WO2000065059A1 - Spleissfaktor - Google Patents
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- WO2000065059A1 WO2000065059A1 PCT/AT2000/000100 AT0000100W WO0065059A1 WO 2000065059 A1 WO2000065059 A1 WO 2000065059A1 AT 0000100 W AT0000100 W AT 0000100W WO 0065059 A1 WO0065059 A1 WO 0065059A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants
Definitions
- the invention relates to proteins with splicing factor activity in plants.
- Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is part of the expression program of a large number of genes in animals and plants. It enables the selection of different combinations of splice sites within a given pre-mRNA, whereby structurally and functionally different protein isoforms are formed (Breitbart et al. 1987; Manley and Tacke 1996; Cäceres and Krainer 1997).
- Several protein factors have been described that are involved in regulating alternative splicing, including a family of RNA binding proteins with arginine / serine rich regions (SR proteins) (for a review, see Fu 1995; Chabot 1996; Valcarcel and Green 1996; Cäceres and Krainer 1997).
- SR proteins are highly conserved nuclear phosphoproteins that are members of a protein family and share a serine-phospho-epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody mAbl04 (Roth et al. 1991). They consist of at least one RNA-binding domain (RBD) [the typical RBD or RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain of about 80 amino acids] (Birney et al. 1993) and have several serine / arginine (SR-) Dipeptides near the carboxy ends (Zahler et al. 1992). In general, SR proteins are a defined subset of a large superfamily of nuclear proteins with RS-rich domains of variable sequence and position (Fu 1995).
- the human SF2 / ASF splice factor a prototype of an SR protein, is essential for the first cleavage step in pre-mRNA splicing (Krainer et al. 1990b; Ge et al. 1991) and can also determine which 5 '- Splice site in pre-mRNAs with alternative sites is selected (Ge and Manley 1990; Krainer et al. 1990a).
- the preferred use of the proximal 5 'splice at higher concentrations of SF2 / ASF is counteracted by members of the hnRNP A / B family of proteins (Mayeda and Krainer 1992; Mayeda et al.
- SF2 / ASF and any other SR protein can complement S 100 extracts with a splice deficiency that are essentially devoid of SR proteins, but individual SR roteins sometimes show distinct specificity and efficiency in splicing various pre-mRNAs (Krainer et al. 1990b; Ge et al. 1991; Fu and Maniatis 1992; Kim et al.
- RNA-binding specificity is conferred on an SR protein by the RRM region and neighboring sequences (Cäceres and Krainer 1993; Zuo and Manley 1993; Tacke and Manley 1995; Allain and Howe 1997; Tacke et al. 1997); the different RS domains are primarily responsible for protein-protein interactions that are modulated by the phosphorylation status of these regions (Wu and Maniatis 1993; A rein et al. 1994; Kohtz et al. 1994; Zuo and Maniatis 1996; Xiao and Manley 1997). In addition, RS domains have been shown to modulate RNA binding activity and sub-nuclear localization of SR proteins (Li and Bingham 1991; Hedley et al.
- SR proteins could work by bridging splice sites through RNA-protein and protein-protein interactions, thus establishing early interactions for the splice site definition and for the assembly of spliceosomes. These interactions are stimulated by the binding of SR proteins to nearby amplifier sequences and modulated by the phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of the RS regions. There is limited information about the regulation of SR protein expression in vivo. With SF2 / ASF and SRp20, significant differences in mRNA and protein values were observed in different cell types and tissues (Jumaa et al. 1997; Hanamura et al. 1998).
- SC35 expression is also very variable in cell lines (Fu and Maniatis 1992; Vellard et al. 1992), and some SR proteins are activated by mitogens (Diamond et al. 1993; Screaton et al. 1995).
- some alternative spliced SR protein mRNAs have been described which code for truncated proteins with as yet unknown function (Ge et al. 1991; Cavaloc et al. 1994; Screaton et al. 1995; Jumaa et al. 1997).
- Human SRp20 self-regulates its expression at the splicing level by binding to its own pre-mRNA, thus preventing over-expression of the active protein (Jumaa and Nielsen 1997).
- SR proteins play a critical role in selecting the right splice site in mammals, it is interesting to characterize the corresponding protein family in plants.
- mAbl04 antibody or a specific monoclonal antibody raised against human SF2 / ASF could be shown to have SR proteins including SF2 / ASF-like proteins (Lopato et al. 1996a).
- the vegetable SR proteins are of different sizes and are smaller than 55 kD. It could also be shown that plant SR proteins are active in constitutive and alternative splicing when examined in heterologous HeLa cell extracts.
- arginine / serine-rich proteins from Arabidopsis were characterized that belong to two different families (Lopato et al. 1996b; 1999). Both families have good homology with animal SR proteins in the amino-terminal RRM, but their carboxy-terminal domains are richer in arginine than in serine, have fewer SR dipeptides, and are therefore referred to as RS proteins. Nevertheless, these proteins are recognized by the mAbl04 antibody and can efficiently complement HeLa S100 extracts that lack SR protein.
- Influencing the splicing process in plants is one of the ways to achieve improved plants.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide new plant splice factors that can be used in the context of biotechnology.
- the protein according to the invention is preferably characterized in that it has the sequence of amino acids 1 to 4, 7 to 19, 22 to 72, 74 to 85, 96 to 141, 149 to 153, 156 to 172, amino acid 168 being variable, however is not D or N, has the protein according to Fig.L A of the Appendix.
- the highly conserved sequences specified are preferably arranged such that the distances approximately between the named sequences correspond to those according to FIG. 1A of the appendix, advantageously not more than 5 amino acid deletions or amino acid insertions being provided. Sequences are particularly preferred in which there is either no deletion or only a single deletion or insertion between the preserved sequences.
- the protein according to the invention can have one or more amino acid substitutions compared to the protein shown in FIG. 1A of the appendix, as long as the sequence of amino acids 1 to 4, 7 to 19, 45 to 52, 111 to 116 and 149 to 153 of the protein according to FIG. l A of the Appendix or the function of the protein as a splice factor is not affected.
- the function as a splice factor is then considered to be affected if, for example, the protein is only 10 to 20% of the natural activity of the protein according to FIG. 1A of the appendix.
- Amino acid substitutions can be provided in particular in the region of the amino acids not marked as conserved in FIG. 2 of the appendix, especially if they do not significantly influence the three-dimensional structure or the charge distribution of the protein. In these regions, the exchange of hydrophobic amino acids with one another or the exchange of aromatic amino acids with one another is possible if the natural activity is not lost as a result.
- Proteins are particularly preferred which contain an amino acid sequence which comprises at least 95%, in particular at least 98%,
- the S-rich sequence between amino acid 95 and 102 of the sequence according to FIG. 1A of the appendix preferably contains at least 4, in particular at least 7, serine residues. It is advantageously G-free, in particular free of GGR or GGR repeats.
- the protein of the invention can also be made available from other plants by standard methods of molecular biology due to the high homology of such proteins, for example by PCR-coupled cloning methods or by other screening of gene libraries, for example with the sequence according to FIG. 1A of the appendix.
- the present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules that either comprise a nucleic acid sequence according to FIG. 1A of the appendix or comprise a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein according to the invention or have a nucleic acid sequence which binds to the nucleic acid molecule according to FIG. 1A under stringent conditions and codes for a splice protein active in plants or is complementary thereto is.
- Stringent conditions mean, for example, hybridization in 7% SDS, 0.5 M NaP04, pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA at 50 ° C. with subsequent washing with 3% SDS.
- RNA molecules can be both DNA and RNA molecules.
- RNA molecules the alternatively spliced forms, in particular those as described in the appendix, represent preferred embodiments of the present invention.
- the invention also relates to a biologically functional vector, which is characterized in that it comprises a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention.
- the invention further relates to a system comprising a nucleic acid which codes for a protein according to one of the claims and a nucleic acid which
- AtSRp34 / SRl protein from Arabidopsis thaliana or for the protein corresponding to that in FIG. 1A from a plant other than Arabidopsis thaliana or for a protein derived from these proteins, wherein at least one of the nucleic acids under the control of one not naturally with them Nucleic acid-linked promoter stands.
- Proteins derived from atSRp34 / SRl are also to be understood as those proteins which define the proteins according to the invention in an analogous manner starting from the protein shown in FIG. 1A. Both nucleic acids are preferably controlled by promoters which are not naturally linked to these nucleic acids.
- At least one of the promoters under whose control the nucleic acids are preferably an inducible promoter.
- the nucleic acid which codes for a protein according to the invention is under the control of a promoter which brings about an overexpression of this protein.
- the nucleic acid which codes for a protein according to the invention is preferably under the control of a promoter which prevents the expression of this protein under defined conditions and enables the expression of this protein under defined other conditions.
- the present invention relates to transgenic plants or plant cells which express a protein according to the invention and comprise a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, a vector according to the invention or a system according to the invention.
- the present invention further relates to the use of a protein according to the invention, a nucleic acid according to the invention, a vector according to the invention or a system according to the invention for changing the splicing properties of a plant cell or a plant.
- the objects according to the invention can be used to change the development behavior of a plant.
- a special aspect is the use for delaying the flowering of plants.
- a delay in the flowering of a plant compared to the wild type is at least 15%, preferably at least 25%, can be brought about, for example if the protein according to the invention is placed under the control of a strong promoter.
- Particularly preferred plants in the context of the present invention are the economic useful plants, such as cereals, beans, rice or fruit plants.
- Figure 1A Genome sequence of atSRp30; Promoter and intron sequences are in lower case, cDNA sequences are in upper case, and the TATA box in bold italics.
- the derived protein sequence is indicated under the DNA in the one-letter code.
- the bold sequence in the tenth intron is contained in alternatively spliced mRNAs, and the underlined sequence is included when both 3 'and 5' cryptic splice sites are used.
- the conserved RNP sub-motifs of both RRMs are shown in a box. The open arrows mark the ends of promoter sequences that were used for expression studies.
- Solid horizontal arrows indicate the ends of the PCR product obtained with degenerate primers and used as a probe for library screening, () The end of the GatSRp30 clone.
- the sequence data of the atSRp30 gene were entered into the EMBL database (accession number AJ131214).
- FIG. 1B Schematic representation of GatSRp30, its mRNA isoforms, and derived proteins. Exons are shown as boxes and introns as lines (bold lines: introns that are contained in the alternative spliced mRNAs). Exonic 5 'and 3' untranslated regions are shaded gray and the coding regions are black. (*) The new stop codon in the alternative spliced products.
- Fig. IC Schematic representation of GatSRp34, its mRNA isoforms and derived proteins. The drawings are as in B (accession number AF001035).
- 1D Genomic partial sequence of atSRp34 / SRl, starting with exon 10 up to the stop codon.
- the bold sequence in the long intron is contained in alternatively spliced mRNAs; the underlined sequence is included when both 3 'and 5' cryptic splices are used.
- Fig. 2 Alignment of Arabidopsis atSRp30, atSRp34 / SRl and human SF2 / ASF protein sequences (single color area). Positions in which a single residue occurs in at least two of the sequences (shaded areas). Conservative substitutions such as RK, IVL, ED, FY, ST. The positions of the conserved RNP-1 and RNP-2 sub-motif and the glycine-rich region are indicated.
- Fig. 3 Expression of atSRp30 and atSRp34 / SRl in Arabidopsis thaliana of the wild type.
- A Expression in various plant tissues. Northern blot analyzes of poly (A) + RNA from leaves (L), stems (S), roots (R) and flowers (F) are shown. One microgram of RNA was loaded per lane, and the blots were probed either with a probe corresponding to the tenth intron of GatSRp30, or with the cDNAs from atSRp30 or atSRp34 / SRl.
- B, C Developmental expression of atSRp30. Total RNA was isolated from the whole plant on different days during development, starting from the day of germination.
- RNA was either used for Northern blot analysis with 10 ⁇ g / lane total RNA and the membrane probed with atSRp30 cDNA (B), or it was used for the analysis of the RT-PCR products on 1.2% agarose gel ( C).
- the two primers for the PCR reaction were in the exons next to the tenth intron.
- Fig. 4 Immunodetection of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated SR proteins from cell cultures of Arabidopsis.
- A Immune detection of proteins in SR protein preparations (lanes 1 to 4).
- (Lane 1) monoclonal antibody mAbl04, which is specific for a common phosphoepitope of SR proteins;
- (Lane 2) Polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant atSRp30;
- (Lane 3) polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant atSRp34 / SRl;
- (Lane 4) Monoclonal antibody specific for human SF2 / ASF. Protein arkers are shown on the left.
- (B, C) Dephosphorylation of SR proteins with alkaline phosphatase.
- Fig. 5 Transcriptional analysis of atSRp30 (A-D) and atSRp34 / SRl (E-H) promoter-GUS fusions in transgenic Arabidopsis. GUS staining of (A, E) flowers in the post-flowering stage; (B, F) coloring patterns in the leaves; (C, G) primary and developing lateral roots; (D, H) seedlings (2 days after germination).
- Fig. 6 Overexpression of atSRp30 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
- the cDNA and genomic sequences of atSRp30 were cloned under the control of the strong 35S CaMV promoter (constructs pC30 and pG30, respectively) and used to transform Arabidopsis plants.
- A Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated from independent transgenic lines probed with atSRp30 cDNA. (Lanes 1 to 4) plants transformed with the pG30 construct; (Lanes 5 to 9) plants transformed with pC30; (Lane 10) control plants transformed with pBI121 (35S CaMV-GUS construct). mRNA isoforms are given.
- B RT-PCR analysis of the same transgenic lines.
- Figure 8 Regulation of the alternative splice pattern of atSRp31 and U1-70K in plants that overexpress atSRp30.
- the relevant alternative splicing events are shown in the diagrams above. RT-PCR was performed using primers (marked with arrows) derived from the neighboring exons.
- A Changes in the splice of the second intron of GatRSp31.
- SR proteins The purification of the SR proteins was previously described (Lopato et al. 1996a). The proteins were separated using SDS-PAGE. After staining with Coomassie-G, the protein band was cut out and subjected to in-gel digestion with Lys-C endopeptidase. The resulting peptides were separated by HPLC and sequenced using automated Edman degradation as previously described (Wang et al. 1996).
- the total DNA of carrot, tobacco and Arabidopsis was isolated using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Murray and Thompson 1980).
- CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
- the most conserved part of the sequenced peptide YVGNLPGDI was used to assemble two degenerate forward primers.
- Two reverse degenerate primers were derived from the SWQDLKDHM peptide sequence, which was also part of a sequenced peptide. All four combinations of degenerate primers were used as templates in PCR reactions with genomic DNA from different plants. PCR products were subcloned and sequenced.
- the Arabidopsis PCR product was used as a probe for screening a ⁇ ZAPII genomic library from A. thaliana var. Columbia (Stratagene).
- a positive clone, GatSRp30 was found, measured, subcloned and sequenced (EMBL accession number AJ131214).
- a partial cDNA sequence was found with a BLAST search through EST databases accession number R65514, 4018 Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clone 17J1T7 and was kindly provided by the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center at Ohio State University. Sequence homology was performed using the sequence analysis Software packages version 7.1-UNIX from Genetics Computer Group
- RNA blot analyzes were carried out as described (Lopato et al. 1996b). CDNAs encoding alternatively spliced isoforms were obtained by RT-PCR using total RNA preparations from A. thaliana plants of various developmental stages and primers derived from the untranslated 3 'region (for reverse transcription).
- the fragments were analyzed on 1.2% agarose gel.
- the cSNA and genomic sequences of atSRp30 were amplified from A. thaliana cDNA and genomic DNA using primers 3 and 1 containing BamHI and Sacl restriction sites, respectively.
- the DNA fragments were sequenced and introduced into the BamHI-SacI restriction sites of the pBI121 (Clontech) vector (with the GUS gene deleted) under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter, which led to constructs called pC30 or pG30. Cultivation of plants and suspension cultures and plant transformation process
- the plants were typically kept at 23 ° in a cycle of 16 hours light and 8 hours dark unless otherwise noted.
- the cell culture was grown in medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, 2 x Gamborg's vitamins (Gamborg et al. 1968), 1 mg / 1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 3% (M / V) Contained sucrose.
- the cell cultures were incubated in 50 ml medium in conical 250 ml flasks in a rotary shaker at 110 rpm and 23 ° C in low light.
- the cell suspensions were subcultivated every 7 days and diluted three times with fresh medium for each subculture.
- Histochemical assay of GUS expression Histochemical assays of GUS expression were performed with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylglucuronide (X-Gluc, Duchefa) as a substrate and were performed on intact seedlings or excised organs of mature plants grown in vivo, as by Jefferson (1987). The samples were treated with 70% ethanol for 2-6 hours to remove chlorophyll from the tissues if necessary.
- X-Gluc 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylglucuronide
- SR proteins were purified from 3-week-old Arabidopsis plants or 5-day-old suspension cultures using a two-step salt precipitation process as described (Lopato et al. 1996a). Whole protein extracts were made with the buffer for SR protein isolation (Zahler et al. 1992). The proteins from the magnesium precipitate and the total protein extracts were separated on 12.5% SDS gel. The protocols for immunoblotting and detection have been described earlier (Lopato et al. 1999). Protein phosphorylation was carried out with alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine (Biolabs).
- the coding region of atSP30cDNA was amplified by PCR using the primers 5 '-ATATACCATGGGTAGCCGATGGAATCGTAC-3' and (4).
- the coding region of atSRp34 / SRlcDNA was amplified by PCR using the primers 5 '-ATATACCATGGGCAGTCGTTCGAG-3' and (6).
- the primers contain Ncol and BamHI restriction sites.
- the fourth nucleotide of the coding region was changed to G in both cases.
- AtSRp30 and atSRp34 / SRI expressed in this way have Ser2-Arg and Ser2-Gly substitutions, respectively.
- the fragments were cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET-3d (Novagen) and transformed into the E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS (Novagen).
- ice-cold buffer B 333 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, 100 mM EDTA at pH 8.0, 40 mg lysozyme
- Lysis buffer (22.5 ml, IM LiCl, 20 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40) was added and the solution was sonicated at full strength for a total of 2 min (15 sec bursts with 1 min cooling periods therebetween).
- the pellet was washed twice in 25 ml buffer C (10 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M LiCl, 0, 05% NP-40, 1 mM DTT) and then washed twice with the same buffer without LiCl.
- the isolated inclusion bodies contained > 95% pure protein and were used for the production of polyclonal antibodies (Lopato et al. 1999).
- the first peptide comprised the RNP-2 submotive of the first RRM, and the second peptide had high homology with a sequence between RNP-2 and RNP-1 of the second RRM (see Materials and Methods; Fig. 2, below).
- degenerate primers were synthesized and used for PCR on purified genomic DNA from carrots, tobacco and Arabidopsis.
- the Sequencing of the cloned PCR products resulted in two very homologous sequences from Arabidopsis and tobacco.
- the Arabidopsis fragment was 838 bp long and contained 5 introns.
- the fragment boundaries of the Arabidopsis fragment are marked with black arrows in FIG. 1A.
- the protein sequence derived from the PCR sequence had extensive homology with human SF2 / ASF and atSRp34 / SRl (Fig. 2).
- Arabidopsis PCR product was used as a probe to screen an A. thaliana ⁇ ZAPII genomic library.
- a genomic clone was found and designated atSRp30 (genomic clone of Arabidopsis thaliana serine / arginine-rich protein with a derived molecular mass of approximately 30 kD). It was> 4.5 kb long, had a promoter region of 1805 bp, but ended 12 bp above the stop codon.
- a corresponding cDNA was obtained from a cDNA library with expressed sequence tags (EST) from A.
- thaliana Ecotyp Columbia The mRNA corresponding to this cDNA was designated as mRNAl of atSRp30. Primers from the 3 'untranslated region of this cDNA were used to obtain the missing sequences of the genomic clone by PCR amplification on purified genomic DNA. The DNA fragment contained an additional intron and the rest was identical to the corresponding sequence of the cDNAl.
- the sequence of GatSRp30 and the derived protein sequence are shown in Fig. 1A.
- GatSRp34 has a very similar gene structure to GatSRp30, except that the former has an intron in the 5 'untranslated region.
- the RS domain of atSRp30 is shorter than that due to an extension at the 3 'end of atSRp34, which includes a previously described positively charged proline / serine / lysine (PSK) domain of unknown function (Lazar et al. 1995) by atSRp34. If this unique 3 'extension is not taken into account, atSRp34 / SRl is slightly more homologous with human SF2 / ASF, mainly due to their common G-rich joint region. Taken as a whole, these analyzes indicate that, in contrast to mammals for which only one SF2 / ASF protein has been described so far, two SF2 / ASF homologues are present in Arabidopsis.
- RNA blots of poly (A) + mRNA from various tissues of wild-type Arabidopsis plants were probed with radioactively labeled atSRp30 or atSRp34 / SRl cDNAs and in each case showed at least two mRNA species (FIG. 3A).
- the level of expression of each gene varied significantly in different tissues, but was greatest in flowers in both cases, followed by roots (Fig. 3A).
- the ratio of the two distinguishable mRNAs, mRNA3 and mRNAl was different for each gene in the different organs.
- mRNA3 appeared to be present in greater quantities in leaves, stems and flowers, while mRNAl was predominant in roots.
- the ratio of the two main mRNAs of atSRp34 / SRl was approximately 1: 1 in leaves and stems, whereas in the Roots and flowers dominated mRNAl. Further probing of the RNA blot with the long tenth intron of atSRp30 showed that mRNA3 retained sequences of this intron, indicating that the alternative splicing involves this region of atSRp30 pre-mRNA.
- mRNAl corresponded to the cDNA sequence of atSRp30, while due to the use of an alternative 3 'splice site mRNA3 retained part of the tenth intron (Fig. 1A, B).
- the mRNA2 isoform with the two alternative 3 'and 5 • splice sites within intron 10 (Fig. 1A, B) was not recognizable in the Northern of the wild-type plants (see Fig. 3A) and was only by RT-PCR demonstrated by increasing the number of cycles (data not specified).
- mRNA4 uses an additional alternative 3 'splice site; mRNA2 uses alternative 5 1 and 3 'splice sites (Fig. IC, D); and mRNA3, which is the major alternative spliced mRNA in plants when atSRp30 is overexpressed by the 35SCaMV promoter (Fig. 5 below), uses an alternative 5 'splicing site.
- AtSRp30s and atSRp34s lack the carboxy-terminal part of the RS domain and instead have other sequences that are shown in Figure 1A for atSRp30s and bold in Fig. IC for atSRp34s.
- RNA bloth hybridization and RT-PCR analysis (FIG. 3B, C) used.
- RT-PCR primers obtained from exons in addition to the tenth intron were used. The results of both methods were fairly consistent, showing that expression of mRNAl is highest in younger plants and begins to decrease around day 12, while expression of mRNA3 is extremely low in young seedlings, peaking between days 9 and 14 then slowly decreases. Although we do not know how to regulate the ratio of these two transcripts, these regulatory events could determine the amount of true atSRp30 protein in individual cells.
- the magnesium precipitate was subjected to an immunoblot and probed with four different antibodies. With anti-p30, six protein bands were detected as three doublets, the 43 to 46 kD doublet having the highest intensity. The other two doublets migrated with recognizable molecular masses of 38-40 and 31-34 kD (Fig. 4A, lane 2).
- the immunostaining pattern with the monoclonal antibody mAbl04 (FIG. 4A, lane 1), which is specific for a serine phosphoepitope common for SR proteins
- the anti-p34 antibodies recognize three proteins of approximately 46-47, 40 and 34 kD. Since the same antibody shows minimal cross-reaction with recombinant atSRp30 (data not shown), this band may represent proteins related to atSRp34 / SRl and are in good agreement with published overexpression data, in which the protein is 47-48 in size kD was detected (Lazar et al. 1995).
- the 40 kD protein migrates with an alternatively spliced isoform of atSRp34 / SRl (see below) while the nature of the 34 kD polypeptide remains to be determined.
- the anti-p34 immunoblot is very similar to that obtained with a monoclonal antibody specific for human SF2 / ASF (Fig.
- ß- Glucuronidase (GUS) activity was not observed in any of the non-transgenic Arabidopsis tissues tested, not even in transgenic plants which have a promoterless GUS gene.
- Control plants containing a 35S cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter-GUS fusion were easy to stain, showing that substrate access did not limit GUS activity.
- CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus
- the constructs used either contained a complete gene (pG30) or a cDNA (pC30) which codes for atSRp30 under the control of the strongly constitutive promoter of the 35S RNA of CaMV.
- the 35S CaMV promoter is strong and constitutive in all plant tissues examined, which was confirmed in control experiments using GUS as a reporter gene.
- negative controls were either transformed with a 35SRNA promoter GUS control (pBI121) or were transformants with the same construct, but for unknown reasons none Overexpression.
- the two fusion constructs pG30 and pC30 were used for the transformation of Arabidopsis roots mediated by Agrobacterium. Forty independent, transgenic lines were regenerated for each construct; Eight of the lines transformed with pG30 and twelve of the lines transformed with pC30 were used for the further work. Some of these transgenic lines were used for RNA blot and RT-PCR analyzes, as shown in Fig. 6 A and B. Surprisingly, all pG30 transformants (Fig. 6A, B, lines 1 to 4) mainly expressed mRNA3, which has an alternative 3 'splice site within the long intron (Fig. IB), but mRNAl was still more common in these plants than in the control plant (Fig.
- the total soluble protein extracts from transgenic plants were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-p30 for immunodetection (FIG. 6C) and with a control plant (lane 8, a transformed plant without overexpression of atSRp30) and with an SR protein preparation of Arabidopsis suspension culture (lane 1) compared.
- the SR protein preparation had the characteristic pattern of anti-p30 (see FIG. 6C, lane 1, and FIG. 4A, lane 2), while due to the low frequency of atSRp30 in plants, no specific proteins were immunostained in the total protein extract of the control plant (Fig. 6C, lane 8).
- AtSRp30 is only partially phosphorylated, which may be related to our observation that even complete dephosphorylation results in a 38 kD atSRp30 protein that retains the mAbl04 phospho-epitope (Fig. 4B, lanes 3- 6).
- none of the antibodies used in pG30 transformants could detect a shorter protein product (atSRp30s) of the extremely common mRNA3 (see also FIG. 6C, lane 2).
- AtSRp30 led to strong phenotypes with pleiotropic changes in both the morphology and the development of transgenic plants. No significant differences were found between plants transformed with pG30 and pC30 constructs, although the values of atSRp30 protein were different (FIG. 6C, see lane 2 and lanes 3 to 7). The observations were in T? and subsequent generations of independent transgenic lines reproducible and cosegregated together with the antibiotic resistance. In transgenic plants, the transition from the growth to the flowering stage was very late under short day conditions. The time from germination to the formation of the first ripe pod was 65-78 days in overexpressing plants compared to 42-47 days in control plants grown under the same conditions.
- Transgenic plants also had larger rosette leaves (Fig. 7A, cf. wild type in B), the trichomes mainly having four to five branches, in contrast to the leaves in the wild type, which mainly had three-branch trichomes.
- primary inflorescence produced numerous secondary branches with a vegetative, rosette-like appearance. These branches developed 7 to 15 vegetative leaves and eventually formed inflorescences.
- the number of rosette leaves in transgenic plants at the time of flowering was slightly lower than in wild type (12 or 16 leaves on average).
- Independent transgenic lines that overexpress atSRp30 showed the described characteristics with the to different degrees greatest impact on the time for the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.
- the atSRp31 splice factor belongs to a new family of plant RS proteins and has an alternatively spliced second intron (792 nucleotides) (Lopato et al. 1996b).
- a 3 'cryptic splice point or the two alternative 3' and 5 'splice points were used for this intron (FIG. 8A), while in control lines (lane 1) and pG30-transformed lines (lanes 2 to 5) the latter form was predominant.
- pC30 lines (lanes 6-10) mainly expressed the shape of the alternative 3 'splice, although their frequency was variable (in lanes 6 and 7 this shape can only be seen on the original photo).
- DISCUSSION atSRp30 is a member of the SR protein family In addition to their characteristic domains, which include one or two RRMs and a carboxy-terminal RS domain with multiple SR dipeptides, SR proteins have (a) phosphoepeptide (s) that are recognized by mAbl04, and they are soluble in the presence of millimolar concentrations of magnesium salts.
- the antibody to atSRp30 recognized a complex band pattern in the Mg precipitate, while no specific band could be found in the total protein fractions. The fact that atSRp30 could not be detected in raw lysates reflects the low frequency of the protein and / or the limited sensitivity of the antibody.
- AtSRp30 when atSRp30 was overexpressed, the antibody detected a specific protein with an apparent mobility of 40 kD. In contrast, atSRp34 / SR of anti-p34 could be detected in total protein fractions.
- Our immunoblot data confirm that atSRp30 is a real SR protein because it is present in SR protein preparations and has an immunostained band corresponding to mAbl04. However, since complete dephosphorylation could not be achieved, we do not know how many of these proteins are modified forms of atSRp30 or closely related proteins.
- mRNA3 generated using an alternative 3 'splice site in the tenth intron, was the predominantly detected transcript, while the value of mRNAl was only moderately increased (Fig. 6).
- a restrictive splice factor that is titrated due to overexpression of the atSRp30 gene. Such a factor would have to be specific for the tenth intron, since all other introns in atSRp30 are properly spliced.
- mRNA3 and mRNAl can largely be synthesized in different cells via cell type-specific alternative splicing.
- AtSRp30 influences the selection of the splice site in several plant pre-mRNAs and leads to changes in plant development
- Arabidopsis atSRp30 was a good candidate for a splice modulator due to its similarity to human SF2 / ASF and its special expression pattern.
- the ability to stably overexpress atSRp30 in whole plants, which remained viable, enabled us to determine for the first time the effects of elevated SR protein levels on the alternative splicing of specific endogenous transcripts. Some, but not all, of the endogenous transcripts tested were affected.
- atSRp30 pre-mRNA itself and tSRp34 / SRl pre-mRNA, intronic alternative 5 'splice sites were activated, while with atSRp31 and Ul 70K pre-mRNAs the use of normal splice sites was generally increased, but was variable.
- AtSRp30 can change the expression of other genes drastically by influencing their splicing patterns. Because the expression pattern of atSRp30 is usually very tissue-specific, some of the effects of overexpression observed could have been caused simply by its expression in inappropriate tissues, where it affects the expression of genes that are not the natural targets of this splice factor.
- the observed decrease in the expression of the splice factor atSRp34 when overexpressing atSRp30 can in turn influence the expression of other genes, which leads to the observed changes in the phenotype.
- the changes in trichome development which can lead to additional branches, on the other hand, may reflect the overexpression of atSRp30 in the trichome support cell, which is a normal site for the expression of atSRp30. Therefore, atSRp30 can be a determinant of trichome development. It remains a critical goal to find the natural regulatory goals of atSRp30 to explain the observed changes in the phenotype and to expand our understanding of plant development pathways.
- AtSRp30 A comparison analysis of atSRp30 with all known plant and animal SR proteins showed that it is a paralogue of atSRp34 / SRl and that both Arabidopsis proteins are closest to human SF2 / ASF.
- the main structural difference is that atSRp30 does not have a G-rich region between the two RRMs, which can affect the flexibility and possibly the specificity of the RNA-binding region.
- the assumption that the two proteins might have different activity is supported by the observation that their expression patterns are quite different in many cases, as shown in FIG. 5.
- AtSRp30 is more restricted to specialized cell types and tissues, such as trichomes, cotyledons or lateral root systems, which indicates that this protein plays a special role in the initiation of organ formation, while atSRp34 / SRl is more strongly expressed in meristem tissue. Furthermore, our immunological and sequence data indicate that atSRp34 / SRl hSF2 / ASF is more similar than atSRp30.
- a novel zinc finger protein is encoded by the Arabidopsis LSD1 gene and functions as a negative regulator of plant cell death. Cell 88: 685-694.
- RNA 1 663-680.
- a protein factor controls cell-specific alternative splicing of SV40 early pre-mRNA in vitro. Cell 62: 25-34.
- the splicing factor SRp20 modifies splicing of its own mRNA and ASF / SF2 antagonizes this regulation.
- the Drosophila RNA-binding protein RBP1 is localized to transcriptionally active sites of chromosomes and shows a functional similarity to human splicing factor ASF / SF2. Genes & Dev. 6: 2569-2579.
- Arginine / serine-rich domains of the su (wa) and tra RNA processing regulators target proteins to a subnuclear compartment implicated in splicing. Cell 67: 335-342.
- Uridylate-rich small nuclear RNAs Uridylate-rich small nuclear RNAs (UsnRNAs), their genes and pseudogenes, and Usn-RNPs in plants: Structure and function. A comparative approach. Crit. Rev. Plan Be. 12: 275-369.
- SR proteins promote the first specific recognition of pre-mRNA and are present together with the Ul small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle in a general splicing enhancer complex. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 7670-7682.
- RNA 1 335-346.
- SR proteins A conserved family of pre-mRNA splicing factors. Genes & Dev. 6: 837-847.
- the human splicing factor ASF / SF2 can speeifically recognize pre-mRNA 5 'splice sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Be. 91: 3363-3367.
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AU39459/00A AU3945900A (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-20 | Splicing factor |
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Non-Patent Citations (7)
Title |
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BARTA ANDREA ET AL: "Arg/Ser-rich plant splicing factors and their tissue specific expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.", FASEB JOURNAL, vol. 11, no. 9, 1997, 17th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology;San Francisco, California, USA; , pages A998, XP002145412, ISSN: 0892-6638 * |
LAZAR G ET AL: "IDENTIFICATION OF A PLANT SERINC-ARGININE-RICH PROTEIN SIMILAR TO THE MAMMALIAN SPLICING FACTOR SF2/ASF", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF USA,US,NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. WASHINGTON, vol. 92, 1 August 1995 (1995-08-01), pages 7672 - 7676, XP002910446, ISSN: 0027-8424 * |
LOPATO S ET AL: "CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL ARGININE/SERINE-RICH SPLICING FACTOR IN ARABIDOPSIS", PLANT CELL,US,AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, ROCKVILLE, MD, vol. 8, no. 12, 1 December 1996 (1996-12-01), pages 2255 - 2264, XP002910447, ISSN: 1040-4651 * |
LOPATO SERGIY ET AL: "A novel family of plant splicing factors with a Zn knuckle motif: Examination of RNA binding and splicing activities.", PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 4, March 1999 (1999-03-01), pages 761 - 773, XP002145415, ISSN: 0167-4412 * |
LOPATO SERGIY ET AL: "atSRp30, one of two SF2/ASF-like proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, regulates splicing of specific plant genes.", GENES & DEVELOPMENT, vol. 13, no. 8, 15 April 1999 (1999-04-15), pages 987 - 1001, XP002145413, ISSN: 0890-9369 * |
LOPATO SERGUEI ET AL: "Pre-mRNA splicing in plants: Characterization of Ser/Arg splicing factors.", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES, vol. 93, no. 7, 1996, 1996, pages 3074 - 3079, XP002145414, ISSN: 0027-8424 * |
VYSOTSKAIA V. ET AL.: "Arabidopsis chromosome 1 BAC T12M4 sequence, AC AC003114, O80496", EBI DATABASE, 25 November 1997 (1997-11-25), XP002145411 * |
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WO2005037863A2 (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2005-04-28 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Alternative splicing factors polynucleotides, polypeptides and uses thereof |
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