Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
  • G02F1/153—Constructional details
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
  • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
  • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
  • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
  • E06B3/67—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light
  • E06B3/6715—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light specially adapted for increased thermal insulation or for controlled passage of light
  • E06B3/6722—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light specially adapted for increased thermal insulation or for controlled passage of light with adjustable passage of light
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
  • G02F1/153—Constructional details
  • G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
  • H01M6/181—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with polymeric electrolytes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M6/40—Printed batteries, e.g. thin film batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M6/50—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance, e.g. for maintaining operating temperature
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of electrochemical devices comprising at least one electrochemically active layer capable of reversibly and simultaneously inserting ions and electrons, in particular electrochromic devices.
• electrochemical devices are used in particular for manufacturing glazing whose light and / or energy transmission or light reflection can be modulated by means of an electric current.
• energy storage elements such as batteries or gas sensors, or display elements.
• electrochromic systems in a known manner, comprise a layer of a material capable of reversibly and simultaneously inserting ions, in particular cations, and electrons and whose oxidation states corresponding to the inserted and de-inserted states are of distinct coloring, one of the states being generally transparent.
• the insertion or withdrawal reaction is controlled by an adequate electrical supply, in particular by application of an adapted potential difference.
• the electrochromic material generally based on tungsten oxide, must therefore be brought into contact with an electron source such as a transparent electroconductive layer and an ion source such as an ion conductive electrolyte.
• the counter-electrode must consist of either a neutral layer in coloring or at least transparent when the electrochromic layer is in the discolored state.
• Tungsten oxide being a cathode electrochromic material, that is to say that its colored state corresponds to the most reduced state
• an anodic electrochromic material such as nickel oxide, iridium oxide or vanadium oxide, without limitation, is generally used for the counter electrode.
• an optically neutral material in the oxidation states concerned, such as for example cerium oxide or organic materials such as electronic conductive polymers (poly aniline, etc.) or Prussian blue.
• the electrolyte is in the form of a polymer or a gel, for example a proton-conducting polymer such as those described in European patents EP-0 253 713 and EP-0 670 346, or a lithium ion conduction polymer such as those described in patents EP-0 382 623, EP-0 518 754 or EP-0 532 408
• one constraint of this type of electrochemical system consists in giving it a sufficient "memory effect" depending on the application envisaged.
• this term is meant the ability of the system to maintain itself in a given state once the power supply has been interrupted.
• this state is generally its colored state. In the absence of power supply, it tends to return to its discolored state.
• This memory effect can last as long as possible, so that the user, through the power supply of the system, can effectively control its state in a satisfactory manner.
• a first solution consisted in accepting the existence of these leakage currents, and in re-supplying electricity to the system when it is in its colored state, according to a given periodicity, to compensate for them.
• these leakage currents can vary from one glazing to another, and in this case, the coloring achieved by two similar glazings subjected to the same electrical supply is different
• a second solution consisted in tucking one of the two electroconductive layers, that is to say depositing the layers so that they are offset at their periphery, and thus removing / reducing the current of leakage from one layer to another at their respective peripheries.
• the solution is effective, but complicates the method of manufacturing the system: it in particular requires depositing at least one of the two electrically conductive layers by using a mask on the carrier substrate.
• the object of the invention is then to remedy these drawbacks, in particular by proposing a new method for treating the electrochemical devices described above in order to improve their performance, in particular in order to limit / eliminate the risks of short circuits, so-called leakage currents and, in fact, in order to increase their "memory effect", and this by favoring simplicity in its implementation.
• the invention firstly relates to a method of treating an electrochemical device, comprising at least one carrier substrate provided with a stack of functional layers comprising at least one electrochemically active layer capable of reversibly and simultaneously inserting ions and electrons disposed between two electroconductive layers. It is in particular an electrochemical device of the electrochromic type, with a stack of functional layers including at least, successively:
• a first electrochemically active layer capable of reversibly inserting ions such as cations such as H + , Li + or anions such as OH, in particular made of an anodic (or respectively cathodic) electrochromic material,
• the process of the invention is characterized by the fact that the functionality of at least one of the functional layers is just locally inhibited, with the exception of one of the electroconductive layers, in particular with the exception of the first (that closest to the carrier substrate), so as to delimit in the stack an inactive peripheral zone.
• the term “layer” is understood to mean either unitary layers or the superposition of several layers jointly fulfilling the same function. This is particularly the case of the electrolyte layer, which can consist of two or three layers superimposed, as is apparent for example from the aforementioned patent EP97 / 400702.3.
• the stack of layers may also include other layers, in particular protective layers, barrier layers, layers with an optical or bonding function.
• the advantage of the invention lies in the simplicity of its implementation, in addition to its effectiveness. Indeed, the method makes it possible to treat the layers once they are (all) deposited in a standardized manner, without having to make selective layer deposits, with mask systems or the like to obtain a "margining" or an offset. for example.
• the invention is therefore particularly advantageous in the case of stacks of functional layers containing only layers of solid material: (the "all-solid" systems mentioned above).
• solid material means any material having the mechanical strength of a solid, in particular any essentially mineral or hybrid material, namely partially mineral and partially organic, such as the materials that can be obtain by using a deposition process by sol-gel synthesis.
• all of the layers can be deposited one after the other on the carrier substrate, preferably with the same deposition technique, on the same production line ( deposition by sputtering assisted by magnetic field in particular), then treat according to the invention the entire stack except one of the electroconductive layers.
• the invention also includes the alternative variant consisting in interrupting the deposition process, and in treating only part of the stack already deposited, then in continuing to deposit the “missing” layers to constitute the stack “ whole ". (In the case of a non “all-solid” system, the addition of the “missing” layers can be done by assembling the substrate with a second substrate which is also suitably functionalized).
• this local “inhibition” of the stack of functional layers is to deactivate the device at its periphery, along a border a few millimeters wide for example, so that, in this periphery, the system remains permanently in its least ionic and / or electronic conductive state (discolored state for most electrochromic systems).
• This “inactive” border is not penalizing in itself since we can control its dimensions, and that it can thus be easily concealed, if it is deemed aesthetically necessary, by the installation, framing system , peripheral seal of the device which is always present, especially when it is an electrochromic glazing.
• this border amounts to voluntarily cutting the electrical circuit at the periphery of the system, thus eliminating any risk of short circuit which would be due to a passage of current between the two electroconductive layers.
• the electrical circuit can be cut by inhibiting only one of the electrochemically active layers with reversible insertion and / or the electrolyte layer and / or one of the electroconductive layers at their peripheries. But as mentioned above, the simplicity goes rather in the direction of the treatment of all the stack except the first layer. It should be noted that the short circuits are notably due either to direct contact between the two electroconductive layers, or indirectly via one of the electrochemically active layers when these prove to be also electronic conductors in one of their states ( inserted or not inserted). Thus, tungsten oxide is better electronic conductor in its colored state, and it is the same for nickel oxide and iridium oxide.
• the invention proposes two main variants for obtaining this localized inhibition effect.
• the first variant consists in locally inhibiting the functionality of at least one of the layers by incising the one (s) thereof on its (their) thickness (s) along a closed line making it possible to delimit the inactive zone of the stack between said closed line and the edge / edge of the stack (considering that all or most of the layers have similar dimensions and / or are exactly superimposed on each other.
• the first electrically conductive layer is slightly larger than all the others, to facilitate its electrical connection with the second layer, which makes it possible to place on its surface which "exceeds" the stack the necessary connection elements.
• This incision thus makes it possible to obtain a groove which cuts the circuit as explained above and leaves the periphery of the device de-energized.
• an incision is made along a closed line having, in smaller proportions, a profile close to or identical to that of the edge of the stack (or of the edge of the first layer which undergoes the incision, if the underlying layers are of slightly different dimensions, in particular the first as mentioned above).
• an inactive border which "follows" the periphery of the device and is easily camouflaged.
• the incision is made by any mechanical means, in particular cutting, or by laser irradiation.
• One embodiment consists in leaving the device stationary during the treatment and in mounting the mechanical means / the laser transmitter on a mobile member, another embodiment consisting in doing the reverse.
• This incision operation can be carried out indifferently when the system is in the colored or discolored state.
• it may be interesting to choose a colored state, to increase the absorption of the laser by the stack at the wavelength used.
• the second variant consists in locally inhibiting the functionality of at least one of the layers of the stack (always with the exception of one of the electroconductive layers) by degrading it (them) to its (their) o periphery (ies), in particular by an appropriate heat treatment or by an appropriate laser irradiation.
• the degradation is preferably carried out not along a closed line, like the incision according to the first variant, but over the entire surface of the peripheral border which we thus want to "deactivate".
• Heat treatment or laser treatment have proven to be very effective in sufficiently modifying the affected layer (s) in terms of their chemical composition or structure, thereby rendering them inactive. This is probably a deterioration involving, for example, at least partial dehydration and / or structural modification (in particular by crystallization) of the layer in question, without removing it.
• the irradiation with a laser light can either be used in the context of the first variant, causing a true localized ablation, or in the context of the second variant by only modifying it. Its precision and efficiency make the laser very interesting, it then suffices to modulate its operating parameters, as will be detailed later.
• each closed line being of a perimeter smaller than that which is adjacent to it and closer to the edge of the stack than it , and being included in the “inside” surface of the stack delimited by the latter (successive closed lines can thus be concentric).
• This inhibition can be done according to one or the other of the two variants explained above, namely either by localized degradation, or by localized ablation of the layer or layers in question, with the same means, namely heat treatment. , treatment by laser or any sharp means.
• This operation can have two different purposes. It can first of all make it possible to reduce / eliminate non-peripheral short-circuits in the stack when the device is in operation, by deactivating the areas where point faults cause electrical contacts between the two electrically conductive layers, the areas thus rendered inactive being very small therefore hardly or not discernible. To make these areas even less discernible, it can be arranged, once treated, to color them permanently by an ink jet of a dark color, close to that of the system in the colored state. Thus, the "corrected" areas are completely hidden when the system is in the colored state (state where points which would remain clear would be most noticeable). One can thus easily and effectively correct point faults in the system.
• This operation can also make it possible to register patterns in the device, patterns appearing only when the system is in its colored state.
• the ablation obtain "solid" patterns or delimited by contours at will.
• the preferred embodiment of the invention consists in that the treatment process affects all of the functional layers except the (first) electrically conductive layer. To preserve its integrity, it is advantageous to select its deposition parameters to make it more resistant, harder, more dense than the other layers and very particularly than the other electrically conductive layer. The characteristics of the layer are thus modulated in combination with those of the means used for the treatment so that the latter is not modified.
• this layer is, for example, deposited by sputtering assisted by a magnetic field, it is possible, in known manner, to modulate the density thereof by varying the pressure in the deposition chamber, the deposition temperature, etc.
• the invention also relates to the electrochemical device of the electrochromic type treated according to the method described above, and which has at least one peripheral inactive zone permanently remaining in the discolored state, in particular in the form of a width margin for example not more than 5 mm.
• the device treated according to the invention preferably has in operation (in the colored state) a leakage current (total leakage current per unit of length of the perimeter) less than or equal to 20 ⁇ A / cm, in particular less than or equal to 10 ⁇ A / cm or at 5 ⁇ A / cm.
• Q figure 1 an electrochromic glazing in section.
• the invention can be applied to any type of electrochemical system, in particular electrocontrollable glazing of the electrochromic glazing type. It is preferably in the form of a stack of functional layers successively comprising an electrically conductive layer, preferably transparent, an electrochromic layer called cathodic capable of reversibly inserting ions such as H + , Li + , Na + , Ag + or OH ", an electrolyte layer, optionally a counter electrode in the form of a second electrochromic layer called anodic also capable of reversibly inserting said ions and finally a second electrically conductive layer.
• an electrically conductive layer preferably transparent
• an electrochromic layer called cathodic capable of reversibly inserting ions such as H + , Li + , Na + , Ag + or OH "
• an electrolyte layer optionally a counter electrode in the form of a second electrochromic layer called anodic also capable of reversibly inserting said ions and finally a second electrically conductive layer.
• the electroconductive layers of the device there are two possible variants: it is possible to use materials based on doped metal oxide such as tin oxide doped with fluorine Sn ⁇ 2: F or l indium oxide doped with ITO tin. It is also possible to use layers of metal or of a metallic alloy, for example from Au gold, Ag silver or Al aluminum.
• the device generally having two electroconductive layers, they can be either both metallic or both based on doped oxide, one based on metal and the other based on doped oxide. They can also consist of a superposition of conductive layers, for example a metal layer at least associated with a layer of doped metal oxide.
• a material or a mixture of materials chosen from the group comprising tungsten oxide WO3, molybdenum oxide M0O3, vanadium oxide V2O5, niobium oxide Nb 2 ⁇ 5, titanium oxide Ti0 2 , a “cermet” material (association of metallic material and ceramic, in particular in the form of metallic particles in a ceramic matrix) such as WO3 / AU or WO ⁇ / Ag, a mixture of tungsten and rhenium oxides W ⁇ 3 / Re ⁇ 3.
• anodic electrochromic material To constitute the layer of anodic electrochromic material, one can choose a material which corresponds to the formula M x A y U z , with M a transition metal, A the ion used for reversible insertion, for example an alkali or a proton, and U a chalcogen such as oxygen or sulfur.
• It may be, in particular in the case of insertion of H + proton ions, of a compound or of a mixture of compounds belonging to the group comprising LiNiO x , IrO x H y , IrO x H y N z , NiO x , NiO x H y N z , RhO x , CoO x , MnO x , RuO x .
• a compound or a mixture of compounds belonging to the group comprising LiNiO x , LiMn2 ⁇ 4 , IrO x , Li x IrO y , Li x S n O y is chosen instead, NiO x , CeO x , TiO x , CeO x -TiO x , RhOx, CoO x , CrO x , MnO x .
• electrolytes are preferred in the form of a solid material, in particular based on metal oxide, preferably comprising a layer of an ionic conductive material capable of reversibly inserting the ions but the degree of which d oxidation is kept essentially constant, like a material with electrochromic properties of the WO3 type as described in patent EP97 / 400702.3.
• the invention however includes the other types of electrolyte (polymer, gel, etc.).
• the functional system of the element according to the invention can therefore be placed either between two substrates or on a single substrate, more particularly in the case of an “all-solid” system.
• the rigid supporting substrates are preferably made of glass, acrylic or allylic polymer, polycarbonate or certain polyurethanes.
• the carrier substrates can also be flexible, flexible and intended to be laminated to rigid substrates, it can be flexible polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ...
• Laminating can be carried out with interlayer polymer sheets of the thermoplastic type such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or certain polyurethanes.
• PVB polyvinyl butyral
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
• These glazings can thus have a “monolithic” structure, that is to say with a single rigid substrate, or a plurality of rigid substrates, have a laminated and / or multiple glazing structure, or even a so-called asymmetric glazing structure.
• an outer plastic layer in particular based on polyurethane with energy absorption properties, structure described in particular in patents EP-191 666, EP-190 953, EP-241 337, EP-344 045, EP-402 212, EP-430 769 and EP-676 757.
• All the layers are based on metal oxide (s) and deposited by direct current sputtering, assisted by magnetic field and reactive (in Ar / ⁇ 2 or Ar / H / 0 2 atmosphere from appropriate metal targets ).
• FIG. 1 represents a substrate of clear soda-lime-silica glass 1, of 1000 cm 2 and thickness 3 mm, surmounted by the “all-solid” electrochromic system consisting of the following stack of layers 2:
• a second layer 7 of cathodic electrochromic material of hydrated tungsten oxide H x W ⁇ 3 380 nm thick
• the electroconductive layer 3 was deposited with deposition conditions different from those used for the other electroconductive layer 8, so that the first is significantly denser, more lasts longer than the second which, by comparison, seems more "porous". Thus, it is guaranteed that the first layer will not be affected by the treatment according to the invention.
• a variant consists in slightly modifying the thicknesses of the example described above, using a layer 5 of WO3 of 100 nm, a layer 6 of tantalum oxide of 100 nm, a layer 7 of H x W ⁇ 3 of 280 nm and finally a layer 8 of ITO of 270 nm.
• the types of laser usable to make this incision are in particular of the pulsed EXCIMER laser type (at KrF at 248 nm, TeCl at 308 nm, ArF at 193 nm, at XeF at 351 nmn, at F2 at 157 nm), or continuous diode laser (at 532, 510, 578, 808 nm) or “YAG” laser (with yttrium and aluminum garnet crystal Y3AI5O12) at 1 ⁇ m, or CO2 laser at 9.3 and 10.6 ⁇ m.
• the choice of laser depends in particular on the absorption spectrum of the stack of layers.
• various parameters must be adjusted and taken into account, including in particular the fluence of the substrate ( in J / cm 2 ), the frequency of the laser (in Hz), the speed of movement of the laser transmitter relative to the substrate (mm / s), the number of pulses received at a point in the layer, the width incision (in mm).
• an EXCIMER KrF laser was used, with a laser beam of energy density 0.12 J / cm 2 , mounted on a movable member above the stack 2, so as to make a groove 9 of approximately 100 ⁇ m in width and which follows the contour of the stack 2 at a distance of approximately 2 mm from its edge, ie a substantially square groove.
• the term “stacking contour” is understood here to mean that of all the functional layers except the first, which is slightly larger in size in order to facilitate the fitting of the connection elements, in a known manner.
• the measured leakage currents are on average 4 ⁇ A / cm, while identical untreated samples have leakage currents of the order of 300 to 400 ⁇ A / cm.
• These comparative samples, not treated according to the invention, are margins so that the two electroconductive layers are offset from one another: before depositing, the edges are masked with a tape of 50 to 100 ⁇ m thick, after deposit, it is removed and the measurements are made).
• the device on which the laser treatment was carried out and shown in FIG. 1 is generally "incomplete" in the sense that it must generally be provided with a means of protection above the stack 2 , for example by flipping it with a glass or a flexible PET-type substrate, by making a double-glazing assembly where the stack is turned towards the side of the intermediate gas plate and optionally provided with a protective film.
• the stack can also be encapsulated with a waterproof polymer / varnish such as a polyurethane or epoxy varnish, or a polyparaxylylene film, or a mineral layer of the Si ⁇ 2 or S13N4 type or any other mineral or organo-mineral layer obtained by the soil route. - gel in particular. .
• the discolored strip 10 of 2 mm around the periphery of the stack due to the laser treatment is easily concealable when mounting the glazing.
• the method according to the invention is therefore effective and avoids interrupting the succession of layer deposits to form the stack.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Nonlinear Science (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
• Weting (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
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• 1998
  • 1998-07-10 FR FR9808928A patent/FR2781084B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1999
  • 1999-07-08 EP EP99929434A patent/EP1012662B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-07-08 WO PCT/FR1999/001653 patent/WO2000003289A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 1999-07-08 DE DE69941890T patent/DE69941890D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-07-08 ES ES99929434T patent/ES2339198T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-07-08 JP JP2000559469A patent/JP4571308B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-07-08 KR KR1020007002243A patent/KR100632274B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1999-07-08 US US09/486,718 patent/US6337758B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-07-08 AT AT99929434T patent/ATE454646T1/de active
  • 1999-07-08 PT PT99929434T patent/PT1012662E/pt unknown
• 2001
  • 2001-12-26 US US10/025,575 patent/US6529308B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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