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  • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/325—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/72—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from metals not provided for in group C08F4/44
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  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals
  • C07D295/073—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituents separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
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  • C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F5/02—Boron compounds
  • C07F5/027—Organoboranes and organoborohydrides
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  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/54—Quaternary phosphonium compounds
  • C07F9/5442—Aromatic phosphonium compounds (P-C aromatic linkage)
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  • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F10/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
  • C08F10/06—Propene
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F110/02—Ethene
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  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F110/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
  • C08F110/06—Propene
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
  • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
  • C08F4/65916—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
  • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
  • C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
  • C08F4/65922—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not
  • C08F4/65927—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not two cyclopentadienyl rings being mutually bridged

Definitions

• This invention relates to ionic catalyst systems, especially to polymerization processes using ionic catalyst systems; to precursors for ionic catalyst systems comprising Group- 15-containing cations and noncoordinating anions; and to methods of use of Group- 15-element-containing cations.
• noncoordinating anion is now accepted terminology in the field of olefin and vinyl monomer polymerization, both by coordination or insertion polymerization and carbocationic polymerization. See, for example, EP 0 277 004, U.S. patent 5,198,401 , Baird, Michael C, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 1 16, 6435-6436, U.S. patent 5,312,881, U.S. patent 5,668,234, and WO 98/03558.
• the noncoordinating anions are described to function as electronic stabilizing counterions for essentially cationic metallocene complexes that are active for polymerization.
• noncoordinating anion as used here applies both to truly noncoordinating anions and anions that at most, coordinate so weakly that they are labile enough to allow for olefinic or acetylenic monomer insertion.
• These noncoordinating anions can be effectively introduced into a polymerization medium, separate from the organometallic catalyst compound or premixed with the catalyst prior to adding it to the polymerization medium, as Bronsted acid salts containing charge-balancing countercations.
• Q notebook is a metal or metalloid atom connected to a variety of ligands, preferably where M is boron and two or more of Qtile are aromatic radicals, such as phenyl, napthyl and anthracenyl, each preferably fluorinated.
• L' is illustrated with various trialkyl-substituted ammonium complexes ard N,N-dialkylanilinium complexes.
• WO 97/35893 describes cocatalyst activator compounds represented by the formula [L*-H] + [BQ' ] " where L* includes nitrogen-containing neutral Lewis bases, B is +3 boron, and Q' is a fluorinated C ⁇ -20 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a fluorinated aryl group.
• the cocatalyst compounds are said to be rendered soluble in aliphatic solvents by incorporation of aliphatic groups, such as long chain alkyl or substituted-alkyl groups, into the Bronsted acid [L*-H] + .
• Bis(hydrogenated- tallow-alkyl)methylammonium and di(dicosyl)methyl-ammonium salts are exemplified.
• the catalyst activation reaction by the above nitrogen-containing cocatalyst compounds can result in neutral amine compounds, L, by loss of the hydronium atom, H + , in the activating protonation reaction.
• L neutral amine compounds
• These L compounds are Lewis bases that may interact with the strong Lewis acid, organometallic catalyst cations, and may in some cases adversely interfere with overall polymerization kinetics. See in particular, EP 0 426 637, where the use of carbenium, oxonium, and sulphonium cations are taught for replacement of Lewis base amines with the suggestion that catalyst poisons and undesirable residual amines can thus be avoided.
• Embodiments of this invention address a process for preparing polyolefins from one or more olefinic monomers in which the olefins are combined with the reaction product of i) an organometallic catalyst compound and ii) a cocatalyst complex comprising a fluoroaryl-ligand-substituted secondary amine or phosphine and a Group- 13-based noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion.
• the invention cocatalysts provide residual amine or phosphine compounds with reduced basicity relative to those of the prior art, as well as noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anions for organometallic catalyst complexes that exhibit surprisingly high polymerization activities.
• noncoordinating anion as used here applies both to truly noncoordinating anions and coordinating anions that are less coordinating than olefinic or acetylemc monomers
• These noncoordinating anions can be effectively added to a polymerization medium or premixed with an organometallic catalyst compound before adding it to the polymerization medium, as Bronsted acid salts containing the invention charge-balancing countercations
• the invention provides a process for olefin polymerization in which Group- 13 cocatalyst complexes and transition metal organometallic catalyst precursor compounds can be combined to form active olefin polymerization catalysts After activation or essentially concurrent with activation, the catalyst is exposed to suitable monomer that has accessible olefinic, vinylic or acetylemc unsaturation
• the Lewis base compounds, L, of the invention are typically based on fluorinated amine compounds meeting the general formula R',ArF-ER 2 where ArF is a fluoroaryl ligand, E is nitrogen or phosphorous, and each R is independently a C ⁇ -C o linear or branched hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl substituent Additionally, the two R's may connect to form a substituted or unsubstituted, halogenated or non-halogenated, C -C o cycloaliphatic, C 2 -C ⁇ o hyrodcarbyl or C 2 -C ⁇ , hydrocarbylsilyl R' is a C ⁇ -C () hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl Suitable fluoroaryl substituents on the nitrogen atom can be substituted or unsubstituted pheny
• Group-13 cocatalyst complexes are, in some embodiments, derived from an ionic salt comprising a 4-coordinate, Group-13 anionic complex, represented as:
• M is one or more Group-13 metal or metalloid, including boron or aluminum.
• Each Q is a ligand effective for providing electronic or steric effects rendering [(M')Q ⁇ Q 2 . . .Q,,] " suitable as a noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion (as that is understood in the art). If an anion is noncoordinating or weakly coordinating, it is referred to in this disclosure as substantially noncoordinating, which means that it coordinates so weakly that it is labile enough to allow for olefinic or acetylenic monomer insertion during a polymerization reaction.
• a sufficient number of Q can be chosen so that [(M')Q ⁇ Q 2 . . .Q impart] " as a whole is effective as an NCA.
• Exemplary Q substituents have from 4 to 20 carbon atoms in their fused or unfused ring systems, especially from 6 to 20. Q may be substituted. These substitutions specifically include fluorinated aryl groups, perfluorinated aryl groups, and may include substituents other than fluorine substituents, such as fluorinated hydrocarbyl groups.
• Preferred fluorinated aryl groups include C -C I S aryl or alkylaryl groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, napthyl and alkylated derivatives thereof.
• the cocatalyst complex comprising a fluoroaryl- gand-substituted secondary amine or phosphine and a Group- 13-based noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion can generally be prepared by reacting a fluoroaryl-hgand- substituted amine compound as defined above with a strong Bronsted acid to form a protonated, fluoroaryl-ligand-substituted ammonium cation counterbalanced with the anionic conjugate base of the acid
• the resulting salt, [R',ArF-ER - H] + [X] " is then reacted with a Group- 1 or -2 salt comprising a suitable NCA as described above, and the salt that now comprises the Bronsted acid's conjugate base and the Group- 1 or -2 metal is removed
• lithium tetrak ⁇ s(pentafluorophenyl)borate can be combined with a protonated, arylammonium chloride to yield a proto
• Polymeric supports typically contain hydroxyl functional groups Additionally, other functional groups may be employed including any of the p ⁇ mary alkyl amines, secondary alkyl amines, and others, where the groups are structurally incorporated in a polymeric chain and capable of protonating and replacing one of the Group-13 anion's hgands See, for example, the functional- group-containing polymers of U S Patent 5,288,677, the functiona zed polymers of U S patents 5,427,991 and the desc ⁇ ption in U S application se ⁇ al no.09/277,339, filed 26 rv;arch 1999, and its equivalent WO99/5031 1.
• NCA cocatalyst will also be suitable for supporting this invention's catalyst complexes.
• the invention catalyst complexes may also be physically deposited on or affixed to appropriate support materials. See, for example, the teachings of WO 91/09882, WO 93/11172, WO 96/35726 and U.S. patents 4,463,135, and 5,610, 1 15.
• Transition metal olefin polymerization catalysts that are useful with this invention include those compounds useful in traditional Ziegler-Natta polymerization and metallocene compounds similarly known to be useful in polymerization, when the invention activators can activate the catalyst precursors. These typically include Group-3-1 1 transition metal compounds in which at least one metal ligand can be protonated by the activators. Typically, those ligands include hydride, alkyl and silyl, and their lower-alkyl-substituted (Ci-Cio) derivatives. Ligands capable of being abstracted and transition metal compounds comprising them include those described in the background art, see for example US patents 5,198,401 and WO 92/00333. Syntheses of these compounds are well known from the published literature.
• the metal ligands include halide, amido, or alkoxy moieties (for example, biscyclopentadienyl zirconium dichloride) that are unabstractable using invention cocatalysts
• the ligands can be converted into abstractable ones through known alkylation reactions with compounds such as lithium or aluminum, hydrides or alkyls, alkylalumoxanes, or Grignard reagents, etc. See also EP-A1-0 570 982 for the reaction of organoaluminum compounds with dihalo-substituted metallocene compounds before adding activating anions. All documents are incorporated by reference for purposes of U.S. patent practice.
• metallocene compounds that comprise, or can be alkylated to comprise, at least one ligand capable of being abstracted to form a ratal ytically active cation, e.g., EP-A-0 129 368, US patents 4,871,705, 4,937,299, 5,324,800 EP-A-0 418 044, EP-A-0 591 756, WO-A-92/00333, WO-A-94/01471 and WO 97/22635
• Such metallocene compounds can be described for this invention as mono- or biscyclopentadienyl-substituted, Group-3, -4, -5, or -6 compounds in which the ligands may themselves be substituted with one or more groups and may be bridged to each other, or may be bridged to the transition metal through a heteroatom
• the size and constituency of the ligands and bridging elements is not critical to preparing invention catalyst systems, but should be selected in the literature-described
• Metallocene compounds suitable for preparing linear polyethylene or ethylene-containing copolymers are essentially any of those known in the art, see again WO-A-92/00333 and U S. patents 5,001,205, 5, 198,401 , 5,324,800, 5,304,614 and 5,308,816, for specific listings
• Selecting metallocene catalysts for making isotactic or syndiotactic polypropylene, and corresponding catalyst syntheses are well-known in the art, both the patent and academic literature, see for example Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 369, 359-370 (1989)
• those catalysts are stereorigid, asymmetric, chiral, or bridged-chiral metallocenes.
• exemplary metallocene compounds have the formula
• L A L B L c , MDE where, L ⁇ is a substituted cyclopentadienyl or heterocyclopentadienyl ligand connected to M, L is a member of the class of ligands defined for L A , or is heteroatom ligand connected to M, L A and L B may be b ⁇ dged together through a Group- 14 linking group, L c , is an optional neutral, non-oxidizing ligand connected to M (l equals 0 to 3), M is a Group-4 or -5 metal, and D and E are, independently, labile monoanionic ligands, each connected to M, and optionally bridged to each other, L A , or L B D-M or E-M can be broken by abstraction Likewise, a monomer or polyme ⁇ zable macromer can insert into D-M or E-M Labile ligands may be present in reduced number or even absent It is believed that the reduced-valence-state compounds will react to form a catalytically active
• Non-limiting representative metallocene compounds include mono-cyclopentadienyl compounds such as pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium isopropoxide, pentamethylcyclopentadienylt ⁇ benzyl titanium, dimethylsilyltetra- methylcyclopentadienyl-tert-butylamido titanium dichlo ⁇ de, pentamethyl- cyclopentadienyl titanium trimethyl, dimethylsilyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl- tert-butylamido zirconium dimethyl, dimethylsilyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl- dodecylamido hafnium dihydride, dimethylsilyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl- dodecylamido hafnium dimethyl; unbridged biscyclopentadienyl compounds such as bis(l,3-butyl,methylcyclopentadienyl) zircon
• Representative traditional Ziegler-Natta transition metal compounds include tetrabenzyl zirconium, tetra(bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl) zirconium, oxotris(trimethylsilylmethyl) vanadium, tetrabenzyl hafnium, tetrabenzyl titanium, bis(hexamethyl-disilazido) dimethyl titanium, tris(trimethylsilylmethyl) niobium dichloride, tris(trimethylsilylmethyl) tantalum dichloride.
• the important polymerization features for these compositions are the abstractable ligand and the ligand into which the ethylene (olefinic) group can insert. These features enable ligand abstraction from the metal compound and the concomitant invention catalyst formation.
• Additional organometallic compounds suitable as olefin polymerization catalysts in accordance with the invention will be any of those Group-3-1 1 that can be converted by ligand abstraction into a catalytically active cation and stabilized in that active electronic state by a noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion that is displaceable by an olefinically unsaturated monomer such as ethylene.
• Exemplary compounds include those described in the patent literature.
• Polymerization catalyst systems from Group-5-10 metals in which the active metal center is highly oxidized and stabilized by low coordination number, polyanionic ligand systems are described in U.S. patent 5,502,124 and its divisional U.S. patent 5,504,049. See also the
• Group- 1 1 catalyst precursor compounds, activable with ionizing cocatalysts, and useful for polymerization of olefins and vinyl-group- containing polar monomers are described and exemplified in WO 99/30822 and its priority document, including U.S. patent application Ser. no. 08/991, 160, filed 16 December 1997. Each of these documents is incorporated by reference for the purposes of U.S. patent practice.
• patent 5,318,935 describes bridged and unbridged, bisamido catalyst compounds of Group-4 metals capable of polymerizing ⁇ -olefins.
• Bridged bis(arylamido) Group-4 compounds for olefin polymerization are described by D. H. McConville, et al., in Organometallics 1995, 14, 5478-5480. Synthesis methods and compound characterization are presented. Further work described bridged bis(arylamido) Group-4 compounds that are active, 1-hexene catalysts. See D. H. McConville, et al., Macromolecules 1996, 29, 5241-5243; see also WO98/37109. Additional compounds suitable in accordance with the invention include those described in WO 96/40805.
• Cationic Group-3 or Lanthanide metal complexes for olefin polymerization are disclosed in copending U.S. application Serial number 09/408050, filed 29 September 1999, and its equivalent PCT US99/22690.
• the precursor metal compounds are stabilized by a monoanionic bidentate ligand and two monoanioni ; ligands and are activable with invention cocatalysts
• ligands are activable with invention cocatalysts
• organometallic catalyst precursor compounds may be found in the literature, any of such will be suitable where comprising, or where capable of alkylation to comprise, ligands abstractable from organometallic compounds See, for instance, V C Gibson, et al , "The Search for New-Generation Olefin Polymerization Catalysts Life Beyond Metallocenes", Angew Chem hit Ed, 38, 428-447 (1999), incorporated by reference for the purposes of U S patent practice
• the total catalyst system may additionally comprise one or more scavenging compounds
• scavenging compounds as used in this disclosure includes those compounds that effectively remove polar impurities from the reaction All polymerization reactants can carry impurities into the reaction, particularly the solvent, monomer and catalyst feeds These impurities degrade catalyst activity and stability Their presence can decrease or eliminate catalytic activity, particularly with lonizing-anion-precursor-activated catalyst systems These impurities, or poison
• the scavenging compounds will be known organometallic compounds such as the Group-13 compounds of U S patents 5, 153, 157, 5,241,025, 5,767,587 and WO-A-91/09882, WO-A-94/03506, WO-A-93/14132, and that of WO 95/07941
• Exemplary compounds include t ⁇ ethyl aluminum, t ⁇ ethyl borane, t ⁇ isobutyl aluminum, methylalumoxane, isobutyl alumoxane, and t ⁇ -n-octyl aluminum
• Those scavenging compounds having bulky or Ce-C 2 o linear hydrocarbyl substituents connected to the metal or metalloid center interact minimally with the active catalyst Examples include t ⁇ ethylaluminum and bulky compounds such as t ⁇ isobutylaluminum, t ⁇ isoprenylaluminum, and long-chain lmear-alkyl
• invention catalyst complexes are useful for polymerizing monomers known to be coordination polymerizable using metallocenes Such conditions are well known and include solution, slurry, gas-phase, and high- pressure polymerization If invention catalysts are supported, they will be particularly useful in the known operating modes employing fixed-bed, moving- bed, fluid-bed, slurry, or solution processes conducted in single, series, or parallel reactors Additionally, pre-polymerization of supported invention catalysts can control polymer-particle morphology in usual slurry or gas phase reactions
• Liquid phase (solution, slurry, suspension, bulk phase or combinations), in high-pressure liquid phase, in supercritical fluid phase, or gas- phase processes employ different invention catalyst system embodiments Each of these processes can also function in singular, parallel, or series reactors
• the liquid processes comprise contacting the described catalyst systems with olefin monomers in suitable diluents or solvents long enough to produce invention polymers
• olefin monomers in suitable diluents or solvents long enough to produce invention polymers
• aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbyl solvents can be used with the invention processes Hexane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and their alkylated derivatives are particularly useful
• Other exemplary solvents include linear or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from
• Exemplary solvents also include 6-to-12-carbon-atom aromatic hydrocarbons
• the catalysts In bulk and slurry processes, the catalysts typically contact liquid monomer slurries When that is the case, the catalyst system is usually supported Gas-phase processes typically use a supported catalyst and are conducted in any manner known to be suitable for ethylene polymerization
• the monomers used with the catalyst compositions described in this disclosure include 2-20-carbon-atom olefins
• olefin polymers prepared with invention catalysts contain at least 50 mol % of either ethylene or propylene.
• various ethylene or propylene polymers can be made.
• Linear polyethylene including high- and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes, including both homo- and copolymers with other ⁇ -olefin monomers or ⁇ -olefinic or non-conjugated diolefins are produced by adding ethylene, and optionally one or more other monomers, to a reaction vessel under low pressure (typically ⁇ 50 bar), at a typical temperature of 40-250 °C with invention catalyst that has been slurried with a solvent, such as hexane or toluene.
• a solvent such as hexane or toluene.
• ⁇ -olefins such as C 3 -C 0 olefins, diolefins, vinyl aromatics (such as styrene) or cyclic olefins function as monomers with some of this invention's embodiments.
• Polymerization heat is typically removed by cooling.
• Gas-phase polymerization can be conducted, for example, in continuous fluid-bed, gas-phase reactors operated at 2000-3000 kPa and 60-160 °C, using hydrogen as a reaction modifier (100-200 PPM), C 4 -C 8 comonomer feedstream (0.5-1.2 mol%), and C 2 feedstream (25-35 mol%). See, U.S. patents 4,543,399, 4,588,790, 5,028,670 and 5,405,922 and 5,462,999, which are incorporated by reference for purposes of U.S. patent practice.
• High-molecular-weight, low-crystallinity ethylene- ⁇ -olefin elastomers can be prepared using invention catalysts under traditional solution polymerization processes or by introducing ethylene gas into a slurry using ⁇ -olefin or cyclic olefin or their mixtures with other compounds or monomers as diluents, which suspend invention catalysts.
• Typical ethylene pressures will be between 10 and 1000 psig (69-6895 kPa), and the diluent temperature will typically be between 40 and 160 °C.
• the process can be carried out in a stirred-tank reactor, or more than one reactor operated in series or parallel. See the general disclosure of U.S. patent 5,001 ,205 for general process conditions. See also, international application WO 96/33227 and WO 97/22639. All documents are incorporated by reference for description of polymerization processes, metallocene selection and useful scavenging compounds.
• olefinically unsaturated monomers besides those specifically described above may be polymerized using invention catalysts.
• ⁇ -olefinic marchers of up to more than 1000 mer units may also be polymerized yielding branch-containing olefin polymers.
• Invention catalyst compositions can be used as described above for polymerization individually or can be mixed to prepare polymer blends with other olefin polymerization catalysts. Catalyst blend and monomer selection allows blend preparation under conditions analogous to those using individual catalysts. Polymers having increased MWD for improved processing and other traditional benefits available from polymers made with mixed catalyst systems can thus be achieved.
• Polyethylene homo- or copolymer may advantageously have a density of from 0.87 to 0.95. A density of at least 0.88, preferably at least 0.90 and especially at least 0.915 may be used.
• the density may be less than 0.94 and preferably less than 0.925.
• the MI may vary from 0.1 to 10 and especially 0.5 to 8 to perform film formation in cast and blown film processes.
• the propylene homo- and copolymers may be made with metallocenes that permit the formation of isotactic, syndiotactic or atactic sequences and may have an MFR of from 0.1 to 800 and a comonomer content of from 0 to 15 mol % with melting points of from 170 to 90 °C, where the polypropylene co-monomers may be selected from one or more of ethylene, C 4 -C ⁇ ⁇ -olefins, and C 5 -C ⁇ 2 non-conjugated diolefins.
• the blended polymer formation can be achieved ex situ through mechanical blending or in situ with a mixed catalyst system. It is generally believed that in situ blending provides a more homogeneous product and allows the blend to be produced in one step. In in situ blending, more than one catalyst is combined in the same reactor to simultaneously produce different polymer products. This method requires additional catalyst synthesis. It also requires that the various catalyst components be matched for their activities, the polymer products they generate at specific conditions, and their response to changes in polymerization conditions. COMPOUNDS USEFUL IN TI IE PRACTICE OF TI US INVENTION
• (melhyl)amine (2-methyl-6-perfluoromethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (hexyl) (methyl)amine; (2- methyl-6-perfluoromethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (methyl) (perfluoroethyl)amine: (2-methyl-6- perfluoromethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (butyl)amine.
• (methyl)amine (2-perfluoromethyl-6-perfluoroethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (fluoromethyl)amine: (2-pcrfluorometl ⁇ yl-6-perfluoroethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (dihexyl)amine; (2- perfluoromethyl-6-perfluoroethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (butyl)amine: (2-perfluoro- methyl-6-perfluoroethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (butyl)amine: (2-perfluoromethyl-6- perfluoroethyl-perfluorobiphenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (ethyl)amine.
• (fluoromethyl)amine (3-perfluoroethyl-trifluorophenyl) (hexyl) (perfluoroethyl)amine; (3- perfluoroethyl-trifluorophenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (fluoromethyl)amine: (3-perfluoroethyl-trifluoro- phenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (hexyl)amine; (3-perfluoroethyl-trifluorophenyl) (ethyl) (perfluoro- butyl)amine_ (3-perfluoroethyl-trifluorophenyl) (dipropyl)amine; (3-perfluoroethyl-trifluoro- phenyl) (methyl) (hexafluorononyl)amine: (3-perfluoroethyl-trifluorophenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (perfluor
• nonyl (nonyl)amine: (biphenyl) (2-methylpentyl) (perfluorobutyl)amine; (biphenyl) (propyl) (fluoro- methyl)amine: (biphenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (propyl)amine: (biphenyl) (perfluoromethyl) (ethyl)aminc.
• (methyl)amine (biphenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (hexyl)amine; (biphenyl) (propyl) (3- ethylheptyl)amine; (hexafluorobiphenyl) (butyl) (fluoromethyl)amine; (hexafluorobiphenyl) (perfluoroethyl) (nonyl)amine; (hexafluorobiphenyl) (ethyl) (hexyl)amine: (hexafluorobiphenyl) (hexyl) (2-methyl-5-propyl-her tyl)amine.
• (perfluorobiphenyl) (nonyl) (propyl)amine (perfluorobiphenyl) (hexyl) (propyl)amine; (perfluorobiphenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (fluoromethyl)amine; (perfluorobiphenyl) (propyl) (perfluoroethyl)amine; (perfluorobiphenyl) (butyl) (perfluoromethyl)amine.
• (methyl)amine (perfluorophenyl) (perfluorometliyl) (hexyl)amine. (perfluorophenyl) (butyl) (methyl)amine; (perfluorophenyl) (2-methyl-5-propyl-heptyl) (perfluoromethyl)amine; (perfluorophenyl) (2-metl ⁇ yl-5-prop> l-heptyl) (methyl)amine: (perfluorophenyl) (fluoromethyl) (fluoro- butyl)amine: (perfluorophenyl) (butyl) (3-ethylheptyl)amine.
• (phenyl) (dipropyl)amine (phenyl) (propyl) (hexyl)amine; (phenyl) (perfluoromethyl) (nonyl)amine: (phenyl) (ethyl) (2- methylpentyl)amine; (phenyl) (fluoromethyl) (hexyl)amine; (phenyl) (butyl) (perfluoro- butyl)amine; (phenyl) (dipropyl)amine; (phenyl) (fluoromethyl) (methyl)amine: (phenyl) (fluoromethyl) (methyl)amine: (phenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (propyl)amine: (phenyl) (methyl) (2- methylpentyl)amine; (phenyl) (butyl) (hexyl)amine; (phenyl) (hexyl) (fluoromethyl)amine; (phenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (eth
• fluorophenyl fluoromethyOphosphine: (perfluoro- phenyl) (perfluorobutyl) (ethyl)phosphine; (perfluorophenyl) (methyl) (propyl)phosphine.
• (perfluoroethyl)phosphu ⁇ e (perfluorophenyl) (methyl) (butyl)phos ⁇ hine: (perfluorophenyl) (butyl) (propyOphosphine; (perfluorophenyl) (hexyl) (perfluoroethyl)phosphine: (perfluorophenyl) (fluoromethyl) (ethyl)phosphine: (perfluorophenyl) (methyl) (3-ethylheptyl)phosphine; (perfluorophenyl) (propyl) (ethyl)phosphine.
• N-(l- ⁇ uorobiphenyl)indole N-(l -fluorophenyOindole: N-(2.3-difluoro- phenyl)indole: N-(2.4-difluorophenyl)indole: N-(2,5-difluorophenyl)indole: N-(2-methyl-6- perfluoromethyl-perfluorobiphenyOindole: N-(2-perfluoromethyl-6-perfluoroethyl-perfluorobi- phenyl)indole: N-(3-metl yl-perfluorophenyl)indole: N-(3-perfluoroefhyl-trifluorophenyl)indole: N-(3-perfluoromethyl-trifluorophenyl)indoIe: N-(biphenyl)indole: N-(hexafluorobi
• [tetranonylaluminate] [(tetrafluorophenyl)(nonyl)(hexyl)ammonium] [tetrakis(perfluoro- pyrenyl)aluminate] ; [(3 -methyl-perfluorophenyl)(perfluoroeti ⁇ yl)(fluoromethyl)ammonium] [tetraperfluorophenylaluminate] ; [(tetrafluorophenyl)(ethyl)( ⁇ lethyOphosphonium] [tetranonylaluminate]; [(octafluorobipheny0(3-ethylheptyl)(propyl)ammonium] [tetraperfluoro- phenanthrylborate]: [(hexafluorobipheny ⁇ (dinonyl)ammonium] [tetrakis(perfluoropyrenyl)borate[; [((
• [tetrabuty lborate] [(2.5-difluorophenyl)(hexafluorononyl)(perfluoroetl yl)phosphonium] [tetrabutylborate]; [(perfluorobiphenyl)(nonyl)(2-methylpentyl)ammonium] [tetrapcrfluoro- phenantlirylboratej; [(2.3-difluorophenyl)(dipropyl)ammonium] [tctrakis(perfluoro- pyrenyOborate].
• Weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) were measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography, unless otherwise noted, using a Waters 150 Gel Permeation Chromatograph equipped with differential refractive index (DRI) and low angle light scattering (LS) detectors and calibrated using polystyrene standards. Samples were run in 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene (135°C) using three Polymer Laboratories, PC Gel, mixed B columns in series. This general technique is discussed in "Liquid Chromatography of Polymers and Related Materials III"' J. Cazes current regime
• Table 2 illustrates comparative activities and polymer molecular weight characteristics for isotactic polypropylene products prepared with a chiral biscyclopentadienyl hafnocene activated with a prior art activator (A) and those prepared with the invention activator (B) Table 2. Results of polymerization reactions 1 with propylene

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