WO2002079507A2 - Verfahren zur spezifischen detektion, isolation und charakterisierung von zellen aus körperproben durch transfektion von nukleinsäurekonstrukten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur spezifischen detektion, isolation und charakterisierung von zellen aus körperproben durch transfektion von nukleinsäurekonstrukten Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002079507A2 WO2002079507A2 PCT/EP2002/003480 EP0203480W WO02079507A2 WO 2002079507 A2 WO2002079507 A2 WO 2002079507A2 EP 0203480 W EP0203480 W EP 0203480W WO 02079507 A2 WO02079507 A2 WO 02079507A2
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- the invention relates to a method for the detection of disease-associated cells
- Body samples which are characterized in that the cells of the body sample are transfected or infected with nucleic acid constructs contain the following components: a) a promoter element with at least one DNA binding site for transcription factors which have a changed activity due to the pathological change in the cells and b) a reporter gene that enables the detection of the pathological cells and then detects the transfected or infected cells.
- the mortality rate has been increasingly determined by the metastatic behavior and an early occult tumor cell fixation, which is difficult or impossible to detect due to the insensitive detection methods or conventional histopathological staging methods.
- the detection of tumor cells in the blood is of great prognostic value.
- the detection of metastatic cells in the blood or in the lymph nodes is considered an indication of the Malignancy of a cancerous change.
- a more precise characterization of the tumor cells in the blood is also interesting for an adapted therapy decision.
- EpCAM epithelial surface antigens
- HEA epithelial surface antigens
- Tumor cells is criticized. In addition, tumor types of non-epithelial origin cannot be enriched with this method.
- Other methods of recognizing carcinoma cells in blood samples include steps to permeabilize and fix the cells so that no living tumor cells can be isolated.
- the positively selected cells are stained using immunocytochemical methods, mostly using antibodies against cytokeratins for the detection of epithelial cells. Since the corresponding cytokeratins are not present in blood cells, the detection of this protein, which is present in all epithelial cells, is regarded as the detection of metastatic tumor cells.
- a completely new approach in this area is the exploitation of tumor cell-specific signaling activities by transfection of reporter gene constructs for the specific isolation of living tumor cells from a mixture with healthy cells (e.g.
- the multiplication of body cells is normally controlled by numerous regulatory mechanisms within the cell, so that each cell only begins to divide when it is needed, depending on the organism as a whole. These processes will regulated by signal molecules which are secreted by "transmitter cells”, bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface in the “receiver cells” and subsequently activate so-called signal transduction pathways which ultimately result in altered gene expression. Activating or inhibiting regulatory molecules that control these signaling activities are often mutated in tumor cells (the oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes correspond to them). Tumor cells therefore have activities in their cell nucleus that otherwise only occur in certain developmental stages of embryonic development or in precisely defined tissue areas.
- Examples of such signaling activities that are related to cancer growth are the Wnt and Ras signaling pathways, as well as the loss of function of the tumor suppressor p53. In human colon cancer cancer events, these signaling activities play a role in different stages of tumor development (Kinzler, K.W. & Vogelstein, B. (1996). Lessons from hereditary cancer. Cell
- the Ras proteins are normally processed according to Bi Detection of specific ligands on different cell surface molecules (e.g. receptor tyrosiriniases, integrins, ion channels) via adapto ⁇ roteins (e.g. Shc, Grb2, Crk, ...) and downstream guanine nucleotide exchange factors (e.g. Sos, C3G, ). Due to mutations in the Ras gene, constitutively active Ras proteins are expressed in colon tumor cells, which are also active without the upstream components of the Ras signaling pathway. Ultimately, this causes the activation of downstream
- Components of the signal path that overactivity of numerous transcription factors (CREB, SRF, cFos, c-Jun, PPAR, ER, ETS, ELK-1, STAT, Myc, Max, DPC4, p53, NFAT4, CHOP, MEF2, ATF-2, ...) in the cell nucleus, which among other things can induce cell division growth.
- CREB CREB, SRF, cFos, c-Jun, PPAR, ER, ETS, ELK-1, STAT, Myc, Max, DPC4, p53, NFAT4, CHOP, MEF2, ATF-2, .
- tumor suppressor gene p53 which in healthy cells acts as an active transcription factor when disease-associated changes occur and prevents the division growth of cells or leads to the programmed cell death of the cell binds specific DNA sequences (PuPuC (A / T) (A / T) GpyPyPy) and activates growth-inhibiting genes (eg p21).
- PPAR ⁇ transcription factor Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Delta
- NSAIDS non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs
- PPARdelta is an APC- regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 99: 335-45.). Another example of a secondary induced transcription factor is c-myc, which is also overexpressed, for example, in cells with active Wnt signal activity
- proto-oncogenes such as ß-catenin, Ras, Myc, Fos
- tumor suppressor genes such as APC, Rb, p53
- ß-catenin Activating mutations of the oncogene ß-catenin are found in tumors of the liver, kidney, pancreas, stomach, prostate, thyroid, uterus, skin and medulloblastomas, among others.
- ⁇ -catenin is found in 75% human skin tumors (Chan, E.F., Gat, TJ., McNiff, J.M. & Fuchs,
- mutations are found in other components of the Wnt signal transduction cascade that have an identical effect on cancer development (see above; Satoh, S., Daigo, Y., Furukawa, Y., Kato, T., Miwa, N., Nishiwaki, T., Kawasoe, T., Ishiguro, H., Fujita, M., Tokino, T., Sasaki, Y., Imaoka, S., Murata, M., Shimano, T., Yamaoka, Y. & Nakamura, Y. (2000. AXLN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1.
- p53 is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in human tumors (more than 10,000 mutations have been described in the literature; Hernandez-Boussard, T., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Montesano, R. & Hainaut, P. (1999).
- IARC p53 mutation database a relational database to compile and analyze p53 mutations in human tumors and cell lines. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Hum Mutat 14: 1-8.).
- p53 regulates cell cycle control and apoptosis processes in connection with repair mechanisms after DNA damage. Accordingly, p53 is also referred to as the guardian of the genome ("Guardian of the Genome”), the functionality of p53 being of crucial importance as a transcription factor (see above).
- Mutations of p53 have been found in a large number of tumor types, for example in tumors of the colon, the liver, breast, stomach, pancreas, blood, lungs, thyroid gland
- the general tumor suppressor function of p53 is also evident in patients with inherited mutations of the p53 gene who develop numerous different tumors (Mazoyer, S. , Lalle, P., Moyret-Lalle, C, Marcais, C, ston, S., Frappaz, D., Sobol, H. & Ozturk, M. (1994) Two germ-line mutations affecting the same nucleotide at codon 257 of p53 gene, a rare site for mutations. Oncogene 9: 1237-1239 // Akashi, M.
- mutations in p53 are also for Res istenzen to chemotherapeutic agents responsible (Aas, T., Borresen, A.-L., Geisler, S., Smith-Sorenson, B., Johnsen, H., Varhaug, JE, AKSLEN, L. 'A. & Lonning, PE (1996).
- Specific P53 mutations are associated with de novo resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. Nature
- Ras signal transduction cascade which is also referred to as the SOS-Ras-Raf-MAPK cascade
- SOS-Ras-Raf-MAPK cascade The central importance of the Ras signal transduction cascade, which is also referred to as the SOS-Ras-Raf-MAPK cascade, has been widely described in the literature. Structurally modified Ras proteins were found in approximately 25% of human tumors, which are equivalent to a continuous, growth-promoting signal (Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70.). In colon tumors in particular, the frequency of mutations is very high in certain cancer stages (see above). However, mutations of Ras genes have also been detected in numerous other tissues, for example in tumors of the lungs, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, breast, uterus, sarcomas.
- reporter gene constructs consist of a promoter region, to which certain transcription factors can bind, and a reporter gene, which is normally not present in the cells and can be detected relatively easily on expression due to the enzymatic activity or the fluorescence of the gene product.
- the reporter gene constructs are transiently transfected into the tumor cell line cells using the calcium phosphate precipitation method in order to investigate the effectiveness of gene constructs additionally transfected into the cells, the gene products of which could interact with the signaling activities.
- the aim of these investigation approaches is to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the signal transduction cascade.
- the promoter structures are not optimized in such a way that, as a sensitive measuring system, they enable adequate expression of the reporter gene in primary tumor cells even without external stimuli.
- the experimental approaches always compare the activities of induced and non-induced tumor cell lines, but do not contain any comparison between "healthy" cells and tumor cells.
- the aim of such reporter gene systems is obviously not the clinical diagnosis of tumor cells, but rather the elucidation of general signal transduction mechanisms in tumor cell systems.
- the patent describes a methodology for identifying potential therapeutic agents using TCF transcription factor responsive reporter gene constructs.
- the investigation of cells that have mutations in the signal transduction components APC or ⁇ -catenin is claimed.
- Such a screening system addresses the specific circumstances of colon carcinogenesis in which APC and ß-catenin are often mutated (see above).
- substances that influence the Wnt signal cascade due to the interaction with other components of the cascade cannot be found with this system.
- it would make sense to establish a cellular system eg using breast tumor cells
- the Wnt signal activity is due, for example, to the overexpression of the extracellular ligand Wnt.
- the reporter gene constructs claimed in the patent are furthermore neither claimed for the detection or isolation of primary tumor cells, nor is any such application in clinical diagnostics contemplated in this context.
- the green fluorescent protein GFP lends itself as a reporter gene for isolating living tumor cells from blood samples. Because of its fluorescence behavior when expressed, it leads to the cells lighting up after appropriate exposure. GFP has already been patented in many different ways.
- the closest patent (US5968738) describes, among other things, the use of two GFP variants and FACS or flow cytometry for the "analysis of signal transduction activities".
- a GFP variant (“alphaGFPT204I”) was used which, to our knowledge, has not previously been used as a reporter gene.
- genes can also be used for the isolation of living tumor cells from body samples, which can be detected, for example, on the basis of structural properties.
- gene sequences that code for products that can be detected extracellularly are particularly suitable Transmembrane proteins that expose antigenic structures on the surface of the cells that are recognized by corresponding antibodies.
- antigenic sequences of non-human origin are advantageous, the detection of which, owing to the lack of cross-reactivities of the antibodies, enables increased specificity, since no endogenous, human gene expressions are detected.
- the antigens are particularly suitable Transmembrane proteins that expose antigenic structures on the surface of the cells that are recognized by corresponding antibodies.
- Structures can be recombined in a wide variety of forms with natural gene sequences by means of molecular biological methods, so that the antigenic structures are preferably presented extracellularly.
- Reporter genes that mediate enzymatic activities are also suitable for the detection of disease-associated signaling activities, e.g. Luciferases, ⁇ -galactosidases, proteases, glycosidases, acetyls, phosphatases, which may be present intracellularly or are secreted.
- Luciferases e.g. Luciferases, ⁇ -galactosidases, proteases, glycosidases, acetyls, phosphatases, which may be present intracellularly or are secreted.
- a detection method that is as sensitive as possible, including amplification systems.
- Immunocytochemistry such amplification systems are widespread and usually involve the use of secondary antibodies or the biotin streptavidin system in combination with enzymatic detection reactions in order to increase the signal intensity.
- Tissue thromboplastin is released from the microsomes of injured cells in the event of tissue injuries. It is (in its natural form) a complex of a protein and a phospholipid. liberated
- tissue thromboplastin gives the single chain factor VJJ zymogen greater activity without proteolytic activity.
- the tissue thromboplastin factor VE complex forms a complex in the presence of calcium ions on phospholipid particles (platelet factor 3), on which the activation of factors IX and X takes place.
- platelet factor 3 phospholipid particles
- tissue thromboplastin is an integral membrane protein that is hidden in intact cells inside the cell (in the endoplasmic reticulum) and is only released when the cell integrity is violated, so that there is no premature activation of the blood coagulation cascade.
- the thromboplastin time is one of the coagulation analyzes that must be carried out before all surgical interventions in order to reduce the possible factors ⁇ , V, VTI, X and of fibrinogen
- Fibrin formation was triggered by adding tissue thromboplastin and calcium ions in plasma from whole citrate blood and the clotting times compared to control blood plasma were determined, the thromboplastin time being reduced with the application of heparin. Due to the molecular nature of natural tissue thromboplastin, the extraction and purification of a functional protein / phospholipid particle for determining the thromboplastin time is technically complex. In the meantime, however, a naturally non-occurring, water-soluble variant of thromboplastin has been recombinantly produced in bacteria and other expression systems (review article: Morrissey, JH. (1995).
- tissue factor modulation of factor VJJa activity use in measuring trace levels of factor VTIa in plasma Thromb Haemost. 74: 185-8.).
- tissue factor tissue factor
- sTF tissue thromboplastin
- active components of the blood coagulation cascade can also be used as reporter genes (eg thrombin, factor Va, factor VIIa, factor IXa, factor Xa or factor XTIa) or components of other biological cascades (eg the complement system, the kinin system) or generally active ones Substances that convert fibrin or other substrates (such as fPA, uPA, plasminogen / plasmin, or derivatives or hybrids thereof).
- variants of the components that inhibit these biological cascades can also be used.
- the use of plasmin, the active component of plasminogen, as a secreted reporter gene seems to make sense since it
- the diagnostic use of components of biological cascades as reporter genes in blood samples is new.
- the closest US patent 6080575 describes the use of nucleic acid constructs which consist of an active component, a protease-sensitive region and an inhibitory component for a fusion product.
- the active component of the fusion protein can include also be part of the blood coagulation cascade (i.e. factor X). However, this active component is inhibited in its activity in the context of the intact fusion protein due to the presence of the inhibitory component.
- This patent makes a therapeutic use of the described method for target cell-specific therapy of tumors and inflammatory regions.
- the isolation of certain cells from heterogeneous cell mixtures is not only interesting for the detection and characterization of pathologically altered cells.
- the isolation of healthy cells is also of diagnostic and therapeutic importance.
- the isolation of adult stem cells which can differentiate into different organ or tissue-specific cells, is of great medical interest.
- stem cells after their isolation and propagation ex vivo, could be used for the cultivation and autologous transplantation of replacement organs.
- the stem cells required for this could also come from other organs of origin after appropriate "transdifferentiation”.
- the medical significance of pluripotent stem cells derives not least from experience with haematopoietic stem cells in the treatment of blood cancer patients.
- the use of adult stem cells from other organs proved to be Extremely complex because the isolation of the rare stem cells in an undifferentiated state and high purity is very difficult.
- pluripotent cells have now been demonstrated in numerous organs.
- stem cells from rapidly regenerating organs (skin, intestine, skeletal muscle) under selective growth conditions.
- adult stem cells each require specific biochemical activities for the
- Wnt signaling activity which is mediated in the crypts of the thin microvilli using TCF4, for their persistence in the adult organism. Similar conclusions for other organ systems can be derived from studies in which components of the Wnt signal cascade in the skin were specifically deleted or expressed in an active form. The Wnt signal cascade also appears to be important in progenitor cells of the hematopoietic system. Accordingly, Wnt factors regulate the expansion and maintenance of hematopoietic progenitor cells (Austin, TW, Solar, GP, Ziegler, FC, Liem, L. & Matthews, W. (1997). A role for the Wnt gene family in hematopoiesis: Expansion of multilineage progenitor cells. Blood 89: 3624-3635.). This finding is mainly due to newer ones
- adult bone marrow tissue contains stem cells of high plasticity or a broad differentiation potential (Krause, DS, Theise, ND, Collector, MI, Henegariu, O., Hwang, S., Gardner, R., Neutzel, S. & Sharkis, SJ (2001) Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell
- X-ray irradiated recipient animals included. This type of isolation of the adult stem cells is not suitable for clinical applications in humans.
- Bone marrow from lethally irradiated mice to establish a complete hematopoietic system This illustrates the function and importance of the Wnt signaling cascade in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and suggests that the isolation of blood cells from the bone marrow due to an active Wnt signaling cascade can be used to enrich adult stem cells, using serial transplants to enrich the stem cells would be avoided.
- Wnt, hedgehog certain signal cascades that they are necessary for the maintenance and expansion of at least some stem cell populations.
- the presence of specific signal activities in adult stem cells can be exploited for their isolation.
- similar nuclear acid constructs to those described for the detection and isolation of tumor cells are used.
- the respective reporter genes are behind those for cloned the biochemical activities in adult stem cell sensitive promoter structures.
- Reporter gene constructs are preferably used which code for fluorescent or transmembrane reporter gene products and which are introduced into the cells of the body samples by means of viral expression systems. In principle, however, other reporter genes can also be used.
- the cells are then preferably isolated by flow cytometry in the presence of differentiation inhibitors.
- other methods can also be used which are based, for example, on the detection of induced surface structures and are isolated by means of “beads”. In principle, it may also be useful in addition to the reporter genes necessary for cell isolation
- the isolated, adult stem cells of a patient can be used after surgical or other medical interventions for the new formation or regeneration of the identical or (after appropriate transdifferentiation) for the regeneration of other organs.
- adult stem cells from the intestine could be used for the regeneration of Langerhans islet cells from the pancreas of diabetes patients.
- the contact of healthy body cells with pathogenic agents can change the biochemical activities of Cell mixtures result, which facilitates the isolation of certain cells.
- pathogenic agents e.g. infection by viruses, contact with bacteria or bacterial substances, presence of allergenic substances
- stimulating or repressing substances growth factors, growth factor antagonists, toxins, chemical substances
- stimulating or repressing substances growth factors, growth factor antagonists, toxins, chemical substances
- biochemical activities of Cell mixtures result, which facilitates the isolation of certain cells.
- contact with growth-inhibiting substances represses certain biochemical activities in certain (eg healthy) cells, but has no effect in other cells (eg pathologically changed).
- the unrepressed activities in these cells could then be used for cell isolation.
- the changed uptake of certain substances can also be used to detect specific cells from heterogeneous cell mixtures. This is not only the case that transport proteins in target cells are expressed as reporter genes.
- the present invention is based on the object of providing a method with which specific cells can be detected and, if appropriate, also isolated from blood samples or other body samples in the living state, so that they are available for subsequent examinations or for therapeutic use.
- the present invention is based on findings that signal activities in the cell nuclei of certain cells can be exploited for the specific expression of reporter genes by transfection of reporter gene constructs with synthetic promoter structures. After transfection of a heterogeneous cell mixture with synthetic reporter gene constructs, due to the concatenation of optimized transcription factor binding sites or due to the combination of different transcription factor binding sites in specific cells, there is a strong overexpression or secretion of reporter gene products, which enable different detection methods.
- the signal activities in pathologically altered cells are used for the specific expression of fluorescent proteins. Since the healthy cells in the blood sample do not have these signaling activities, the specificity of the tumor cell detection is high and enables the isolation of living, fluorescent tumor cells by means of flow cytometry. The isolated tumor cells can then be taken in culture and are available for further analysis.
- the reporter gene constructs can also be used for cell culture systems that measure reporter gene expression before and after contact of transfected cells with potential active substances. This can be used on the one hand for individualized therapy decisions if the cells examined come from patients, and on the other hand also serve screening methods which analyze activities in cell line cells.
- partial areas of the reporter genes code for a biological activity which has a positive or negative effect on the initiation or progression of biological cascades. Since the healthy cells in the blood sample do not have the signal activities required for the expression of the reporter gene, or do so in significantly different forms, the biological cascades are only induced or inhibited in the presence of pathologically altered cells, so that an extraordinarily high specificity of the tumor cell detection is achieved. In addition, the sensitivity of tumor cell detection is very high due to the use of natural amplification systems or of biological cascades that are at least partially present in the blood. The detection of the tumor cell-specific expression of the reporter genes is then carried out by measuring the activation or activatability of the respective biological cascades, e.g. according to the classic
- signal activities in healthy cells are used to isolate the cells from heterogeneous cell mixtures.
- the cells of the respective body samples such as biopsies, are first separated using standard cell biological methods before they are transfected with the nucleic acid constructs.
- the functionality of the isolated (preferably human) stem cells can optionally be tested in immunosuppressed animal models after corresponding surgical interventions in vivo before they are returned to the patient from whom they originated.
- the invention relates to nucleic acid constructs for cell-specific expression of reporter genes in body samples, the reporter gene constructs comprising the following components: a) a promoter element with at least one, but preferably several, DNA binding sites for transcription factors which are based on their cell-specific activities or on the basis of the concatenated arrangement or specific combination of DNA binding sites in certain cells are overactive, or else genetically relevant regions which influence the insertion or integration of nucleic acid constructs in target regions b) a reporter gene which the following components: a) a promoter element with at least one, but preferably several, DNA binding sites for transcription factors which are based on their cell-specific activities or on the basis of the concatenated arrangement or specific combination of DNA binding sites in certain cells are overactive, or else genetically relevant regions which influence the insertion or integration of nucleic acid constructs in target regions b) a reporter gene which the following components: a) a promoter element with at least one, but preferably several, DNA binding sites for transcription factors which are based on their cell-
- the cells are preferably transfected by means of viral expression systems which enable efficient transfection of the cells in the blood with reporter gene constructs.
- Transfection systems which, owing to their cell type preferences, bring about an additional specificity of reporter gene expression are particularly preferred.
- the expression levels of the reporter genes can then be determined manually, but also by means of automated processes.
- promoter structures can be adapted to the signal activity to be detected in each case.
- transcription factor binding sites of a specific signal activity spatially separated by short DNA sequences (“spacers”), are positioned as concatemers in front of minimal promoters (eg from the c-Fos or thymidine kinase gene promoter).
- minimal promoters eg from the c-Fos or thymidine kinase gene promoter.
- signal activities can be measured simultaneously if DNA binding sites for transcription factors of different signal transduction pathways can be combined with each other.
- a simultaneous and independent measurement of different signal activities in a cell can be achieved by transfection of reporter gene constructs that contain different reporter genes with different promoter structures. These transcription units can consist of the respective promoter and the downstream reporter gene either on one
- a promoter can also regulate the expression of two different reporter genes at the same time if the reporter genes are separated by an interposed IRES sequence (e.g. the "infernal ribosomal entry site” sequence from the encephalomyocarditis virus).
- an interposed IRES sequence e.g. the "infernal ribosomal entry site” sequence from the encephalomyocarditis virus.
- Wnt-sensitive promoters both the expression of a positive effector (e.g. fusion construct from LEF-1 and the transactivating, C-terminal region of ⁇ -catenin; Vlem nckx , K., Kemler, R. & Hecht, A. (1999)
- a positive effector e.g. fusion construct from LEF-1 and the transactivating, C-terminal region of ⁇ -catenin; Vlem nckx , K., Kemler, R. & Hecht, A. (1999)
- the C-terminal transactivation domain of beta-catenin is necessary and sufficient for signaling by the LEF-1 / beta-catenin complex in Xenopus laevis. Mech Dev 81 : 65-74.), As well as the expression of the actual reporter gene.
- the basal activity of the synthetic promoter structures can also be suppressed by adding DNA binding sites for transcriptional repressors.
- the corresponding transcriptional repressor can be present endogenously or through an additional repressor gene that is constitutive is expressed, provided.
- Nueinic acid constructs can also be used for this, which for recombinant proteins consisting of a DNA binding domain of any transcription factor (eg the HMG domain of LEF-1 / TCF transcription factors, carboxy-terminal region (the last 90 amino acids) of c- myc) and a heterologous repressor domain (e.g. the Tet repressor,
- Carboxy-terminal region (amino acid 179-281 of E2F6) exist.
- the presence of a strong transcriptional activator on the same cis-acting promoter element accordingly activates the downstream reporter gene, while the reporter gene is repressed in the absence of the transcription activator.
- Systems in which the transcriptional repressors are regulated by endogenous activities are of particular interest in this context, that is to say if a repressor gene is used as a further reporter gene in addition to the actually measurable reporter genes.
- the expression of the exogenously introduced repressive gene can be regulated by the activity of the p53 transcription factor present in healthy cells. As a result, the repressor is only healthy
- Promoter region e.g. GFP variants, luciferase, thromboplastin, etc.
- GFP variants e.g. GFP variants, luciferase, thromboplastin, etc.
- p53 is a member of a transcription factor family that also contains the p63 and p73 genes. There are different splice variants of these genes, which among other things differentiate in expression pattern, transactivation or repression potential, interaction with other proteins and biochemical properties (Yang, A., Kaghad, M., Wang, Y., Gillett, E., Fleming, MD, Dotsch, V., Andrews, NC .
- N-terminally truncated p63 occurs specifically in certain basal cell populations (Signoretti, S., Waltregny, D., Dilks, J., Isaac, B., Lin, D., Garraway, L., Yang, A ., Montironi, R., McKeon, F. & Loda, M. (2000) p63 is a prostate basal cell marker and is required for prostate development. Am J Pathol. 157: 1769-75.), Which may contain or contain stem cells is identical to stem cell populations.
- keratinocyte stem cells Pellegrini, G., Dellambra, E., Golisano, O., Martinelli, E., Fantozzi, L, Bondanza, S., Ponzin, D., McKeon, F. & De Luca, M. (2001).
- P63 identifies keratinocyte stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sei US A. 98: 3156-61.).
- the occurrence of the N-terminally truncated p63 in, for example, the stem cells of the skin can be exploited for their isolation by introducing reporter gene constructs with DNA binding sites for members of the p53 family into skin cell populations. By induced accumulation of p53 (UV, radiation,
- the reporter genes are then specifically expressed in cells which are a dominant-interfering variant of one of the p53 family members, e.g. ⁇ N-p63, express (or, as in the case of abnormally changed tissue, have a defect (e.g. p53 mutation)).
- a constitutively expressed reporter gene is coexpressed, stem cells of the skin, for example, can be isolated using the methods described.
- TCF / LEF-1 interesting transcription factors or families of transcription factors and or respective elements: TCF / LEF-1, jun, fos, myc, max, myb, E2F, DPI, CREB, p53, NFkB, NFAT, PPAR, ETS, ELK1, ATF, DPC, SMAD, CHOP, MEF, MADH4, GR, ER, STAT, SRF, ISRE, SRE, HSE, API, CRE.
- TCF 5'-CCTTTGAA-3 '; LOVE, JJ et al. (1995). Structural basis for DNA bending by the architectural transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 376: 791-795) are of particular interest.
- p53 (5 C -
- reporter genes which code for fluorescent proteins.
- all genes that code for directly or indirectly fluorescent proteins are suitable for this.
- Variants of the genes are particularly suitable: GFP, BFP, YFP,
- genes can also be used which code for fluorescent dye-binding proteins, for example for anti-calines, which bind the fluorescent dye FITC.
- coding nucleic acid sections can also be used, the translated products of which are exposed on the cell surface and are thus accessible for secondary detection methods.
- those nucleic acid segments are meant which code for transmembrane proteins or extracellularly presented molecules or which lead to their exposure.
- antigens, receptors or ligands can be presented on the cell surface for which specific detection molecules (eg antibodies, anticalins, ligands or receptors) are present.
- Coding nucleic acid segments that are not of human origin are preferred for diagnostic methods.
- homologous gene segments of transmembrane proteins from the mouse, rat, etc., which are also present in humans can be used to suppress cross-reactivities in immunological detection methodologies which are attributable to endogenous expressions of non-transfected cells.
- it can also be synthetic
- Sequences are used for which corresponding detection molecules are produced. For example, almost any synthetic peptide sequences can be recombined with transmembrane proteins using molecular biological methods in order to be presented in isolated or concatemic form on the cell surface. At the same time, highly specific antibodies can be generated against these peptides.
- the pathologically modified cells can be isolated on account of the specific expression of the exogenous nucleic acid region by applying magnetic fields or centrifugation steps on the basis of their association with the beads.
- reporter genes which are equivalent to activating or inhibiting components of the biological cascades.
- sequence regions of the pro / thrombin genes, factor XJJa, factor XIa, factor Xa are equivalent to activating or inhibiting components of the biological cascades.
- Factor LXa Factor LXa, factor Villa, factor VHa, factor Va, fibrin / fibrinogen, plasmin plas- minogen, pro- / kallikrein, urokinase, tPA, CVF, C3b, protein C, Cl S inhibitor, hirudin, al ⁇ ha-1-antitrypsin, AT-UI, TFPI, PAI-I, PAI-2, PAI-3.
- enzymatic proteins can also be expressed or corresponding fusion proteins activated by the biological cascades.
- the DNA constructs have to be introduced into the cells. Numerous commercially available transfection technologies have been developed for this. In addition to the classic calcium-phosphate precipitation, the direct transfer by microprojectiles ("shotgun shot”) and electroporation methodologies, it is possible to use mammalian cells with liposome technologies
- mammalian cells can be transfected particularly efficiently with viral systems.
- systems have been established which are based on retroviral, adenoviral or adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors.
- AAV adeno-associated viral
- An interesting approach in this context is the use of transfection systems that achieve a different transfection efficiency with different cell types and are therefore beneficial to the specificity of reporter gene expression.
- adenoviruses infect most human cells with extremely high efficiency, with the exception of hematopoietic cells. This fact can be selected by choosing appropriate incubation conditions, especially when isolating epithelial cells from the
- the tumor cells can be enriched.
- the knowledge of the applicant is used for a method for the diagnosis of disease-associated cells, which comprises the transfection of reporter gene constructs with inducible promoter structures, which enable automated detection and isolation of tumor cells in mixtures with healthy cells.
- the inventor's findings can also be used for methods which serve to isolate specific, healthy cells (for example stem cells) from heterogeneous cell mixtures.
- the automated and specific detection of the cells can be ensured by the following procedure:
- the reporter gene constructs contain, on the one hand, promoter structures with binding sites for transcription factors, which are partly responsible for altered gene expression in pathological cells or different gene expression in healthy cells, and, on the other hand, easily measurable reporter genes which are not normally present in this form or in this amount in the other body cells are.
- the combination and variety of transcription factor binding sites ensures the specificity and sensitivity of the inducible reporter gene activation.
- the specific methodology which can be automated by means of flow cytometry, can be measured qualitatively and quantitatively.
- Flow cytometry also allows isolation of cells with certain reporter gene expression levels by setting thresholds for fluorescence intensities.
- the simultaneous measurement of two different fluorescent proteins, which can be induced by different biochemical activities, also enables a more precise characterization of individual tumor cells with regard to their degree of degeneracy
- Staging This applies in particular to those tumor types in which the corresponding biochemical activities occur in different stages of tumor progression (as explained above using the example of colon cancer).
- the simultaneous use of two similar but not identical reporter genes can also be the The promoters with intact or mutated transcription factor binding sites can regulate, for example, the expression of different fluorescent reporter genes or enzymes with different substrate specificities. The comparison of the expression levels therefore allows conclusions to be drawn about the activity of specific signal activities. In addition, it can be useful too inducible
- Promoters also use constitutively active promoters, which regulate different reporter genes, in order to be able to control transfection efficiencies or cytotoxicity.
- signal activity encompasses biochemical activities in cells that ultimately regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus.
- the biochemical Activities that lead to changes in gene expression can take place at a wide variety of locations in the cell and are usually part of the complex network of so-called signal transduction pathways.
- receptors on the cell surface can be overactive due to excessive presence of ligands, by mutation in coding gene areas or by mutations in gene regulatory areas.
- proteins in the cytoplasm can also have a modified activity due to mutations of the corresponding genes, so that there are changed post-translational modifications (eg phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, acetylation, deacetylation, ubiquitinylation) and the resulting regulatory events (eg stabilization, Destabilization, increased or decreased enzymatic activity, reduced or increased binding affinities) of components of the signal transduction process.
- post-translational modifications eg phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, acetylation, deacetylation, ubiquitinylation
- the resulting regulatory events eg stabilization, Destabilization, increased or decreased enzymatic activity, reduced or increased binding affinities
- reporter gene construct encompasses nucleic acid constructs which consist of at least one gene regulatory or genetically functional sequence and a coding sequence region.
- DNA constructs are meant which contain a gene regulatory sequence which contain the expression of the coding region directly (on the basis of the transcription factor binding sites contained) or indirectly (for example by enabling targeted integration, insertion or recombination of the reporter gene into genomic DNA sections).
- the gene regulatory sequences which directly influence the expression of the reporter gene are mostly promoter, enhancer or silencers -Regions that, due to the interaction with protein molecules, encode the transcription
- Nucleic acid areas can influence both positive and negative.
- Methods in which gene regulatory sequences indirectly influence the expression of reporter genes include the targeted integration of the reporter gene in stem cell populations in which the target regions for the integrations are specifically marked beforehand by recombination steps (such as, for example, with loxP recombination sequences for the Cre recombinase) and the endogenous target genes may be in addition to the Recombination sequences are supplemented by one or more IRES sequences or the reporter genes contain IRES sequences, so that when the expression of the endogenous gene locus is induced, reporter gene sequences are additionally transcribed.
- embryonic or partially differentiated stem cells from mammals are used for this purpose, it is possible to visualize the presence of specific signaling activities by means of synthetic or endogenous gene regulatory sequences or to make them measurable.
- synthetic or endogenous gene regulatory sequences or to make them measurable.
- very early stages of pathological changes but also healthy physiological processes (such as differentiation processes, apoptotic or proliferative processes in tissue areas) can be detected. organoid
- Model systems up to whole genetically modified organisms can be exposed to test substances, whereby pathological changes due to reporter gene expression can be recognized early, pathologically changed cells can be isolated at different times or the effect of the active substances can be analyzed.
- cell-specific expression encompasses the transcription and / or translation of coding sequence regions in specific cells of a given cell population. For example, it may be pathologically altered cells that are present in a body sample with healthy cells. In particular, the specific one
- the reporter gene expression can achieve specificity by cell-specific transcription, translation or degradation of the reporter gene product or else by cell-specific transfection of the nucleic acid construct.
- reporter gene encodes coding nucleic acid segments that have to be introduced into cells, since they do not naturally endogenously occur in the target cells to be analyzed in this form. Partial sections or entire regions of originally endogenously occurring sequences are also included
- Kö ⁇ robe encompasses any Kö ⁇ robe in which vital cells for the transfection of nucleic acid constructs are contained. Examples of such
- Body samples are blood, lymphatic fluid, stool, organ punctates and biopsies.
- blood samples are meant in which pathologically altered cells are suspected.
- biopsies are also included, since after the cells have been separated from the tissue, they are removed using standard standard methods (cutting, resuspending with ever narrowing cannulas,
- Protease treatment are suitable for the transfection of nucleic acid constructs.
- pathological change encompasses biochemical activities in cells which are not present in comparable cells of the same tissue at this time or which are active in other areas of the tissue or in other differentiation phases or development stages.
- transcription factor encompasses protein molecules which directly or indirectly associate with the nucleic acid regions and thereby cause changes in the activities of the nucleic acid regions.
- level of expression includes transcriptional or translational changes that affect nucleic acid regions that code for a sequence of amino acids or that are complementary to a coding nucleic acid sequence. However, what is also meant is changes that are post-translational
- automated method encompasses methodologies which replace the manual labor force of human personnel entirely or only in partial steps and in particular in the steps of transfection, detection, isolation, documentation or Find information processing.
- the detection depends on the properties of the reporter gene used.
- Wnt-responsive reporter gene constructs are produced in a first step.
- the promoter regions contain three functional or three non-functional binding sites for LEF-1 / TCF transcription factors
- TCF-1 T lymphocyte specific transcription factor containing a sequence-specific HMG box.
- EMBO J 10 123-32.
- Experiments complement the promoter region by ligation of specially synthesized, double-stranded oligonucleotides with the binding sites for LEF-1, PPAR ⁇ , myc, etc. (see below).
- the luciferase gene is cut out by digestion with the restriction enzymes NCO1 and NOT1 and the vectors are then dephosphorylated by incubation with alkaline phosphatase.
- the reaction products are then separated by gel electrophoresis in agarose gels containing ethidium bromide, the approximately 3.8 kb vector band is cut out of the gel and the DNA is obtained using the “Qiaex R II Gel Extraction Kit” from
- the alphaGFPT204I gene is generated by means of a PCR reaction with the introduction of the appropriate restriction sites for NCO1 (for the 5 '-lying primer (5'-CCC GGG CC ATG GCT AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA CTT TTC AC -3') and NOTI for the 3rd located primer (5'- GGC CGC GGC CGC TTA TTT GTA GAG CTC ATC CAT GCC - 3 ')) from the pKU23 vector or the alpha + GFPcycle3 vector from Maxygen (see (Crameri, A., Whitehorn , EA, Tusche, E. & Stemmer, WPC (1996).
- DH5 ⁇ TM Competent Cells from GibcoBRL Life Technologies transformed, spread on ampicillin-containing LB aga plates, grown, ampicillin-resistant individual colonies were used to inoculate 5 ml LB liquid cultures, the plasmid DNA was isolated from grown individual colonies ("Concert TM Rapid Plasmid Mini Prep System” from GibcoBRL Life Technologies)
- the reporter gene constructs are transfected either with "Lipofectin R Reagent", “Lipofectamine Plus TM Reagent” or “Lipofectamine TM 2000 Reagent” according to the manufacturer's instructions from GibcoBRL Life Technologies, the SW480
- SW480 cells overexpress the transcription factor PPAR ⁇ (HE TC, CHAN TA, VOGELSTEIN B. & KINZLER KW (1999) due to Wnt signal activity.
- PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 99: 335-45. ).
- PPARdelta responsive elements are cloned into the TOP-alphaGFPT204I and FOP-al ⁇ haGFPT204I vector. For this, the oligonucleotides 5'-
- the plasmid DNA of the desired sequence is then produced in larger quantities and purified and used for the transfection of SW480 colon carcinoma cells with lipofectin or lipofectamine in the manner described above.
- the measurement of the fluorescence intensities in the flow cytometer results in a measurable synergistic effect with regard to an increased alphaGFPT204I expression or fluorescence intensity in the presence of functional LEF-1 / TCF and PPAR ⁇ -DNA binding sites.
- the SW480 cells are detached from the surface by adding trypsin solution (0.5mM EDTA and 2 ° / 00 trypsin in PBS) and resuspended in DMEM + 10% FCS. The cells are then either taken up in ISOTON II (Coulter) or measured directly in a flow cytometer (FACSscan, Becton Dickinson). Fluorescent cells from a defined signal intensity are isolated and mixed in a defined number ratio with cell suspensions of transfected or non-transfected cells of other origin tissues (ie not colon; e.g. HAI .6 B cells, C57MG breast tumor cells, Jurkat cells, BW5147 T cells) that do not have any Wnt - Have signal activity and therefore in experiments
- HeLa cervical carcinoma cells, 3T3 fibroblasts or SV40-transformed COS cells are mixed in different proportions with SW480 colon carcinoma cells or left as a homogeneous cell population for control purposes. Then 300,000 cells of the heterogeneous cell mixture or of the homogeneous cell populations are seeded into the wells of 6-well plates and overnight in DMEM,
- adenoviral reporter gene constructs are made using the "Adeno-X TM Expression System" from Clontech (Cat. No. Kl 650-
- the promoter region including the alphaGFPT204I sequence are amplified by means of a PCR reaction from the vectors TOP and FOP-alphaGFPT204I.
- primers are used which introduce into the restriction sites for the enzymes I-CEU I and NOT1 at the 5 'and 3' end of the reaction product (5'-located "sense" primer: 5'-CCC GGG TAA CTA TAA CGG TCC
- reaction products are then digested with the restriction endonucleases I-CEU I and NOT1, by phenol / Chloroform treatment purified, precipitated (addition of 1/10 vol 3M NaAc and
- the reaction product is isolated from the agarose gel.
- the pShuttle vector provided by Clontech is digested accordingly with the enzymes I-CEU I and NOT1, dephosphorylated, separated by gel electrophoresis and the vector (as described in Example 1) is extracted from the gel.
- the ligation of the pShuttle vector with the ampli- Defected TOP or FOP-alphaGFPT204I sequence is carried out using T4-DNA ligase in a corresponding Mg 2+ and ATP-containing buffer.
- the ligation batches are then transformed into bacteria, spread on ampicillin-containing LB aga plates, the plasmid DNA isolated from grown individual colonies by restriction digestion and sequencing with several "sense" and "anti-sense"
- the subsequent steps follow the manufacturer's instructions from Clontech (see “Adeno-XTM Expression System User Manual”).
- the TOP or FOP-alphaGFPT204I sequence is cut out of the pShuttle vector using the restriction enzymes I-CEUI and PI-SCEI and ligated with the appropriately digested Adeno-X virus DNA (following the usual molecular biological intermediate steps as described above), the in vitro ligation is then digested with the restriction enzyme SWAI and the appropriate approach for transforming bacteria is used. DNA preparations of ampicillin-resistant transformants are analyzed and verified by means of suitable restriction digests and sequencing with several “sense” and “anti-sense” primers.
- the recombinant adenoviral plasmid DNA of the desired sequence is then prepared on a small scale in accordance with the information in the Clontech manual and with the NucleoBond R Plasmid Maxi Kit according to An gave the company Clontech produced and cleaned on a larger scale.
- the purified plasmid DNA is digested with the restriction enzyme PACI and, after purification of the restriction mixture, is used to transfect HEK 293 cells using lipofectamine or lipofectin.
- the supernatant which contains recombinant adenoviruses with the Die TOP or FOP-alphaGFPT204I sequence, can be used to infect the target cells after centrifugation.
- SW480 cells incubated with the recombinant adenoviruses. 5x10 5 SW480 cells are sown in 100 mm cell culture dishes so that they can adhere to the cell culture dish bottom overnight (or for up to 48 hours). Then 1 ml of the virus-containing medium is added to the cells for about 1 hour. The cells are then washed once with DMEM + 10% FCS and incubated in the incubator for up to 48 hours. After 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours the
- GFP expression using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.
- the number of GFP-expressing cells after infection with the TOP- alphaGFPT204I sequence is extremely high (70-95% after 24 hours), while cells infected with the FOP-alphaGFPT204I sequence have no significant GFP expression.
- the infection of heterogeneous cell mixtures leads to the specific overexpression of the GFP gene, after infection with the TOP-alphaGFPT204I sequence, in the colon carcinoma cells which have active Wnt signaling activity.
- SW480 cells are added in different amounts to 1 ml of human whole blood samples from healthy people and the cell suspension is mixed with 1 ml of virus-containing medium for 1 hour.
- Wnt-responsive reporter gerstructor constructs are produced in a first step.
- the promoter regions contain three functional or three target-functional binding sites for LEF-1 / TCF transcription factors (CCTTTGATC or CCTTTGGCC), or variants of these binding sites (CCTTTGAA or CCATTGAA or CCTTTGGA or CCATTGGA).
- the luciferase gene is cut out by digestion with the restriction enzymes NCO1 and NOT1 and the vectors are then dephosphorylated by incubation with alkaline phosphatase.
- the reaction products are then separated by gel electrophoresis in agarose gels containing ethidium bromide, the approximately 3.8 kb vector band is cut out of the gel and the DNA is isolated using the “Qiaex R LT Gel Extraction Kit” from Qiagen.
- the cDNA of the leucine zipper domain is generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genomic yeast DNA using the Prime ⁇ aare 5 '-ATC GGC GGC GCC GCC ATG AAA CAA CTT GAA GAC AAG -3' (coding sense
- the coding sense primer contains a Narl-RestriMorisenzyme interface and also codes for a short linker sequence Gly-Gly-Ala-Ala, which is upstream of the leucine zipper sequence Met-Lys-Asn-Leu ...
- the anti-sense primer contains interfaces for the restriction enzymes Hind3 and Notl, for later cloning steps.
- the cDNA for soluble thromboplastin (amino acid 1 - 220 with and without signal sequence) is PCR by means of the coding sequence primer 5 '-GAA GAA GGG ATC CTG GTG CCT CGT GGT TCT GCC ATG GGC ACT ACA AAT ACT GTG GCA GC-3', 5 '-GAA GAA GGG ATC CTG GTG CCT CGT GGT TCT GCC ATG GAG ACC
- the anti-sense primers contain a Narl interface for the fusion with the leucine zipper domain of GCN4 (see above).
- the PCR fragments were digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes, purified by phenol / chloroform treatment, precipitation (addition of 1/10 vol 3M NaAc and 2.5 vol 100% ethanol) and washing with 70% ethanol, dried and taken up in 1 x Tris / EDTA buffer.
- reaction products are then separated by gel electrophoresis and isolated from the agarose gels (see above).
- Products are made using T4 DNA ligase in a corresponding Mg 94- and ATP-containing buffer.
- the ligation batches are transformed into bacteria (“DH5 ⁇ TM Competent Cells” from GibcoBRL Life Technologies), streaked on ampicillin-containing LB aga plates, grown, ampicillin-resistant individual colonies are used to inoculate 5 ml LB liquid cultures, the plasmid DNA from grown individual colonies isolated ("Concert TM Rapid Plasmid Mini Prep System” from GibcoBRL Life Technologies) by restriction digestion and sequencing ("Big Dye TM Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction” from PE Applied Biosystems) with several "sense” and "anti” Sense "primers are analyzed and verified.
- the plasmid DNA of the desired sequence is then produced in large quantities, purified (“ QIAfilter Plasmid Maxi Kit “from Qiagen) and used to express the fusion protein in Escherichia coli.
- Bacterially expressed protein is extracted from the bacteria using guanidium hydrochloride (GuHCl) and after purification by Ni-chelate columns (Ni-NTA from Qiagen) using a linear gradient of buffer A (6M GuHCl; 0.5M NaCl; 20mM sodium phosphate; pH 8 ) and buffer B (0.8M GuHCl; 0.3M NaCl; 50mM Tris
- the protein After intensive washing with 10MM Tris / 20mM NaCl / pH7.5, the protein is eluted in the same buffer, which also contains 50mM hnidazole, and serves to demonstrate the functionality of the fusion protein or as a positive control in blood coagulation assays.
- the fusion gene is cut out of the pTrcHisC-sTF-LZ expression vector by digestion with the restriction endonucleases Ncol and Notl and ligated into the correspondingly digested TOP / FOP vectors (see above).
- the reporter gene constructs can be transfected either with “Lipofectin R
- Supernatants containing sTF 217 -LZ, sTF 220 -LZ or sTF 226 -LZ are added to aliquots of pooled human blood samples (whole citrate blood) which some additional factor VUa and 28 ⁇ M of a phosphatidyl-serm phosphatidylcholine mixture (40% PS to 60% PC in TBS with 0.1% BSA). The time until the different blood sample batches clot after recalcification is measured manually.
- SW480 cells are cotransfected with the plasmids Al ⁇ ha + GFPcycle3 and TOP-sTF-LZ or FOP-sTF-LZ in the manner described in Example 1. Thereafter, the SW480 cells by the addition of trypsin solution (0.5 mM EDTA and 2% 0 trypsin in PBS) are detached from the surface and resuspended in DMEM + 10% FCS. Fluorescent cells above a defined signal intensity are isolated using flow cytometry (see above) and added in a defined number ratio to aliquots of pooled human blood samples. The periods until the different blood sample batches clot after recalcification are measured manually.
- trypsin solution 0.5 mM EDTA and 2% 0 trypsin in PBS
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US10/474,078 US20040219543A1 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-03-28 | Method for specifically detecting, isolating and characterizing cells from body samples by transfecting nucleic acid constructs |
EP02712960A EP1385994A2 (de) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-03-28 | Verfahren zur spezifischen detektion, isolation und charakterisierung von zellen aus körperproben durch transfektion von nukleinsäurekonstrukten |
AU2002244757A AU2002244757A1 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-03-28 | Method for specifically detecting, isolating and characterizing cells from body samples by transfecting nucleic acid constructs |
JP2002577916A JP2005525779A (ja) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-03-28 | 核酸構築物のトランスフェクションによって、身体サンプルから細胞を特異的に検出、単離および特徴付けするための方法 |
US12/578,618 US20100099108A1 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2009-10-14 | Method for Detecting, Isolating, and Characterizing Cells from Body Samples by Transfection with Nucleic Acid Constructs |
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US20070161031A1 (en) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-07-12 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Functional arrays for high throughput characterization of gene expression regulatory elements |
US20090018031A1 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2009-01-15 | Switchgear Genomics | Transcriptional regulatory elements of biological pathways tools, and methods |
EP2135080A4 (de) * | 2007-03-08 | 2010-12-01 | Switchgear Genomics | Funktionelle arrays zur charakterisierung mit hohem durchsatz von regulatorischen elementen in nichttranslatierten bereichen von genen |
US8815779B2 (en) * | 2009-09-16 | 2014-08-26 | SwitchGear Genomics, Inc. | Transcription biomarkers of biological responses and methods |
CA2865642C (en) | 2012-03-14 | 2021-10-26 | Salk Institute For Biological Studies | Adenoviral tumor diagnostics |
EP2971008B1 (de) | 2013-03-14 | 2018-07-25 | Salk Institute for Biological Studies | Onkolytische adenoviruszusammensetzungen |
WO2017147265A1 (en) | 2016-02-23 | 2017-08-31 | Salk Institute For Biological Studies | High throughput assay for measuring adenovirus replication kinetics |
KR102471633B1 (ko) | 2016-02-23 | 2022-11-25 | 솔크 인스티튜트 포 바이올로지칼 스터디즈 | 바이러스 동역학에 미치는 영향 최소화를 위한 치료용 아데노바이러스의 외인성 유전자 발현 |
CN110062630A (zh) | 2016-12-12 | 2019-07-26 | 萨克生物研究学院 | 肿瘤靶向合成腺病毒及其用途 |
CN112168820B (zh) * | 2019-07-05 | 2023-09-29 | 中国科学院生物物理研究所 | SRCAP ATPase抑制剂在结直肠癌治疗中的应用 |
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