CN1753625A - 用含亮氨酸的制剂刺激体内蛋白质的产生 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含特定量的亮氨酸和蛋白质的制剂,该制剂为药物组合物、食品、饲料或食物增补剂的形式。本发明的制剂消费后,对肌肉组织的产生有非常积极的作用,因而对需要合成代谢反应的生物体尤为有用。亮氨酸的总量以制剂干重计至少为10%,在该蛋白质物质中亮氨酸与其它氨基酸的重量比在0.2至0.4之间。
Description
本发明涉及刺激体内蛋白质产生的药物组合物、食品或饲料或者食物增补剂。具体地,本发明涉及诱导肌肉组织净产生的制剂。
在哺乳动物如人的体内,蛋白质的产生和降解持续发生。相关的过程负责衰老或损伤的细胞和组织的替换。同时,这些过程负责生长。尤其是从长时间来看,蛋白质的产生和降解处于平衡状态。在成熟的生物体中,蛋白质的总量是接近恒定的。
在某些情况下,该平衡被打乱。由于特定的病理或其治疗、创伤(例如大面积手术后)或营养不良期间的影响,净分解代谢可能发生。这意味着在降解过程中消失的蛋白质物质的量超过产生的蛋白质的量。在某些组织尤其是肌肉组织的降解中,可能释放氨基酸,其是保持特定的机体功能所必需的,该功能在一定的情况下可能是必需的。这就需要停止或至少尽可能地减慢,或甚至更优选地,防止分解代谢过程。为了恢复分解代谢和合成代谢过程的自然平衡,抑制分解代谢过程或者促进合成代谢过程是可能的。至少暂时地,希望一个净合成代谢状态来补充损失的组织。
已进行了大量的研究来设计能给予处于分解代谢状态的生物体的制剂。这些制剂在例如手术或营养不良后的恢复期一般作为食物增补剂给予,用于减慢或逆转分解代谢过程。这些制剂必须和用于对健康受试者激发合成代谢反应的制剂相区别。
某些人群感觉需要在他们体内产生强的合成代谢反应。他们的目标是实现更大的瘦体重(LBM)。对于运动员尤其是进行力量运动的那些运动员,还有那些认为肌肉发达的体格是种审美优点的人群,这种愿望是强烈的。通常地,将用于激发这些人群合成代谢反应的制剂设计为与(大量)体育运动引起的机体的机械功能相互作用。
有许多可商购的用于诱导合成代谢反应的产品。
产品MegawheyTM(从GNC获得)63克的每日剂量包含:40克乳清、5克L-谷氨酰胺、0.7克异亮氨酸、1.5克亮氨酸、0.8克L-缬氨酸、4克脂类和4克糖类。每剂量剩余的7克由钙、钾和钠盐,柠檬酸,黄原酸胶,增味剂和水组成。产品中亮氨酸的总量每剂量相应为6.2克,而氨基酸的总量每剂量相应为55.2克。因而,每剂量中亮氨酸的量少于氨基酸总量的11.2%。
国际专利申请01/58284公开了一种增强合成代谢反应的药物组合物。该组合物基于三种组分:引发剂(例如一种特定的生长因子),底物(例如一种蛋白质或氨基酸的混合物)和促进剂(例如肌酸或维生素)。每日剂量的组合物中L-亮氨酸的量为3至20克之间。L-亮氨酸与其它支链氨基酸之间量的比值在0.5至3之间,优选在0.46至0.8之间。实施例1显示30克的组合物,其由9.4克的蛋白当量以及另外的2克肌酸、13.6克的葡萄糖浆和2毫克的维生素B6组成,其中9.4克的蛋白当量包括2克的L-亮氨酸和5克的大豆蛋白质,其提供了5.9克氨基酸中的0.4克L-亮氨酸,使得亮氨酸与氨基酸的比值为0.233,亮氨酸与制剂总重量的比值为0.081。
美国专利5,817,329涉及一种运动员的饮食增补剂(dietsupplement),其可能为三种不同形式中的一种。这些中之一每100克产品包含21.7克亮氨酸,和每100克氨基酸28.6克亮氨酸。不过,所公开的增补剂中没有一种包含任何蛋白质或蛋白质水解产物。
美国专利5,639,731公开了一种用于改善大量体育运动期间心理适应性的饮料。该制剂含有每升2至40克支链氨基酸,每升50至750克寡糖,并具有特定的pH值和摩尔渗透压浓度。在该制剂中可能存在的氨基酸只有异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸。为掩盖这些氨基酸的苦味,该制剂包含相对大量的增甜剂和增味剂。
许多已知的用于激发合成代谢反应的制剂不仅含有高的糖类含量,而且含有非常高的蛋白质和/或氨基酸含量。不过游离氨基酸,尤其是支链氨基酸,有着强烈的苦味。高蛋白质含量从成本方面来看也是不利的。由于每个使用者消费大量的制剂,使用者的食欲可能因这一消费而严重降低。这可能导致其它重要食品的摄入减少。
这就要求提供一种制剂,其选择性地激发合成代谢反应而没有关于过饱或运动中实际不适的潜在缺点。此外还要求这种制剂具有可接受的味道。
Anthony等在J.Nutr.130,139-145,2000中已描述给予营养不良大鼠L-亮氨酸使蛋白质合成正常化。同一小组在J.Nutr.129,1102-1106,1999中报道大量体育运动后立即给予禁食大鼠(food-deprived rat)L-亮氨酸导致蛋白质生物合成与刚进食过的大鼠相当。在这两篇出版物中,制剂均在大鼠运动后给予,并且除了L-亮氨酸外,还含有相当大量的糖类但不含蛋白质。
基于这些报道,预期L-亮氨酸本身可以作为食物增补剂来激发营养不良的,即分解代谢的受试者的合成代谢反应。不过,实验发现,正如所附的实施例中所示,仅给予L-亮氨酸不能诱导在蛋白质产生中所希望的反应。
实际上,该文献(Anello等,Am.J.Physiol.Endocrinol.Metab.,281,E1082-E1087,2001)给出一些提示,接触大量的亮氨酸减少胰岛素的释放,并从而对人的肌肉蛋白质合成有不利的影响。胰岛素对肌肉组织的作用已经被,尤其是Wolfe,Current Opinion in Clinical Nutritionand Metabolic Care,3,67-71,2000讨论。
其它研究似乎提示大量的糖类必须与亮氨酸共同给予来激发合成代谢反应。美国专利申请2001/0031729公开了一种包含糖类和肽物质的组合物,其用作运动之后或期间的能量增补剂。形成该组合物的假定的基础的实验研究仅仅集中于血胰岛素反应。另外,Nagasawa等认为(Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,13,121-127,2002)亮氨酸可能是重新喂给蛋白质饮食后肌原纤维蛋白降解的一种调节因子,这种认为基于亮氨酸和大量糖类而没有其它蛋白质物质或游离氨基酸一起给予禁食大鼠的实验。
根据本发明,已发现亮氨酸和蛋白质的特定组合对体内蛋白质的生成有显著的作用,并从而对肌肉和皮肤组织的产生也有显著的作用。令人惊奇地,发现恰在大量体育运动开始之前消费本发明的制剂,这种作用尤为明显。
在第一个实施方案中,本发明提供一种包含亮氨酸和蛋白质的药物组合物、食品或食物增补剂形式的制剂,其中亮氨酸的总量至少为3克,亮氨酸与其它氨基酸的重量比在0.2至0.4之间,每80千克的人受试者每份25克。这意味着亮氨酸的剂量每份每千克体重至少为0.037克,优选大于0.04克亮氨酸。更特别地,本发明涉及一种包含亮氨酸和蛋白质的制剂,其中亮氨酸的总量以制剂总干重计至少为10wt.%,亮氨酸与其它氨基酸的重量比在0.2至0.4之间。
消费本发明的制剂对肌肉组织的增长有非常积极的作用。因此,对希望增加瘦体重的生物体,尤其是哺乳动物例如运动员,是非常有用的。在很多情况下,对本发明的制剂的合成代谢反应比为这一目的的已知制剂的合成代谢反应要高得多。
如上所述,本发明的制剂在体育运动之前不久使用时尤其有利。不希望被理论所约束,认为在该制剂中所包括的成分将影响体育运动期间人体出现的物理现象。这些现象的实例是葡萄糖的大量消耗、糖原的降解、代谢降解产物如乳酸的产生、水的大量消耗、体温升高、除了组织“正常”损耗外的组织损伤等等。同时存在的对肌细胞而言大量必需氨基酸和亮氨酸的可用性对合成代谢过程,尤其是恢复期的蛋白质合成有刺激作用。合成代谢和分解代谢过程的平衡将更向合成代谢状态移动。
相似地,在受试者遭到分解代谢或诱导分解代谢的病况,例如手术之前不久时给予本发明的制剂也是有利。在这种情况下,机体分解代谢过程可以,至少部分地被阻止。分解代谢例如在恶病体质时可能发生,并经常在肝脏、胰腺或肾脏功能严重失调期间和在严重的炎症病况、严重腹泻、褥疮和慢性阻塞性肺病期间发生,恶病体质可以由疾病如癌症、AIDS、疟疾和严重脑垂体功能障碍引起。分解代谢也可以由疾病的治疗实践(例如,化学疗法或放射疗法)引起,也可以由长期卧床引起。
特别有利的是本发明的制剂与常规可商购的制剂相比可能含有相对低量的蛋白质物质,而激发强的合成代谢反应。这就保证了改善的适口性和食欲的维持。因为这个,所述制剂可适合地与正常饮食组合。需要消费的每份本发明的制剂的相对较小的体积(与常规制剂每份大于50克相比,每份大约25克)也使得在运动之前不久使用有极好的依从性。
本发明的制剂中所使用的亮氨酸优选为L-异构体。不过,所述制剂也可以包含D-异构体代替L-异构体或与L-异构体组合,例如当亮氨酸以外消旋体形式存在时。可以二肽、三肽或寡肽的形式包含亮氨酸,亮氨酸也可以是蛋白质或蛋白质水解产物的一部分,如下面所讨论的。而且可能使用2-氧代-异己酸或其盐或酯,因为这将在体内提供亮氨酸。不过,优选在本发明的制剂中存在的至少部分亮氨酸以游离氨基酸形式作为L-异构体加入。要注意的是,当亮氨酸以本段中讨论的另一种形式存在时,在该制剂中的剂量是以游离亮氨酸计。因此对于这些另外形式的量需要调整以符合所述的剂量。
本发明的制剂对于80千克的人每份25克中包含至少2.5克,优选为3至8克,更优选至少3.2克亮氨酸。优选地,本发明的制剂包含以干燥物质计10-80wt.%,更优选12-60wt.%的亮氨酸。
还希望本发明的制剂中亮氨酸的量与其它支链氨基酸的量相比要大。支链氨基酸除亮氨酸外,还有缬氨酸和异亮氨酸。优选地,每日剂量中亮氨酸的量与包括亮氨酸在内的支链氨基酸的总量的重量比高于0.48。更优选地,每日剂量中亮氨酸与缬氨酸和异亮氨酸之和的重量比在0.88至20之间,甚至更优选地在1.1至10之间。
优选地,本发明的制剂包含总量至少5克的必需氨基酸,尤其是蛋氨酸、色氨酸和赖氨酸。当然,这些氨基酸也可以(部分地)作为如下面讨论的那些较大的蛋白质产物的一部分存在。
尽管本发明的制剂可以包含可消化的糖类物质,但是优选其量相对少。尤其是单糖和二糖,特别是乳糖、果糖和蔗糖以非常低的量存在,或几乎不存在。可消化的单糖和二糖的量,优选地所有可消化的糖类的量不应当超过以制剂总重量计的20wt.%,优选地低于10wt.%,更优选地低于5wt.%。
在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明的制剂还包含一种或多种以下维生素:叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B1、维生素B2、生物素、硫辛酸和维生素B12。对于80千克受试者每份25克,这些成分的量的优选范围是0.2-1.0mg叶酸,0.25-1.0mg维生素B6,0.5-10μg优选羟基钴胺素形式的维生素B12,0.25-1.0mg维生素B1,0.25-1.0mg维生素B2和0.25-10mg生物素。也可能包含丁酸羟甲酯、梅拉通宁、肌酸或其等价物(例如肌酸的盐,如肌酸的胍基乙酸盐)或少量的营养的、不可消化的纤维。纤维的典型实例为不可消化的糖类如多糖或寡糖,例如可溶性的甘露聚糖、木聚糖、阿拉伯聚糖、果聚糖等、抗性淀粉或木酚素。优选地,所用的纤维在环境温度下可溶解于水。
如所提到的,除了亮氨酸,本发明的制剂还包含蛋白质物质。该蛋白质物质一般将具有完整的天然来源的蛋白质形式,优选动物来源的蛋白质形式。优选地,本发明的制剂中的蛋白质物质包含大于90wt.%的完整蛋白质或肽。合适的实例包括乳清蛋白分离物、乳清蛋白浓缩物、酪蛋白及其盐形式(酪蛋白酸盐)、特定的乳清蛋白如β乳球蛋白、α乳清蛋白、乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白等等,卵蛋白尤其是具有低抗生物素蛋白含量的鸡卵蛋白,以及它们的组合。特别优选的是乳清和乳清蛋白。要注意这些蛋白的水解产物也可使用,不过,氨基酸和肽的总量优选不高于存在的蛋白质物质总量的50%,更优选不高于30%。在蛋白质物质完全水解(所以包括蛋白质、蛋白质水解产物和如果存在的其它蛋白质物质的完全水解)后测定的制剂中氨基酸的总重量的20至40%,优选25至37%,甚至更优选28至35%为亮氨酸。不过应注意,本发明的制剂中包括亮氨酸在内的蛋白质物质的总量优选至少为25%,更优选至少为50%,甚至更优选至少为75%。进一步优先的实施方案为,其中存在的蛋白质的量使得氨基酸的总量以干燥物质计在40至80wt.%的范围内,优选在60至75wt.%的范围内。
如所提到的,本发明的制剂可以为药物组合物、食品或食物增补剂的形式。或者,本发明的制剂可用于制备不同类型的产品,例如食品(压块食品(bars)等)。
药物组合物可以为饮料或粉剂的形式。在实际应用中,该组合物将用于口服给予。食品可以有不同的形式。产品可能有相对高的含水量(50-90wt.%),例如布丁样产品(具有高固体含量的乳剂)等等。不过也可能制备具有相对低的含水量(10-50wt.%)、激发合成代谢反应的食品,例如以点心的形式(甜或咸/草药味的)。当本发明的制剂为食物增补剂的形式时,其一般将为压块食品、饮料或粉剂的形式。要注意制剂的整个组分,尤其是糖类的含量不受这些给予形式的制备的显著影响。
本发明的制剂的优势之一在于它使得生产包含高蛋白质含量的压块食品,而没有通常与高蛋白质含量的压块食品相关的硬性和韧度的缺点。因此,本发明还提供包含上述讨论的蛋白质制剂和其它适当成分的压块食品,其具有极好的口感和咀嚼度。其不太脆或太韧,不过却足够的粘。为制备本发明的压块食品,将约20-40wt.%的上述的蛋白质为主的制剂与约20-40wt.%的糖类部分、2-10wt.%的脂类部分和任选的其它常规压块食品成分组合。
已经发现在期望或需要肌肉组织强大的产生的时刻之前不久消费本发明的制剂,其消费或给予的作用尤其高。这种时刻的实例包括恰在大量体育运动如运动表演之前,还有恰在进行手术之前。手术恢复中的患者的食物摄入在量上和种类上经常受限制。在这种情况下,本发明的制剂可以防止患者失去大量的肌肉物质。
优选在希望合成代谢反应的时刻之前达2小时的时间内,优选在1小时至即刻之间消费或给予该制剂。不过观察到,考虑到特定的机体发挥,例如在恢复或训练计划的情形下,可以最好地设计出最佳的消费/给予方案。将理解本发明的制剂还能配制成具有亮氨酸、上述讨论的其它氨基酸和蛋白质的控释或延迟释放。
进一步发现本发明的制剂对皮肤组织的(再)产生速度有积极的作用。因此该制剂可有利地用于烧伤恢复中的患者。
本发明进一步提供一种方法以提供具有极好的器官感觉特性的有效产品。
本发明将通过以下非限制性的实施例予以阐明。
实施例1
制备每100克干燥物质包含以下物质的粉末:
80克低脂肪奶粉(提供约28克蛋白质、33克氨基酸和2.8克亮氨酸)
10克L-亮氨酸
0.5克赖氨酸
0.5克蛋氨酸
1克天冬甜素粉末
1克香子兰香料
1克柠檬酸
3.5克矿物预混合物(提供320毫克钠、700毫克钾、500毫克氯化物、150毫克钙、150毫克磷、80毫克镁、5毫克锌和1毫克铜)
1克黄原酸胶
1.5克维生素预混合物(包含1mg叶酸、20μg氰钴胺素、6mg吡哆胺、8mg盐酸硫胺素、8mg核黄素和1mg生物素)
用25g粉末填充小药袋,其可溶于200ml饮料,像水或其它合适的液体(茶)中以提供一份。
实施例2
制备22.0克乳清蛋白浓缩物(其提供17.6克乳清蛋白和20.8克氨基酸)和4.4克L-亮氨酸的粉末。
实施例3
制备17克乳清蛋白分离物(其提供16.1克蛋白质或19克氨基酸)、4.4克L-亮氨酸、200毫克咖啡因和100毫克五味子水提物的粉末。
实施例4
制备17克乳清蛋白分离物水解产物、4.4克L-亮氨酸、5克肌酸、2.6克柠檬酸盐和2.7克磷酸钠的粉末。
实施例5
制备17克乳清蛋白分离物、4.4克L-亮氨酸、50毫克咖啡因、1克一水合肌酸、1克胍基乙酸盐、1.0克丝氨酸、0.2毫克叶酸单谷氨酸盐、3微克氰钴胺素、0.85毫克吡哆素和40毫克抗坏血酸。
实施例6
通过每块混合以下物质制备压块食品:
20克乳清蛋白浓缩物(80%蛋白质)
5克L-亮氨酸
5克甘油
2克麦芽糖糊精糖浆
20克糖类DE 19
5克米粉
2克大豆卵磷脂
2克可可脂
2克菊粉
2克可可粉
3克燕麦纤维
1克香子兰香料预混合物
蛋白质组合物的特征在于亮氨酸含量为蛋白质物质的32.8%,Leu/BCAA=0.76,并且Leu/(Val+Ile)=3.1。
实施例7
给予四组麻醉大鼠一种氨基酸组合物。通过静脉输注,每组给予相同总量的氨基酸。第五组加入该研究中作为对照组。第一组给予氨基酸平衡混合物,可商购获得,商品名为Travasol。该混合物包含少于5%的亮氨酸。第二组给予75%Travasol和25%亮氨酸。第三组给予65%Travasol和35%亮氨酸,第四组仅给予亮氨酸。如Ferrando等,Am.J.Physiol.,275,E864-E871,1998所述测定混合的肌肉蛋白质合成的合成速率分数(fractional synthetic rate)(FSR(%/h)),该参考文献的内容引入本文作为参考。结果总结在下表中:
组 | FSR(%/h) |
Travasol(7只大鼠)Travasol+25%亮氨酸(5只大鼠)Travasol+35%亮氨酸(5只大鼠)单独亮氨酸(5只大鼠)对照组(6只大鼠) | 0.0867±0.02530.1175±0.02590.1258±0.03340.0767±0.02040.085±0.0253 |
这些结果清楚地表明相对大量的亮氨酸与一些其它氨基酸一起是最有效的。
Claims (24)
1.包含亮氨酸和蛋白质物质的制剂,其中亮氨酸的总量以该制剂总干重计为至少10wt.%,并且该蛋白质物质中亮氨酸与其它氨基酸的重量比在0.2至0.4之间。
2.根据权利要求1的制剂,所述制剂包含以该制剂干燥物质的总量计从12至80wt.%,优选从20至60wt.%的亮氨酸。
3.根据权利要求1或2的制剂,其中所述亮氨酸为L-亮氨酸。
4.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,其中至少部分所述亮氨酸以游离氨基酸存在。
5.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,其中该制剂的每日剂量中所述亮氨酸的量与支链氨基酸总量的重量比高于0.48。
6.根据权利要求5的制剂,其中每日剂量中亮氨酸与缬氨酸和异亮氨酸总和的比值在0.88至20之间,优选在1.1至10之间。
7.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,其中亮氨酸与其它氨基酸的重量比在0.29至0.35之间。
8.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,其中每千克体重每份的亮氨酸的剂量至少为0.037克,优选至少为0.04克。
9.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,其中所述蛋白质物质包含90wt.%以上的完整蛋白质或肽。
10.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,其中所述蛋白质物质以使得氨基酸的总量以干燥物质计在40至80wt.%的范围内,优选在60至75wt.%的范围内的量存在。
11.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,所述制剂进一步包含至少5克的必需氨基酸。
12.根据权利要求11的制剂,所述制剂包含合成的L-赖氨酸、L-色氨酸和合成的L-蛋氨酸中的一个或多个。
13.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,所述制剂进一步包含一种或多种以下维生素:叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B1、维生素B2、生物素、硫辛酸和维生素B12。
14.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,所述制剂包含以制剂总重量计少于20wt.%的单糖和二糖。
15.根据权利要求14的制剂,所述制剂包含以制剂总重量计少于10wt.%的单糖和二糖。
16.根据权利要求15的制剂,所述制剂包含以制剂总重量计少于5wt.%的单糖和二糖。
17.根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂,所述制剂为药物组合物、食品或食物增补剂的形式。
18.压块食品,所述压块食品包含约20-40wt.%的根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂、20-40wt.%的糖类部分、2-10wt.%的脂类部分和任选的其它常规压块食品成分。
19.一种激发哺乳动物合成代谢反应的方法,所述方法包括给予根据前述权利要求之任一项的制剂。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中所述制剂诱导体内蛋白质产生。
21.根据权利要求20的方法,其中所述蛋白质产生导致肌肉组织的产生。
22.根据权利要求21的方法,其中所述制剂在体育运动前2小时以内给予。
23.根据权利要求19的方法,其中所述蛋白质产生导致皮肤组织的产生。
24.根据权利要求19的方法,其中分解代谢状态被减少或被防止。
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CN104012995A (zh) * | 2008-07-02 | 2014-09-03 | N.V.努特里西阿公司 | 改善肌肉功能和日常活动的营养组合物 |
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CN105451578A (zh) * | 2013-06-10 | 2016-03-30 | N·V·努特里奇亚 | 超重或肥胖成年人在体重减轻项目期间的肌肉保持 |
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