Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D291/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D291/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
  • C07D291/04—Five-membered rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
  • C07C303/36—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C313/00—Sulfinic acids; Sulfenic acids; Halides, esters or anhydrides thereof; Amides of sulfinic or sulfenic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfinic or sulfenic groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C313/02—Sulfinic acids; Derivatives thereof
  • C07C313/04—Sulfinic acids; Esters thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
  • C07C317/02—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C317/04—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D235/28—Sulfur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D291/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D291/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
  • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
  • C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C2602/08—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring the other ring being five-membered, e.g. indane

Definitions

• This invention relates to sulfinamides and sulfoxides, methods of their preparation, and compounds that can be used to prepare them.
• tert-butanesulfinamide condenses with aldehydes and ketones to give tert-butanesulfinyl imines in high yields. Tang, T.P. and Ellman, J.A., J. Org. Chem. 64:12-13 (1999). These imines can then be contacted with Grignard reagents or organolithiums to provide the intermediate shown below in Scheme I, which can then be subjected to acidic methanolysis to provide an ⁇ -branched amine-hydrochloride product. Id.
• tert-butanesulfmamide is prepared by asymmetrically oxidizing tert-butyl disulfide to provide an intermediate, which is then cleaved by reaction with LiNH 2 .
• the enantiomeric purity of the resulting sulfinamide reportedly does not exceed 91%. Id.
• the method is further limited in that it can be used for the synthesis of only a few different kinds of sulfinamides, of which tert-butanesulfinamide is an example.
• this method is not amenable to large-scale, or industrial, production of sulfinamides.
• a need therefore exits for more efficient and effective methods of preparing a wide variety of sulfinamides, particularly enantiomerically pure sulfinamides.
• a need further exists for a method of preparing sulfinamides that can be adapted to an industrial scale.
• benzimidazoles and structurally related sulfoxide compounds contain a stereogenic sulfur atom. Examples of such compounds are shown below in racemic form:
• Pantoprazole sodium is sold under the tradename Protonix ® for the short term treatment of erosive esophagitis associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Physicians ' Desk Reference, 3439-3442 (55 th ed., 2001).
• Lansoprazole is sold under the tradename Prevacid ® for the short term treatment of active duodenal ulcer. Id. at 3189-3194.
• Omeprazole which is also indicated for the short term treatment of active duodenal ulcer, is sold under the tradename Prilosec ® . Id. at 587-591.
• rabeprazole is sold under the tradename Aciphex ® for the short term treatment of erosive or ulcerative GERD, for maintaining healing and reduction in relapse rates of heartburn symptoms in patients with erosive or ulcerative GERD, for the short-term healing of active duodenal ulcer, and for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretroy conditions. Id. at 1178-1181.
• a method disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 5,948,789 comprises the oxidation of a pro-chiral sulphide using a chiral titanium complex and a base. See, e.g., col. 25, line 64 - col. 27, line 8.
• This invention is directed, in part, to novel methods of preparing sulfinamides and sulfoxides, particularly stereomerically pure sulfinamides and sulfoxides.
• the invention further encompasses novel compounds from which sulfinamides and sulfoxides can be prepared.
• Compounds of this invention can be used in the preparation of biologically active (e.g., pharmacologically active) compounds, or are themselves biologically active and useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions in animals (e.g., humans).
• prodrug means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide the compound.
• prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives of 2-(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazoles that comprise biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues.
• Other examples of prodrugs include derivatives of 2-(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfinyl)- benzimidazoles that comprise -NO, -NO 2 , -ONO, and -ONO 2 moieties.
• biohydrolyzable carbamate means a carbamate, carbonate, ureide, or phosphate, respectively, of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically less active or inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable carbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.
• biohydrolyzable ester means an ester of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically less active or inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, acyl esters (e.g., -C(O)Z, wherein Z is F, C, Br, I), alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters.
• biohydrolyzable amide means an amide of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically less active or inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl amides, ⁇ -amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, substituted and unsubstituted ureas, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides.
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt prepared from a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic inorganic or organic acid.
• suitable non-toxic acids include, but are not limited to, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, and p-toluenesulfonic acids.
• alkyl includes saturated linear, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12, 1 to 8, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• An alkyl group can include one or more double or triple bonds or can be substituted with one or more heteroatoms or halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I). It is understood that cyclic alkyl groups comprise at least three carbon atoms.
• branched alkyl have one or two branches. Unsaturated alkyl have one or more double bonds and/or one or more triple bonds.
• alkyl chains may be unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents.
• substituted alkyl are mono-, di-, or trisubstituted alkyl.
• alkyl substituents include halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, aryl (e.g. , phenyl, tolyl, alkyloxphenyl, alkyloxycarbonylphenyl, halophenyl), heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl.
• lower alkyl means branched or linear alkyl having from 1 to 8 or from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, and tertiary butyl.
• heteroalkyl means a saturated or unsaturated chain containing carbon and at least one heteroatom, wherein no two heteroatoms are adjacent.
• Heteroalkyl chains contain from 1 to 18, 1 to 12, 1 to 6, or 1 to 4 member atoms (carbon and heteroatoms) in the chain.
• Heteroalkyl chains may be straight or branched. Specific examples of branched heteroalkyl have one or two branches.
• Unsaturated heteroalkyl have one or more double bonds and/or one or more triple bonds.
• Specific examples of unsaturated heteroalkyl have one or two double bonds or one triple bond.
• Heteroalkyl chains may be unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to about 4 substituents.
• heteroalkyl are substituted or unsubstituted.
• heteroalkyl substituents include halo, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, alkyloxphenyl, alkyloxycarbonylphenyl, halophenyl), heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl.
• alkyl substituted with the following substituents are heteroalkyl: alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy, chlorophenoxy, tolyloxy, methoxyphenoxy, benzyloxy, alkyloxycarbonylphenoxy, acyloxyphenoxy), acyloxy (e.g., propionyloxy, benzoyloxy, acetoxy), carbamoyloxy, carboxy, mercapto, alkylthio, acylthio, arylthio (e.g., phenylthio, chlorophenylthio, alkylphenylthio, alkoxyphenylthio, benzylthio, alkyloxycarbonylphenylthio), amino (e.g., amino, mono- and di- C, -C 3 alkanylamino, methylphenylamino, methylphen
• the ter ⁇ Theteroatom includes a nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or phosphorus atom. Groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms.
• aryl includes an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, such as phenyl or naphthyl.
• Aryl rings are monocyclic or fused bicyclic ring systems. Monocyclic aromatic rings contain from about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms, from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, or from 5 to 6 carbon atoms in the ring. Bicyclic aromatic rings contain from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, or 9 or 10 carbon atoms in the ring. Aromatic rings may be unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to about 4 substituents on the ring.
• aromatic ring substituents include: halo, cyano, alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, phenyl, phenoxy or any combination thereof. More Specific examples of substituents include halo and haloalkyl. Specific examples of aromatic rings include naphthyl and phenyl.
• aralkyl means an aryl substituted with one or more linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups. Aralkyl moieties can be attached to other moieties through their aryl or alkyl components.
• ether includes alkyl groups wherein at least one carbon atom has been replaced with an oxygen atom, and aralkyl groups wherein at least one non-aromatic carbon atom has been replaced with an oxygen atom.
• heterocyclic group and “heterocycle” include aromatic and non-aromatic heterocyclic groups containing one or more heteroatoms each selected from O, S, N, or P.
• Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include groups having only 3 atoms in their ring system, but aromatic heterocyclic groups (i.e., heteroaryl groups) must have at least 5 atoms in their ring system.
• Heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems and ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties.
• An example of a 4 membered heterocyclic group is azetidinyl (derived from azetidine).
• An example of a 5 membered heterocyclic group is thiazolyl, and an example of a 10 membered heterocyclic group is quinolinyl.
• non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidino, mo holino, thiomo ⁇ holino, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-
• aromatic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, methylpyridine analgoues, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoimidazoles, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, be
• benzimidazol may be C-attached or N-attached where such attachment is possible.
• a group derived from benzimidazol can be benzimidazol-1-yl (N-attached) or benzimidazol-2-yl (C-attached).
• heteroaryl means an aromatic heterocycle.
• a heteroaryl is an aromatic ring system containing carbon and from 1 to about 4 heteroatoms in the ring.
• Heteroaromatic rings are monocyclic or fused bicyclic ring systems. Monocyclic heteroaromatic rings contain from about 5 to about 10, from 5 to 7, or from 5 to 6 member atoms (carbon and heteroatoms). Bicyclic heteroaromatic rings contain from 8 to 12 9 or 10 member atoms. Heteroaromatic rings may be unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to about 4 substituents on the ring.
• heteroaromatic ring substituents include: halo, cyano, alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, phenyl, phenoxy or any combination thereof. More Specific examples of substituents include halo, haloalkyl, and phenyl. Specific examples of heteroaromatic rings include thienyl, thiazolo, purinyl, pyrimidyl, pyridyl, and furanyl.
• sulfide includes alkyl groups wherein at least one carbon atom has been replaced with a sulfur atom, and aralkyl groups wherein at least one non-aromatic carbon atom has been replaced with a sulfur atom.
• substituted as used to describe a compound or chemical moiety means that at least one hydrogen atom of that compound or chemical moiety is replaced with a second chemical moiety.
• second chemical moieties include, but are not limited to: halogen atoms (e.g., chlorine, bromine, and iodine); C,-C 6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, tert- butyl, and cyclobutyl); hydroxyl; thiols; carboxylic acids; esters, amides, silanes, nitriles, thioethers, stannanes, and primary, secondary, and tertiary amines (e.g., -NH 2 , -NH(CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , and cyclic amines).
• second chemical moieties are chlorine,
• composition that is "substantially free" of a compound means that the composition contains less than about 20% by weight, more preferably less than about 10% by weight, even more preferably less than about 5% by weight, and most preferably less than about 3% by weight of the compound.
• stereomerically pure means a composition that comprises one stereoisomer of a compound and is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound.
• a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound.
• a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of other diasteroemers of the compound.
• a typical stereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weight of stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20% by weight of other stereoisomers the compound, more preferably greater than about 90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, even more preferably greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, and most preferably greater than about 97% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound.
• enantiomerically pure means a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having one chiral center.
• polymer bound and “polymer bound alkyl or aryl” mean that the compound of the invention is covalently bound to a polymer support, such as, but not limited to, Merrifield Resin, See Wang et al., J.Org.
• This invention is directed, in part, to novel methods of preparing sulfinamides and sulfoxides. These methods can be used, for example, to provide sulfinamides such as, but not limited to, stereomerically pure forms of tert-butanesulfinamide, and sulfoxides such as, but not limited to, stereomerically pure forms of compounds disclosed by U.S. Patent Nos. 5,776,765 (e.g., 2-(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazoles) and 5,945,425 (e.g., (H + /K + )ATPase inhibitors), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• 5,776,765 e.g., 2-(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazoles
• 5,945,425 e.g., (H + /K + )ATPase inhibitors
• a first embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of preparing a sulfinamide or sulfoxide, which comprises contacting a compound of Formula 1:
• n is 0 to 3;
• L is CO m R 3 or SO m R 3 , wherein m is 0 to 3;
• R, and R 2 together form a cyclic structure (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle or aryl) or each of R, and R 2 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; R r and R 2 . together form a cyclic structure or each of R,. and R 2 .
• R-, and R, together form a cyclic structure or each of R j and R ⁇ is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; and each of R 3 and X is independently a polymer bound alkyl, aryl or heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; and each of R 3 and X is independently a polymer bound alkyl, aryl or heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstitute
• the compound(s) of Formula 1 and/or Formula 2 is/are stereomerically pure.
• the compounds of Formula 1 have the following structures:
• M of the formula MY is Al, Ba, Li, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, In, or Cu; in another method, M is of the formula CdZ, BaZ, MgZ, ZnZ, A1Z 2 , MnZ, InZ, or CuZ, wherein Z is Cl, Br, I, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycle.
• the compound of Formula 1 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 3:
• the compounds of Formula 3 have the following structures:
• M' of the formula M'X is Al, Ba, Li, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, In, or Cu; in another method, M 1 is of the formula CdZ', BaZ', MgZ', ZnZ', A1Z' 2 , MnZ', InZ', or CuZ', wherein Z' is Cl, Br, I, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycle or a combination with a Lewis acid, such as, but not limited to, Ti(OPr) 4 or Ti(OR,) 3 Cl, where R, is defined above.
• a Lewis acid such as, but not limited to, Ti(OPr) 4 or Ti(OR,) 3 Cl, where R, is defined above.
• X is tert-butyl, trialkylmethyl, triheteroalkylmethyl, triarylmethyl, triheteroarylmethyl, triheterocyclemethyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyltrialkyl, alkylheteroalkylmethyl, diarylalkylmethyl, adamantyl, dialkyladamantyl, trialkylaryl, triethylmethyl, dimethylethyl, trimethylphenyl, trialkylphenyl, triisopropylphenyl, polymer bound alkyl or aryl or is of Formula 4: or is of Formula 4:
• each R g is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or a halogen atom; and p is an integer of 0 to 4; or is of Formula 5:
• each R is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or a halogen atom; and q is an integer of 0 to 4. Preferably, q is 2 or 3. If X is of Formula 4, p is preferably 0 or 1. If p is 1, R 8 is preferably -OCH 3 or
• each R is preferably -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CF 3 , or
• Rg is preferably -CH 3 or -OCH 3 .
• Y is -NR ⁇ R-, or is of Formula 4 or
• Y is of Formula 4, p is preferably 0 or 1. If p is 1, R 8 is preferably -OCH 3 or -OCHF 2 . If Y is of Formula 5 and q is 2, each R, is preferably -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CF 3 , or
• R is preferably -CH 3 or -OCH 3 .
• R is aryl or aklyl.
• R is methyl.
• R 2 is aryl or alkyl.
• R 2 is phenyl.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl (e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3- methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 1,3,5-trimethylphenyl, (tert-butyl)phenyl, 2-mesityl, tolyl, or 1,3, 5 -triisopropylphenyl), or aryl (e.g., phenyl and biphenyl).
• R 3 is 2-mesityl, tolyl, tri-isopropyl, or a polymer bound aryl or alkyl.
• the compound of Formula 1 is stereomerically pure and has one of the following stereochemistries:
• the compound of Formula 1 has one of the following structures:
• X and R 3 are each defined above and each R 10 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, a heterocycle, or a halogen atom; n is an integer of 1 to 4; and m is an integer of 0 to 4.
• n is 1 and m is 0, 1, or 2
• R 3 is tert- butyl, trialkylmethyl, triheteroalkylmethyl, triarylmethyl, triheteroarylmethyl, triheterocyclemethyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyltrialkyl, alkylheteroalkylmethyl, diarylalkylmethyl, adamantyl, dialkyladamantyl, trialkylaryl, triethylmethyl, dimethylethyl, trimethylphenyl, trialkylphenyl, triisopropylphenyl, polymer bound alkyl or aryl or is of Formula 4:
• each R g is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or a halogen atom; and p is an integer of 0 to 4; or is of Formula 5:
• each R ⁇ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or a halogen atom; and q is an integer of 0 to 4.
• the compound of Formula 6 or 7 is stereomerically pure.
• the compound of Formula 2 is of Formula 8, stereoisomers of which are shown below:
• X is phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, tert-butyl, adamantyl, trimethylphenyl, pyridyl, or trialkylmethyl, triisopropylphenyl, trialkyl phenyl, tetraacylphenyl, or pentaalkylphenyl, triheteroalkylmethyl, triarylmethyl, triheteroarylmethyl, triheterocyclemethyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyltrialkyl, alkylheteroalkylmethyl, diarylalkylmethyl, dialkyladamantyl, trialkylaryl, triethylmethyl, dimethylethyl, trialkylphenyl, triisopropylphenyl, polymer bound alkyl or aryl or is of Formula 4:
• each R g is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or a halogen atom; and p is an integer of 0 to 4; or is of Formula 5:
• each R is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or a halogen atom; and q is an integer of 0 to 4.
• at least one of R 6 and R 7 is hydrogen.
• R 6 and R 7 are both hydrogen.
• the compound of Formula 3 has one of the following stereochemistries:
• the compound of Formula 3 has one of the following structures:
• a specific method of this embodiment is a method of preparing pantoprazole, or a derivative, prodrug, salt, solvate, clathrate, or stereomerically pure form thereof, which comprises contacting a compound of Formula 1 1 :
• R,, R 2 , R r , and R 2 . are defined herein, and Prot is a protecting group (e.g., an aminal or sulfanamide), with a compound of Formula 12:
• the compound of Formula 11 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a compound of Formula 14:
• the compounds of formulas 11 and 13 are enantiomerically pure.
• Another specific method of this embodiment is a method of preparing lansoprazole, or a derivative, prodrug, salt, solvate, clathrate, or stereomerically pure form thereof, which comprises contacting a compound of Formula 15:
• the compound of Formula 15 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a compound of Formula 18:
• the compounds of formulas 15 and 17 are enantiomerically pure.
• Another specific method of this embodiment is a method of preparing omeprazole, or a derivative, prodrug, salt, solvate, clathrate, or stereomerically pure form thereof, which comprises contacting a compound of Formula 19:
• the compound of Formula 19 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a compound of Formula 22:
• the compounds of formulas 19 and 21 are enantiomerically pure.
• Still another specific method of this embodiment is a method of preparing rabeprazole, or a derivative, prodrug, salt, solvate, clathrate, or stereomerically pure form thereof, which comprises contacting a compound of Formula 15:
• the compound of Formula 15 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a compound of Formula 18:
• a second embodiment of the invention encompasses various compounds that are particularly useful for the preparation of sulfinamides and sulfoxides.
• the invention encompasses compounds of Formula 7:
• R 3 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or -NR 4 R 5 , wherein R,, and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle or each of R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; each R 10 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl (e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3-methylphenyl,
• R 3 is 2-mesityl or tolyl.
• each R 10 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In more preferred compounds of Formula 7, each R 10 is independently alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl.
• n is 1 and m is 0, 1, or 2.
• Preferred compounds of Formula 7 are stereomerically pure.
• the invention further encompasses compounds of Formula 25:
• R, and R 2 together form a cyclic structure (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle or aryl) or each of R, and R 2 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle;
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or -NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle or each of R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubcycle
• n is 1, m is 0, 1, or 2, and r is 2 or 3.
• R is phenyl or lower alkyl.
• R x is methyl.
• R 2 is phenyl or lower alkyl. In a particular compound, R 2 is phenyl.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl (e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3- methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 1,3,5-trimethylphenyl, (tert-butyl)phenyl, 2-mesityl, tolyl, or 1,3,5-triisopropylphenyl), or aryl (e.g., phenyl and biphenyl).
• R 3 is 2-mesityl or tolyl.
• each R is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, a heterocycle, or a halogen atom;
• R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or is a sulfoxide; and r is an integer from 0 to 4.
• R I2 is a protecting group.
• each R u is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted ether.
• n is 1, m is 0, 1, or 2, and r is 2 or 3.
• the invention further encompasses compounds of Formula 9:
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, polymer bound alkyl or aryl, or -NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle or each of R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl (e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3 -methylphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-mesityl, tolyl, 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl, or 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), or aryl (e.g., phenyl and biphenyl).
• R 3 is 2-mesityl or tolyl.
• Preferred compounds of Formula 9 are stereomerically pure.
• the invention further encompasses compounds of Formula 10:
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, polymer bound alkyl or aryl, or -NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle or each of R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle; each R 10 is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl (e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3 -methylphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-mesityl, tolyl, 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl, or 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), or aryl (e.g., phenyl and biphenyl). In more preferred compounds, R 3 is 2-mesityl or tolyl.
• substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3 -methylphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-mesityl, tolyl, 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl, or 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), or aryl (e.g., phenyl and biphenyl).
• R 3 is 2-mesityl or tolyl.
• n is 1 and m is 0, 1, or 2.
• Preferred compounds of Formula 10 are stereomerically pure.
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, polymer bound alkyl or aryl, or -NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle or each of R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted sulfide, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl (e.g., halogenated phenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-mesityl, tolyl, 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl, or 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), or aryl (e.g., phenyl and biphenyl).
• R 3 is 2-mesityl or tolyl.
• Preferred compounds of Formula 56 are stereomerically pure.
• sulfinamides and sulfoxides are prepared according to this invention by contacting a compound of Formula 1 :
• R naproxen R r , R 2 , R 2 ., R 3 , and X are defined herein, with a reagent that will cleave the sulfur-oxygen bond to provide a compound of Formula 2:
• a compound of Formula 27 is contacted with a compound of the formula HalSO 2 R 3 , wherein Hal is halogen and R graffiti R 2 , and R 3 are defined herein, under conditions suitable for the formation of a compound of Formula 28.
• HalSO 2 R 3 include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and mesitylsulfonyl chloride.
• p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and mesitylsulfonyl chloride.
• the particular conditions sufficient for this reaction to occur will depend on the specific compounds being reacted. Suitable conditions will be readily apparent to the skilled chemist.
• triethylamine is used with a solvent such as, but not limited to, methylene chloride.
• the compound of Formula 28 is then contacted with a reagent capable of forming a five-membered ring to provide compound 3.
• a reagent capable of forming a five-membered ring to provide compound 3.
• a reagent is SOCl 2 with a base in a suitable solvent.
• bases include, but are not limited to, trialkylamines (e.g., triethylamine), pyridine, imidazole, quinoline, and derivatives thereof.
• suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, THF, methyl-THF, CH 2 C1 2 , C1CH 2 CH 2 C1, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, dioxanes, MTBE/THF, DME, and other solvent mixtures.
• Another example of a reagent that can be used to form the compound of Formula 3 is 2,4,6-collidine or a substituted pyridine or pyridine analogue in a solvent such as,
• organometallic reagents include, but are not limited to, those of the formula M'X, wherein M' of the formula M'X is Al, Ba, Li, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, In, Cu or is of the formula CdZ', BaZ', MgZ', ZnZ', A1Z * 2 , MnZ', InZ', CuZ', Ti(OR,) 3 Z ⁇ or Ti(OR,) 4 wherein Z' is Cl, Br, I, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycle, wherein R, is defined herein.
• MY can be the same or different from MZ: M is a metal such as Al, Ba, Li, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, In, Cu or is of the formula CdZ, BaZ, MgZ, ZnZ, A1Z 2 , MnZ, InZ, or CuZ, Ti(OR, , ) 3 Z, or Ti(OR,) 4 wherein Z is Cl, Br, I, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycle, wherein R, is defined herein.
• M is a metal such as Al, Ba, Li, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, In, Cu or is of the formula CdZ, BaZ, MgZ, ZnZ, A1Z 2 , MnZ, InZ, or CuZ, Ti(OR, , ) 3 Z, or Ti(OR,) 4 wherein Z is Cl, Br, I, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycle, wherein R, is defined herein.
• this final reaction of Scheme II can provide a variety of different sulfoxides and sulfinamides, and stereomerically pure sulfoxides and sulfinamides in particular.
• MY is NH 2 Li/NH 3
• this method can be used to provide stereomerically pure alkyl (e.g., tert-butyl), aryl (e.g., tolyl), heteroalkyl (e.g., tert-butyl amino), heterocyclic (e.g.,tetrahy ⁇ _rofuryl ) , or heteroaryl (e.g., pyridyl) sulfinamide.
• Scheme VI In each of schemes III- VI, M and M' are as defined herein, and Prot is a protecting group. Suitable protecting groups are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 OCH 3 , -CH 2 OCH 2 OCH 3 , alkyl sulfonyl, and aryl sulfonyl.
• the reagents used in each of these schemes are commercially available or readily prepared.
• the benzimidazole metal conjugates used in the first step of each of schemes III- VI can be prepared by methods known in the art. See, e.g., Abarbri, M., et al, Tetrahedron Lett. (1999) 40:7449-7453 and Abarbri, M., et al., J. Org. Chem. (2000) 65:4618-4634.
• the synthesis of protected benzimidazoles is also well known. See, e.g., Sih, J. C. et al, J. Med. Chem.
• 2S)-aminoindanol mesitylene sulfonamide 31 : To a 1 L three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, an argon inlet, a thermometer probe and rubber septum, was charged (1R, 2S)- aminoindanol mesitylene sulfonamide (31 g, 93.7 mmol), THF (50 mL) and the reaction mixture was cooled to -45 °C. Thionyl chloride (15.2 g, 128 mmol) was added slowly via syringe in one portion, followed by slow addition of collidine (32 g, 264 mmol) in THF (250 mL) for 6 hours.
• aminoindanol 4-toluene sulfonamide (1R. 2R. 3S .2.3- oxathiazolidine-S-oxide (39) from (1R. 2S)-l-amino-2-indanol-N-4-toluenesulfonamide (38) or aminoindanol 4-toluene sulfonamide (IS. 2S. 3R)-1.2.3-oxathiazolidine-S-oxide (42) from (IS. 2R)-l-amino-2-indanol-N-4-toluenesulfonamide (41): The same procedure described above was used to provide the title compound quantitatively with 82% de.
• 35 ester (5 g, 11.5 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added slowly over a course of 45 min. Once the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for additional 30-45 min. before NH 4 C1 (2.8 g) was added. The cold bath was removed, and stirring continued until the mixture reached ambient temperature. The remaining volatile material was removed under reduced pressure. To the remaining residue was added 5 mL water and stirred. EtOAc (50 mL) was added to the mixture and stirred. After separation of the phases, the organic phase was washed with brine (5 mL x 2). After removal of the organic solvent, the residue was added water (40 mL) and stirred for 1 hour.
• Scheme Xm One method of preparing sulfinamides is represented by Scheme Xm, below:
• Triethylamine (2.7 g, 26.7 mmol) was added in 2 hours with stirring and the reaction was monitored by TLC for the disappearance of 2-mesitylenesulfonyl chloride.
• the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (20 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (20 mL).
• the organic phase was washed with water (20 mL), 1.0 M HCl (10 mL), water (20 mL) and dried over NaSO 4 . Evaporation of the organic solvent to dryness provided the title product in 95% yield (3.3 g).
• Scheme XIV Another method of preparing sulfinamides is represented by Scheme XIV, below:
• Stereomerically pure (e.g., enantiomerically pure) sulfoxides can be readily prepared using methods of the invention. Specific methods are shown below in schemes XV and XVI:
• Y alkyl (linear or branched or cyclic), aryl, hetero atom containing alkyl or aryl group
• M MgHal, or Li
• Hal halogen

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