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Definitions

• the present invention is concerned with medicaments. More particularly, the invention relates to compounds that bind to and activate PPAR delta. In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods for prevention or treatment of diseases and conditions mediated by iNOS and/or TNF and methods for identifying compounds useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions mediated by iNOS and/or TNF.
• Nitric oxide is the endogenous stimulator of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme and is involved in a number of biological actions. Excess nitric oxide production is also thought to be involved in a number of conditions, including septic shock and many inflammatory diseases.
• the biochemical synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine is catalysed by the enzyme NO synthase.
• Many inhibitors of NO synthase have been described and proposed for therapeutic use. More recently, it has been an object in this field to provide NO synthase inhibitors displaying selectivity for either inducible NO synthase (iNOS) or neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) over endothelial NO synthase (eNOS).
• Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (hereinafter referred to as PPAR) is a known member of the steroid/retinoid/thyroid hormone receptor family of ligand activated transcription factors and is activated, inter-alia, by high micromolar concentrations of certain peroxisome proiiferators.
• Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (herein after referred to as PPAR ⁇ ), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (hereinafter referred to as PPAR ⁇ ) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (hereinafter referred to as PPAR ⁇ ) have respectively been identified as subtypes of PPARs.
• Tumor necrosis factor is known to mediate many biological responses in vivo.
• Clinical and Pre-clinical studies in animals and humans with specific TNF neutralising antibodies, soluble TNF receptor constructs and TNF detection techniques have implicated TNF as a mediator in numerous pathologies including inflammatory/auto immune diseases or conditions.
• the present inventors have surprisingly found that activators of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (hereinafter referred to as PPAR ⁇ ) inhibit iNOS and TNF formation and are therefore useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase is * indicated, in particular, an inhibitor of iNOS.
• PPAR ⁇ peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta
• the present invention therefore provides the use of PPAR ⁇ activators in the treatment of diseases and conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated (in particular, an inhibitor of iNOS) and methods of treating NOS and/or TNF mediated diseases employing PPAR ⁇ agonists. More particularly, the present invention provides the use of potent and selective PPAR ⁇ agonists for use in the treatment of conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated, (in particular, an inhibitor of iNOS).
• Figure 1 Shows the effect of PPAR delta agonists on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced iNOS activity.
• Figure 2 Shows the effect of a PPAR delta agonist on LPS elevation of iNOS mRNA.
• Figure 3 Shows the effect of a PPAR delta agonist on LPS-induced TNF ⁇ expression compound to LPS-induced iNOS activation.
• Conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated include inflammatory conditions, shock states, immune disorders, and disorders of gastrointestinal motility.
• PPAR delta agonists and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and physiologically functional derivatives thereof may also be of use in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases of the central nervous system including migraine.
• shock states are meant those resulting from overproduction of NO, such as septic shock, haemorrhagic shock, traumatic shock, or shock caused by fulminant hepatic failure or by therapy with cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 and IL-2 or therapy with cytokine-inducing agents, for example 5,6-dimethylxanthenone acetic acid.
• cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 and IL-2
• cytokine-inducing agents for example 5,6-dimethylxanthenone acetic acid.
• inflammatory conditions and immune disorders include those of the joint, particularly arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, prosthetic joint failure), or the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory bowel and gastrointestinal diseases, gastritis and mucosal inflammation resulting from infection, the enteropathy provoked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), of the lung (e.g. adult respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), of the heart (e.g. myocarditis), of nervous tissue (e.g. multiple sclerosis), of the pancreas, (e.g.
• inflammation associated with diabetes melitus and complications thereof of the kidney e.g. glomerulonephritis
• of the skin e.g. dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, urticaria and burn injury
• of the eye e.g. glaucoma
• transplanted organs e.g. rejection
• multi-organ diseases e.g. systemic lupus erythematosis
• disorders of gastrointestinal motility include ileus, for example post-operative ileus and ileus during sepsis.
• diseases of the central nervous system are meant those for which overproduction of NO and/or TNF is implicated, for example migraine, psychosis, anxiety, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, cerebral ischaemia, CNS trauma, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, AIDS dementia, chronic neurodegenerative disease (e.g. Lewy Body Dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease) and acute and chronic pain, and conditions in which non- adrenergic non-cholinergic nerve may be implicated such as priapism, obesity and hyperphagia.
• Examples of acute pain include musculoskeletal pain, post operative pain and surgical pain.
• Examples of chronic pain include chronic inflammatory pain (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis), neuropathic pain (e.g. post herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathies associated with diabetes, trigeminal neuralgia, pain associated with functional bowel disorders, e.g. irritable bowel syndrome, non cardiac chest pain and sympathetically maintained pain) and pain associated with cancer and fibromyalgia.
• inhibition of NO synthase and/or TNF may be of advantage in preventing the lymphocyte loss associated with HIV infection, in increasing the radiosensitivity of tumours during radiotherapy and in reducing tumour growth, tumour progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
• the PPAR delta activators are PPAR ⁇ agonists.
• agonist or “activating compound”, or “activator”, or the like, is meant those compounds which have a pKi of at least 6.0 to the relevant PPAR, for example human PPAR ⁇ , in the binding assay described below, and which achieve at least 50% activation of the relevant PPAR relative to the appropriate indicated positive control in the transfection assay described , for example in WO 00/08002 at concentrations of 10 "5 M or less. More preferably, the compounds of this invention achieve 50% activation of human PPAR ⁇ in the transfection assay at concentrations of 10 "7 M or less.
• PPAR delta agonists are selective hPPAR ⁇ agonists.
• a "selective hPPAR ⁇ agonist” is a hPPAR ⁇ agonist whose EC50 for PPAR ⁇ is at least 10 fold lower than its EC50 for PPAR ⁇ and PPAR ⁇ .
• Such selective compounds may be referred to as "10-fold selective”.
• EC50 is defined in the transfection assay described, for example in ⁇ /O 00/08002 and is the concentration at which a compound achieves 50% of its maximum activity. Most preferred compounds are greater than 100-fold selective hPPAR ⁇ agonists.
• a PPAR delta agonist e.g. a compound of formula (I)
• a PPAR delta agonist for use as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated, in particular, an inhibitor of iNOS
• pharmaceutical formulations comprising a PPARdelta agonist (e.g. a compound of formula (I)) and at least one pharmaceutical carrier, wherein the PPAR delta agonist is present in an amount effective for use in the treatment of conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated, in particular, an inhibitor of iNOS;
• a PPAR delta agonist e.g. a compound of formula (I)
• a PPAR delta agonist e.g. a compound of formula (I)
• an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated, in particular, an inhibitor of iNOS;
• a PPAR delta agonist e.g. a compound of formula (I)
• treatment' includes prophylaxis as well as alleviation of established conditions for which an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated.
• the PPAR delta agonists may be used as compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable derivative any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or amide, or salt or solvate of such ester or amide, of the PPAR delta agonist, or any other compound which upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the PPAR delta agonist or an active metabolite or residue thereof.
• Suitable PPAR delta agonists are described in for example WO 01/00603 which discloses compounds of formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and, solvates thereof,
• X represents a COOH (or a hydrolysable ester thereof) or tetrazole group
• X I represents NH, NCH 3 , O, S, a bond (i.e. is absent), CH 2> or CH where the dashed line indicates that when X1 is CH the depicted bond is a double bond;
• X 2 represents O or S;
• R 1 and R 2 independently represent H, CH 3 , OCH 3 , or halogen; n is 1 or 2; one of Y and Z is N and the other is S or O: y is O, 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• Each R 3 independently represents CF 3 or halogen.
• These compounds may be conveniently prepared by a general process wherein a moiety like A is coupled to an alcohol (B) using the Mitsunobu protocol (O. Mitsunobu, 1981 Synthesis, p 1) or by alkylation of A using a suitable non nucleophilic base such as K 2 C0 3) Cs 2 CO 3 or NaH, with an alkyl halide (C).
• a suitable non nucleophilic base such as K 2 C0 3) Cs 2 CO 3 or NaH
• R alkyl halide
• R is 1-6 alkyl which can be hydrolyzed off to give an acid of Formula (I), or if readily hydrolyzable, the resulting ester can be administered.
• n is1
• Y is S
• Z is N
• R 3 is para-CF 3
• the tetrazole derivatives may be conveniently prepared by a general process wherein a moiety like D is coupled to an alcohol (B) using the Mitsunobu protocol (O. Mitsunobu, 1981 Synthesis, p 1), by alkylation of D using a suitable non nucleophilic base such as K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 or NaH, with an alkyl halide (C) or by coupling of a moiety like E with an alkyl halide (C) using a suitable non nucleophilic base such as NaOH.
• a suitable non nucleophilic base such as K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 or NaH
• n is1
• Y is S
• Z is N
• R 3 is para-CF 3
• Preferred compounds of the invention are:
• a particularly preferred PPAR delta agonist is ⁇ 2-methyl-4-[4-methyl-2-(4- trifluoromethyl phenyl) thiazol-5-ylmethylthio]phenoxy ⁇ -acetic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and hydrolyzable esters thereof (formula (II) below).
• the PPAR delta activator may also be utilized in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• physiologically acceptable salts include conventional salts formed from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids or bases as well as quaternary ammonium acid addition salts.
• suitable acid salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, formic, lactic, maleic, tartaric, citric, palmoic, malonic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic hydroxynaphthoic, hydroiodic, malic, steroic, tannic and the like.
• acids such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be useful in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• suitable basic salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, aluminium, calcium, zinc, N.N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine and procaine salts.
• References hereinafter to a PPAR delta activator include both compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates.
• compositions are conveniently administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.
• Such compositions may conveniently be presented for use in conventional manner in admixture with one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients.
• the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• the PPAR delta activators may be therapeutically administered as the raw chemical, it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation.
• the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous e.g. by injection or by depot tablet, intradermal, intrathecal, intramuscular e.g. by depot and intravenous), rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal and sublingual) or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation of insufflation administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association the compounds ("active ingredient") with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
• Formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets (e.g. chewable tablets in particular for paediatric administration) each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in- oil liquid emulsion.
• the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• a tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a other conventional excipients such as binding agents, (for example, syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, mucilage of starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone) or hydroxymethyl cellulose or hydroxymethyl cellulose fillers (for example, lactose, sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, maize-starch, calcium phosphate or sorbitol), lubricants (for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, polyethylene glycdl or silica), disintegrants (for example, potato starch or sodium starch glycollate) or wetting agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
• binding agents for example, syrup, acacia, ge
• Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well-known in the art.
• the compounds of the present invention may be incorporated into oral liquid preparations such as aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, for example.
• formulations containing these compounds may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents such as sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminum stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents such as lecithin, sorbitan mono-oleate or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils) such as almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene glycol or ethyl alcohol; and preservatives such as methyl or propyl p- hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid.
• Such preparations may also be formulated as suppositories, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending . agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, for example, water-for-injection, immediately prior to use.
• a sterile liquid carrier for example, water-for-injection
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
• Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with the usual carriers such as cocoa butter, hard fat or polyethylene glycol.
• Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
• the compounds may be formulated as creams, gels, ointments or lotions or as a transdermal patch.
• the compounds may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
• the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• the compounds of the invention may be used, for example as a liquid spray, as a powder or in the form of drops.
• the compounds according to the invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-trifluoroethane (HFA 134A) and 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3, - heptapropane (HFA 227), carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• a suitable propellant e.g. 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-trifluoroethane (HFA 134A) and 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3,3, - heptapropane (HFA 227), carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• HFA 134A 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3,3, - heptapropane
• gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of a compound of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• the formulations may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents.
• PPAR delta activator required for use in treatment will vary with the nature of the condition being treated and the age and the condition of the patient and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian. In general, however, doses employed for adult human treatment will typically be in the range of 0.02- 5000 mg per day, preferably 1-1500 mg per day. The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
• the formulations according to the invention may contain between 0.1-99% of the active ingredient, conveniently from 30-95% for tablets and capsules and 3-50% for liquid preparations.
• the PPAR delta activators for use in the instant invention may be used in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents for example, pain relievers such as a glycine antagonist, a sodium channel inhibitor (e.g. lamotrigine), a substance P antagonist (e.g. an NK1 antagonist), acetaminophen or phenacetin; a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (e.g. an iNOS or an nNOS inhibitor); an inhibitor of the release, or action, of tumour necrosis factor ⁇ ; an antibody therapy (e.g.
• a stimulant including caffeine; an H2-antagonist, such as ranitidine; a proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole; an antacid, such as aluminium or magnesium hydroxide; an antiflatulent, such as simethicone; a decongestant, such as phenylephrine, phenylprolpanolamine, pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, epinephrine, naphazoline, xylometazoline, propylhexedrine, or levo-desoxyephedrine; an antitussive, such as codeine, hydrocodone, carmiphen, carbetapentane, or dextramethorphan; a diuretic; or a sedating or non-sedating antihistamine; a COX-2 inhibitor such as VioxxTM or CelebrexTM and other NSAIDs.
• a stimulant including caffeine; an H2-antagonist, such as ranitidine; a proton pump
• the compounds may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously by any convenient route.
• compositions comprising a combination as defined above optimally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient comprise a further aspect of the invention.
• the individual components of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical formulations.
• the two compounds When combined in the same formulation it will be appreciated that the two compounds must be stable and compatible with each other and the other components of the formulation and may be formulated for administration. When formulated separately they may be provided in any convenient formulation, conveniently in such a manner as are known for such compounds in the art.
• each compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
• the present inventors have found that, chemical compounds which are activators of PPAR delta are also useful in the treatment of diseases or conditions where an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated, in particular iNOS.
• the identification of novel PPAR delta activators may lead to more effective drugs for the treatment of these diseases and conditions.
• the invention further provides a method for screening for compounds which will be useful in treating diseases or conditions where an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated comprising the step of detemining whether the compound interacts directly with PPAR delta, or the step of determining whether the compound activates PPAR delta.
• Suitable screening tests include the binding and transfection assays discussed hereinabove and discosed in WO 00 08002.
• a suitable control for PPAR delta is for example 2- ⁇ 2-methyl-4-[( ⁇ 4-methyl-2-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 1 ,3-thiazol-5-yl ⁇ methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy ⁇ acetic acid which conveniently may be radiolabelled.
• the present invention also provides a method for treating diseases of conditions where an inhibitor of NO synthase and/or TNF is indicated, in particular iNOS in a subject comprising the administration of therapeutically effective amounts of compounds identified using the method of the invention.
• the invention also provideds the use of a compound identified by a screening method of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these diseases or conditions.
• reaction mixture was diluted with CH 2 CI 2 (120 mL) and washed with NaHC0 3 (sat.) (2 x 240 mL) and water 2 x 240 mL), dried, filtered and evaporated to afford intermediate C (8.0 g, 27 mmol, 90%) as a yellow solid.
• the solution was neutralized with 1 N HCI (2 mL, 2 mmol) and the organic solvent evaporated to afford an aqueous solution with an insoluble product. If the insoluble was a solid, it was filtered and dried to afford the final product. If the insoluble was an oil, it was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic solution was separated, washed with water (2 x 30 mL), dried, filtered, and evaporated to afford the final product.
• Example 2a A solution of Example 2a (1 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with 1 N LiOH in water (2 mL, 2 mmol), and stirred 16 h at room temperature (when reactions were slow, the temperature was elevated to 50°C). The solution was neutralized with 1 N HCI (2 mL, 2 mmol) and the organic solvent evaporated to afford an aqueous solution with an insoluble product. If the insoluble was a solid, it was filtered and dried to afford the final product. If the insoluble was an oil, it was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic solution was separated, washed with water (2 x 30 mL), dried, filtered, and evaporated to afford the final product.
• PPAR delta activators to inhibit the activity and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) was examined using potent, selective PPAR delta agonists, such as (2- ⁇ 2-methyl-4[( ⁇ 4-methyl-2-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyI]-1 ,3-thiazol-5-yl ⁇ methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy ⁇ acetic acid
• Compound A synthesis as described in Example 1
• Compound B (2- ⁇ 2-methyl-4-[( ⁇ 4-methyl-2-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 ,3-thiazol- 5-yl ⁇ methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy ⁇ acetic acid
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• LPS-induced INOS activity was measured using the following assay conditions. J774 cells were seeded at a density of 35000-50000 thousand cells per well, in a black, clear-bottomed, 96 well plate, 24hours prior to use. The cell culture and the drug dilutions were carried out in complete media, which consisted of DMEM (Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium) containing foetal calf serum (10%), glutamine (2mM), penicillin (100u/mJ) and streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/ml).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium
• foetal calf serum 10%
• glutamine (2mM) penicillin
• streptomycin 100 ⁇ g/ml
• the J774 cells were pre-treated with the PPAR delta activators A and B, or vehicle, for 6 hours prior to, and for 24 hours subsequent to the addition of LPS (typically, a concentration of 1 ug/ml of LPS was used). Twenty- four hours after the addition of LPS, INOS activity was measured by the following method. The cell culture media/drug dilutions were removed and the cells washed with D-PBS (Dulbecco's modification of phosphate-buffered saline). The D-PBS was then removed, and replaced with D-PBS containing DAF-2 (4,5-diaminofluorescein ; 5uM) and L-arginine (500uM).
• D-PBS Dulbecco's modification of phosphate-buffered saline
• pre-treatment with Compound A or Compound B produced a marked inhibition of LPS-induced INOS activity in J774 cells, at sub-nanomolar- nanomolar concentrations.
• J774 cells were plated in 6 well plates (10 6 cells/well), 24 hours prior to use. The cells were pre-treated with PPAR delta activator control media for 6 hours, prior to addition of LPS, which was co-incubated with the PPAR delta activator / control, for a further 24 hours. At the end of this incubation period, the culture medium was removed by aspirating and the cells washed with D-PBS. Following removal of the D-PBS, total cellular RNA was isolated from each sample using a commercially available RNA isolation kit.
• First strand cDNA synthesis was carried out as per instructions supplied with the AMV reverse transcription (RT) system.
• An aliquot (1000ng) of the RNA was added to a mix which contained (final concentrations) MgCI 2 (5mM), Tris-HCI (1 OmM ; pH 8.8), KCI (50mM), Yriton X-100 (0.1%), dNTP (1mM), rRNasin (1 U/ ⁇ l), AMV reverse transcriptase (0.75U/ ⁇ l), oligo(dT) ⁇ 5 (25ng/ ⁇ l).
• This was incubated in a thermal cycler at 42°C for 30 minutes, followed by 95°C for 15 minutes, and, finally, 4°C, until being transferred to a freezer (-20°C ) for storage.
• PCR was undertaken in a 50 ⁇ l reaction volume containing 5 ⁇ l of the RT reaction, sense and anti-sense primers for INOS/GAPDH (0.4pmol/ ⁇ l), dNTPs (160 ⁇ M), KCI (50mM), Tris-HCI (10mM ; pH 9.0), Triton X-100 (0.1%), MgCI 2 (2mM), and Taq DNA polymerase (0.04U/ ⁇ l) (final concentrations)/ The PCR was carried out in a thermal cycler using the following conditions : 95°C for 60s, followed by 28 cycles of 94°C for 30s, 55°C for 60s, 72°C for 90s.
• PPAR delta activators to inhibit the expression/secretion of tumour necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF) was also examined.
• TNF tumour necrosis factor- ⁇
• LPS-induced INOS activity and expression of TNF was measured using the following assay conditions. J774 cells were seeded at a density of 35000-50000 thousand cells per well, in black, clear-bottomed, 96 well plates.
• the cell culture and the drug dilutions were carried out in complete media, which consisted of DMEM (Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium) containing foetal calf serum (10%), glutamine (2mM), penicillin (100u/ml) and streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/ml).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium
• the J774 cells were pre-treated with PPAR delta activators, or vehicle, for 6 hours prior to, and for 24 hours subsequent to the addition of LPS (typically, a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml of LPS was used). Twenty-four hours after the addition of LPS, INOS activity was measured by the following method.
• the cell culture media/drug dilutions were removed for measurement of TNF concentrations, quantified using a commercially available ELISA system.
• the cells washed with D-PBS.
• the D-PBS was then removed, and replaced with D- PBS containing DAF-2 (4,5-diaminofluorescein ; 5 ⁇ M) and L-arginine (500 ⁇ M).
• INOS activity was then measured as described previously. Examples of the data obtained are illustrated in Figure 3.

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