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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
  • C07C303/02—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof
  • C07C303/22—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof from sulfonic acids, by reactions not involving the formation of sulfo or halosulfonyl groups; from sulfonic halides by reactions not involving the formation of halosulfonyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C21/00—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms
  • C07C21/02—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds
  • C07C21/18—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds containing fluorine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C253/16—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by reaction of cyanides with lactones or compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C255/10—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and halogen atoms, or nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same acyclic carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C305/00—Esters of sulfuric acids
  • C07C305/26—Halogenosulfates, i.e. monoesters of halogenosulfuric acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
  • C07C43/02—Ethers
  • C07C43/03—Ethers having all ether-oxygen atoms bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C43/14—Unsaturated ethers
  • C07C43/17—Unsaturated ethers containing halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F14/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F14/18—Monomers containing fluorine
  • C08F14/28—Hexafluoropropene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine

Definitions

• Hexafluoroisobutylene's utility is shown by the variety of fluoromonomers and hydrocarbon monomers with which it copolymerizes. For example, it copolymerizes with vinylidene fluoride (U.S. Patent No. 3,706,723), with vinyl fluoride (International Application WO 2001-
• a Lewis acid wherein R is a linear, branched, or cyclic fluoroalkyl group comprised of 1 to 10 carbon atoms and may contain ether oxygen
• Preferred nucleophiles are selected from the group consisting of hydride, haiides, cyanide, alcohols, alkoxides, fiuoroalkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides such as ⁇ OCF 2 CF 2 S0 2 F, aryl oxides, fluoroaryloxides, and perfluoroaryloxides, mercaptides, fluoromercaptides, perfluoromercaptides, secondary amines which may be fluorinated, azide, cyanate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, hydroxyalkoxides, haloalkoxides, epoxy alkoxides, cyanoalkoxides, ester alkoxides and thiolmercaptides.
• Preferred Lewis acids are BF 3 , B(OCH 3 ) 3 , and SbF 5 .
• Reaction temperature is in the range of about -50 to 100°C, preferably about -25 to 75°C, more preferably about 0 to 50°C, still more preferably about 10 to 40°C, and most preferably about 20 to 30°C. With occasional or continuous stirring or agitation, a satisfactory yield of HFIBFS is obtained in about 1 minute and greater, preferably about 1 minute to about 100 hours.
• CH 2 C(CF 2 OS0 2 F) 2
• HFIBFS2 hexafluoroisobutyiene difluorosulfate
• CH 2 C(CF 2 OS0 2 F) 2 is produced by increasing the molar ratio of S0 3 to hexafluoroisobutyiene to greater than 1. Yields of the difluorosulfate are increased as the S0 3 to hexafluoroisobutyiene molar ratio is increased. At a molar ratio of greater than 2, difluorosulfate can be expected to be the predominant product.
• the alkyl group may contain ether oxygen.
• Nucleophiles are atoms or groups of atoms that have unbonded, also known as "free", electron pairs. They may be neutral, amines are examples, or anionic, such as haiides. Nucleophiles react with susceptible molecules, attacking, for example, saturated carbon atoms, displacing an atom or group of atoms, the nucleophile thereby becoming bonded to the saturated carbon atom. A discussion of nucleophiles can be found in Advanced Organic Chemistry. 4 th edition, by Jerry March, Wiley, New York, 1992, p. 205.
• perfluoralkoxides are prepared, preferably in situ, from the corresponding perfluoroketones or perfluoroacid fluorides by reaction with fluoride ion, usually from potassium fluoride (KF).
• fluoride ion usually from potassium fluoride (KF).
• KF potassium fluoride
• alkoxides derived from alcohols, such as methanol and hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol it is not necessary that they be converted to their alkali metal salts to be effective in the reaction according to this invention.
• the alcohol may be used directly, preferably with added tertiary amine to promote reaction.
• the anionic nucleophiles are of course accompanied by cations, that is they are salts.
• the cations are preferably alkali metal cations, chosen so that the salt will be reasonably soluble in the reaction medium.
• Preferred nucleophiles are haiides, more preferably chloride, bromide, and iodide; cyanide, alcohols, alkoxides, fiuoroalkoxides, perfluoroalkoxides, aryloxide, fluoroaryloxides, and perfluoroaryloxides.
• nucleophiles are substituted alcohols such as ethylene cyanohydrin (HOCH 2 CH 2 CN), glycidol (2,3- epoxypropanol), ethylene halohydrin (XCH 2 CH 2 OH) such as ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylene bromohydrin, and ethylene iodohydrin, which will provide substituted hexafluoroisobutyiene with cyano, epoxy, and halogen functionality.
• ethylene cyanohydrin HOCH 2 CH 2 CN
• ethylene halohydrin XCH 2 CH 2 OH
• ethylene chlorohydrin ethylene bromohydrin
• ethylene iodohydrin ethylene iodohydrin
• esters may also be described as cyanoalkoxides, epoxyalkoxides and haloalkoxides, in keeping with the alkoxide terminology used above, and will be understood to include higher alkylene groups, that may be fluorinated, in addition to the two- and three-carbon molecules described above.
• carboxylate functionality can be introduced preferably through the esters thereof through use of hydroxy- substituted organic esters, such as the methyl ester of glycolic acid. These are referred to herein as ester alkoxides.
• the acids may contain fluorine.
• nucleophiles are glycols (which are designated herein as hydroxyalkoxides, in keeping with the alkoxide terminology used above), and dithiols, referred to herein as thiolmercaptides, for example HSCH 2 CH 2 S ⁇ , to provide thiol functionality.
• the various functionalities provided by the above nucleophiles, particularly the epoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, and thiol functionalities confer useful properties on polymers incorporating as comonomers one or more compounds in accordance with the invention containing these functionalities. These useful properties include cross-Iinkability, dyeability, adhesion to other materials, such as metals and glass and polar polymers such as polyamides and polyesters.
• Such polymers may be expected to show unusual ion- exchange and sequestering characteristics.
• Hydrolysis of these sulfonyl fluoride containing polymers can be done in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with potassium hydroxide (KOH).
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• KOH potassium hydroxide
• a typical recipe is 15% water, 60% DMSO, and 15% KOH.
• One hour at 70-90°C is sufficient.
• the polymer is washed free of salts and DMSO.
• the polymer is in the potassium ion form, that is, it is a polymer containing potassium sulfonate groups.
• Acid exchange for example by treating it several times with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric or nitric acid, converts the polymer to the sulfonic acid form.
• a milder hydrolysis method preferred for polymers that contain both hydrogen and fluorine on their carbon backbones, uses ammonium carbonate as the base under milder conditions and is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0013816.
• the lithium salt of the ionomer can be directly made using lithium carbonate as the base as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,140,436.
• the acid fluorides are prepared as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,131 ,740
• One way to promote mixed substitution is to limit the concentration in the reaction medium of the first nucleophile to no more than equimolar with HFIBFS2, and then, after the reaction is complete, to add the second nucleophile.
• Compatible solvents are advantageously used as the reaction medium for the reaction of fluorosulfates with nucleophiles.
• Diglyme bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether
• diethyl ether diethyl ether
• tetrahydrofuran diethyl ether
• sulfolane acetonitrile
• N,N- dimethylformamide N,N-dimethylacetamide
• Protic solvents are generally not preferred unless reaction of solvent with the fluorosulfate can be tolerated or is desired.
• Temperature for the reaction of fluorosulfates with nucleophiles is in the range of about -25 to 100°C, preferably about 0 to 50°C, more preferably about 15 to 30°C, and most preferably about 20 to 30°C.
• isomers are formed also having difluoromethylene functionality.
• the ratio of the methylene isomer to the difluoromethylene isomer is affected by reaction conditions.
• X and X' are selected from the group hydride, haiides except fluoride, alkoxides, fiuoroalkoxides, and perfluoroalkoxides such as OCF 2 CF 2 S0 2 F, mercaptides, fluoromercaptides, perfluoromercaptides, secondary amines which may be fluorinated, azide, hydroxyalkoxides, haloalkoxides, preferably chloroalkoxides, ester alkoxides.
• vinyl fluoride vinylidene fluoride
• ethylene propylene
• vinyl acetate perfluoroalkyl ethylene
• Preferred comonomers are vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, ethylene, propylene, vinyl acetate, and trifluoroethylene.
• Copolymers are defined herein as polymers resulting from the polymerization of two or more monomers.
• the copolymers in accordance with this invention may be crystalline, i.e. have a melting point as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), or may be amorphous.
• Amorphous polymers have utility as components of solutions of polymer, suitable for coatings and articles having good transparency.
• Amorphous polymers having low glass transitions temperatures (Tg) are useful as elastomers, preferably with Tg below about 20°C, more preferably below about 0°C, most preferably below about -25°C.
• Compounds in accordance with this invention include monomers with functionality suitable for crosslinking of the kind often used in elastomer technology.
• Hexafluoroisobutyiene preparation is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,894,097.
• U.S. Patent No. 2,852,554 discloses the preparation of FS0 2 CF 2 COF.
• H-Galden® ZT 85 a trademark of Ausimont, is HCF 2 0(CF 2 0) n (CF 2 CF 2 0) m CF 2 H.
• DP initiator is hexafluoropropyleneoxide dimer peroxide:
• Vertrel® XF a product of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington Delaware USA, is CF 3 CFHCFHCF 2 CF 3 .
• Example 2 Preparation of Hexafluoroisobutyiene Fluorosulfate Sulfur trioxide containing 1 wt% SbF 5 is charged to a 50 ml steel tube. The tube is then cooled to -70°C, a vacuum applied, and then hexafluoroisobutyiene (32.8 g, 0.2 mole) is added. The tube is kept at 20°C for 48 hours with periodical shaking, after which is cooled to -70°C and opened. The reaction mixture is washed with cold (-30°C) concentrated H 2 S0 and then warmed to 25°C. Hexafluoroisobutyiene (14 g) is collected in a cold trap. The residue (15.7 g) is
• the bisfluorosulfate CH 2 C(CF 2 OS0 2 F) 2 is not detected.
• This example demonstrates the utility of SbF 5 as a catalyst for the reaction.
• CH 2 C(CF 2 CF 3 )CF 2 OS0 2 F (5 g, 17 mmole) is added at 20°C to (CF 3 ) 2 CCFOK, prepared at 10°C from freshly dried KF (3 g, 17.2 mmole), hexafluoroacetone (HFA) (3 g, 18 mmole) and dry diglyme (15 ml).
• the reaction mixture is agitated for 1 hour at 20°C and then poured into water, the organic layer separating.
• the organic layer is washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, then water, after which it is dried over (MgS0 4 ).
• the isomer 1 ,1-difluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-3- methoxypropene (about 1%) and CH 2 C(CF 3 )COOCH 3 (about 3%) are also detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 3,3-difluoro-3-methoxy-2-trifluoromethylpropene: 1 H NMR ⁇ 3.1 (s,
• CH 2 C(C 4 F 2 ⁇ C 3 F 2 C 2 F 2 S0 2 1 F) 2
• LiCI dry lithium chloride
• This example shows that the ratio of isomers is a function of the reaction time and that the methylene isomer predominates at longer reaction times over the difluoromethylene isomer. This is an indication that the methylene isomer is the more stable isomer at the temperatures used in this example.
• NaBr dry sodium bromide
• diglyme 15 ml
• the reaction mixture is kept overnight and then poured into water.
• the organic layer is separated, washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and then with water and then dried over MgS0 4 .
• 1 F represents the vinyl fluorine cis to the chloromethyl group.
• 2 F represents the vinyl fluorine trans to the chloromethyl group.
• the autoclave is chilled, evacuated and further loaded with ⁇ 2 g of vinylidene fluoride The autoclave is shaken overnight at room temperature.
• a small sample is purified for DSC measurement by dissolving 0.5 g of polymer in 3 g of H Galden ZTTM 85 solvent [HCF 2 0(CF 2 0)m(CF 2 CF 2 0) n CF 2 H], filtering the haze off using a 0.45 ⁇ m PTFE syringe filter (Whatman Autovial®), evaporating off excess solvent, and drying in a 75°C vacuum oven for 16 hours.
• the Tg is now 47°C (10°C/min, N 2 , second heat).
• Solution preparation A hazy solution is made by rolling 2 g of polymer with 18 g of H GaldenTM ZT 85 solvent. The haze is removed by filtering first through a bed of chromatographic silica in a 0.45 ⁇ m glass fiber microfiber syringe filter (Whatman AutovialTM), centrifuging at 15000 rpm, and finally filtering again through a 0.2 ⁇ m PTFE syringe filter (Gelman Acrodisc CR). Evaporation of 119.2 mg of this solution on a glass slide gave a clear film weighing 8.5 mg (solution ⁇ 7 wt % in solids).
• the autoclave is chilled, evacuated and further loaded with ⁇ 5 g of vinylidene fluoride
• the autoclave is shaken overnight at room temperature.
• the resulting viscous fluid is dried under nitrogen, then under pump vacuum, and finally for 88 hours in a 75°C vacuum oven, giving 26.7 g of white polymer.
• Solution preparation A clear, colorless solution is made by rolling 2 g of polymer with 18 g of H GaldenTM ZT 85 solvent and passing through a 0.45 ⁇ m glass fiber microfiber syringe filter (Whatman AutovialTM).

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