Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
  • C09D5/10—Anti-corrosive paints containing metal dust
  • C09D5/106—Anti-corrosive paints containing metal dust containing Zn
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
  • C09D1/02—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances alkali metal silicates

Definitions

• This invention relates to a coating composition that can be used for the coating of metal substrates, for example steel substrates.
• a coating composition for semi-finished steel products which are subsequently to be fabricated by heat-intensive processes and overcoated.
• Such semi-finished steel products are used in the shipbuilding industry and for other large-scale structures such as oil production platforms and include steel plates, for example of thickness 6 to 75 mm, bars, girders and various steel sections used as stiffening members.
• the most important heat-intensive process is welding; substantially all such semi-finished steel products are welded.
• Other important heat-intensive processes are cutting, for example oxy-fuel cutting, plasma cutting or laser cutting, and heat fairing, where the steel is bent into shape while being heated.
• shop primer or "p re-construction coating” to avoid corrosion of the steel occurring before the steel construction, e.g. a ship, is given its full coating of anticorrosive paint, thereby avoiding the problem of having to overcoat or remove steel corrosion products.
• the shop primer is applied as one of several treatments carried out on a production line in which the steel is for example preheated, shot- or grit-blasted to remove millscale and corrosion products, shop primed, and passed through a drying booth.
• the shop primer can be applied by a trade coater or steel supplier before the steel is delivered to the shipyard or other construction site.
• shop primer Although the main purpose of the shop primer is to provide temporary corrosion protection during construction, it is preferred by shipbuilders that the shop primer does not need to be removed but can remain on the steel during and after fabrication. Steel coated with the shop primer thus needs to be weldable without removal of the shop primer and to be overcoatable with the types of protective anti-corrosive coatings generally used on ships and other steel constructions, with good adhesion between the primer and the subsequently applied coating.
• the shop primed steel should preferably be weldable without any significant detrimental effect on the quality of the weld or on the speed of the welding process and should be sufficiently resistant to heat for the shop primer to retain its anticorrosive properties in areas heated during fairing or during welding of the opposite face of the steel.
• JP-A-6-200188 is concerned with shop primer coatings and mentions the possibility of using an aqueous alkali silicate salt type binder.
• Coatings comprising an aqueous alkali metal silicate and zinc powder are also proposed in GB-A-1226360, GB-A-1007481 , GB-A-997094, US-A-4,230,496, and JP-A-
• Alkali silicate binders for anticorrosive coatings are also mentioned in US-A-3,522,066, US-A-3,620,784, US-A-4,162,169, and US-A-4,479,824.
• EP-A-295 834 coatings containing a mixture of alkali metal silicate with a minor amount of colloidal silica, Al 2 0 3 powder as filler, and metal powder as toughening agent are mentioned.
• primer coatings based on an aqueous alkali silicate binder containing zinc powder can give adequate corrosion protection and allow the steel surfaces they cover to be welded, but give rise to problems when overcoated.
• aqueous silicates contain a large quantity of alkali metal cations required to keep the silicate in aqueous solution and these ions are still present in the coating after it has dried.
• primer coatings having these large quantities of alkali metal ions are overcoated with any conventional organic coating and then immersed in water, blistering (local delamination of the coating) occurs.
• blistering local delamination of the coating
• Aqueous silica sols having a very low alkali metal ion content are available commercially but coatings based on the conventionally used large sols normally have very poor (initial) film strength in terms of adhesion, cohesion, hardness, and resistance to abrasion and water. These poor physical properties of the coating make it susceptible to damage during handling or further processing. This brings the potential requirement of significant coating repair with major cost implications.
• the ratio of the pigment volume concentration (PVC) to the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) has a significant impact on the film properties.
• the speed of property development of the film can be adjusted by altering the PVC / CPVC ratio.
• the pigment volume concentration is the volume percentage of pigment in the dry paint film.
• the critical pigment volume concentration is normally defined as the pigment volume concentration where there is just sufficient binder to provide a completely adsorbed layer of binder on the pigment surfaces and to fill all the interstices between the particles in a close- packed system.
• the critical pigment volume concentration can be determined by wetting out dry pigment with just sufficient linseed oil to form a coherent mass. This method yields a value known as the "oil absorption", from which the critical pigment volume concentration can be calculated. The method for determining the oil absorption is described in British Standard 3483 (BS3483).
• US-A-3, 721 ,574 suggests coatings containing a mixture of alkali metal silicate with a minor amount of colloidal silica, said colloidal silica preferably being AI 2 ⁇ 3 modified. Also coatings containing a mixture of alkali metal silicate with a minor amount of colloidal silica, and zinc dust are mentioned.
• a mixture of alkali metal silicate with a minor amount of colloidal silica is employed.
• the zinc dust is employed in extremely high proportions. This results in the formation of films containing about 95 percent by weight of zinc in the dried coating. However, such a high zinc level has a detrimental effect on the weldability of the coating.
• WO 00/55260 discloses a coating composition comprising a silica or silicate binder and zinc powder and/or a zinc alloy.
• the binder has a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio, wherein M represents the total of alkali metal and ammonium ions, of at least 6:1.
• M represents the total of alkali metal and ammonium ions, of at least 6:1.
• the pigment volume concentration of the coating should be at least equal to the critical pigment volume concentration. It has now been found that the film properties of the coating composition and the speed of property development of the film can be improved by using the coating composition according to the present invention when the binder comprises silica or silicate particles having an average size larger than 10 nm.
• the composition according to the present invention which can be used for coating a metal substrate which is intended to be fabricated and overcoated, has a PVC / CPVC ratio smaller than 1.
• the coating comprises a silica binder comprising an aqueous silica sol and, optionally, a minor amount of alkali metal silicate, with the silica and/or silicate particles in the composition having an average size larger than 10 nm.
• Said binder has a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio of at least 6:1 , wherein M represents the total of alkali metal and ammonium ions.
• a minor amount of alkali metal silicate means that the weight ratio of alkali metal silicate to silica sol in the composition is smaller than 0.5, preferably smaller than 0.25, more preferably smaller than 0.1. It has been found that improved early coating properties can be obtained using coatings with a PVC between 35% and 65%, more preferably between 40% and 55%. In a coating having a PVC below 35% and comprising only zinc as pigment, there is insufficient zinc to provide effective corrosion protection on outdoor exposure when more than 6 months' protection is required. When using coatings with a low zinc level, for instance between 10 and 40%, acceptable corrosion protection can be obtained when one or more secondary corrosion inhibitors are added or when a conductive extender, such as di-iron phosphide, is added.
• the primer coating preferably contains zinc powder which preferably has a volume averaged mean particle size of 2 to 12 microns, and most preferably such zinc powder is the product commercially obtainable as zinc dust having a mean particle size of 2 to 8 microns.
• the zinc powder protects the steel by a galvanic mechanism and may also form a protective layer of zinc corrosion products, enhancing the corrosion protection given by the coating. All or part of the zinc powder can be replaced by a zinc alloy.
• the amount of zinc powder and/or alloy in the coating generally is at least 10% and can be up to 90% by volume of the coating, on a dry film basis.
• the zinc powder and/or alloy can be substantially the whole of the pigmentation of the coating or can for example comprise up to 70%, for example 25 to 55%, by volume of the coating, on a dry film basis, with the coating also containing an auxiliary corrosion inhibitor, for example a molybdate, phosphate, tungstate or vanadate, as described in US-A-5246488, ultrafine titanium dioxide as detailed in KR 8101300, and/or zinc oxide and/or a filler such as silica, calcined clay, alumina silicate, talc, barytes or mica.
• the amount of zinc powder and/or alloy in the coating preferably is between 35 and 60%, more preferably between 40 and 50%.
• Other pigments can be used in conjunction with zinc-based pigments.
• non-zinc pigments examples include conductive extenders such as di-iron phosphide (Ferrophos ® ), micaceous iron oxide, etc. Use of these conductive non-zinc pigments may allow a reduction of the zinc level while maintaining effective corrosion protection.
• extenders are preferably sufficiently dispersed in the coating composition. The types and sizes of the extenders used can be adjusted to obtain an adequate state of dispersion. For example, when the extender pigment Satintone ® (ex Lawrence Industries) is selected, a mean particle size below 3 ⁇ m, preferably below 2 ⁇ m can be used.
• the binder is most preferably based on an aqueous silica sol.
• aqueous silica sol Such sols are available from Akzo Nobel under the Registered Trademark “Bindzil” or from DuPont under the Registered Trademark “Ludox”, although the literature concerning them emphasizes that conventional grades of colloidal silica are not good film formers.
• Various grades of sol are available having various colloidal silica particle sizes and containing various stabilizers.
• the particle size of the colloidal silica can for example be in the range 10 to 100 nm; particle sizes towards the lower end of this range, for example 10 to 22 nm, are preferred.
• the binder more preferably has colloidal silica particles with an average particle size between 10 nm and 20 nm, even more preferably between 10 nm and 16 nm.
• the silica sol preferably has a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio of at least 10:1 , more preferably of at least 25:1, even more preferably of at least 50:1 , and can have a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio of 200:1 or more. Further, it is possible to use a blend of two or more silica sols having a different Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio, wherein the Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio of the blend is at least 25:1.
• the sol can be stabilized by alkali, for example sodium, potassium, or lithium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium hydroxide, or by a water-soluble organic amine such as alkanolamine.
• the silica sol can be blended with a minor amount of an alkali metal silicate, for example lithium silicate, sodium-lithium silicate or potassium silicate, or with ammonium silicate or a quaternary ammonium silicate.
• an alkali metal or ammonium silicate may improve the initial film- forming properties of the silica sol, but the amount of alkali metal silicate should be low enough to have a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio of the binder sol of at least 6:1 , preferably of at least 8:1 , and most preferably above 15:1.
• a minor amount of alkali metal silicate means that the weight ratio of alkali metal silicate to silica sol in the composition is smaller than 0.5, preferably smaller than 0.25, more preferably smaller than 0.1.
• the silica sol preferably has a low level of agglomeration. This can be determined by asserting the S-value of the sol.
• the S-value can be measured and calculated as described by Her & Dalton in J. Phys. Chem. Vol. 60 (1956), pp. 955-975.
• the silica content, the volume of the dispersed phase, the density, and the viscosity of the silica sol affect the S-value.
• a low S-value can be considered to indicate a high degree of particle aggregation or inter-particle attraction.
• the silica sol used in the coating composition according to the present invention can have an S-value of 20-100%, preferably 30-90%, even more preferably 50-85%.
• the silica sol can have an S-value of 20-100%, preferably 30-90%, even more preferably 50-85%.
• the silica sol can alternatively or additionally contain a dissolved or dispersed organic resin.
• the organic resin preferably is a latex, for example a styrene butadiene copolymer latex, a styrene acrylic copolymer latex, a vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer latex, a polyvinyl butyral dispersion, a silicone/siloxane dispersion, or an acrylic based latex dispersion.
• a latex for example a styrene butadiene copolymer latex, a styrene acrylic copolymer latex, a vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer latex, a polyvinyl butyral dispersion, a silicone/siloxane dispersion, or an acrylic based latex dispersion.
• Suitable latex dispersions include XZ 94770 and XZ 94755 (both ex Dow Chemicals), Airflex ® 500, Airflex ® EP3333 DEV, Airflex ® CEF 52, and Flexcryl ® SAF34 (all ex Air Products), Primal ® E-330DF and Primal ® MV23 LO (both ex Rohm and Haas), and Silres ® MP42E, Silres ® M50E, and SLM 43164 (all ex Wacker Chemicals).
• Water-soluble polymers such as acrylamide polymers can be used but are less preferred.
• the organic resin is preferably used at up to 30% by weight, more preferably 10-20% by weight, based on solid binder. Higher amounts of organic resin may cause weld porosity during subsequent welding. It was found that the addition of an organic resin improves the adhesion/cohesion as measured in the cross hatch test.
• the silica sol can contain a silane coupling agent which contains alkoxysilane groups and an organic moiety containing a functional group such as an amino, epoxide or isocyanate group.
• the silane coupling agent preferably is an aminosilane such as gamma-aminopropyl triethoxy silane or gamma- aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, or a partial hydrolyzate thereof, although an epoxy silane such as gamma-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane can also be used.
• the silane coupling agent preferably is present at up to 30% by weight, for example 1-20% by weight, based on solid binder.
• the binder of the primer coating can additionally comprise an aqueous solution of an alkali metal or ammonium silicate stabilized by a siliconate substituted by at least one anionic group of lower pKa than silicic acid, such as a carboxylate or sulphonate group.
• a binder preferably is a solution having a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio in the range 8:1 to 30:1 and a pH in the range 7 to 11.5 prepared by lowering the pH of a solution of silicate and siliconate by cation exchange.
• the siliconate can be added at relatively low levels, for example at a mole ratio of 1 :2 to 1 :20, to a conventional 3.9:1 Si0 2 /K 2 0 alkali silicate.
• the solids may then be reduced to improve ease of processing and to further improve stability.
• the solution has a pH of 12-12.5.
• the solution is ion-exchanged using a standard ion-exchange resin. K + ions are replaced with H + ions, reducing both the alkali content of the binder and the pH. Without the presence of the siliconate the silicate would gel on reducing the pH. Clear, stable solutions with a pH as low as 8 have been obtained.
• the resultant binder has a Si0 2 /K 2 0 mole ratio typically in the range 8-20:1 and can be concentrated if so desired to increase the solids.
• the binder is a clear, stable solution and is stable in the presence of zinc, but coatings based on these ion-exchanged binders have relatively poor film strength compared to coatings based on alkali silicate binders.
• a binder having a pH of 9 to 11.5 is used, more preferably in the range 9.5 to 11. While we do not wish to be bound by any theory explaining the pH effect on the film properties, it appears that an increased pH results in an increased amount of silica ions and/or silicate ions in solution. This seems to have the potential for effecting in situ gel reinforcement after the application of the coating composition. Additionally, pH adjustment can have a minor pot life- extending effect. When a commercially obtainable silica sol is used, a sol with a high pH can be selected and/or the pH of the sol can be adjusted.
• the pH can be adjusted, for example, by adding pH-influencing pot life extenders such as dimethyl amino ethanol (DMAE) or dilute sulphuric acid, or by adding sodium hydroxide.
• pH-influencing pot life extenders such as dimethyl amino ethanol (DMAE) or dilute sulphuric acid
• sodium hydroxide for example, commercially obtainable 22 nm silica sols normally have a pH of about 8.5-9. Increasing the pH of these sols to 10-11 markedly improves the rate of coating property development.
• the solids content of the primer coating generally is at least 15% by volume and preferably in the range of 20 to 35% by volume. The volume solids content is the theoretical value calculated on the basis of all the components present in the coating composition.
• the coating preferably has a viscosity such that it can easily be applied by conventional coating applicators such as spray applicators, particularly airless spray or high volume low pressure (HVLP) spray applicators, to give a coating having a dry film thickness of less than 40 microns, preferably between 12 and 25 to 30 microns.
• conventional coating applicators such as spray applicators, particularly airless spray or high volume low pressure (HVLP) spray applicators, to give a coating having a dry film thickness of less than 40 microns, preferably between 12 and 25 to 30 microns.
• the coating composition may comprise further additives well-known to the skilled person, e.g., thixotropes and/or rheology control agents (organo clays, xanthan gum, cellulose thickeners, polyether urea polyurethanes, (pyrogenic) silica, acrylics, etc.), defoamers (in particular when latex modifiers are present), and, optionally, secondary pot life extenders, such as chromates (for example sodium dichromate) or tertiary amines (for example triethylamine or dimethyl aminoethanol).
• thixotropes and/or rheology control agents organo clays, xanthan gum, cellulose thickeners, polyether urea polyurethanes, (pyrogenic) silica, acrylics, etc.
• defoamers in particular when latex modifiers are present
• secondary pot life extenders such as chromates (for example sodium dichromate) or tertiary amines (for example trie
• Preferred thixotropes and/or rheology control agents include Bentone ® EW (ex Elementis), which is a sodium magnesium silicate (organo clay), Bentolite ® WH (ex Rockwood), which is a hydrous aluminium silicate, Laponite ® RD (ex Rockwood), which is a hydrous sodium magnesium lithium silicate, HDK ® -N20 (ex Wacker Chemie), which is a pyrogenic silica, and Rheolate ® 425 (ex Elementis), which is a proprietary acrylic dispersion in water.
• Preferred defoamers include Foamaster ® NDW (ex Cognis), Tego Foamex ® 88 (ex Tego Chemie), and Dapro ® 1760 (ex Elementis). It was found that other compounds which may be present in the coating composition for other reasons can also act as secondary pot life extenders. For example, the addition of molywhite anticorrosive pigments or styrene butadiene latex can lead to a minor extension of the pot life. Preferred secondary pot life extenders are tertiary amines, which offer a chromate-free option for pot life extension. A longer pot life is also found for systems further comprising alumina.
• the concentration of alumina in the coating composition is given as the percentage by weight of Al 2 ⁇ 3 based on the silica sol or silicate particles present in the composition.
• the surface of the particles is modified by sodium aluminate bound to the particles.
• the silica sol is modified with 0.05 to 2.5 wt.% of alumina, more preferably with 0.05 to 2.0 wt.% of alumina.
• the coating system is provided as a two- (or more) component system where the components are thoroughly mixed prior to application of the coating. It is also possible to prepare the coating composition just prior to application of the coating, for example by adding and thoroughly mixing all components of the coating composition shortly before application. Such a process can also be referred to as on-line mixing of the components in the coating composition. This process is particularly suitable for coating compositions that have a limited pot life.
• a post-treatment process in which the substrate can be treated with a solution which increases the film strength of the primer coating.
• a metal substrate is primer coated with a coating according to the invention, and after the primer coating has dried to the extent that it is touch dry, it is treated with a film strengthening solution.
• a solution which increases the film strength of the primer coating, can in general be an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt or a solution of material having reactive silicon-containing groups.
• a metal substrate is primer coated with a coating according to the invention, and after the primer coating has dried to the extent that it is touch dry, it is immersed in water or alternatively kept in an atmosphere with a relative humidity of at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%.
• a metal substrate is primer coated with a coating according to the invention, and after the primer coating has dried to the extent that it is touch dry, it is first treated with a film strengthening solution and then it is immersed in water or alternatively kept in an atmosphere with a relative humidity of at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%.
• the coating composition according to the present invention is a water based shop primer for the coating of steel substrates which are intended to be fabricated and overcoated, said composition having a solid content of 20 - 40% by volume, and wherein the ratio of the pigment volume concentration to the critical pigment volume concentration is smaller than 1 , comprising: an aqueous silica sol binder having a Si0 2 /M 2 0 mole ratio of at least 6:1 and a pH between 9.5 and 11 , wherein M represents the total of alkali metal and ammonium ions and wherein the optionally alumina modified silica particles have an average size between 10 nm and 16 nm, 10 - 55% by volume of the coating on a dry film basis of zinc powder and/or a zinc alloy having a mean particle size in the range 2 to 12 ⁇ m, 0 - 35% by weight, based on solid binder, of an organic resin, - 0 - 30% by weight, based on solid binder, of a silane
• the compounds used as starting material in the examples have the following origin: Ludox SM a silica sol of concentration 30% by weight, average particle size 7 nm, Si0 2 /Na 2 0 mole ratio 50:1 , ex DuPont, pH 10.3
• Ludox HS-40 a silica sol of concentration 40% by weight, particle size 12 nm, Si0 2 /Na 2 0 mole ratio 95:1 , ex DuPont, pH 9.8 Ludox TM-40 a silica sol of concentration 40% by weight, average particle size 22 nm, Si0 2 /Na 2 0 mole ratio 225:1 , ex DuPont, pH 8.8 Bindzil 40/170 a silica sol of concentration 40% by weight, average particle size 20 nm, Si0 2 /Na 2 0 mole ratio 160:1 , ex Akzo Nobel
• Nyacol a silica sol of concentration 40% by weight and average particle size 16 nm, Si0 2 /Na 2 0 mole ratio 105:1 , ex Akzo
• Nyacol Al an alumina-modified version of Nyacol, pH 9.9 XZ 94770 a styrene/butadiene organic latex of 50 vol.% solids, ex
• the silica sols were used as obtained, that is, having a pH as listed above, unless stated otherwise.
• pH 9 was achieved by adding dilute sulphuric acid, having a pH of 1.5, to a stirred sol
• pH 10 was achieved by adding sodium hydroxide, having a pH of 14, to a stirred sol
• pH 11 was achieved by adding sodium hydroxide, having a pH of 14, to a stirred sol.
• Example 1c To determine the effect of varying the PVC in coatings comprising a 12 nm silica sol and having 40% zinc by volume in the dry film, several compositions having a solids concentration of about 28% by volume were prepared.
• the composition used in Example 1c was prepared from the following ingredients.
• compositions were prepared with varying PVC by adding or removing Molywhite 212 and Minex 20 to or from the composition of Example 1 c.
• the obtained primer coatings were applied to 15 cm x 10 cm steel panels at a dry film thickness of 15-20 ⁇ m at 35°C and 30% relative humidity.
• the primers were allowed to dry at 23°C, 60% RH and were tested for their physical properties 1 hour and 1 day after application. The results of the tests are shown in Table 1.
• Example 2c The composition used in Example 2c was prepared from the following ingredients. Component % by weight
• the obtained primer coatings were applied to 15 cm x 10 cm steel panels at a dry film thickness of 15-20 ⁇ m at 35°C and 30% relative humidity.
• the primers were allowed to dry at 23°C, 60% RH and were tested for their physical properties 1 hour, and 1 day after application. The results of the tests are shown in Table 2.
• compositions having a solids concentration of 28% by volume were prepared.
• the primer coatings had a pigment volume concentration of 50%, which is 0.72 times the critical pigment volume concentration.
• Example 3a The composition used in Example 3a was prepared from the following ingredients.
• compositions were prepared by reducing the amount of silica sol and adding latex XZ 94770 in increasing amounts.
• the application and cure conditions were as used in the aforementioned examples.
• the primers were tested for their physical properties 1 hour and 1 day after application. The results of the tests are shown in Table 3.
• the amounts of silica sol and latex XZ 94770 given refer to the volume percentage in the dry film.
• the examples show that for 16 nm sols fast development of coating properties can be obtained at PVC 50-55%. Additionally, the examples show that coating properties fall off on increasing the sol size.
• Two primer coatings having a solids concentration of 28% by volume were prepared using blends of sols. Both primer coatings had a pigment volume concentration of 50%, which is 0.72 times the critical pigment volume concentration.
• the primer coating used in Example 8 was prepared from the following ingredients, resulting in a coating with an average sol size of 10 nm.
• the primer coating used in Example 9 was prepared from the following ingredients, resulting in a coating with an average sol size of 10 nm.
• the obtained primer coatings were applied to 15 cm x 10 cm steel panels in a dry film thickness of 15-20 ⁇ m and allowed to dry at 35°C, 30% RH. Within 1 hour the primed substrates were stored at 60% RH. Subsequently, the coatings were tested for their physical properties 1 hour and 1 day after application. The results of the tests are shown in Table 5.
• compositions with varying pH and having a pigment volume concentration of 50% were prepared. All compositions contained 40% zinc, 5% Molywhite 212, 8% Minex 20, and 20 vol.% latex based on silica sol.

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