WO2001043504A1 - Procede de fabrication d'un dispositif chauffant de film electrothermique - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'un dispositif chauffant de film electrothermique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001043504A1 WO2001043504A1 PCT/CN2000/000398 CN0000398W WO0143504A1 WO 2001043504 A1 WO2001043504 A1 WO 2001043504A1 CN 0000398 W CN0000398 W CN 0000398W WO 0143504 A1 WO0143504 A1 WO 0143504A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electric heating
- heating film
- base material
- protective layer
- film
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony trioxide Chemical compound O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 cyanoamino Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000779819 Syncarpia glomulifera Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001739 pinus spp. Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940036248 turpentine Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001730 Moisture cure polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing electric heating parts for daily electric heating, heating and heat-retaining daily necessities, in particular to a method for producing electrothermal film heating elements on flexible materials for daily necessities.
- the ordinary daily necessities for electric heating and thermal insulation used by people generally use metal electric heating wire as a heating element, and metal heating wire as an electric heating element has low thermal efficiency, large energy consumption, easy oxidation, poor insulation performance, and long service life.
- the application range of this metal heating wire heating body is also limited to a certain extent. Therefore, people invented the electric heating film heating body, and then applied research to form a batch of new daily life electrical appliances.
- the products of these electric heating films are mostly metal hard materials, and they are fixed and welded. All are relatively convenient, with high thermal efficiency, low energy consumption, not easy oxidation, and good insulation safety.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a flexible electric heating film heating element.
- the manufactured heating film heating element is fixed on a soft base material, can be bent, can be stretched within a certain range, and the electrode lead can be firmly fixed. It is fixed with the electric heating film layer, with long service life and good insulation safety.
- a method for manufacturing a flexible electric heating film heating element is as follows:
- ⁇ firstly apply a silver paste with a content of more than 50% on any surface of the polymer flexible matrix material polyurethane, fluororubber, EPDM leather in various patterns and shapes, after 100 to 130 ° C, Bake for 5 to 25 minutes, or dry naturally to form a silver paste conductive electrode. At this time, the silver paste content is above 96%, and a lead wire can be soldered on the electrode as a lead-out wire.
- colloidal graphite powder 85 47%, water-soluble alkyd resin cyanoamino paint 8. 55%, three oxygen Antimony powder 5.13%, and any one or several metal compounds of lead oxide, manganese dioxide, and ferric oxide 0.85%.
- Graphite slurry formulated into a homogeneous slurry is coated in the desired pattern shape.
- An electric heating film is formed on the surface of the base material and on the metal electrode.
- an insulating protective layer may be fixed on the surface of the base material having the electric heating film by casting or pressing.
- composition of the silver paste described above is silver powder and turpentine.
- the thickness of the electrothermal film according to the present invention is 10 to 300 microns.
- the above method for fixing the insulating protective layer on the surface of the base material of the electrothermal film according to the present invention can use a polymer prepolymer and a curing agent to be cast and covered on the surface of the base material with the electrothermal film to cure or cure at room temperature to form a strong bond
- the insulating sealing protective layer, or the polymer sheet insulating protective layer that is prefabricated according to the shape and size, is coated with a rubber adhesive and pressed against the surface of the base material of the electric heating film to form a strong bonded insulating protective layer.
- the invention has the advantages that the heating element of the electric heating film is fixed on the flexible base material, can be bent, can be stretched within a certain range, the wire can be firmly fixed on the heating film layer, and has a long service life and good insulation safety.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of shapes of a silver paste conductive electrode and an electrothermal film coated by the method of the present invention.
- a 2 mm thick polyurethane matrix material that has been processed into the desired shape and size is selected, wiped clean with ethanol, and dried naturally.
- the electrode lead wire can be welded at any point on the electrode.
- colloidal graphite powder Use 100 parts by weight of colloidal graphite powder, 10 parts of water-soluble alkyd resin cyanoamino paint, 6 parts of antimony trioxide powder, and 1 part of lead oxide.
- the colloidal graphite paste is brush-coated on the surface of the base material with the electrode in the shape shown in FIG. 1. The two ends of the brush-coating layer are connected to the electrode part. Dry naturally.
- the polyurethane prepolymer is mixed with the conventionally used curing agent and cast on a base material with an electric heating film and The upper surface of the electrode covers the electrode and the electrothermal film. Its thickness can be 0.1 to 3 mm. It can be vulcanized on a vulcanizing machine at 120 ° C ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the pressure is 1-3 MP / c and the time is 10 To 20 minutes, an insulating protective layer is formed, that is, the preparation of the flexible electric heating film heating body is completed.
- the power of the flexible electric heating film heating body can be from 0.1 to 1 5W / C m 2 , the voltage is from 3 to 24V, and A relay controller is also installed to control the temperature.
- the flexible base material is ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
- the electrode coating method is 80-mesh screen printing, which can control the thickness of the coating to be uniform and dry naturally.
- the metal In addition to lead oxide, the compound can also be added together with an appropriate amount of ferric oxide. After covering the insulating protective layer, it is best to cure at room temperature.
- the base material is selected as leather
- the insulating and protective layer is made of a leather sheet that has been prefabricated according to the shape and size and pressed against the base material with an adhesive to complete the preparation of the flexible electric film heating element.
- the shape and size of the silver paste conductive electrode of the present invention are made of various types of products and processed by brushing when needed.
- the area and shape covered by the brush coating of colloidal graphite paste are also designed according to the needs of different types of products.
- the comprehensive design of the thickness and area of the brush is set according to different parameters such as temperature and voltage required by various products.
Landscapes
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Description
说 明 书
一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法 本发明所属技术领域
本发明涉及日常电热取暖保温生活用品的电热部件的制造方法， 特别 是在柔性材料的生活用品上的电热膜发热体的制造方法。
在本发明之前的现有技术
目前， 人们所使用的电热取暖保温的円常生活用品通常是以金属电热 丝为发热体， 而金属发热丝作为电发热体除了其热效率低、 耗能大， 易于 氧化、 绝缘性能差、 使用寿命短外， 按现有科学及工业技术来说， 这种金 属电热丝发热体的应用范围还受到一定的限制。 所以人们又发明了电热膜 发热体， 随即应用研究使其形成了一批新的円常生活电器用品上市， 这些 电热膜的产品其基体材料多是金属硬体材料， 其固着加工及焊接引出线均 较方便，其热效率高、 耗能少、 不易氧化、 绝缘安全性好。 但随着人们需 要的提高， 极需有一批柔软基材上的电热膜的产品问世， 但 于电热膜的 不可屈折的脆性， 以及固着方法， 特别是导线与发热电热膜会受使用温度 及覆盖塑料松驰变形导致固定接触不良， 会影响円后使用中不能保证电热 膜的正常工作， 且还影响到使用寿命。
本发明的目的
本发明的目的是提供一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法， 其制成的电 热膜发热体固着在柔软基体材料上， 可弯折， 可在一定范围内拉长， 可以 将电极导线牢固的与电热膜层相固定， 使用寿命长、 绝缘安全性好。
本发明的技术方案
本发明的技术解决方案是这样的，
一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法， 其歩骤为：
Α、 先在高分子柔性基体材料聚氨酯、 氟橡胶、 三元乙丙橡胶皮革的 任一种表面上按所需各种图案形状涂上含量 50%以上的银浆，经 100至 130 °C， 5至 25分钟烘烤，或自然晾干， 形成银浆导电极， 此时银浆含量达 96 %以上， 可在电极上焊接导线作引出线。
B、 再将胶体石墨粉 85. 47% , 水溶性醇酸树脂氰氨基漆 8. 55%,三氧
化二锑粉 5. 13%,以及氧化铅、 二氧化锰、 三氧化二铁的任一种或几种的 金属化合物 0. 85% 配制成均匀浆体的石墨浆按所需图案形状块涂复在基 体材料表面及金属电极上制成电热膜。
C、 尔后在有电热膜的基体材料表面可通过浇注或压贴的方法固定上 绝缘保护层。
以上所述的银浆的组成是银粉及松节油。
本发明所述的电热膜的厚度为 10至 300微米。
以上本发明在电热膜的基体材料表面固定绝缘保护层的方法， 可采用 将高分子预聚体与固化剂混合浇注覆盖在有电热膜的基体材料表面上进行 硫化或室温固化， 而形成结合牢固的绝缘密封保护层， 或者是按形状、 尺 寸预制好的高分子片材绝缘保护层， 涂上橡胶胶粘剂后压贴在电热膜的基 体材料表面， 形成结合牢固的绝缘保护层。
本发明的优点是电热膜发热体固着在柔软基体材料上， 可弯折， 可在 一定范围内拉长， 可以将导线牢固的固定在电热膜层上， 使用寿命长， 绝 缘安全性好。
附图说明
下面对本发明的实施例进行描述：
图 1本发明的方法涂成的银浆导电极及电热膜形状示意图。
实施例
实施例一：
选用己加工成所需形状、尺寸的柔软性的 2毫米厚的聚氨酯基体材料， 用乙醇擦洗干净， 自然干燥。 用银粉 100， 松节油 80 (重量份数）调配成均 匀的银浆，用刷涂的方法在基体材料适当的部位刷银浆，如图 1 所示，放于 12CTC烘箱中恒温 15 分钟， 待其成膜干燥后便形成含金属银 96 %以上的 银浆导电极， 其厚度可为 50至 200微米。 在电极上可选任一点焊接电极 引出线， 用重量份数的胶体石墨粉 100份， 水溶性醇酸树脂氰氨基漆 10 份， 三氧化二锑粉 6 份， 氧化铅 1份配制搅匀成胶体石墨浆体， 将胶体 石墨浆体按图 1 的形状刷涂在有电极的基体材料表面， 刷涂覆盖层两端与 电极部分连接， 覆盖层可为 10至 300微米内任一需要厚度。 自然干燥。 将聚氨酯预聚体与传统使用的固化剂混合后浇注在有电热膜的基体材料及
电极上表面， 覆盖住电极及电热膜， 其厚度可为 0. 1至 3毫米的所需厚度， 在 120 °C ± 5 °C的硫化机上硫化， 压力为 1 - 3MP/c ， 时间为 10至 20分钟， 便形成绝缘保护层， 即完成了柔性电热膜发热体的制备，其柔性电热膜发 热体的功率可在 0. 1至 1 5W/Cm2,电压在 3〜24V，并可同时安装继电控制器 来控制温度。
实施例二：
同实施例一， 只是柔性的基体材料选用三元乙丙橡胶， 涂电极的方法 采用 80 目丝网印刷，可控制涂层厚度均匀一致， 自然干燥， 在电热膜材质 的胶体石墨浆中，金属化合物除氧化铅外，还可同时加入适量的三氧化二铁 一起使用。 覆盖了绝缘保护层后，最好在室温固化。
实施例三：
同实施例一，只是基体材料选择为皮革，以及绝缘保护层是选用已按形 状、 尺寸预制好的皮革片材通过胶粘剂压贴在基体材料上， 即完成了柔性 电膜发热体的制备。
本发明的银浆导电极的形状、 大小均 ώ各类不同的产品以及需用情况 刷涂加工而成，胶体石墨浆的刷涂覆盖的面积、 形状等也是根据不同类产 品的需要而设计， 而刷涂的厚度及面积的综合设计是根据各类产品所需不 同的温度、 电压等参数而设定的。
Claims
1、 一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法， 其步骤为：
A、 先在高分子柔性基体材料聚氨酯、 氟橡胶、 三元乙丙橡胶、 皮革 的任一种表面上按所需各种图案形状涂上含量 50%以上的银浆， 经 100至 130 Ό , 5至 25分钟烘烤，或自然晾干， 形成银浆导电极， 此时银浆含量 达 96 %以上， 可在电极上焊接导线作引出线；
B、 再将胶体石墨粉 85. 47%， 水溶性醇酸树脂氰氨基漆 8. 55%,三氧 化二锑粉 5. 13%,以及氧化铅、 二氧化猛、 三氧化二铁的任一种或几种的 金属化合物 0. 85% 配制成均匀浆体的石墨浆按所需图案形状块涂复在基 体材料表面及金属电极上制成电热膜；
c、 尔后在有电热膜的基体材料表面可通过浇注或压贴的方法固定上 绝缘保护层。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法， 其特 征是银浆的组成是银粉及松节油。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法， 其特 征是电热膜的厚度为 10至 300微米。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法， 其特 征是在电热膜的基体材料表面固定绝缘保护层的方法， 可采用将高分子预 聚体与固化剂混合浇注覆盖在有电热膜的基体材料表面上进行硫化或室温 固化， 而形成结合牢固的绝缘密封保护层， 或者是按形状、 尺寸预制好的 高分子片材绝缘保护层， 涂上橡胶胶粘剂后压贴在电热膜的基体材料表 面， 形成结合牢固的绝缘保护层。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU11270/01A AU1127001A (en) | 1999-12-10 | 2000-10-30 | A manufacture method of electrothermal film heater |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN99117279A CN1074234C (zh) | 1999-12-10 | 1999-12-10 | 一种柔性电热膜发热体的制造方法 |
| CN99117279.5 | 1999-12-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001043504A1 true WO2001043504A1 (fr) | 2001-06-14 |
Family
ID=5279915
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2000/000398 WO2001043504A1 (fr) | 1999-12-10 | 2000-10-30 | Procede de fabrication d'un dispositif chauffant de film electrothermique |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1074234C (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU1127001A (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2001043504A1 (zh) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101227769B (zh) * | 2007-01-19 | 2011-12-28 | 天津市华林伟业科技发展有限公司 | 软体电光转换面发射体的制造方法 |
| CN102932974B (zh) * | 2012-11-20 | 2014-10-15 | 叶么华 | 高分子电热膜制备方法 |
| CN106726133A (zh) * | 2017-03-06 | 2017-05-31 | 王敏 | 一种石墨烯频谱护眼罩及其制备方法 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4656339A (en) * | 1980-08-28 | 1987-04-07 | Flexwatt Corporation | Electrical resistance heater |
| CN1080109A (zh) * | 1992-06-12 | 1993-12-29 | 王涛 | 一种复合电热膜 |
| CN1106850A (zh) * | 1994-09-20 | 1995-08-16 | 华中理工大学 | 电发热涂料 |
-
1999
- 1999-12-10 CN CN99117279A patent/CN1074234C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-10-30 AU AU11270/01A patent/AU1127001A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-30 WO PCT/CN2000/000398 patent/WO2001043504A1/zh active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4656339A (en) * | 1980-08-28 | 1987-04-07 | Flexwatt Corporation | Electrical resistance heater |
| CN1080109A (zh) * | 1992-06-12 | 1993-12-29 | 王涛 | 一种复合电热膜 |
| CN1106850A (zh) * | 1994-09-20 | 1995-08-16 | 华中理工大学 | 电发热涂料 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113873699A (zh) * | 2021-10-11 | 2021-12-31 | 中暖新能源(青岛)有限公司 | 一种发热均匀的电热薄膜材料及其制作方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU1127001A (en) | 2001-06-18 |
| CN1258186A (zh) | 2000-06-28 |
| CN1074234C (zh) | 2001-10-31 |
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