted addition section 183 performs an operation using a conversion matrix in which half of the elements are 0, so that the correlated instantaneous variation can be obtained with a small amount of calculation.
- FIG. 30 shows the configuration of the fusing adding section provided in each of the channel processing sections 126_1 to 126-MN.
- the fading addition section 154 converts the digital baseband signal output from the switch 125 (FIG. 22) into a shift register 191 and a shift register 195.
- the signal is input to a path forming unit 190 composed of a selector and a selector 192, and the path forming unit 190 forms each path signal.
- the shift register 1991 shifts the input digital baseband signal by the time obtained by dividing the maximum delay time of the path by the sampling period of the analog BB processing unit 42 (FIG. 21).
- the selector 1992 selects signals corresponding to the number of paths from the signals output from each shift stage of the shift register 191, and outputs the selected signals.
- the path forming unit 190 receives the number of paths instructed by the control unit 122 and the parameter P 11 indicating the delay time according to the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas for the signals of each channel, and the shift register 191 and the selector 192 operate based on this parameter P11.
- the selector 1992 of the path forming section 190 outputs a signal of each path to which a path delay for its own channel according to the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas is given.
- the signal corresponding to each path is sent to each of the complex multipliers A1 to Ak of the correlated instantaneous variation adding section 156. Further, the complex multipliers A 1 to A k are supplied with the correlated Gaussian noise P 17 output from the data interpolation unit 15 3. As a result, the signal of each path to which the correlated instantaneous fluctuation is given is output from each of the complex multipliers A1 to Ak.
- the signal of each path to which the correlated instantaneous fluctuation is added is transmitted to a plurality of complex multipliers Bl to Bk forming the short-period fluctuation adding section 155.
- Each of the complex multipliers B 1 to B k is supplied with the complex gain P 19 of the short-term variation of each path output from the data interpolator 15 1, whereby the short-term variation adding unit 15 From 5, the signal of each path in which the complex impulse response is convolved is output.
- the signals of the respective paths are all added by the adders C1 and C2, thereby forming a multipath signal reflecting the transmission path fluctuation.
- This multipath signal is supplied to the adder C3.
- the white Gaussian noise made by the white Gaussian noise generator (WGN) 21 is amplified by the amplifier 22 to the noise level S 4 specified by the controller 30 and supplied to the adder C 3. Have been.
- receiver noise is added to the multipath signal in adder C3.
- fading adding section 154 has automatic gain control section 193.
- the automatic gain controller 193 causes the AGC controller 195 to amplify the difference between the target level and the output signal of the amplifier 194 by the amplifier 194. Set as a value.
- the automatic gain control unit 193 can perform a simple digital gain control process to convert the multipath signal into a constant signal at the target level.
- the reason why gain control needs to be performed on the multipath signal in this way is that the multipath signal added by the adder C1 is a signal obtained by adding the signals of the paths to which level fluctuations are independently given. Therefore, it can be assumed that the digital baseband signal itself has a level fluctuation.
- the radio circuit 53 (FIG. 21) is not completed and the AGC Even when the processing cannot be performed, it is possible to prevent bit omission due to AD conversion in the receiving system 50 of the development device. As a result, it is possible to satisfactorily evaluate the transmission path characteristics in the multipath transmission path based on the digital baseband signal of the digital BB processing unit 41.
- a digital baseband signal is input from the digital BB processing unit 41 of the transmission system, the transmission path fluctuation is given to this signal, and then the transmission system
- the phase fluctuation ONZOFF units 1 67 (Fig. 26) and 184 (Fig. 29) are controlled to OFF, and Correlated instantaneous fluctuations of the same level for the I and Q channels are input to the correlation instantaneous fluctuation adding section 156. This is not shown, but the same applies to the short section fluctuation supplied to the short section fluctuation adding section 153.
- the performance of the digital BB processing units 41 and 51 can be independently evaluated without the AFC of the wireless circuit 53.
- the wireless circuits 43 and 53 are connected.
- the envelope amplitudes of the I channel and the Q channel in each of the complex multipliers A 1 to A k and B 1 to B k are A phase variation may be given to the digital baseband signal by multiplying by a complex gain having a different short-term variation.
- the transmission analog adjustment section 124 and the reception analog adjustment section 129 simulate variations in the signal of each channel caused by variations in the performance of the analog circuit corresponding to each of the M ⁇ N channels.
- the development devices 40 and 50 to be simulated have M analog circuits on the transmitting side and N analog circuits on the receiving side, and the variation between these MXN analog circuits also affects the signals on the transmission path.
- the transmission analog adjustment unit 124 and the reception analog adjustment unit 129 simulate the variation between channels as appropriate to the digital baseband signal. As a result, it becomes possible to simulate propagation fluctuations in a more realistic MxN channel transmission path.
- the configurations of the transmission analog adjustment section 124 and the reception analog adjustment section 129 will be specifically described.
- the transmission analog adjuster 1 2 4 The baseband signal from 25 (FIG. 22) is input to the gain imbalance generator 210.
- the gain imbalance generator 210 generates a gain difference by independently amplifying the I and Q channel signals of the digital baseband signal.
- the DC offset adding section 211 adds a DC offset by increasing or decreasing a fixed value to each of the I and Q channel signals.
- the frequency offset / phase offset adding unit 2 12 adds the frequency offset and phase offset that would occur in the radio circuit 43 and the analog circuit 123 (Fig. 22) to the I and Q channel signals. I do.
- the frequency offset-phase offset adding unit 2 1 2 is a complex multiplier that multiplies the signal of each channel by the variation amounts C OS 01 and SINS 2 according to the instantaneous phases ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2.
- the I-channel signal is multiplied by the variation COS 01, and the Q-channel signal is multiplied by the variation SIN02.
- the instantaneous phases 0 1 and ⁇ 2 are constant, it means that only the phase offset is added. If the instantaneous phases 0 1 and 6 2 fluctuate with time, the frequency is added to the phase offset. This means that an offset has been added.
- the transmission analog adjustment section 124 calculates the phase rotation amount per sample from the frequency offset set value S 2 0 E by the phase amount calculation circuit 215. This is calculated and sent to the mod 2 ⁇ calculation circuit 217, 219. At this time, in order to add the quadrature to raw collapse of the I-channel / Q-channel signal and the Q-channel signal, the adder 218 adds the orthogonality degradation S 20 F to the phase rotation of the Q-channel signal. .
- phase one sample before is input to the adder 2 16.
- the phase one sample before is calculated by performing a calculation based on the initial phase (ie, phase offset) S 20 D and the phase one sample before in the ⁇ -1 calculation circuit 222.
- the phase rotation amount of the current sample is obtained by adding the phase rotation amount of one sample calculated by the phase increment calculation circuit 215 to the phase one sample before.
- each sample including the phase offset and the frequency offset is added.
- the instantaneous phase of the Q-channel 02 which is obtained by adding the amount of orthogonality degradation to the instantaneous phase 01, is calculated.
- the amount of variation COS ⁇ 1 is added to the I-channel of the digital signal, and the amount of variation SIN ⁇ 2 is added to the Q-channel.
- a frequency offset and a phase offset are added to each channel of the digital baseband signal which may occur in the radio circuit 43 and the analog circuit 123 of the present invention.
- the delay adjuster 2 13 adds a circuit delay amount that may occur in the radio circuit 43 and the analog circuit.
- the pseudo power amplifier (PA) unit 214 simulates non-linear distortion that may occur in the amplification unit of the radio circuit 43, and is configured as shown in FIG. 32, for example.
- the pseudo PA unit 214 calculates the envelope amplitude X of the digital baseband signal by calculating (I 2 + Q 2 ) by the envelope amplitude calculation circuit 230, and calculates this by the averaging circuit 23. 1 and the distortion calculator 2 32.
- the averaging circuit 2 3 1 averages the envelope amplitude for a time corresponding to the forgetting factor (that is, the level calculation time constant) S 2 0 H set by the controller 1 2 1, and calculates the average value P ave obtained.
- the signal is sent to the saturation level calculation circuit 2 3 3.
- the saturation level calculation circuit 233 calculates the saturation level Asat by the following equation.
- the distortion calculator 2 32 includes the envelope amplitude value X obtained by the envelope amplitude calculator 2330 and the saturation level Asat obtained by the saturation level calculator 2 33. Using ⁇ The control value of the width unit 234 is calculated by the following equation.
- the pseudo power amplifier (PA) unit 214 can simulately add the nonlinear distortion that would occur in the amplification unit of the radio circuit 43 to the digital baseband signal.
- the reception analog adjustment section 129 is configured as shown in FIG. Reception analog adjustment section 129 inputs the digital baseband signal output from selection / combination section 128 (FIG. 22) to frequency offset / phase offset addition section 251.
- the frequency offset / phase offset adding section 251 performs the same processing as the frequency offset / phase offset adding section 212 of the transmission analog adjusting section 124 described above. That is, a frequency offset and a phase offset which would occur in the radio circuit 53 and the analog circuit 131 (FIG. 22) of the receiving system 50 are added to the respective channels of I and Q. Actually, the frequency offset / phase offset adding section 212 generates a variation c ⁇ according to the instantaneous phase e 1 ′ and ⁇ 2 ′ for the signal of each channel.
- the reception analog adjustment section 129 calculates the phase rotation amount per sample from the frequency offset set value S 22B by the phase increment amount calculation circuit 252. Is sent to the mod 2 ⁇ calculation circuits 254 and 256. At this time, the adder 255 adds the orthogonality deterioration amount S 22 C to the phase rotation amount of the Q channel signal in order to add the collapse of the orthogonality between the I channel signal and the Q channel signal. Further, the phase one sample before is input to the adder 253. The phase one sample before is calculated by performing a calculation based on the initial phase (that is, phase offset) S22A and the phase one sample before in the Z_1 calculation circuit 259. The adder 2553 calculates the phase rotation amount of the current sample by adding the phase rotation amount for one sample calculated by the phase increment calculation circuit 252 to the phase before one sample.
- the frequency offset / phase offset adding section 25 1 adds the I channel ⁇ 4 variation amount COS I 1 of the digital baseband signal and the variation amount SIN 0 2 'to the Q channel, thereby A frequency offset and a phase offset are added to each channel of the digital baseband signal which will occur in the radio circuit 53 analog circuit 13 of the system 50.
- the gain imbalance generating unit 2661 generates a gain difference by independently amplifying each of the I and Q channel signals of the digital baseband signal.
- the DC offset adding section 262 adds a DC offset to each of the I and Q channels by increasing or decreasing a fixed value.
- the delay adjuster 263 adds a circuit delay amount that would occur in the radio circuit 53 analog circuit 13 1.
- the wireless circuit 43 of the transmitting system 40 and the fuzzy circuit 53 of the receiving system 50 are completed, that is, when only the digital BB processing units 41 and 51 are completed.
- the wireless circuit It is possible to freely simulate gain imbalance, DC offset, frequency offset, phase offset, circuit delay or non-linear distortion during amplification that may occur in 43, 53, or analog circuits 123, 131. It is possible to evaluate the characteristics of the digital BB processing units 41 and 51 when the digital BB processing units 41 and 51 under development and the wireless circuits 43 and 53 with various characteristics are combined. Power to do S become able to.
- the switches 125 that form MXN channel signals by duplicating the M signals obtained by the transmitting system 40 into N signals each, and the MXN signals
- a channel processing unit that provides correlated instantaneous fluctuations and short-term fluctuations according to the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas for each channel signal. 1 26-1 to 1 26 MN, and MXN channels with transmission path fluctuations
- a selective combining section 128 that forms N signals by selectively combining M signals at a time, it becomes possible to simulate transmission line fluctuations actually occurring in a multi-antenna apparatus. This makes it possible to accurately and easily simulate the transmission path characteristics in a multi-antenna device.
- a transmission path simulating method includes a transmission path fluctuation forming step of forming transmission path fluctuations in each MXN channel transmission path by using transmission / reception antenna arrangement information; And a transmission path variation giving step of giving a path variation to each signal of the MXN channel.
- each transmission path caused by the antenna arrangement is used by using the arrangement information of the transmitting and receiving antennas. Then, the delay and phase change at each channel are determined, and the delay and the phase change between the respective channel transmission lines form different transmission line variations.
- the transmission line simulating method in the transmission line variation forming step, in forming a short-term variation related to each channel transmission line as the transmission line variation, the positional relationship between the transmitting and receiving antennas of each channel is determined. Using the information and the information on the radiation direction and arrival direction of each path, the path difference between each path of the preset or prepared reference channel and each path of each channel is obtained, and the signal of each path of each channel is obtained. Then, by forming a short-term variation that causes a phase difference that is different from the short-term variation of each path of the reference channel by this path difference, the short-term variation for the MXN channel is formed. .
- the distance between the transmitting antennas and the distance between the receiving antennas are sufficiently shorter than the short-period fluctuation period, so that the number of paths in each channel and the gain of the paths are considered to be equal, and the short-period of each path of the reference channel is considered. Since short-term fluctuations that cause a phase difference that differs by this path difference with respect to fluctuations are formed, short-term fluctuations of all MXN channels can be formed from the transmission channel model of the reference channel. By preparing a channel model of the reference channel in advance, short-term fluctuations of the MXN channel transmission channel can be formed easily and accurately.
- each of the reference channel and one other channel in the transmission path fluctuation forming step, in forming the instantaneous fluctuation relating to each channel transmission path as the transmission path fluctuation, each of the reference channel and one other channel is formed.
- the band-limited Gaussian noise is generated.
- These two band-limited Gaussian noises are weighted and added by a correlated filter characteristic using at least the antenna arrangement information as a parameter, and are correlated with the instantaneous fluctuation of the reference channel.
- this method it is possible to form correlated instantaneous fluctuations for ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ channels correlated with the reference channel from information of each path of the reference channel, and independently set instantaneous fluctuations for the MXN channel.
- instantaneous fluctuations for MXN channels can be formed accurately and easily.
- this method is an extension of the previously proposed method of generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations of two channels by Sasaoka to generate correlated instantaneous fluctuations of MXN channels. .
- the transmission line simulation method includes a transmission line variation forming step 1, a step of generating instantaneous variations (the number of MXNX paths) independent of each channel, input data or experimental data, and an antenna. Calculating a (MN X MN) correlation matrix from the propagation path difference of each path obtained from the positional relationship of the path and the theoretical spatial correlation value of Rayleigh fading; and a signal vector having no correlation with a signal vector having no correlation with each other.
- the transmission path fluctuation forming step includes the steps of: generating (MXNX paths) independent instantaneous fluctuations between channels and between paths; Calculating a ( ⁇ ⁇ path number ⁇ ⁇ path number) correlation matrix from the data or experimental data, the propagation path difference of each path obtained from the positional relationship of the antenna, and the theoretical spatiotemporal correlation value of Rayleigh fading; Obtaining a conversion matrix for calculating mutually correlated signal vectors from uncorrelated signal vectors based on the correlation matrix; and using the conversion matrix for the instantaneous variation of the (MXNX number of paths).
- a step for obtaining correlated instantaneous fluctuations for (MXNX number of paths) mutually correlated between the paths is included.
- the conversion matrix is obtained by eigenvalue conversion.
- the conversion matrix is obtained by Cholesky decomposition.
- a transmission path simulator is a transmission path simulator that simulates transmission path characteristics of a wireless device using an MXN channel transmission method using M transmission antennas and N reception antennas, Input means for inputting the M signals obtained by the transmission system of the wireless device; signal duplication means for forming MXN channel signals by duplicating each of the M signals N times; Channel processing means for providing transmission path fluctuations according to the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas for each of the MXN channel signals, and MXN signals having the transmission path fluctuations And a synthesizing means for forming N signals by selectively synthesizing M channel signals.
- the channel processing unit includes: a path forming unit that forms a signal of each path having a delay corresponding to the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas for a signal of each channel; A short-term complex impulse response generating means for forming a complex gain of the short-term fluctuation given to the path; and a short-term fluctuation adding means for adding a short-term fluctuation to a signal of each path of each channel.
- the complex impulse response generating means uses the information on the positional relationship between the transmitting and receiving antennas of each channel, and the information on the radiation direction and arrival direction of each path to determine the path between each path of the reference channel and each path of each channel.
- the difference is obtained, and the signal of each path of each channel formed by the path forming means is added to the signal of the short-term variation of each path of the reference channel set or prepared in advance. So as to generate a short-ku between fluctuations that can cause only different phase differences.
- the short-term variation of all MXN channels can be formed from the transmission channel model of the reference channel, so if the transmission channel model of the reference channel is prepared in advance, the short-term variation of the MXN channel transmission channel can be calculated. It can be formed easily and accurately.
- the channel processing unit includes: a path forming unit that forms a signal of each path having a delay corresponding to the arrangement of the transmitting and receiving antennas for a signal of each channel; A configuration comprising: correlated Gaussian noise generating means for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuation given to a path; and correlated instantaneous fluctuation adding means for adding correlated instantaneous fluctuation to a signal of each path of each channel.
- correlated Gaussian noise generating means for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuation given to a path
- correlated instantaneous fluctuation adding means for adding correlated instantaneous fluctuation to a signal of each path of each channel.
- the correlated Gaussian noise generating means generates band-limited Gaussian noise for each of a reference channel and the other one channel, and generates at least these two band-limited Gaussian noises.
- the processing for the MXN channels must be executed.
- a configuration that generates correlated instantaneous fluctuations for MXN channels is adopted.
- this configuration it is possible to form the correlated instantaneous variation of the MXN channel correlated with the reference channel from the information of each path of the reference channel, and to set the instantaneous variation of the MXN channel independently.
- instantaneous fluctuations for the MXN channel can be formed accurately and easily.
- this configuration is an extension of the previously proposed method by Sasaoka as a method for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations for two channels to generate correlated instantaneous fluctuations for MXN channels. .
- the transmission path simulator of one embodiment of the present invention further obtains a correlation matrix from input data or experimental data, a propagation path difference of each path obtained from a positional relationship between antennas, and a theoretical spatial correlation value of Rayleigh fading.
- a conversion matrix calculation unit for calculating a conversion matrix for calculating mutually correlated signal vectors from mutually uncorrelated signal vectors based on the correlation matrix, wherein the correlated Gaussian noise generation unit includes: An instantaneous fluctuation generating means for generating instantaneous fluctuations of (MXNX paths) independent of each other between channels; and performing a matrix operation process using the conversion matrix for the plurality of instantaneous fluctuations for the number of passes.
- a matrix operation means for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations for (the number of MXNX paths) mutually correlated between channels.
- the transmission path simulator further includes a correlation matrix based on input data or experimental data, a propagation path difference of each path obtained based on a positional relationship between antennas, and a theoretical space-time correlation value of Rayleigh fusing. And a conversion matrix calculating means for calculating a mutually correlated signal vector from mutually uncorrelated signal vectors based on the correlation matrix.
- the noise generation means includes: an instantaneous fluctuation generation means for generating instantaneous fluctuations of (MXNX number of paths) independent of each other between channels and paths; and a matrix operation using the transformation matrix for the plurality of instantaneous fluctuations And a matrix operation means for generating correlated instantaneous fluctuations of (the number of MXNX paths) correlated between the paths by performing the processing.
- the transmission line simulator employs a configuration in which the conversion matrix calculation means obtains a conversion matrix by eigenvalue conversion.
- a matrix having two (MXN) and (MXNX number of paths) elements of two is used when the correlated instantaneous fluctuation is obtained from mutually independent instantaneous fluctuations by the matrix calculation means.
- a matrix (eigenvalue) having a small number of elements can be used, so that the amount of calculation by the matrix calculation means can be reduced.
- the transmission channel simulator employs a configuration in which the conversion matrix calculation means obtains the conversion matrix by Cholesky decomposition.
- a transmission path simulator is configured by a digital circuit, and an analog circuit that simulates a variation in a signal of each channel caused by a variation in performance of an analog circuit corresponding to each of the MXN channels.
- a configuration further including adjusting means is adopted.
- the analog adjustment means was used to simulate the variation between the channels as appropriate to the digital baseband signal, so that the transmission path fluctuation in the MXN transmission line, which is more realistic, was Can be simulated.
- a transmission path simulator includes an input interface for inputting an output signal of a digital baseband processing unit of a transmission system of a wireless device, a multipath signal obtained by adding a signal of each path having a transmission path variation.
- Gain control means for performing gain control such that the signal level of the signal is substantially constant, and an output interface for outputting the digital baseband signal after the gain control to a digital baseband processing unit of a reception system of a wireless device.
- the channel processing means adopts a configuration in which a transmission path variation component in which the I component and the Q component are equal is provided.
- the digital baseband signal is directly input from the input unit, and the gain control unit performs the AD conversion in the receiving system so that no bit drop occurs in the multipath signal given the transmission line fluctuation.
- AFC and AGC operate almost ideally for each path even if there is no wireless circuit in the receiver of the developed device because level correction is performed and transmission line fluctuation components with the same I and Q components are given. Then, the characteristics can be measured.
- the performance of the digital baseband processor can be evaluated using only the digital baseband signal. In this way, even if there is no Since the characteristics of the digital baseband processing unit can be evaluated, the development efficiency can be improved.
- the transmission line fluctuation in each MXN channel is formed using the arrangement information of the receiving antenna, and the transmission line fluctuation of the MXN channel is converted into the MXN channel signal. Since each channel is given, the transmission line fluctuation of all MX N-channel transmission lines can be formed from the arrangement information of the transmitting and receiving antennas, and the transmission line fluctuation in the MX N-channel transmission line formed by the multi-antenna device can be accurately detected. It can be easily formed.
- the present invention is suitable for use in, for example, developing a mobile phone, its base station, a mobile terminal (MT) or an access point (AP) of a wireless LAN (Local Area Network).
- MT mobile terminal
- AP access point
- LAN Local Area Network
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Monitoring And Testing Of Transmission In General (AREA)
- Maintenance And Management Of Digital Transmission (AREA)
Abstract
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US10/538,143 US20060148429A1 (en) | 2002-12-24 | 2003-12-24 | Transmission path simulation method and transmission path simulator |
EP03786254A EP1578032A4 (en) | 2002-12-24 | 2003-12-24 | TRANSMISSION PATH SIMULATION PROCEDURE AND TRANSMISSION ROUTE SIMULATOR |
AU2003296072A AU2003296072A1 (en) | 2002-12-24 | 2003-12-24 | Transmission path simulation method and transmission path simulator |
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JP2021520581A (ja) * | 2018-05-08 | 2021-08-19 | クアンチー インスティテュート オブ アドヴァンスト テクノロジーKuang−Chi Institute Of Advanced Technology | ビーム指向調整可能なアンテナの指向性パターンの計算方法及び装置 |
JP7087113B2 (ja) | 2018-05-08 | 2022-06-20 | クアンチー インスティテュート オブ アドヴァンスト テクノロジー | ビーム指向調整可能なアンテナの指向性パターンの計算方法及び装置 |
US12066477B2 (en) | 2018-05-08 | 2024-08-20 | Kuang-Chi Institute Of Advanced Technology | Method and device for calculating directional pattern of beam pointing adjustable antenna |
CN113595654B (zh) * | 2019-04-23 | 2023-03-31 | 上海微小卫星工程中心 | 一种模拟导电滑环的电阻变化的模拟器及模拟方法 |
CN113595654A (zh) * | 2019-04-23 | 2021-11-02 | 上海微小卫星工程中心 | 一种可以模拟导电滑环的电阻变化的模拟器及模拟方法 |
CN113890655A (zh) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-01-04 | 南京航空航天大学 | 基于数字地图的全射线信道模拟装置及数字孪生方法 |
CN113890655B (zh) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-06-03 | 南京航空航天大学 | 基于数字地图的全射线信道模拟装置及数字孪生方法 |
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AU2003296072A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
EP1578032A4 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
CN1754326A (zh) | 2006-03-29 |
EP1578032A1 (en) | 2005-09-21 |
US20060148429A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
JPWO2004059876A1 (ja) | 2006-05-11 |
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