Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds which inhibit, regulate and/or modulate tyrosine kinase signal transduction, compositions which contain these compounds, and methods of using them to treat tyrosine kinase-dependent diseases and conditions, such as angiogenesis, cancer, tumor growth, atherosclerosis, age related macular degeneration, diabetic retmopathy, inflammatory diseases, and the like in mammals
• Tyrosine kmases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate of adenosme t ⁇ phosphate to tyrosine residues in protein substrates Tyrosine kmases are believed, by way of substrate phosphorylation, to play c ⁇ tical roles in signal transduction for a number of cell functions. Though the exact mechanisms of signal transduction is still unclear, tyrosine kmases have been shown to be important cont ⁇ buting factors in cell proliferation, carcinogenesis and cell differentiation.
• Tyrosine kinases can be catego ⁇ zed as receptor type or non-receptor type Receptor type tyrosine kinases have an extracellular, a transmembrane, and an mtracellular portion, while non-receptor type tyrosine kinases are wholly intracellular
• the receptor-type tyrosine kinases are composed of a large number of transmembrane receptors with diverse biological activity. In fact, about 20 different subfamilies of receptor-type tyrosine kinases have been identified
• One tyrosine kinase subfamily, designated the HER subfamily is comprised of EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4.
• Ligands of this subfamily of receptors include epithileal growth factor, TGF- ⁇ , amphiregulm, HB-EGF, betacellulm and hereguhn.
• Another subfamily of these receptor-type tyrosine kinases is the insulin subfamily, which includes INS-R, IGF-IR, and IR-R.
• the PDGF subfamily includes the PDGF- ⁇ and ⁇ receptors, CSFIR, c-kit and FLK-LT.
• the FLK family which is comprised of the kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), fetal liver kmase-l (FLK-1), fetal liver kmase-4 (FLK-4) and the fms-like tyrosine kmase-l (fit-1)
• KDR kinase insert domain receptor
• FLK-1 fetal liver kmase-l
• FLK-4 fetal liver kmase-4
• fms-like tyrosine kmase-l fit-1
• the non-receptor type of tyrosine kinases is also comprised of numerous subfamilies, including Src, Frk, Btk, Csk, Abl, Zap70, Fes/Fps, Fak, Jak, Ack, and LLMK. Each of these subfamilies is further sub-divided into varying receptors.
• the Src subfamily is one of the largest and includes Src, Yes, Fyn, Lyn, Lck, Blk, Hck, Fgr, and Yrk.
• the Src subfamily of enzymes has been linked to oncogenesis.
• Both receptor-type and non-receptor type tyrosine kinases are implicated in cellular signaling pathways leading to numerous pathogenic conditions, including cancer, pso ⁇ asis and hype ⁇ mmune responses.
• receptor-type tyrosine kinases and the growth factors that bind thereto, have been suggested to play a role in angiogenesis, although some may promote angiogenesis indirectly (Mustonen and Ahtalo, J. Cell Biol 129:895-898, 1995).
• One such receptor-type tyrsome kinase is fetal liver kinase 1 or FLK-1.
• FLK-1 The human analog of FLK-1 is the kinase insert domain-containing receptor KDR, which is also known as vascular endothehal cell growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR-2, since it binds VEGF with high affinity.
• VEGF and KDR are a gand-receptor pair that play an important role in the proliferation of vascular endothehal cells, and the formation and sprouting of blood vessels, termed vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, respectively.
• VEGF vascular endothehal growth factor
• KDR mediates the mitogenic function of VEGF whereas Flt-1 appears to modulate non- mitogenic functions such as those associated with cellular adhesion. Inhibiting KDR thus modulates the level of mitogenic VEGF activity. In fact, tumor growth has been shown to be susceptible to the antiangiogenic effects of VEGF receptor antagonists. (Kim et al., Nature 362, pp. 841-844, 1993).
• Solid tumors can therefore be treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors since these tumors depend on angiogenesis for the formation of the blood vessels necessary to support their growth.
• These solid tumors include histiocytic lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitouonary tract, lymphatic system, stomach, larynx and lung, including lung adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer. Additional examples include cancers in which overexpression or activation of Raf-activating oncogenes (e.g., K-ras, erb-B) is observed. Such cancers include pancreatic and breast carcinoma. Accordingly, inhibitors of these tyrosine kinases are useful for the prevention and treatment of prohferative diseases dependent on these enzymes.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• Ocular VEGF mRNA and protein are elevated by conditions such as retinal vein occlusion in pomates and decreased p ⁇ 2 levels in mice that lead to neovascula ⁇ zation.
• Intraocular injections of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies or VEGF receptor immunofusions inhibit ocular neovasculaozation in both pomate and rodent models. Regardless of the cause of induction of VEGF m human diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of ocular VEGF is useful in treating the disease.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• Monoclonal anti-VEGF antibodies inhibit the growth of human tumors m nude mice Although these same tumor cells continue to express VEGF in culture, the antibodies do not diminish their mitotic rate Thus tumor- deoved VEGF does not function as an autocone mitogenic factor Therefore, VEGF contobutes to tumor growth in vivo by promoting angiogenesis through its paracone vascular endothehal cell chemotactic and mitogenic activities These monoclonal antibodies also inhibit the growth of typically less well vasculaozed human colon cancers in athymic mice and decrease the number of tumors aosing from inoculated cells.
• KDR or Flt-1 Inhibition of KDR or Flt-1 is implicated m pathological angiogenesis, and these receptors are useful m the treatment of diseases in which angiogenesis is part of the overall pathology, e.g., inflammation, diabetic retinal vasculaozation, as well as vaoous forms of cancer since tumor growth is known to be dependent on angiogenesis (Weidner et al , N Engl J. Med., 324, pp. 1-8, 1991)
• the present invention relates to compounds that are capable of inhibiting, modulating and/or regulating signal transduction of both receptor-type and non-receptor type tyrosine kinases.
• One embodiment of the present invention is illustrated by a compound of Formula I , and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof:
• the compounds of this invention are useful in the inhibition of kinases and are illustrated by a compound of Formula I:
• X, Y and Z are C or N, so long as only one of X, Y and Z is N;
• a is O or l
• Rl, Rl a , R4 and R5 are independently selected from: 1) H, 2) alkyl, optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R6,
• R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of: 1) H,
• alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R° ⁇
• R7 and R are independently selected from:
• R6a 6) C2-C10 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R° ⁇ 7) C2-C10 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R6a, and
• R and R8 can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle containing, in addition to the nitrogen, one or two additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, said heterocycle optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R°
• Rl, Rla, R4 and R5 are independently selected from:
• R2 and R are independently selected from the group consisting of:
• 'a is:
• R7 and R8 can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle containing, in addition to the nitrogen, one or two additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, said heterocycle optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R° ⁇
• R and R are independently selected from:
• R2 and R are independently selected from H and methyl
• R5 and Rl are H
• R6a is:
• R7 a nd R8 are independently selected from: 1) H,
• Ci-Cio alkyl optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R° ⁇
• R7 and R can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a pipeodmyl, piperazinyl, morpholmyl or pyrrolidmyl group, optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from R° ⁇
• a pharmaceutical composition which is composed of a compound of Formula I as descobed above and a phaonaceutically acceptable earner.
• the present invention also encompasses a method of treating or preventing cancer in a mammal in need of such treatment which is composed of admmisteong to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• Preferred cancers for treatment are selected from cancers of the brain, genitouonary tract, lymphatic system, stomach, larynx and lung.
• Another set of preferred forms of cancer are histiocytic lymphoma, lung adenocarcmoma, small cell lung cancers, pancreatic cancer, gioblastomas and breast carcinoma.
• a method of treating or preventing a disease in which angiogenesis is implicated which is composed of admmisteong to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• a disease in which angiogenesis is implicated is ocular diseases such as retinal vasculaozation, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and the like.
• Also included within the scope of the present invention is a method of treating or preventing inflammatory diseases which composes admmisteong to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• inflammatory diseases are rheumatoid arthotis, psooasis, contact dermatitis, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and the like.
• the therapeutic amount vaoes according to the specific disease and is discernable to the skilled artisan without undue expeomentation.
• a method of treating or preventing retinal vasculaozation which is composed of admmisteong to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of compound of Formula I is also encompassed by the present invention.
• Methods of treating or preventing ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, are also part of the invention
• Also included within the scope of the present invention is a method of treating or preventing inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthotis, psooasis, contact dermatitis and delayed hypersensitivity reactions, as well as treatment or prevention of bone associated pathologies selected from osteosarcoma, osteoarthotis, and ockets
• the invention also contemplates the use of the instantly claimed compounds in combination with a second compound selected from- 1) an estrogen receptor modulator, 2) an androgen receptor modulator,
• Preferred angiogenesis inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an inhibitor of epidermal-deoved growth factor, an inhibitor of fibroblast-deoved growth factor, an inhibitor of platelet deoved growth factor, an MMP (matox metalloprotease) inhibitor, an integon blocker, interferon- ⁇ , interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, carboxyamidotoazole, combretastatm A-4, squalarmne, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)- fumagillol, thahdomide, angiostatm, tropon ⁇ n-1, and an antibody to VEGF.
• Preferred estrogen receptor modulators are tamoxifen and raloxifene.
• a method of treating cancer which composes admmisteong a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with radiation therapy and/or in combination with a compound selected from:
• Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating cancer which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with paclitaxel or trastuzumab.
• Also within the scope of the invention is a method of reducing or preventing tissue damage following a cerebral ischemic event which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing cancer which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with a COX-2 inhibitor.
• Tyrosine kinase-dependent diseases or conditions refers to pathologic conditions that depend on the activity of one or more tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases either directly or indirectly participate in the signal transduction pathways of a variety of cellular activities including proliferation, adhesion and migration, and differentiation.
• Diseases associated with tyrosine kinase activities include the proliferation of tumor cells, the pathologic neovascularization that supports solid tumor growth, ocular neovasculaozation (diabetic retinopathy, age- related macular degeneration, and the like) and inflammation (psooasis, rheumatoid arthotis, and the like).
• the compounds of the present invention may have asymmetoc centers, chiral axes, and chiral planes (as descobed in: E.L. Eliel and S.H Wilen, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994, pages 1119- 1190), and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, with all possible isomers and mixtures thereof, including optical isomers, being included in the present invention
• the compounds disclosed herein may exist as tautomers and both tautomeoc foons are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the invention, even though only one tautomeoc structure is depicted.
• any claim to compound A below is understood to include tautomeoc structure B, and vice versa, as well as mixtures thereof.
• the pyrollo-pyodines of the instant invention can exist as tautomers when at least one R IS hydroxyl alpha to the nitrogen of the fused pyodine ong. It is understood that any reference to one tautomeoc structure in this application, whether in the specification or in the claims, encompasses both tautomeoc structures and mixtures thereof.
• vaoable e g. aryl, heterocycle, Rl, R2, etc.
• its definition on each occurrence is independent at every other occurrence.
• combinations of substituents and vaoables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
• Lines drawn into the ong systems from substituents (such as from Rl, R2, R3, R4 etc ) mdicate that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ong carbon atoms. If the ong system is polycychc, it is intended that the bond be attached to any of the suitable carbon atoms on the proximal ong only For example,
• substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting mate ⁇ als.
• alkyl is intended to include both branched, straight- chain, and cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms
• Ci-Cio as in “Ci-Cio alkyl” is defined to include groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbons in a linear, branched, or cyclic arrangement.
• Ci-Cio alkyl specifically includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and so on, as well as cycloalkyls such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydro- naphthalene, methylenecylohexyl, and so on "Alkoxy” represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bodge.
• alkenyl refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, straight, branched or cyclic, containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon double bond. Preferably one carbon to carbon double bond is present, and up to four non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds may be present.
• C2-C6 alkenyl means an alkenyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl and cyclohexenyl. As descobed above with respect to alkyl, the straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkenyl group may contain double bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkenyl group is indicated.
• alkynyl refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight, branched or cyclic, containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon tople bond. Up to 3 carbon-carbon tople bonds may be present.
• C2-C6 alkynyl means an alkynyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl. As descobed above with respect to alkyl, the straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkynyl group may contain tople bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkynyl group is indicated.
• aryl is intended to mean any stable monocychc or bicyclic carbon ong of up to 7 atoms in each ong, wherein at least one ong is aromatic Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydro- naphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl. In cases where the aryl substituent is bicyclic and one ong is non-aromatic, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ong.
• the teon heteroaryl represents a stable monocychc or bicyclic ong of up to 7 atoms in each ong, wherein at least one ong is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
• Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include but are not limited to- acodinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolmyl, qumoxalinyl, pyrrazolyl, mdolyl, benzotoazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, quinohnyl, isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, pyodazinyl, py ⁇ dinyl, pyomidinyl, pyrrol yl, tetrahydroquinoline.
• the heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ong is non-aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ong or via the heteroatom containing ong, respectively.
• halo or “halogen” as used herein is intended to include chloro, fluoro, bromo and lodo.
• heterocycle or “heterocyclyl” as used herein is intended to mean a 5- to 10-membered aromatic or nonaromatic heterocycle containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and includes bicyclic groups. "Heterocyclyl” therefore includes the above mentioned heteroaryls, as well as dihydro and tetrathydro analogs thereof.
• heterocyclyl include, but are not limited to the following: benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotoazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolmyl, cinnolmyl, furanyl, lmidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyodmyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazohne, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyodazinyl, pyodopyodinyl, pyod
• dihydrooxazolyl dihydropyraz yl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyodinyl, dihydropyomid yl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolmyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotoazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl, and N-oxides thereof
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention as formed, e g , from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids
• such conventional non-toxic salts include those deoved from inorganic acids such as hydrochlooc, hydrobromic, sulfuoc, sulfamic, phosphooc, nitoc and the like and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propiomc, succimc, glycohc, steaoc, lactic, malic, tartaoc, citoc, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfani c, 2-acetoxy-benzo ⁇ c, fumaoc, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, lsethiomc,
• R7 a nd R8 are defined such that they can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered hetero- cycle containing, in addition to the nitrogen, one or two additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, said heterocycle optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from R6
• Examples of the 5-7 membered ong systems that can thus be fooned include, but are not limited to the following
• R4 IS OH, OC1-C6 alkyl, C1 -C6 alkyl.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention can be synthesized from the compounds of this invention which contain a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
• the salts of the basic compounds are prepared either by ion exchange chromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometoc amounts or with an excess of the desired salt- forming inorganic or organic acid in a suitable solvent or vaoous combinations of solvents
• the salts of the acidic compounds are formed by reactions with the appropoate inorganic or organic base.
• the compounds of this invention may be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature or exemplified in the expeomental procedures. These schemes, therefore, are not limited by the compounds listed nor by any particular substituents employed for illustrative purposes. Substituent numbeong as shown in the schemes do not necessaoly coo-elate to that used m the claims Synopsis of Schemes
• the qumolme reagent 1-2 can be synthesized by the general procedures taught in Marsais, F; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. J. Hetero- cyclic Chem 1989, 26, 1589-1594). Deovatives with varying substitution can be made by modifying this procedure and use of standard synthetic protocols known in the art Intermediate 1-2 is then coupled with the appropoate N-protected pyrollo- compound, structure 1-4, to produce a chloonated intermediate of structure 1-5. Heating of 1-5 in aqueous acetic acid produces the desired de-chlo ⁇ nated product, 1-6
• Scheme 2 shows an example using this route to arove at a [3,2]-pyodno-pyrole, 2-3.
• the ⁇ -alkyloxy pyod o-pyroles 3-1 can be converted to the corresponding pyomidinone analogs 3-2 by heating with aqueous HBr
• the pyomidinone analogs can be synthesized via the N-oxide mteonediates 4-2 as shown in Scheme 4.
• step 2 Intermediate 1-2,
• the instant compounds are useful as pharmaceutical agents for mammals, especially for humans, in the treatment of tyrosine kinase dependent diseases.
• diseases include the proliferation of tumor cells, the pathologic neovasculaozation (or angiogenesis) that supports solid tumor growth, ocular neovasculaozation (diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and the like) and inflammation (psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and the like).
• the compounds of the instant invention may be administered to patients for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the instant compounds inhibit tumor angiogenesis, thereby affecting the growth of tumors (J. Rak et al. Cancer Research, 55:4575-4580, 1995).
• the anti-angiogenesis properties of the instant compounds are also useful in the treatment of certain forms of blindness related to retinal vasculaozation.
• the disclosed compounds are also useful in the treatment of certain bone-related pathologies, such as osteosarcoma, osteoarthritis, and rickets, also known as oncogenic osteomalacia. (Hasegawa et al., Skeletal Radiol., 28, pp.41-45, 1999; Gerber et al., Nature Medicine, Vol. 5, No.
• VEGF directly promotes osteoclastic bone resorption through KDR/Flk-1 expressed in mature osteoclasts (FEBS Let. 473:161-164 (2000); Endocrinology, 141:1667 (2000)), the instant compounds are also useful to treat and prevent conditions related to bone resorption, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease.
• the claimed compounds can also be used to reduce or prevent tissue damage which occurs after cerebral ischemic events, such as stroke, by reducing cerebral edema, tissue damage, and reperfusion injury following ischemia. (Drug News Perspect 11:265-270 (1998); J. Clin. Invest. 104:1613-1620 (1999)).
• the compounds of this invention may be administered to mammals, preferably humans, either alone or, preferably, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, optionally with known adjuvants, such as alum, in a pharmaceutical composition, according to standard pharmaceutical practice.
• the compounds can be administered orally or parenterally, including the intravenous, intramuscular, mtrapeotoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration.
• the selected compound may be administered, for example, in the form of tablets or capsules, or as an aqueous solution or suspension.
• earners which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch, and lubocating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are commonly added.
• useful diluents include lactose and doed corn starch.
• aqueous suspensions When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoong agents may be added
• steole solutions of the active ingredient are usually prepared, and the pH of the solutions should be suitably adjusted and buffered.
• the total concentration of solutes should be controlled in order to render the preparation lsotonic.
• the compounds of the instant invention may also be co-admmistered with other well known therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated.
• combinations that would be useful include those with antiresorptive bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and osedronate; mtegon blockers (defined further below), such as ⁇ v ⁇ 3 antagonists; conjugated estrogens used in hormone replacement therapy, such as PREMPRO®, PREMARLN® and ENDOMETRION®; selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene, droloxifene, CP-336,156 (Pfizer) and lasofoxifene, cathespin K inhibitors; and ATP proton pump inhibitors.
• SERMs selective estrogen receptor modulators
• the instant compounds are also useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents.
• known anti-cancer agents include the following: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retmoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protem transferase inhibitors, HMG- CoA reductase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, reverse transcoptase inhibitors, and other angiogenesis inhibitors.
• the instant compounds are particularly useful when coadminsitered with radiation therapy. The synergistic effects of inhibiting VEGF in combination with radiation therapy have been described m the art. (see WO 00/61186)
• Estrogen receptor modulators refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardless of mechanism.
• Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081 , toremifene, fulvestrant, 4-[7-(2,2-d ⁇ methyl-l- oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(l-p ⁇ peod ⁇ nyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2H-l-benzopyran-3-yl]- phenyl-2,2-d ⁇ methylpropanoate, 4,4'-d ⁇ hydroxybenzophenone-2,4-d ⁇ n ⁇ trophenyl- hydrazone, and SH646.
• Androgen receptor modulators refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless of mechanism.
• Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasteride and other 5 ⁇ -reductase inhibitors, mlutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, harozole, and abiraterone acetate.
• Ret oid receptor modulators refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of retmoids to the receptor, regardless of mechanism.
• retinoid receptor modulators include bexarotene, tretinom, 13-c ⁇ s-ret ⁇ no ⁇ c acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, -difluoromethylornithme, 1LX23-7553, trans-N-(4'- hydroxyphenyl) retmamide, and N-4-carboxyphenyl retinamide.
• Cytotoxic agents refer to compounds which cause cell death pomaoly by interfeong directly with the cell's functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell myosis, including alkylatmg agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, microtubulm inhibitors, and topoisomerase inhibitors.
• cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, tirapazimme, sertenef, cachectin, lfosfamide, tasonermin, lomdamine, carboplatm, altretamme, prednimustme, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustme, nedaplatm, oxaliplatm, temozolomide, heptaplatm, estramustme, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfamide, nimustme, dibrospidium chloode, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatm, profiromycm, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifosfamide, c ⁇ s-am ⁇ ned ⁇ chloro(2-methyl- pyodme) platinum, benzylguanme, glufosfamide, GPX
• microtubuhn inhibitors include pachtaxel, vindes e sulfate, 3',4'-d ⁇ dehydro-4'-deoxy-8'-norvmcaleukoblast ⁇ ne, docetaxol, rhizoxin, dolastatm, mivobuhn lsethionate, auostatm, cemadotin, RPR109881, BMS 184476, vmflunme, cryptophycm, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl) benzene sulfonamide, anhydrovinblastme, N,N-d ⁇ methyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl- L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-prolme-t-butylamide, TDX258, and BMS188797.
• topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, mnotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxyprop ⁇ onyl-3',4'-O-exo-benzyhdene- chartreusin, 9-methoxy-N,N-d ⁇ methyl-5-n ⁇ tropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acod ⁇ ne-2- (6H)propanam ⁇ ne, l-am ⁇ no-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-d ⁇ hydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl- lH,12H-benzo[de]pyrano[3',4':b,7] ⁇ ndol ⁇ z ⁇ no[l,2b]qumohne-10,13(9H,15H) dione, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N- ⁇ sopropylam ⁇ no)ethyl]-(20S)camptothec ⁇ n, BNP1350, BNPI1100
• Antiproliferative agents includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and LNX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofuon, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine, 2'-fluoromethylene-2'- deoxycytidine, N-[5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl
• Antiproliferative agents also includes monoclonal antibodies to growth factors, other than those listed under “angiogenesis inhibitors”, such as trastuzumab, and tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, which can be delivered via recombinant virus-mediated gene transfer (see U.S. Patent No. 6,069,134, for example).
• angiogenesis inhibitors such as trastuzumab
• tumor suppressor genes such as p53
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors refers to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and “inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase” have the same meaning when used herein.
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include but are not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see US Patent No. 4,231,938;
• HMG- CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to foon the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention.
• An illustration of the lactone portion and its corresponding open-acid form is shown below as structures I and ⁇ .
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors where an open-acid form can exist
• salt and ester forms may preferably be formed from the open-acid, and all such forms are included within the meaning of the term "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor" as used herein.
• the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from lovastatin and simvastatm, and most preferably simvastatin
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts shall mean non- toxic salts of the compounds employed in this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free acid with a suitable organic or inorganic base, particularly those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc and tetramethylammonium, as well as those salts formed from amines such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamme, lysine, arginine, ornithme, chohne, N,N'-d ⁇ benzylethylened ⁇ am ⁇ ne, chloroprocame, diethanolamme, procame, N-benzylphenethylamine, l-p-chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrol ⁇ d ⁇ ne-l'-
• salt forms of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may include, but are not limited to, acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloode, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloode, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsamlate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamme, hydrobromide, hydrochloode, hydroxynapthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, oleate, o
• Ester deovatives of the descobed HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor compounds may act as prodrugs which, when absorbed into the bloodstream of a warm-blooded animal, may cleave in such a manner as to release the drug form and permit the drug to afford improved therapeutic efficacy.
• Prenyl-protem transferase inhibitor refers to a compound which inhibits any one or any combination of the prenyl-protem transferase enzymes, including farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), geranylgeranyl-protem transferase type I (GGPTase-1), and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type-IJ (GGPTase-U, also called Rab GGPTase).
• FPTase farnesyl-protein transferase
• GGPTase-1 geranylgeranyl-protem transferase type I
• GGPTase-U also called Rab GGPTase
• prenyl-protein transferase inhibiting compounds examples include (+)-6-[am ⁇ no(4-chlorophenyl)(l-methyl-lH- ⁇ m ⁇ dazol-5- yl)methyl]-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-methyl-2(lH)-qu ⁇ nolmone, (-)-6-[ammo(4- chlorophenyl)(l-methyl-l ⁇ - ⁇ m ⁇ dazol-5-yl)methyl]-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-methyl- 2( lH)-qu ⁇ nohnone, (+)-6- [am ⁇ no(4-chlorophenyl)( 1 -methyl- 1 ⁇ - ⁇ m ⁇ dazol-5- yl)methyl]-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-methyl-2(lH)-qumol ⁇ none, 5(S)-n-butyl-l-(2,3- d ⁇ methylphenyl)-4-[
• prenyl-protem transferase inhibitors can be found in the following publications and patents: WO 96/30343, WO 97/18813, WO 97/21701, WO 97/23478, WO 97/38665, WO 98/28980, WO 98/29119, WO 95/32987, U. S. Patent No. 5,420,245, U. S. Patent No. 5,523,430, U. S. Patent No. 5,532,359, U. S. Patent No. 5,510,510, U. S. Patent No. 5,589,485, U. S. Patent No. 5,602,098, European Patent Publ. 0 618 221, European Patent Publ. 0 675 112, European Patent Publ.
• HIV protease inhibitors examples include amprenavir, abacavir, CGP-73547, CGP-61755, DMP-450, indinavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, ABT-378, AG 1776, and BMS-232,632.
• reverse transcriptase inhibitors include delaviridine, efavirenz, GS-840, HB Y097, lamivudine, nevirapine, AZT, 3TC, ddC, and ddl.
• Angiogenesis inhibitors refers to compounds that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, regardless of mechanism.
• angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR20), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet deoved growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon- ⁇ , interleukin- 12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti- inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib (PNAS, Vol.
• NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti- inflammatories
• NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti
• the combinations with NSAID's are directed to the use of NSAID's which are potent COX-2 inhibiting agents.
• an NSAID is potent if it possess an IC50 for the inhibition of COX-2 of l ⁇ M or less as measured by the cell or microsomal assay disclosed herein.
• the invention also encompasses combinations with NSAID's which are selective COX-2 inhibitors.
• NSAID's which are selective inhibitors of COX-2 are defined as those which possess a specificity for inhibiting COX-2 over COX-1 of at least 100 fold as measured by the ratio of IC50 for COX-2 over IC50 for COX-1 evaluated by the cell or micromsal assay disclosed hereinunder.
• Such compounds include, but are not limited to those disclosed in
• Inhibitors of COX-2 that are particularly useful in the instant method of treatment are:
• angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, endostation, ukram, ranpirnase, LM862, 5-methoxy-4-[2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2- butenyl)ox ⁇ ranyl]-l-oxasp ⁇ ro[2,5]oct-6-yl(chloroacetyl)carbamate, acetyldinanahne, 5-ammo-l-[[3,5-d ⁇ chloro-4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]methyl]-lH-l,2,3-toazole-4- carboxam ⁇ de,CM101, squalarmne, combretastatm, RPI4610, NX31838, sulfated mannopentaose phosphate, 7,7-(carbonyl-b ⁇ s[ ⁇ mmo-N-methyl-4,2-pyrrolocarbonyl- ⁇ m ⁇ no[N-methyl-4,2-pyrrole
• integon blockers refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological hgand to the ⁇ 3 integon, to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological gand to the ⁇ v ⁇ 5 integon, to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological hgand to both the ct ⁇ 3 mtegon and the ⁇ v ⁇ 5 integon, and to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothehal cells.
• the term also refers to antagonists of the ⁇ v ⁇ 6, oc v ⁇ 8, o i ⁇ j, o ⁇ l, ⁇ s ⁇ l, ⁇ l and 0C ⁇ 4 integrins.
• the teon also refers to antagonists of any combination of ⁇ v ⁇ 3, cc v ⁇ 5, ⁇ v ⁇ 6, ⁇ v ⁇ 8, cq ⁇ i, ⁇ 2 ⁇ l, ⁇ 5 ⁇ l> «6 ⁇ l and ⁇ ⁇ 4 integrins.
• Some specific examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include N-
• the instant compounds are also useful, alone or in combination with platelet fibrinogen receptor (GP ⁇ b/IIIa) antagonists, such as tirofiban, to inhibit metastasis of cancerous cells.
• Tumor cells can activate platelets largely via thrombin generation. This activation is associated with the release of VEGF.
• the release of VEGF enhances metastasis by increasing extravasation at points of adhesion to vascular endothelium (Amirkhosravi, Platelets 10, 285-292, 1999). Therefore, the present compounds can serve to inhibit metastasis, alone or in combination with GP ⁇ b/Tfla) antagonists.
• fibrinogen receptor antagonists examples include abciximab, eptifibatide, sibrafiban, lamifiban, lotrafiban, cromofiban, and CT50352. If formulated as a fixed dose, such combination products employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range descobed below and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) within its approved dosage range. Compounds of the instant invention may alternatively be used sequentially with known pharmaceutically acceptable agent(s) when a combination formulation is inappropriate.
• administration and variants thereof (e.g., "administering" a compound) in reference to a compound of the invention means introducing the compound or a prodrug of the compound into the system of the animal in need of treatment.
• a compound of the invention or prodrug thereof is provided in combination with one or more other active agents (e.g., a cytotoxic agent, etc.)
• active agents e.g., a cytotoxic agent, etc.
• administration and its variants are each understood to include concurrent and sequential introduction of the compound or prodrug thereof and other agents.
• composition is intended to encompass a product composing the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
• treating cancer refers to administration to a mammal afflicted with a cancerous condition and refers to an effect that alleviates the cancerous condition by killing the cancerous cells, but also to an effect that results in the inhibition of growth and or metastasis of the cancer.
• the present invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition useful in the treatment of cancer, composing the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of this invention, with or without pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
• Suitable compositions of this invention include aqueous solutions comprising compounds of this invention and pharmacologically acceptable carriers, e.g., saline, at a pH level, e.g., 7.4. The solutions may be introduced into a patient's bloodstream by local bolus injection.
• a suitable amount of compound is administered to a mammal undergoing treatment for cancer Administration occurs in an amount between about 0.1 mg/kg of body weight to about 60 mg/kg of body weight per day, preferably of between 0.5 mg/kg of body weight to about 40 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• VEGF receptor kinase activity is measured by incorporation of radio-labeled phosphate into polyglutamic acid, tyrosine, 4:1 (pEY) substrate.
• the phosphorylated pEY product is trapped onto a filter membrane and the incorporation of radio-labeled phosphate quantified by scintillation counting.
• the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains of human KDR (Terman, B.I. et al. Oncogene (1991) vol. 6, pp. 1677-1683 ) and Flt-1 (Shibuya, M. et al. Oncogene (1990) vol. 5, pp. 519-524) were cloned as glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene fusion proteins. This was accomplished by cloning the cytoplasmic domain of the KDR kinase as an in frame fusion at the carboxy terminus of the GST gene.
• GST glutathione S-transferase
• Soluble recombinant GST-kinase domain fusion proteins were expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cells (Invitrogen) using a baculovirus expression vector (pAcG2T, Pharmingen)
• Millipore #MAFC NOB GF/C glass fiber 96 well plate.
• Sf21 cells were infected with recombinant virus at a multiplicity of infection of 5 virus particles/ cell and grown at 27°C for 48 hours.
• Method B VEGF Receptor Kinase Assay 1. Add 5 ⁇ l of inhibitor or control to the assay in 50% DMSO. 2. Add 35 ⁇ l of reaction mix containing 5 ⁇ l of 10 X reaction buffer,
• VEGF receptors that mediate mitogenic responses to the growth factor is largely restricted to vascular endothehal cells.
• Human umbilical vein endothehal cells (HUVECs) in culture proliferate in response to VEGF treatment and can be used as an assay system to quantify the effects of KDR kinase inhibitors on VEGF stimulation.
• quiescent HUVEC monolayers are treated with vehicle or test compound 2 hours prior to addition of VEGF or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).
• the mitogenic response to VEGF or bFGF is determined by measuring the incorporation of Hjthymidine into cellular DNA.
• HUVECs frozen as primary culture isolates are obtained from Clonetics Corp. Cells are maintained in Endothehal Growth Medium (EGM; Clonetics) and are used for mitogenic assays at passages 3-7.
• EGM Endothehal Growth Medium
• NUNCLON 96-well polystyrene tissue culture plates (NUNC #167008).
• Assay Medium Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium containing 1 g/mL glucose (low-glucose DMEM; Mediatech) plus 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Clonetics).
• Test Compounds Working stocks of test compounds are diluted seoally in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to 400-fold greater than their desired final concentrations. Final dilutions to IX concentration are made directly into Assay Medium immediately poor to addition to cells.
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• IPX HlThvmidine [Methyl-3H]Thym ⁇ d ⁇ ne (20 Ci/mmol; Dupont-NEN) is diluted to 80 uCi/mL in low-glucose DMEM.
• HUVEC monolayers maintained in EGM are harvested by trypsinization and plated at a density of 4000 cells per 100 ⁇ L Assay Medium per well in 96-well plates. Cells are growth-arrested for 24 hours at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
• Growth-arrest medium is replaced by 100 ⁇ L Assay Medium containing either vehicle (0.25% [v/v] DMSO) or the desired final concentration of test compound. All determinations are performed in triplicate. Cells are then incubated at 37°C/5% CO2 for 2 hours to allow test compounds to enter cells.
• cells are stimulated by addition of 10 ⁇ L/well of either Assay Medium, 10X VEGF solution or 10X bFGF solution. Cells are then incubated at 37°C/5% CO2-
• the compounds of formula I are inhibitors of VEGF and thus are useful for the inhibition of angiogenesis, such as in the treatment of ocular disease, e.g., diabetic retinopathy and in the treatment of cancers, e.g., solid tumors.
• the instant compounds inhibit VEGF-stimulated mitogenesis of human vascular endothehal cells in culture with IC50 values between 0.01 - 5.0 ⁇ M.
• These compounds also show selectivity over related tyrosine kinases 5 (e.g., FGFRl and the Src family; for relationship between Src kinases and VEGFR kinases, see Ehceio et al., Molecular Cell, Vol. 4, pp.915-924, December 1999).
• Step 1 Synthesis of 2-chloro-3-iodo-quinohne (Intermediate A) 5
• 3-(2-chloro)-quinolineboronic acid (5.P5 g, 24.3 mmol, 1 equiv, prepared by the method of Marsais, F; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1989, 26, 1589-1594) and N-iodosuccinimide (5.48 g, 24.4 mmol, l.PP equiv) in acetonitrile (300 mL) was stirred at 23°C in the dark for 20 hours.
• Step 1 A solution of tert-butylhthium in pentane (1.7 M, 3.95 mL, 6.72 mmol, 1.20 equiv) was added to a solution of intermediate B (1.39 g, 5.60 mmol, 1 equiv) in THF (70 mL) at -78°C. The orange solution was stirred for 15 mm, then a solution of t ⁇ methyltin chloode (2.23 g, 11.2 mmol, 2 00 equiv) in THF (4.0 mL) was added.
• reaction mixture was warmed to 23°C, then partitioned between aqueous pH 7 phosphate buffer and a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane (100 mL). The organic layer was doed over sodium sulfate and concentrated.
• Step 2 A deoxygenated solution of this residue, intermediate A (0.800 g, 2 76 mmol, 0.500 equiv), tetrak ⁇ s(tophenylphosph ⁇ ne)pallad ⁇ um (0.160 g, 0.140 mmol, 0.025 equiv), and cuprous iodide (0.053 g, 0.28 mmol, 0.05 equiv) in dioxane (40 mL) was heated at 90°C for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, then partitioned between bone (150 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic layer was doed over sodium sulfate, then concentrated.
• Step 4 Synthesis of 3-(5-methoxy-lH-pyrrolor3.2-blpyod ⁇ n-2-yl)-lH-qu ⁇ nohn-2-one
• a solution of intermediate C (900 mg, 2.20 mmol) was heated in a 1: 1 mixture of acetic acid and water (50 mL) at reflux for 16 h.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was partitioned between aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (150 mL) and hot ethyl acetate (3 x 200 mL).
• the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.
• the residue was suspended in ethyl ether (200 mL), filtered, then air-dried to give the titled compound as a yellow solid.
• Examples 2-4 were synthesized in analogous fashion to Example 1 starting from the corresponding azaindoles prepared by the method of Hands, D.; Bishop, B.; Cameron, M.; Edwards, J. S.; Cottrell, I. F.; Wright, S. H. B Synthesis 1996, 887-882.
• Step 2 Synthesis of 3-(5-methoxy-lH-pyrrolor2.3-clpyridin-2-yl)-lH-quinolin-2-one Step 1.
• a solution of tert-butylhthium m pentane (1.7 M, 0 45 mL, 0.77 mmol, 1.20 equiv) was added to a solution of intermediate D (160 mg, 0.644 mmol, 1 equiv) in THF (15 mL) at -78°C.
• the boght-yellow solution was stioed for 10 min, then tomethylborate (0 144 mL, 1.29 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added.
• reaction mixture was warmed to 0°C, then partitioned between aqueous half-saturated ammonium chloode solution and ethyl acetate (2 x 75 mL) The organic layer was doed over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a white solid (160 mg).
• Step 2 A deoxygenated solution of this solid, intermediate A (150 mg, 0.51 mmol, 1.0 equiv), tetrak ⁇ s(tophenylphosph ⁇ ne)pallad ⁇ um (30 mg, 0.026 mmol, 0.05 equiv), and potassium phosphate (327 mg, 1.54 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in dioxane (15 mL) was heated at reflux for 20 hours The reaction mixture was cooled, then partitioned between water (75 mL) and ethyl acetate (2 x 75 mL). The organic layer was doed over sodium sulfate, then concentrated. The residue was passed through a column of flash-grade silica gel (40% EtOAc in hexanes initially, grading tol00% EtOAc). The fractions containing pomaoly the desired coupled product were concentrated.
• Step 3 A solution of this residue in a 1: 1 mixture of acetic acid and water was heated at reflux for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was puofied by reverse-phase column chromatography (5% acetonitole in water initially, grading to 100% acetonitole). The desired fractions were concentrated, and the residue was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was doed over sodium sulfate and concentrated to afford the titled compound as a yellow solid.
• the titled compound can be made by the reaction of the cooesponding methyl ether with ⁇ Br according to the procedure in Example 6.
• the titled compound can be made via oxidation of the product from

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