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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
  • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
  • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D498/18—Bridged systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
  • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
  • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
  • C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• This invention relates to the regioselective synthesis of derivatives of rapamycin at the 42-position, which are useful for inducing immunosuppression, and in the treatment of transplantation rejection, graft vs. host disease, autoimmune diseases, diseases of inflammation, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, solid tumors, fungal infections, and hyperproliferative vascular disorders. More particularly this invention provides an essentially selective process for preparing 31-silyl protected ethers of rapamycin useful as intermediates to 42-esters and ethers of rapamycin.
• Rapamycin is a macrocyclic triene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which was found to have antifungal activity, particularly against Candida albicans, both in vitro and in vivo [C. Vezina et al., J. Antibiot. 28, 721 (1975); S.N. Sehgal et al., J. Antibiot. 28, 727 (1975); H. A. Baker et al., J. Antibiot. 31, 539 (1978); U.S. Patent 3,929,992; and U.S. Patent 3,993,749].
• Rapamycin alone (U.S. Patent 4,885,171) or in combination with picibanil (U.S. Patent 4,401,653) has been shown to have antitumor activity.
• R. Martel et al. [Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55, 48 (1977)] disclosed that rapamycin is effective in the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model, a model for multiple sclerosis; in the adjuvant arthritis model, a model for rheumatoid arthritis; and effectively inhibited the formation of IgE-like antibodies.
• Rapamycin has also been shown to be useful in preventing or treating systemic lupus erythematosus [U.S. Patent 5,078,999], pulmonary inflammation [U.S. Patent 5,080,899], insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [U.S. Patent 5,321,009], smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening following vascular injury [U.S. Patent 5,516,781], adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [European Patent Application 525,960 Al], and ocular inflammation [U.S. Patent 5,387,589].
• rapamycin 42-derivatives are known, typically being esters (carbon and sulfur based) or ethers of the 42-hydroxyl group of rapamycin, that are produced by esterification or etherification of the 42-position. Esterification of rapamycin at the 42-position was commonly prepared by directly reacting rapamycin with acylating agents in order to afford the desired product. The chemistry appeared to be rather simple. However, as rapamycin contains two secondary hydroxyl groups at positions 31 and 42, attempts to discriminate between these two functional centers in order to achieve a selective synthesis of 42-monoacylated product, posed a difficult challenge.
• the crude product [B] after work- up contains the desired product [B], 31,42-bisester by-product and unreacted rapamycin.
• the reaction was allowed to proceed for a longer period with negative consequences, the quantity of the 31,42-bisester increased significantly.
• the resulting crude product [B] is contaminated with unreacted rapamycin and 31,42-bisester, and subsequent column chromatography purification effort has proved to be difficult as the 42,31-bisester has a very close retention time with product [B].
• the major obstacle in large- scale production of compound [B] appears to be the non-regiospecificity that is further complicated by purification difficulties.
• this invention provides a regioselective process for preparing a 31-silyl ether of rapamycin, eg a compound of formula IA
• R, R" and R" are each organic groups such as alkyl groups preferably containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, eg 1 to 4 carbon atoms most preferably methyl, ethyl and propyl, which comprises:
• the rapamycin 31-silyl ether may be acylated or etherified on the 42-hydroxy group followed by removal of the 31-silyl protecting group and any other protecting group that might be present to give desired 42-esters or ethers of rapamycin.
• this invention provides a regioselective method for the preparation of a 42-ester or ether rapamycin having the structure (I)
• R is an ester or ether, which comprises:
• Preferred 42-esters and ethers of rapamycin which can be prepared by the method provided by this invention are disclosed in the following patents, which are all hereby incorporated by reference: alkyl esters (U.S. Patent 4,316,885); aminoalkyl esters (U.S. Patent 4,650,803); iTuorinated esters (U.S. Patent 5,100,883); amide esters (U.S. Patent 5,118,677); carbamate esters (U.S. Patent 5,118,678); silyl ethers (U.S. Patent 5,120,842); aminoesters (U.S. Patent 5,130,307); acetals (U.S. Patent 5,51,413); aminodiesters (U.S.
• Patent 5,162,333 sulfonate and sulfate esters (U.S. Patent 5,177,203); esters (U.S. Patent 5,221,670); alkoxyesters (U.S. Patent 5,233,036); O-aryl, -alkyl, -alkenyl, and -alkynyl ethers (U.S. Patent 5,258,389); carbonate esters (U.S. Patent 5,260,300); arylcarbonyl and alkoxycarbonyl carbamates (U.S. Patent 5,262,423); carbamates (U.S. Patent 5,302,584); hydroxy- esters (U.S.
• These patents also disclose various values for the equivalent of R in formula (I) above and methods for esterification or etherification utilized in step (c), above. Particularly preferred values for R in formula (I) above are
• R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, alkynyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, -(CR 3 R 4 )fOR 10 , -CF 3 , -F, or -CO 2 R n ;
• R 8 and R 9 are each, independently, hydrogen, alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, or -(CR 3 R 4 )fOR 10 ; or R 8 and R 9 may be taken together to form X;
• R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, alkynyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, triphenylmethyl, benzyl, alkoxymethyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, chloroethyl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
• X is 5-(2,2-di-(alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms))[l,3]dioxanyl, 5-(2-spiro(cycloalkyl of 3-8 carbon atoms))[l,3]dioxanyl, 4-(2,2-di-(alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms))[l,3]- dioxanyl, 4-(2-spiro(cycloalkyl of 3-8 carbon atoms))[l,3]dioxanyl, 4-(2,2-di-
• R 1 is alkyl, thioalkyl, arylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkylarylalkyl, dihydroxyalkylarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyl- oxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl, arylsulfonamidoalkyl, allyl, dihydroxyalkylallyl, and dioxolanylallyl, carbalkoxy- alkyl, wherein "alk-" or “alkyl” refers to C 1 6 alkyl, branched or linear, preferably C 1 3 alkyl, in which the carbon chain may be optionally interrupted by an ether (-O-) linkage; "acyl” represents alkylcarbonyl and "aryl” has 6-10 carbon atoms and includes phen
• R 1 is selected from hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxyalkyl, acylaminoalkyl, and aminoalkyl; especially 40-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl-rapamycin, 40-O- (3-hydroxy)propyl-rapamycin, 40-O-[2-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy]ethyl-rapamycin, and 40- O-(2-acetaminoethyl)-rapamycin).
• R in formula I is 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionyloxy or 2,2,5-trimethyl[l,3-dioxane-5-carbonyloxy.
• the silylation may be carried out in an inert solvent, e.g ethyl acetate; preferably in the presence of a suitable base, e.g. imidazole.
• the reaction may be carried out at low temperature, eg room temperature or below eg 0°C; preferably 0-5°C.
• the 31-, and 42-hydroxyl groups are protected as trialkyl silyl ethers.
• the 42-silyl protected hydroxyl group of the 31, 42- bis-silylated rapamycin can be selectively cleaved under mildly acidic conditions to provide 31-silyl rapamycin.
• the silylating agents used for this transformation are common, commercially available chloroalkylsilanes, such as chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane or chlorotripropylsilane.
• chloroalkylsilanes such as chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane or chlorotripropylsilane.
• the bulkier the trialkylsilane the more time is needed to deprotect in acid media during the penultimate chemical step to regenerate the 31-hydroxyl group.
• a longer reaction time in the acid media generates more degradation by-products.
• chlorotrimethylsilane, chloro-triethylsilane or chlorotripropylsilane can be used for the preparation of rapamycin 31-O-trialkylsilyl ethers
• chlorotrimethylsilane is the preferred silylating agent.
• the trimethylsilyl group is more acid labile and therefore easier to de-protect during the transformation and in effect, this minimizes the formation of degradation products.
• rapamycin is treated with excess chlorotrimethylsilane in ethyl acetate at 0 - 5°C in the presence of an organic base and the 42- and 31- hydroxyl groups of rapamycin are silylated to form rapamycin 31,42-bis- O-trimethylsilyl ether in quantitative yield.
• the common organic bases such as imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, triethylamine and N, N-diisopropylethylamine can be used for the general silylation reaction.
• imidazole is found to be the preferred base for the silylation of rapamycin as the reaction can be completed within 30 minutes.
• step (b) we have surprisingly found that de-protection to remove the 42-silyl ether group of rapamycin 31,42-bis-O-silyl ether to form rapamycin 31-O-silyl ether may be carried out in cold dilute acid essentially quantitatively producing only very small amounts of by products such as rapamycin (ie the product of complete deprotection) eg less than 20% but generally less than 10% relative to 31 silyl ether.
• the product of the deprotection step (b) can comprise as much as -80% or more of the 31-silyl ether protected rapamycin and less than -10% rapamycin with the possibility of rapamycin levels being reduced to as low as -1%.
• This selective deprotection is conveniently carried out using dilute organic or inorganic acid, especially inorganic acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric or phosphoric, e.g ⁇ 2.5N, preferably 0.8N to about 2.5N, most preferably 0.1N to IN.
• Sulfuric acid is particularly preferred.
• the reaction is carried out in a two phase aqueous acid /organic solvent system e.g using ethyl acetate as the second phase, particularly where trimethylsilyl is used as the protecting group which can be selectively removed in for example about 2 to 3 hours.
• reaction temperatures e.g about 25°C or below, preferably about 15°C or below are used, such as from about -5°C to + 10°C, most preferably from 0 to 5°C.
• the de-protection is effected after the silylation reaction in situ at 0 - 5°C with ethanol, ethanol-water mixtures, water and dilute inorganic or organic acids. Sulfuric acid (0.5 N) is particularly preferred since the reaction is clean and can be completed in 2 - 5 hours which is convenient for commercial production.
• ethyl acetate is the preferred solvent for step (a) so that a two phase reaction medium is used for the subsequent deprotection step (b).
• step (c) the esterification or etherification of the 31 -protected rapamycin can be carried out under conditions described in the patents listed above.
• the acylation of rapamycin 31- trimethylsilyl ether was accomplished using 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl mixed anhydride of 2,2,5-trimethyl[1.3-dioxane]-5-carboxylic acid in the presence of 4-dimethyl- aminopyridine or a similar reagent.
• 2,2,5-trimethyl[1.3-dioxane]-5- carboxylic acid chloride was also found to be an effective acylation agent in this invention in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine or a similar reagent.
• methylene chloride is the preferred solvent rather than tetrahydrofuran which was described in the prior art.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature of from about -50°C to about +25°C. However, lower reaction temperatures of less than 0°C, with -20 to -15°C or lower being more preferred, provide better results than the room temperature acylation described in US Patent 5,362,718.
• step (d) the removal of the 31 silyl protecting group from the 42-esterified or etherif ⁇ ed-31 silyl rapamycin may be effected by hydrolysing eg using dilute acid such as described above, preferably a dilute inorganic acid such as sulfuric, hydrochloric or phosphoric acid. Depending on whether it is desired to remove other protecting groups simultaneously the acid may be about 0.1N to about 3N; preferably from about 0.2N to about 2N, most preferably about 0.5N.
• step (d) is carried out in a single phase aqueous acid/organic solvent system, eg. where the organic solvent is acetone. The reaction may be carried out at a temperature about 25°C or below, eg. from about -5°C to about 10°C, preferably from about 0°C to about 5°C.
• the acylation products, 31-O-TMS, 42-(protected- hydroxy) esters can be further treated with diluted acid to convert them to 42-(protected-hydroxy) esters (compound [B]) or used directly to make final product 42-hydroxyesters (final product [C]).
• This methodology can be used to prepare other esters or ethers of rapamycin, by simply varying the esterfiying or etherifying agent used.
• this invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (C):
• R j is hydrogen or -SiR'R'R'" wherein R', R" and R'" are the same or different selected from alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, phenyl and benzyl; using dilute sulfuric acid, eg using IN to 3N sulfuric acid.
• the reaction is carried out at a temperature of -5°C to +10°C.
• Tetrahydrofuran is preferably used as solvent.
• the synthetic route disclosed in this invention provides several distinct advantages over the synthetic methodology which has been published for the preparation of rapamycin esters or ethers; mainly in the yield and ease of purification of the desired 42-esters or ethers. As this is a regioselective synthesis, the overall yields of the desired 42-esters or ethers is dramatically improved.
• the synthetic methodology taught in US Patent 5,362,718 provides compound [B] in a 35% yield, whereas, the synthesis of [B] is accomplished in 85% yield using the methodology disclosed herein.
• rapamycin 31-O-trimethylsilyl ether can be treated with, for example, 2-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy ethyl triflate) to provide 31-O- trimethylsilyl, 42-O-[2-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]ethyl-rapamycin.
• Removal of the silyl protecting groups from the 31-hydroxyl group of rapamycin and from the 42- hydroxyethyl moiety can be accomplished under mildly acidic conditions, such as dilute sulfuric acid to provide 42-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl rapamycin.
• the non- regioselective formation of other 42-ethers of rapamycin is disclosed in US Patent 5,665,772. These also can be prepared regioselectively via rapamycin 31-0 trimethylsilyl ether.
• This invention also covers 31-silyl ethers of rapamycin and 31-silyl ethers of 42-esterified or etherifed derivatives of rapamycin, which are useful in the preparation of the 42-esters and ethers of rapamycin, as disclosed herein.
• the silicon moiety as represented by -SiRR"R' contains 3 groups which can be the same or different.
• Typical silyl ethers of this invention contain R', R", or R'" moieties which are alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, phenyl, or benzyl groups. The alkyl groups can be branched or straight chain.
• R, R", and R' be alkyl groups, and more preferred that R, R", and R'" are methyl or ethyl. It is still more preferred that the 31-silyl ether is rapamycin 31-O-trimethylsilyl ether.
• R is an ester or ether group such as described above and R', R" and R'" are the same or different selected from alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, phenyl and benzyl.
• rapamycin 31-O-trimethylsilyl ether (l l.OOg; from 10.0 g of rapamycin; 11.15 mmol) in 120 mL methylene chloride, containing 2 mL of N,N,- dimethylformamide, was stirred under nitrogen and cooled to -15°C, 4-dimethyl- aminopyridine (4.80 g, 39.29 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred to form a solution.
• a 7.5% solution of 2,2,5-trimethyl[1.3-dioxane]-5- carboxylic acid chloride (42.18 g; 16.42 mmol) in methylene chloride was added dropwise over a 2 h period.
• the solution was further stirred for 1 h at -15°C, and an additional 7.5% solution of acid chloride (14.06 g, 5.47 mmol) in methylene chloride was added over a 30 min period.
• the reaction mixture was further stirred for 16 h at -15°C to -16°C.
• the reaction mixture was quenched with 100 mL brine and the organic layer was separated and washed with cold 0.5 N sulfuric acid (100 mL), brine (100 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL) water (100 mL), brine (100 mL) to pH 6 - 7.
• the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford product (12.15 g) as a yellow foam.
• Rapamycin 42-ester with 2,2,5-trimethyl[1.3-dioxane]-5-carboxylic acid A solution of rapamycin 31-O-trimethylsilyl ether, 42-ester with 2,2,5-tri- methyl[1.3-dioxane]-5-carboxylic acid (33.18 g; from example 3, method A) in 100 mL of acetone was stirred and cooled to 0 - 5°C. To this cold solution 17 mL of 0.5 N sulfuric acid was added dropwise over a 10 min period and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at 0 - 5°C.
• the aqueous layer was extracted once with 100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic extracts were combined and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (80 mL), water (80 mL x2) and brine (100 mL) to pH 6 -7.
• the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure at room temperature to afford product (22.48 g), a beige color foam.
• the crude product was chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with 30% acetone in heptane to give 16.50 g of pure product as a white solid (78.4% overall from rapamycin).
• the ⁇ NMR of the product is identical to the product described in US Patent 5,362,718 example 11.
• rapamycin (5.00 g, 92.7% strength; 5.07 mmol) in 75 mL ethyl acetate was cooled to 0 - 5°C; 1.50 g (22.03 mmol) of imidazole was added and stirred to form a solution.
• 3.05 g (20.23 mmol) of chlorotriethylsilane was added dropwise over a 10 minutes period. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 - 5°C, then stirred at room temperature overnight to complete the formation of rapamycin 31,42-bis-O-triethylsilyl ether.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with 80 mL of ethyl acetate and successively washed with brine (60 mL x 2), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (40 mL), water (60 mL x 2), brine (60 mL) to pH 6 - 7.
• rapamycin (5.00 g, 92.7% strength; 5.07 mmol) in 75 mL ethyl acetate was cooled to 0 - 5°C; 1.50 g (22.03 mmol) of imidazole was added and stirred to form a solution.
• 3.91 g (20.3 mmol) of chlorotripropylsilane was added dropwise over 10 min period. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 - 5°C, then at room temperature for 21 hours to complete the formation of rapamycin 31,42-bis-O-tripropylsilyl ether.
• the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure at room temperature to remove most of the solvent and the residual solution was dissolved in 60 mL acetone.
• a 15 mL quantity of 0.25 N of sulfuric acid was added and the mixture was stirred for 45 h at 0 - 5°C; the rapamycin 31,42-bis-O-tripropylsilyl ether disappeared at this stage.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate, and successively washed with brine (40 mL x 2), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (40 mL), water (40 mL x 2), and brine (50 mL) to pH 6 - 7.

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