Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
  • A23L33/175—Amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
  • A61K31/198—Alpha-amino acids, e.g. alanine or edetic acid [EDTA]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
  • A61P21/06—Anabolic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, food or feed product or dietary supplement which stimulates the production of proteins in vivo.
• the invention relates to a formulation which induces net generation of muscle tissue.
• production and degradation of proteins occurs continuously.
• the processes that are involved, are responsible for replacement of aged or damaged cells and tissues. Concurrently, these processes are responsible for growth.
• the production and degradation of proteins are, particularly when viewed over a prolonged period of time, in balance. In a mature organism, the total protein mass is near constant.
• LBM Lean Body Mass
• the product MegawheyTM (available from GNC) contains per daily dose of 63 grams: 40 grams of whey, 5 grams of L-glutamine, 0.7 grams of isoleucine, 1.5 grams of leucine, 0.8 grams of L-valine, 4 grams of lipids, and 4 grams of carbohydrates.
• the remaining 7 grams of each dose is made up of calcium, potassium and sodium salts, citric acid, Xanthan gum, taste enhancers and water.
• the total amount of leucine in the product corresponds to 6.2 grams per dose, while the total amount of amino acids corresponds to 55.2 grams per dose. Thus, the amount of leucine is less than 11.2 % of the total amount of amino acids in each dose.
• the international patent application 01/58284 discloses a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing anabolic reactions.
• the composition is based on three components: an initiator (such as a specific growth factor), a substrate (such as a protein or mixture of amino acids), and a facilitator (e.g. creatin or a vitamin).
• an initiator such as a specific growth factor
• a substrate such as a protein or mixture of amino acids
• a facilitator e.g. creatin or a vitamin.
• the amount of L-leucine in the composition per daily dose is between 3 and 20 grams.
• the ratio between the amount of L-leucine and other branched amino acids is between 0.5 and 3, and preferably between 0.46 and 0.8.
• Example 1 shows a composition of 30 grams consisting of 9.4 grams of protein equivalents, including 2 grams of L-leucine and 5 grams of soy protein, which provides 0.4 grams of L-leucine in 5.9 grams of amino acids, and further 2 grams of creatin, 13.6 grams of glucose syrup and 2 milligrams of vitamin B6, leading to a ratio of leucine to amino acids of 0.233 and a ratio of leucine to the total weight of the formula of 0.081.
• US patent 5,817,329 relates to a diet supplement for athletes, which may have one of three different forms. One of these comprises 21.7 grams of leucine per 100 grams of product, and 28.6 grams of leucine per 100 grams of amino acids. None of the disclosed supplements, however, contains any protein or protein hydrolysate.
• US patent 5,639,731 discloses a beverage which is meant to improve mental fitness during heavy physical exercise.
• the preparation contains 2 to 40 grams per liter of branched amino acids, 50 to 750 grams per liter of oligosaccharides and has a specific pH and osmolarity.
• the only amino acids that may be present in the preparation are isoleucine, leucine and valine. To mask the bitter taste of these amino acids, the preparation contains relatively large amounts of sweeteners and taste enhancers.
• a formulation is provided that selectively provokes an anabolic response without potential disadvantages with regard to satiety or practical discomfort during exercise. It is furthermore desired that such a formulation has an acceptable taste.
• the invention provides a formulation in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, a food product or a dietary supplement comprising leucine and proteins, wherein the total amount of leucine is at least 3 grams and the weight ratio of leucine to other amino acids is between 0.2 and 0.4, per serving of 25 grams for a human subject of 80 kilograms.
• the dosage of leucine is at least 0.037 grams, and preferably more than 0.04 grams of leucine per kilogram of body weight per serving. More specifically, the invention relates to a formulation comprising leucine and protein, wherein the total amount of leucine is at least 10 wt.% based on the total dry weight of the formulation and the weight ratio of leucine to other amino acids is between 0.2 and 0.4.
• Consumption of a formulation according to the invention has a very positive effect on the build-up of muscle tissue. It is therefore highly useful for organisms, particularly mammals, wherein an increase in Lean Body Mass is desired, such as athletes. In many cases the anabolic response to a formulation according to the invention is much higher than that to the known formulations for this purpose.
• a formulation according to the invention is particularly advantageous when used shortly before physical exercise.
• the components included in the formulation will influence the physical phenomena occurring in the human body during physical exercise. Examples of these phenomena are a large consumption of glucose, degradation of glycogen, production of metabolic degradation products like lactic acid, large consumption of water, increase in body temperature, damage to tissues apart from the "normal" wearing out of tissue, and the like.
• Simultaneous availability of essential amino acids and leucine in high amounts to muscle cells has a stimulatory effect on the anabolic processes, particularly protein synthesis during the recovery phase. The balance between anabolic and catabohc processes will shift more towards the anabolic state.
• a formulation according to the invention is also of advantage when administered shortly before a subject is exposed to catabohc or catabolic inducing conditions, such as surgery.
• catabolic processes in the body may be, at least partially, prevented.
• Catabolism may occur for example in cachexia, as may result from diseases like cancer, AIDS, malaria, and severe pituitary dysfunction, and frequently occurs during severe disorders in the function of liver, pancreas or kidneys and during severe inflammatory conditions, severe diarrhoea, decubitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
• Catabolism may also result from treatment practices of disease (e.g. chemotherapy or radiotherapy) and may also result from long residence periods in bed.
• a formulation according to the invention may contain relatively low amounts of proteinaceous matter compared to conventional commercially available preparations, while provoking a strong anabolic reaction. This ensures improved palatability and maintenance of appetite. Because of this, the formulation can suitably be combined with a normal diet.
• the relatively small volume that needs to be consumed per serving of a formulation according to the invention (about 25 grams per serving compared to more than 50 grams per serving for conventional formulas) also allows an excellent compliance when used shortly before exercise.
• the leucine used in a formulation according to the invention is preferably the L-isomer.
• the formulation may also comprise the D- isomer instead of or in combination with the L-isomer, for instance when leucine is present in the form of a racemate.
• the leucine can be included in the form of a di-, tri- or oligopeptide, but also when part of a protein or protein hydrolysate as discussed below. It is furthermore possible to use 2-oxo- isocaproic acid or a salt or ester thereof as this will provide leucine in vivo. It is preferred, however, that at least part of the leucine present in a formulation according to the invention is added in the form of the free amino acid as the L- isomer. It is to be noted that when leucine is present in an alternative form as discussed in this paragraph, the dosage in the formulation is based on free leucine. The amounts for such alternative forms accordingly need to be adjusted to comply with said dosage.
• a formulation according to the invention comprises at least 2.5 grams, preferably 3 to 8 grams, more preferably at least 3.2 grams of leucine per serving of 25 grams for a human being of 80 kilograms.
• a formulation according to the invention comprises 10-80 wt.%, more preferably 12-60 wt.% leucine, calculated on dry substance.
• the amount of leucine in a formulation according to the invention is large when compared to the amount of other branched amino acids.
• Branched amino acids are, apart from leucine, valine and isoleucine.
• the weight ratio of the amount of leucine to the total amount of branched amino acids, including leucine, per daily dose higher than 0.48. More preferably, the weight ratio of leucine to the sum of valine and isoleucine per daily dose is between 0.88 and 20, even more preferably between 1.1 and 10.
• a formulation according to the invention comprises in total at least 5 grams of essential amino acids, in particular methionine, tryptophan, and lysine.
• essential amino acids in particular methionine, tryptophan, and lysine.
• these amino acids may also (partly) be present as part of larger protein products such as those discussed below.
• a formulation according to the invention may comprise digestible carbohydrate material, it is preferred that the amount thereof is relatively small.
• mono- and disaccharides, and especially lactose, fructose and sucrose are present in very low amounts, or virtually absent.
• the amount of digestible mono- and disaccharides and preferably of all digestible carbohydrates should not exceed that of 20 wt.%, based on the total weight of the formulation, and is preferably below 10 wt.%, more preferably below 5 wt.%.
• a formulation according to the invention further comprises one or more of the vitamins folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, biotin, lipoic acid, and vitamin B12.
• Per serving of 25 grams for a subject of 80 kilograms preferred ranges for the amounts of these components are 0.2-1.0 mg folic acid, 0.25-1.0 mg vitamin B6, 0.5-10 ⁇ g vitamin B12 preferably in the form of hydroxy cobalamine, 0.25-1.0 mg vitamin Bl, 0.25-1.0 mg vitamin B2, and 0.25-10 mg biotin.
• Hydroxymethyl butyrate, melatonine, creatine or an equivalent thereof e.g. a salt, such as guanidino acetate for creatine
• small amounts of nutritional, indigestible fibres may also be included.
• Typical examples of fibres are indigestible carbohydrates such as poly- or oligosaccharides, e.g. soluble mannans, xylans, arabans, fructans, and the like, resistant starches or lignans.
• the fibres used are soluble in water at ambient temperature.
• a formulation according to the invention comprises proteinaceous matter.
• This proteinaceous matter will generally have the form of an intact protein of natural, preferably of animal origin.
• the proteinaceous matter in a formulation according to the invention comprises more than 90 wt.% of intact proteins or peptides.
• Suitable examples include whey protein isolates, whey protein concentrates, caseins as well as salt forms thereof (casemates), specific whey proteins such as ⁇ - lactoglobulin, ⁇ -lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins and the like, egg- proteins, in particular chicken egg proteins with low avidin content, and combinations thereof.
• Particularly preferred are whey and whey proteins.
• hydrolysates of these proteins can also be used, however, the total amount of amino acids and peptides is preferably not higher than 50% and more preferably not higher than 30% of the total amount of proteinaceous matter present.
• the total weight of amino acids in the formulation as determined after complete hydrolysis of the proteinaceous matter between 20 and 40%, preferably between 25 and 37%, even more preferably between 28 and 35%, is leucine.
• the total amount of proteinaceous material, including leucine, in a formulation according to the invention is at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, and even more preferably at least 75%.
• the protein is present in such an amount as to give a total amount of amino acids in the range of 40 to 80 wt.%, preferably 60 to 75 wt.%, calculated on dry substance.
• a formulation according to the invention may have the form of a pharmaceutical composition, a food product, or a dietary supplement.
• a formulation according to the invention can be used in the manufacture of various types of products, such as food products (bars and the like).
• a pharmaceutical composition may have the form of a beverage or a powder.
• the composition will be intended for oral administration.
• a food product may have different forms. Possibilities are products having a relatively high moisture content (50-90 wt.%) such as a pudding-like product (emulsions having a high solids content) and the like. It is, however, also possible to prepare a food product provoking an anabolic response having a relatively low moisture content (10-50 wt.%), e.g. in the form of snacks (sweet or salty/herbal flavoured).
• a formulation according to the invention has the form of a dietary supplement it will usually have the form of a bar, a beverage or a powder. It is to be noted that the overall composition of the formulation, in particular the carbohydrate content, is not to be substantially affected by the preparation of these administration forms.
• the invention also provides a food bar comprising a protein formulation as discussed above and other suitable ingredients, which has an excellent mouthfeel and chewability. It is not too brittle or tough, but nevertheless sufficiently adherent.
• a protein-dominant formulation as discussed above is combined with about 20-40 wt.% of a carbohydrate fraction, and 2-10 wt.% of a lipid fraction, and optionally other conventional food bar ingredients.
• a formulation according to the invention may prevent that the patient loses large amounts of muscular mass.
• the formulation is consumed or administered in a period of up to 2 hours, preferably between 1 hour and immediately before the moment at which an anabolic response is desired. It is observed, however, that an optimal consumption/administration protocol can best be devised with a view to a specific physical exertion, for instance in the context of a recovery or training program. It will be understood that a formulation according to the invention can also be formulated to have controlled or delayed release of leucine, other amino acids as discussed above, and protein.
• a formulation according to the invention has a positive effect on the rate of (re)generation of skin tissue.
• the formulation can advantageously be used for patients recovering from bums.
• the invention further provides a means to provide an effective product that has excellent organoleptic properties.
• Example 2 was prepared. Sachets were filled with 25 g powder, which can be dissolved in 200 ml drink, like water or other suitable liquid (tea) to provide one serving.
• Example 2
• a powder was prepared of 22.0 grams whey protein concentrate (which provides 17.6 grams whey protein and 20.8 grams amino acids) and 4.4 grams of L-leucine.
• a powder was prepared of 17 grams whey protein isolate (which provides 16.1 grams protein or 19 grams amino acids), 4.4 grams L-leucine and 200 milligrams caffeine and 100 milligrams of an aqueous extract of Schisandra.
• a powder was prepared of 17 grams whey protein isolate hydrolysate, 4.4 grams L-leucine, 5 grams creatine, 2.6 grams citrate and 2.7 grams sodium phosphate.
• a powder was prepared of 17 grams whey protein isolate, 4.4 grams L-leucine, 50 milligrams caffeine, 1 gram creatine monohydrate, 1 gram guanidino acetate, 1.0 gram serine, 0.2 milligrams of folic acid monoglutamate, 3 micrograms of cyanocobalamine, 0.85 milhgrams of pyridoxin and 40 milligrams of ascorbic acid.
• Example 6 A food bar was prepared by combining per bar:
• maltodextrin syrup 20 grams carbohydrate DE 19 5 grams rice flour 2 grams soy lecithin 2 grams cacao butter

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• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
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• Hematology (AREA)
• Obesity (AREA)
• Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
• Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
• Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
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• Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
• Fodder In General (AREA)
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• 2002
  • 2002-12-20 US US10/325,711 patent/US7288570B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2003
  • 2003-12-15 CA CA2510760A patent/CA2510760C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2003-12-15 DK DK03782981T patent/DK1455603T3/da active
  • 2003-12-15 AT AT03782981T patent/ATE341226T1/de active
  • 2003-12-15 JP JP2004562109A patent/JP2006510711A/ja active Pending
  • 2003-12-15 EP EP03782981A patent/EP1455603B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-12-15 AU AU2003290447A patent/AU2003290447B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2003-12-15 DE DE60308810T patent/DE60308810T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-12-15 WO PCT/NL2003/000892 patent/WO2004056208A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2003-12-15 CN CNB2003801098651A patent/CN100353866C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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• 2007
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