WO2001006112A1 - Brennstoffeinspritzventil - Google Patents
Brennstoffeinspritzventil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001006112A1 WO2001006112A1 PCT/DE2000/002276 DE0002276W WO0106112A1 WO 2001006112 A1 WO2001006112 A1 WO 2001006112A1 DE 0002276 W DE0002276 W DE 0002276W WO 0106112 A1 WO0106112 A1 WO 0106112A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel injection
- valve
- bending
- injection valve
- elements
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012777 electrically insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/0603—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using piezoelectric or magnetostrictive operating means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a fuel injector according to the preamble of the main claim.
- DE 38 00 203 C2 discloses a fuel injection valve with a valve closing body which can be actuated by an actuating device by means of a valve needle and which cooperates with a valve seat surface to form a sealing seat.
- the actuating device for generating a valve needle stroke of the valve needle has two piezoelectric bending elements that bend when the actuating device is actuated.
- the bending elements are oriented in their longitudinal direction perpendicular to the direction of movement of the valve closing body.
- Each of the actuating elements has a ceramic plate which is arranged between two conductive foils. The ceramic plate and the conductive foils are stacked in the direction of movement of the valve closing body.
- a voltage is applied between the conductive foils, which acts on the ceramic plate, causing the ceramic plate to bend.
- the deflection is transmitted to the valve needle via a stop plate, whereby the valve closing body lifts off the valve seat surface and the sealing seat is opened.
- a disadvantage of the fuel injector known from DE 38 00 203 C2 is that the ceramic plate and the conductor foils are stacked one above the other in the direction of movement of the valve closing body, as a result of which each bending element generates only a small valve needle stroke and only a small force can be applied to open the valve needle. A very large number of stacked bending elements is therefore necessary in order to achieve an appropriate valve needle stroke.
- the bending elements have a central bore through which the valve needle protrudes, so that when the bending elements are actuated, large bending stresses occur in the central region of the bending elements, as a result of which the valve needle stroke achievable by the bending elements is limited.
- the fuel injector is actuated at high frequency, the friction between the valve needle and the bending elements in the region of the central bore also generates high frictional forces, the insulating foils simultaneously having to be electrically separated from one another.
- the fuel injector proposed in DE 38 00 203 C2 is therefore complex to manufacture and cannot be used as a fast-switching fuel injector or as a high-pressure fuel injector.
- JP 62-121 860 A a fuel injector with two bending elements arranged parallel to a valve axis is known.
- the bending elements consist of layers which are arranged parallel to a substrate.
- the fuel injector according to the invention has the characterizing features of the main claim in contrast, the advantage that a large stroke is generated by the piezo elements stacked in a longitudinal direction of the bending element.
- the fuel injector according to the invention can also be used as a fast-switching fuel injector and / or as a high-pressure fuel injector.
- the actuating device advantageously has a piezoelectric second bending element which consists of several piezo elements stacked in the longitudinal direction of the second bending element, the two bending elements being arranged offset to one another.
- the valve needle stroke of the valve needle generated by the actuating device can thereby be increased.
- the second bending element bends in the opposite direction to the first bending element when the actuating device is actuated. This means that additional support devices and intermediate plates can be saved.
- the actuating device has a drawstring which non-positively connects the bending elements to the valve needle. As a result, the actuating device acts on the valve needle without impairing the function of the bending elements. It is also advantageous if the valve needle is at least partially surrounded by a valve needle sleeve and that the valve needle sleeve has a fastening surface to which the drawstring is fastened with a welded connection. This results in a simple configuration of the attachment.
- the tension band advantageously encloses the bending elements and the free ends of the tension band are connected to the valve needle or the valve needle sleeve. In an initial position, the bending elements are advantageously oriented essentially parallel to a valve axis, as a result of which a variant which is easy to install is provided.
- the bending elements are bent against one another in order to apply a prestress to the sealing seat in a closed position of the fuel injector. This means that additional components can be saved.
- the pretension can also be reinforced by a pretensioning element, in particular a spring steel band.
- Fig. 1 shows an axial section through a first embodiment of an inventive
- FIG. 2 shows an axial section through the exemplary embodiment of the fuel injector according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 with a cutting direction transverse to FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 shows a section along the section line designated IV-IV in FIG. 3;
- Fig. 5 shows an axial section through em second embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 6 shows an axial section through the second embodiment of the invention Fuel injector in the actuated state
- Fig. 7 shows an axial section through a third embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 1 shows a simplified axial sectional view of an inventive
- Fuel injection valve 1 is used in particular for the direct injection of fuel, in particular gasoline, into a combustion chamber of a mixture-compressing spark-ignition internal combustion engine as a so-called gasoline direct injection valve.
- the fuel injector 1 according to the invention is, however, also suitable for other applications, in particular for injecting fuel into an intake manifold of the internal combustion engine.
- the fuel injection valve 1 has a valve seat support 2, which is connected to a fuel inlet connection 3.
- the valve seat support 2 and the fuel inlet connector 3 are at least partially surrounded by a plastic casing 4, the plastic casing 4 forming a housing of the fuel injection valve 1 together with the valve seat support 2.
- the plastic sheathing 4 is preferably injected around the valve seat support 2 and the fuel inlet connector 3.
- circumferential grooves 5a - 5c are provided in the valve seat support 2, and a circumferential collar 6 is provided in the fuel inlet connection 3.
- the fuel injector 1 has sealing rings 7, 8 to ensure a tight connection of the Ensure fuel injector 1 to external devices.
- valve seat body 9 Arranged in the interior of the valve seat carrier 2 is a valve seat body 9 which has a valve seat surface 10 which interacts with a valve closing body 11 to form a sealing seat.
- the valve closing body 11 is partially spherical and connected to a tubular, internally hollow valve needle 12.
- the valve seat body 9 bears against a spray plate 13, which has a spray channel 14, via which fuel is sprayed into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine when the fuel injector 1 is actuated.
- the valve seat body 9 and the spray plate 13 are positively connected to the valve seat support 2.
- a holding element 15 for supporting the sealing ring 8 is fastened, which likewise represents a protective cap.
- the fuel injection valve 1 is actuated via a first bending element 16 and a second bending element 17, which are stacked one above the other in the direction of a valve axis 18.
- the first bending element 16 has a piezoelectric layer 19, which is located between a ceramic substrate 20 and a plate 21.
- the second bending element 17 has a piezoelectric layer 22, which is located between a ceramic substrate 23 and a plate 24.
- the plates 21, 24 are preferably made of an electrically insulating material and can also be formed by an electrically insulating film.
- the ceramic substrate 20 is firmly connected to the piezoelectric layer 19 of the first bending element 16 and the ceramic substrate 23 is firmly connected to the piezoelectric layer 22 of the second bending element 17.
- the detailed structure of the bending elements 16, 17 is shown in FIG. 3 and Fig. 4 shown and explained in more detail in the description of these figures.
- the first bending element 16 is supported via the plate 21 on a base plate 25 which is fixedly connected to the valve seat support 2 and has cutouts 26a, 26b, the plate 21 lying flat against an upper surface 27 of the base plate 25 when the actuating device is not actuated.
- the plate 24 of the second bending element 17 lies flat against a lower surface 28 of a pressure plate 29.
- the pressure plate 29 has rounded edges 30a, 30b, on which a tension band 31 runs over the pressure plate 29.
- the tension band 31 is attached to a valve needle sleeve 32.
- the valve needle sleeve 32 has fastening surfaces 33a, 33b, on which the tension band 31 is welded to the valve needle sleeve 32.
- the valve needle sleeve 32 surrounds the valve needle 12 in sections on the side facing away from the valve closing body 11 and is positively connected to the valve needle 12.
- the connection can e.g. B. be given by an interference fit.
- the drawstring 31 has a U-shaped shape, with both free ends 34a, 34b of the drawstring 31 being fastened to the fastening surfaces 33 of the valve needle sleeve 32.
- the drawstring 31 can also be attached directly to the valve needle 12 or can only act on the valve needle 12 via a suitable device.
- a compression spring 35 is arranged, which is supported on the one hand on the base plate 25 and on the other hand on the valve needle sleeve 32.
- the compression spring 35 is subjected to a prestress, so that the valve closing body 11 is pressed via the valve needle 12 into the valve seat surface 10 of the valve seat body 9 in order to form a sealing seat and thereby the outflow of To prevent fuel from a fuel chamber 36 in the spray channel 14.
- the supply of fuel from the fuel inlet port 3 into the fuel chamber 36 takes place via an inner longitudinal opening 37 of the fuel inlet port 3, the recesses 26a, 26b of the base plate 25 and an inner recess 38 of the valve needle 12, which runs through transverse holes 39a, 39b with the fuel chamber 36 is connected.
- the fuel line from the fuel inlet connection 3 in the direction of the sealing seat formed from the valve closing body 11 and the valve seat surface 10 is of a simplified design in the exemplary embodiment shown.
- the bending elements 16, 17 are subjected to an electrical voltage.
- the piezoelectric layer 19 expands in the longitudinal direction of the first bending element 16 oriented perpendicular to the valve axis 18, the ceramic substrate 20 not experiencing any expansion. Since the piezoelectric layer 19 is firmly connected to the ceramic substrate 20, the first bending element 16 is curved concavely to the second bending element 17. Likewise, the second bending element 17 is concavely curved against the first bending element 16 when an electrical voltage is applied to it.
- the curvature of the bending elements 16, 17 can be reversed.
- a reversal can also be achieved by interchanging the bending elements 16, 17.
- the bending elements 16, 17 lie against one another via the plates 21, 24, and the ceramic substrates 20, 23 lie against the pressure plate 29 or the base plate 25.
- a single bending element 16 can also be used, or further bending elements can be provided in order to achieve a greater stroke of the actuating device.
- the stroke of the actuating device is transmitted via the drawstring 31 to the valve needle 12 so that the valve closing body 11 lifts off the valve seat surface 10 of the valve seat body 9 and releases the sealing seat, as a result of which fuel from the fuel chamber 36 enters the spraying channel 14 and is sprayed from there ,
- the tension band 31 is not deformed when the actuating device is actuated, so that it is also not exposed to any load in this regard.
- the fuel injector 1 shown in FIG. 2 shows the fuel injector 1 shown in FIG. 1 in a view rotated by 90 ° with respect to the valve axis 18. Elements which have already been described are provided with the same reference symbols in all the figures, so that a repetitive description is unnecessary.
- the first bending element 16 consists of a ceramic substrate 20 and a piezoelectric layer 19 mounted thereon, which consists of a plurality of piezo elements stacked in the longitudinal direction of the first bending element 16, with internal electrodes arranged between the piezo elements being perpendicular to are oriented in the longitudinal direction of the bending element.
- the longitudinal direction of the first bending element 16 is oriented perpendicular to the valve axis 18.
- the second is accordingly Bending element 17 constructed.
- the piezoelectric layer 19 expands and since it is connected to the ceramic substrate 20, the first bending element 16 is bent, its ends 50a, 50b at the ends 51a, 51b of the second bending element 17 and is supported with its center on the plate 21. If a voltage is applied to the piezoelectric layer 22 of the second bending element 17, the piezoelectric layer 22 connected to the ceramic substrate 23 expands, as a result of which the second bending element 17 bends. The second bending element 17 is supported at its ends 51a, 51b against the first bending element 16 and at its center against the plate 24. The stroke generated by the two bending elements 16, 17 is transmitted to the tension band 31 via the pressure plate 29. Since the drawstring 31 is connected to the valve needle sleeve 32 on the fastening surface 33, the stroke of the bending elements 16, 17 is transmitted to the valve closing body 11.
- the ends 50a, 50b of the ceramic substrate 20 and the ends 51a, 51b of the ceramic substrate 23 can be rounded.
- the bending elements 16, 17 can also be installed in the fuel injection valve 1 in such a way that the piezoelectric layers 19, 22 are supported against one another and the ceramic substrate 20 or 23 is supported on the plate 21 or 24.
- the plates 21, 24 extend over the entire longitudinal direction of the bending elements 16, 17.
- Fig. 3 shows a detail of the fuel injector 1 according to the invention in a sectional view.
- the first bending element 16 consists of a piezoelectric layer 19 which is firmly connected to a ceramic substrate 20.
- the ceramic substrate 20 lies with its underside 55 on the top 56 of the plate 21.
- the bending element 16 consists of a plurality of piezo elements 58a to 58e stacked in a longitudinal direction 57 of the first bending element 16, wherein internal electrodes 59a to 59e arranged between the piezo elements 58a to 58e are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 57 of the bending element 16.
- FIG. 4 shows the section designated IV in FIG. 3 through the piezoelectric layer 19 of the bending element 16.
- the inner electrodes 59a to 59e are stacked between the piezo elements 58 stacked in the longitudinal direction 57.
- the piezo elements 58a to 58e are stacked in the longitudinal direction 57 between the internal electrodes 59a to 59e oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 57.
- the inner electrodes 59a, 59c, 59e are connected to a first outer electrode 60.
- the inner electrodes 59b, 59d are connected to a second outer electrode 61.
- the piezo elements 58a to 58e By applying a voltage between the first outer electrode 60 and the second outer electrode 61, an electrical field is applied to the piezo elements 58a to 58e, as a result of which they contract or expand depending on the orientation of the piezoelectric material of the piezo elements 58a to 58e.
- the inner electrodes 59a to 59e are alternately connected in the longitudinal direction 57 to the first outer electrode 60 and the second outer electrode 61.
- the expansion of the piezo elements 58a to 58e adding up to a stroke of the piezoelectric layer 19.
- the piezoelectric layer 19 shown in FIG. 3 is connected to the ceramic substrate 20 at a connecting surface 65.
- the piezoelectric layer 19 When the piezoelectric layer 19 is subjected to an electrical voltage, it expands, the expansion not taking place uniformly, but rather in the area of the connection surface 65 than in the area of the upper side surface of the piezoelectric layer 19 is.
- the first bending element 16 is bent, partially lifting off from the upper side 56 of the plate 21 and being supported on an edge surface 67 of the plate 21.
- Fig. 5 shows an axial sectional view of a second embodiment of the invention
- the fuel injection valve 1 has a valve housing 70 which is connected to a valve seat body 71.
- a valve seat surface 72 is formed on the valve seat body 71, which cooperates with a valve closing body 73 to form a sealing seat.
- the valve closing body 73 is connected to a tubular valve needle 74 which has fuel openings 75a-75e for the passage of fuel.
- the supply of fuel takes place via a fuel inlet connection 76 arranged laterally on the valve housing 70 into a first interior 77 of the fuel injection valve 1 and from there via an opening 78 into a second interior 79.
- the fuel is extracted from the interior 79 via the openings 75a-75e and inner opening of the valve needle 74 passed into a third interior 80.
- a tubular valve needle sleeve 81 partially encloses the valve needle 74 and is firmly connected to it.
- a compression spring 82 is supported on the one hand on a collar 83 of the valve housing 70 and on the other hand on the valve needle sleeve 81. As a result, the valve closing body 73 is pressed against the valve seat surface 72.
- the fuel injection valve 1 is actuated via an actuating device which has the first bending element 16 and the second bending element 17.
- the bending elements 16, 17 are connected at one end to a spring element 84 and at the other end to the valve needle 74.
- the bending elements 16, 17 are enclosed by a sleeve 85.
- the Spring element 84 is supported on a collar 86, which is formed on valve housing 70, against the force of compression spring 82.
- the bending elements 16, 17 are held together at their ends by the spring element 84 and the sleeve 85.
- the valve housing 70 is closed with a plate 87.
- FIG. 6 shows the second exemplary embodiment of the fuel injection valve 1 according to the invention when the actuating device is actuated.
- the ceramic substrate 20 of the first bending element 16 lies flat against the ceramic substrate 23 of the second bending element 17.
- the piezoelectric layers 1 * 9, 22 expand, as a result of which the bending elements 16, 17 bend concavely to one another. This results in the configuration shown in FIG. 6.
- the first bending element 16 is curved concavely with respect to the second bending element 17, the bending elements 16, 17 being held together at their edge by the spring element 84 and the sleeve 85 and standing out from one another in the middle.
- a stroke of the valve needle 74 is generated in the direction of the valve axis 88, as a result of which the valve closing body 73 lifts off from the valve seat surface 72 of the valve seat body 71 and releases the sealing seat.
- FIG. 7 shows an axial sectional view of a third exemplary embodiment of the fuel injection valve 1 according to the invention.
- the spring element 84 is fastened to the collar 86 of the valve housing 70 with an additional support element 90.
- the bending elements 16, 17 of the actuating device are bent with respect to one another in the closed position of the fuel injection valve 1 with an average deflection.
- the sealing seat formed by the valve closing body 73 and the valve seat surface 72 is subjected to a pretension.
- at least one Preload element 91 may be provided, which in this exemplary embodiment is connected to the first bending element 16.
- a prestressing element 91 can also be provided, which is located between the two bending elements 16, 17 and is elastically deformed in the axial direction.
- the prestressing element 91 can in particular be designed as a spring steel strip.
- the bending elements 16, 17 can be electrically insulated from the bending elements 16, 17.
- a voltage is applied to the actuating device, as a result of which the bending elements 16, 17 bend even more against one another and the sealing seat is opened.
- the bending elements 16, 17 it is advantageous for the bending elements 16, 17 to be supported on the valve housing 70 of the fuel injection valve 1 via the spring element 84.
- the invention is not restricted to the exemplary embodiments described.
- the invention is also suitable for an externally opening fuel injector 1.
- the action of the bending elements 16, 17 in the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2 can also take place via a positive connection.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001510719A JP2003504557A (ja) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-07-13 | 燃料噴射ポンプ |
US09/787,145 US6517046B1 (en) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-07-13 | Fuel injection valve |
EP00951261A EP1114248A1 (de) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-07-13 | Brennstoffeinspritzventil |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19932764A DE19932764A1 (de) | 1999-07-14 | 1999-07-14 | Brennstoffeinspritzventil |
DE19932764.5 | 1999-07-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001006112A1 true WO2001006112A1 (de) | 2001-01-25 |
Family
ID=7914651
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2000/002276 WO2001006112A1 (de) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-07-13 | Brennstoffeinspritzventil |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6517046B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1114248A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2003504557A (de) |
DE (1) | DE19932764A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001006112A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT412366B (de) * | 2002-10-15 | 2005-01-25 | Hygrama Ag | Ventil |
DE102005020248B4 (de) * | 2004-10-25 | 2014-08-28 | Rea Elektronik Gmbh | Tintenstrahl-Schreibkopf |
US20070075286A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-04-05 | Par Technologies, Llc | Piezoelectric valves drive |
US20100326530A1 (en) * | 2007-11-01 | 2010-12-30 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Piezoelectric flow control valve |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3800203A1 (de) * | 1988-01-07 | 1989-07-20 | Atlas Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh | Kraftstoffeinspritzventil |
DE19745468C1 (de) * | 1997-10-15 | 1999-04-15 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Piezoelektrischer Aktuator |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3360664A (en) * | 1964-10-30 | 1967-12-26 | Gen Dynamics Corp | Electromechanical apparatus |
US4662564A (en) * | 1984-05-15 | 1987-05-05 | Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd. | Fuel injection nozzle with timing sensor |
JPS62121860A (ja) | 1985-11-19 | 1987-06-03 | Osamu Matsumura | 燃料噴射装置 |
JPS62107265A (ja) * | 1985-11-02 | 1987-05-18 | Nippon Soken Inc | 電歪式油圧制御弁 |
US5394852A (en) * | 1989-06-12 | 1995-03-07 | Mcalister; Roy E. | Method and apparatus for improved combustion engine |
US6262519B1 (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2001-07-17 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method of controlling fluid flow in a microfluidic process |
US6140745A (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-10-31 | Face International Corp. | Motor mounting for piezoelectric transducer |
-
1999
- 1999-07-14 DE DE19932764A patent/DE19932764A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-07-13 JP JP2001510719A patent/JP2003504557A/ja active Pending
- 2000-07-13 WO PCT/DE2000/002276 patent/WO2001006112A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-13 US US09/787,145 patent/US6517046B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-07-13 EP EP00951261A patent/EP1114248A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3800203A1 (de) * | 1988-01-07 | 1989-07-20 | Atlas Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh | Kraftstoffeinspritzventil |
DE19745468C1 (de) * | 1997-10-15 | 1999-04-15 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Piezoelektrischer Aktuator |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1114248A1 (de) | 2001-07-11 |
JP2003504557A (ja) | 2003-02-04 |
US6517046B1 (en) | 2003-02-11 |
DE19932764A1 (de) | 2001-01-18 |
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