WO1999032707A1 - Matieres pour la capture de virus - Google Patents

Matieres pour la capture de virus Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999032707A1
WO1999032707A1 PCT/GB1998/003873 GB9803873W WO9932707A1 WO 1999032707 A1 WO1999032707 A1 WO 1999032707A1 GB 9803873 W GB9803873 W GB 9803873W WO 9932707 A1 WO9932707 A1 WO 9932707A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
virus
fibrous material
article
influenza
thread
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1998/003873
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ian Alexander Mckay
John Sidney Oxford
Robert Lambkin
Original Assignee
Retroscreen Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Retroscreen Limited filed Critical Retroscreen Limited
Priority to EP98962600A priority Critical patent/EP1042551A1/fr
Priority to AU17730/99A priority patent/AU1773099A/en
Priority to JP2000525618A priority patent/JP2001527166A/ja
Publication of WO1999032707A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999032707A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/08—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material
    • B01D39/083—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material of organic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/022—Filtration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/16—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using physical phenomena
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
    • B01D39/18—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being cellulose or derivatives thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
    • B01J20/3206—Organic carriers, supports or substrates
    • B01J20/3208—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates
    • B01J20/321—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates consisting of a polymer obtained by reactions involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
    • B01J20/3206—Organic carriers, supports or substrates
    • B01J20/3208—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates
    • B01J20/3212—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates consisting of a polymer obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
    • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
    • B01J20/3268—Macromolecular compounds
    • B01J20/3272—Polymers obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • B01J20/3274—Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, antibodies or antigens
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M16/00—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
    • A61L2300/204—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials with nitrogen-containing functional groups, e.g. aminoxides, nitriles, guanidines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
    • A61L2300/216—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials with other specific functional groups, e.g. aldehydes, ketones, phenols, quaternary phosphonium groups
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
    • A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
    • A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents
    • A61L2300/408—Virucides, spermicides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/02—Types of fibres, filaments or particles, self-supporting or supported materials
    • B01D2239/0216—Bicomponent or multicomponent fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0442—Antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal additives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/12—Special parameters characterising the filtering material
    • B01D2239/1291—Other parameters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to materials for virus capture and their use as filters or as components of protective articles of clothing which have been manufactured to prevent or reduce transmission of viruses to the wearer thus providing a degree of protection from infection.
  • Viral infection is a significant cause of disease and ill-health in animals.
  • Viruses are generally classified according to their nucleic acid content and morphology.
  • DNA viruses may be classified as envelope double-stranded, envelope single-stranded or non-enveloped double stranded.
  • the RNA viruses can be similarly classified as envelope single-stranded, non-enveloped double stranded or non-enveloped single-stranded (Wansbrough-Jones et al in Textbook of Medicine, 208-319, Second Edition, edited by Souhami, R.L. , & Moxham, J., Churchill Livingstone (1994)).
  • the Orthomyxo virus family of RNA viruses comprise Influenza types A, B and C, and the viruses are enveloped single-stranded.
  • Influenza A virus and influenza B virus cause significant problems each winter in communities throughout the world and the mortality rates may be high even in countries such as the UK where a vaccine is distributed to the "at risk" groups (Stuart-Harris, Schild and Oxford in Influenza: the virus and the disease, published by Edward Arnold, London (1985)).
  • the disease is normally mild and self limiting, the elderly and those with chronic chest disease are susceptible to complications resulting in considerable mortality. The elderly are more vulnerable to all complications. The most common is exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and this is responsible for most adult admissions to hospital in influenza epidemics. Asthma is also exacerbated.
  • Bacterial pneumonia often caused by S. pneumoniae, S. aureus or H. influenzae can occur in chronic bronchitics or patients with no history of chest disease.
  • Viral pneumonia caused by influenza virus itself is a severe complication which usually occurs in patients with underlying chest or cardio-vascular disease.
  • Other rarer complications include, myositis, myocarditis, pericarditis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and encephalitis (Wansbrough-Jones et al in Textbook of Medicine, 208-319, Second Edition, edited by Souhami, R.L., & Moxham, J., Churchill Livingstone (1994)).
  • Pandemics have occurred infrequently over the last century in 1889, 1918, 1957, 1968 and 1977. They result from the emergence of new viruses in which there are major changes in the surface proteins, mainly neuraminidase and haemagglutinin, against which the populations of the world have no immunity. The mechanism for these changes is likely to be genetic reassortment and some evidence suggests that this occurs in animal reservoirs, such as birds and lower mammals, especially chickens and pigs. Two neuraminidases and three haemagglutinins have been detected at various times in the last century in human influenza viruses and these are recognised in the name given to a sub-type of virus.
  • the virus responsible for the 1918 epidemic was H1N1 and another sever epidemic in 1957 was caused by H2N2.
  • the severity of an outbreak is determined by the extent of change in antigenicity of the virus so that if the neuraminidase and the haemagglutinin both undergo a major change, the severity of disease and the size of the epidemic are greater than if only one determinant changes.
  • antigenic drift After a major antigenic shift causing a pandemic, smaller variations in antigenicity known as antigenic drift are also seen in the influenza virus (Wansbrough-Jones et al in Textbook of Medicine, 208-319, Second Edition, edited by Souhami, R.L., & Moxham, J., Churchill Livingstone (1994)).
  • anti-viral pharmaceutical approaches have been investigated. So far, a single antiviral drug, Amantadine (Symmetrel), has been licensed for use against influenza infections but is hardly utilised. Two new anti- neuraminidase drugs are also currently under study world-wide. Amantadine is only effective against influenza A virus and therefore cannot yet replace the use of a preventative vaccine. The drug has some benefit as a treatment of influenza infection but it does not convey 100% protection as a prophylactic, nor does it confer any protection once its use is ceased. Moreover, antiviral drugs are an expensive form of treatment.
  • Virucidal compounds have been described which may destroy influenza virus on contact either by dissolving the lipid surrounding the virus (Wigg et al Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 7 179-183 (1996)) or, alternatively, by binding to the protein HA spike (unpublished data). The virus is also inhibited by acid conditions. Furthermore, there are now a number of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies which neutralise influenza virus on contact (Lambkin, R., & Dimmock, N. J., Vaccine 14 212-217 (1996)) but no therapeutic use has been made of these antibodies to date.
  • influenza virus is spread predominantly via aerosol by inhalation of virus infected droplets emerging from the respiratory tract of an already infected person. A great deal of virus is excreted from the respiratory tract during the incubation period before the infected person shows clinical signs of illness. Whilst surgical masks are used in hospital, doctor's surgeries and dentist's surgeries to reduce the chance of transmission of bacteria from the surgeon or doctor to the patient or vice versa, such masks are not expected to reduce viral transmission of infectious agents because of the minute size of viruses and virus aggregates.
  • Viruses are termed "ultrafiltrable particles" (Collier and Oxford, Human Virology, A text for students of medicine, dentistry and microbiology, OUP, (1993)) because they are able to pass through even the smallest pores of most standard filter papers or membranes. For this reason, existing barrier means, such as air filters and articles of protective clothing, in particular masks, have not been effective at preventing viral particles from reaching nasal and oral tissues.
  • the present invention is based in part on the realisation that the treatment of barrier materials such as paper or filters, for example air filters with virucidal or antiviral agents can provide an effective means of protecting against viral infection. It has been discovered that protection is best afforded if the barrier material contains a means for first capturing a viral particle and then secondly a means for destroying the virus.
  • the barrier materials can also be used in the manufacture of articles of protective clothing to provide a degree of protection for the wearer, such as for example masks.
  • a fibrous material which comprises a plurality of interwoven threads wherein at least one thread has been derivatised with a natural receptor for a virus or a portion or an analogue thereof.
  • the fibrous material may be used as a barrier material, such as for example to filter viruses from the air in a contained environment.
  • the present invention therefore extends to a paper or fibre sheet composed from a fibrous material in accordance with the third aspect of the invention.
  • Such papers or fibre sheets can be used as air filters which may be employed in hospitals and/or laboratory environments in which protection from airborne viral transmission is important.
  • the filters may be utilised in masks and breathing apparatus to protect the wearer, or in working environments where viruses are being used, such as for example in filters to "scrub" air clean, or in a contained working environment to prevent escape of viruses.
  • the material may be used to construct larger items such as curtains, blinds, cavity wall insulation and insulating material to block gaps around doors and windows.
  • the fibrous material may be used in the manufacture of articles of protective clothing, for example a mask, suitably a mask for surgical or medical procedures, an eye-patch, a head garment, a pair of long- or short-trousers, a suit, a long- or short- sleeved shirt, a skirt, a poncho, a hood, a gown, a dress or other item of clothing which can serve as a barrier between the skin of the wearer and the environment.
  • a mask suitably a mask for surgical or medical procedures, an eye-patch, a head garment, a pair of long- or short-trousers, a suit, a long- or short- sleeved shirt, a skirt, a poncho, a hood, a gown, a dress or other item of clothing which can serve as a barrier between the skin of the wearer and the environment.
  • the fibrous material may be manufactured from any convenient material, including, cotton, wool, silk, or a polymer, or a combined multi-component fibre.
  • the polymer may be cellulose, polyethylene (suitably, ultra-high modulus polyethylene) polyester, terylene, nylon, LycraTM, lyocell (TencelTM), or any other polymer fibre suitable for use in garment manufacture.
  • the article can be composed of fibres of different degrees of micro fibrillation.
  • the degree of microfibrillation can provide the material with different filtration properties which can be readily measured by "Canadian Standard Freeness” (CSF). For example, a material exhibiting a low CSF number indicates high microfibrillation in the material and therefore a high resistance to passage of particles.
  • CSF Canadian Standard Freeness
  • the processes used to prepare fibres for use in such materials are described more fully in the official test methods and standards of the Technical Association for the Paper and Pulp Industry (TAPPI), in particular reference publication “T 200 om-89” (1989).
  • the fibres can be prepared into the materials using Valley Beating or alternatively using "spunlace” or hydroentanglement procedures, which can be considered to consist of precursor web formation, web entanglement, water circulation, and web drying.
  • lyocell In the different features and aspects of the present invention, it has been seen that viral capture can be improved still further by the use of lyocell.
  • the material may be prepared with different properties during the hydroentanglement process where the fibres are brought together.
  • Materials composed of lyocell have been used prior to the present invention in other fields, such as for example as cigarette filters, US- A-5839,448, US-A-5738,119, US-A-5671,757.
  • the process used to prepare the lyocell may be any convenient procedure known in the art. It is preferred, however, that the lyocell be prepared with a high degree of microfibrillation.
  • VB Valley Beating
  • an identical Valley Beating time may result in slightly different CSF values. It is therefore sometimes useful to refer to the overall conditions of preparation using the CSF value as an approximate guide to the properties of the material.
  • the time taken for Valley Beating during the preparative process may therefore provide an alternative definition of the material.
  • other definitions based on preparation using hydroentanglement, or alternative processes may also be used to define materials with equivalent CSF values.
  • the CSF value for materials useful in the present invention may be up to about 800 CSF, generally in the range of from 100-750 CSF.
  • a high CSF value is required in order to permit the wearer to be able to breath through the mask.
  • the CSF value may be in the range of from 600-700 CSF, suitably of from 620-680 CSF, generally of from 625-660. Particularly preferred values are 630 and 649 prepared using a Valley Beating time of about 1 hour.
  • a lower CSF value is required.
  • the CSF value may be in the range of from 150-250, suitably of from 160-210, generally of from 165-180. Particularly preferred values are 173 and 175 CSF prepared using a Valley Beating time of 4 hours.
  • Alternative definitions based on preparation using hydroentanglement may also be used to characterise materials with equivalent CSF values.
  • a reagent such as cyanogen bromide (CNBr) to covalently bind the viral capture agent to the fibres.
  • CNBr cyanogen bromide
  • Such materials with high CSF values are relatively loose structurally and the viral capture agent may require firmer anchoring. In materials with more dense structures and lower CSF values, it may not be necessary to activate the fibres in this way. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that that the viral capture agent may become entangled in the mesh structure. Where an activation agent is required, the agent may be cyanogen bromide or any other suitable reagent known for this purpose.
  • the virus may be a DNA virus or a RNA virus. Where the virus is a DNA virus, it may comprise an envelope double-stranded, envelope single-stranded or non- enveloped double stranded.
  • the envelope double-stranded DNA viruses include the herpes family of viruses, Varicella zoster (VZ), Herpes simplex (HSV I, II), Epstein-Barr (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6), Human herpes virus 7 (HHV7), and Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8), and the pox family of viruses, Vaccinia, Variola and Orf.
  • the envelope single-stranded DNA viruses include parvovirus and the non-enveloped double stranded DNA viruses include the adenoviruses and the papovavirus family, including papilloma and polyoma viruses.
  • the virus is a RNA virus it may be envelope single- stranded, non-enveloped double stranded or non-enveloped single-stranded.
  • Enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses include the Orthomyxovirus family (Influenza), the Paramyxovirus family (Para-influenza, Respiratory synctial, Mumps, Measles), the Togavirus family (Rubella, Alpha, Flavi), the Bunyavirus family, the Arenavirus family (Lassa, Marburg-Ebola), the Retrovirus family (HIV I, II) and the Rhabdovirus family (Rabies).
  • the non-enveloped double-stranded RNA viruses include the Reovirus family and the non-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses include the Picornavirus family (Rhino and Entero, including Coxsackie A, B, and Echo or Polio) (Wansbrough-Jones et al in Textbook of Medicine, 208-319, Second Edition, edited by Souhami, R.L., & Moxham, J. , Churchill Livingstone (1994)).
  • the virus may be air-borne or in a fluid phase. If the virus is air-borne, typically it may be in an aerosol of liquid droplets. Viruses in a fluid phase may be present in any biological fluid or liquid in which a virus may survive, including water.
  • Biological fluids include, but are not limited to sputum or an aerosol of sputum, blood, allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid, chorionic fluid, cerbrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, sweat, milk, semen, plasma. Viruses may also be present in the moisture in the exhaled breath of an infected individual or in mucous secretions of the animal body.
  • Animal viruses can gain entry to their host cells by binding to natural host cell viral receptors on the outer plasma membrane of the cell.
  • the fibrous materials or articles of protective clothing made therefrom according to the present invention have at least one thread derivatised with a natural receptor for a virus or a portion or an analogue thereof.
  • the virus HIV gains entry into cells by binding to the CD4 receptor, and rhinoviruses utilise ICAM-1.
  • the influenza virus binds to N-acetyl neuraminic acid (a sialic acid) and analogues of N- acetyl neuraminic acid. Different strains of influenza virus bind to different analogues of sialic acid.
  • avian and human influenza viruses have specificity for 2,3-gal and 2,6-gal receptors respectively.
  • the chemistry of sialic acid is such that it can be readily coupled to polymeric substrates to provide the viral receptor on the threads of the fibrous material or an article of protective clothing made therefrom.
  • the natural receptor for a virus may be an appropriate binding agent, such as an antibody or a fragment or an analogue thereof.
  • the antibody may be a polyclonal or a monoclonal antibody and fragments of antibodies may include the Fab, Fab', Fc, Fv, scFv among others, or a chimaeric antibody comprising portions from different animal species, e.g. mouse-human, rabbit-human, goat-human, or any functional combination thereof.
  • the antibody, or fragment or analogue thereof may be prepared by any convenient means known in the art, including methods using recombinant DNA technology.
  • the binding agent may also include a lectin or lectin-based molecule.
  • Lectin molecules with affinity for influenza viruses include but are not limited to mannose-binding lectins such as conglutinnin which can be isolated from bovine or murine sera (also known as ⁇ - inhibitors); pulmonary surfactant protein-A (SP-A) which is a sialated C-type lectin with affinity for mannose residues; the lectin molecules known as SBA from Glycine max, DBA from Dolichos biflorus, WFA from Wisteria floribunda and VAA from Viscum album (Luther et al Archives of Virology 101 247-254 (1988)).
  • mannose-binding lectins such as conglutinnin which can be isolated from bovine or murine sera (also known as ⁇ - inhibitors); pulmonary surfactant protein-A (SP-A) which is a sialated C-type lectin with affinity for mannose residues
  • SP-A pulmonary surfactant protein-A
  • SBA from Glycine max
  • lectin molecules with affinity for other viruses can also be used, such as the mannose- specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis hellebo ⁇ ne and the (N- acetylglucosamine)n-specific plant lectin from Urtica dioica which are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalo virus in vitro.
  • the fibrous material or article of protective clothing made therefrom may include both antibody and plasma membrane viral receptors. This may provide superior performance in trapping viral particles under certain conditions.
  • viruses may require for the preparation of differently derivatised threads and the skilled person in the art will be able to select the appropriate viral receptor (plasma membrane or antibody) for the virus to be protected against.
  • the receptor is coupled to the polymer threads in such a way that formation of filaments is not affected and the resulting filaments can then be interwoven to form a fibrous material, an article of protective clothing made from such a material, or a portion thereof.
  • Fibrous materials or articles of protective clothing in accordance with the present invention may also comprise virucidal or antiviral compounds to destroy the captured viruses or to inhibit their activity.
  • the virucidal compound may be any suitable compound for this use such as a disinfectant compound or a specific anti-viral compound.
  • the disinfectant may be any substance effective to destroy the viral particle but without causing the wearer of the article of clothing any side-effects.
  • Ethyl and isopropyl alcohol, diluted 70% with sterile water, iodine (dissolved with potassium iodide in 90% ethanol), hexachlorophene, hypochlorite solutions, phenolics, iodophores are all effective antiseptic disinfectants.
  • the article of protective clothing may also prepared with compounds suitable to provide an acid pH in the fibres of the article which may also have an anti-viral effect.
  • Anti-viral compounds include acyclovir, trifluridine, vidarabine, ganciclovir, zidovudine, amantadine, ribavirin and interferon-alpha.
  • the skilled person in the art will be able to select the most appropriate agent depending upon the virus to be protected against.
  • the antiviral compound may be amantadine, often in combination with a phenolic compound.
  • Antiviral compounds may also be used in conjunction with other virucidal compounds as appropriate.
  • the sialic acid residues, other viral receptors or monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies or parts thereof or lectins will impart specificities to virus capture such that a combination of specificities can be provided in a single article of protective clothing which would capture the influenza viruses common to any particular outbreak, including avian influenza viruses of sub types HI-HI 5 , along with associated viruses and/or bacteria.
  • the pharmaceutically active agent and the derivatised polymer thread may be woven together with un-derivatised polymer threads.
  • This embodiment is particularly advantageous when the fibrous material is used to manufacture an article of protective clothing such as a mask and it permits the effect of the moisture of the wearer's breath to be reduced. Such moisture is likely to be absorbed into the mask as a consequence of the presence of the pharmaceutically active agent, e.g. sialic acid residues, and may tend to make the mask become damp after prolonged use.
  • an article of protective clothing comprising a plurality of interwoven threads wherein at least one thread is derivatised with a natural receptor for a virus, or a portion or an analogue thereof.
  • the article of protective clothing may be as described previously, preferably a mask.
  • a replaceable subunit for an article of protective clothing which comprises a plurality of interwoven threads wherein at least one thread has been derivatised with a natural receptor for a virus or a portion or an analogue thereof.
  • the replaceable subunit may be a series of baffles.
  • an air-filter which comprises a plurality of interwoven threads wherein at least one thread has been derivatised with a natural receptor for a virus, or a portion or an analogue thereof.
  • air-filter should not be interpreted as being limiting to normal air at atmospheric conditions and composition.
  • the filters may also be used to filter other gaseous mixtures with alternative compositions.
  • Example 1 Virus binding bv filter materials
  • Procedure for CNBr activation and conjugation of antibody (Ab) to cellulose, fibre materials, and subsequent assay Take materials and cut 6 equal size (7cm diameter) discs from each. Fill a glass dish with 150ml of a 10% CNBr solution (w/v in ddH 2 0) and place all materials into solution. Incubate at 21°C for 45 minutes. Fill a glass dish with 150ml of a 0.1M NaHCO 3 buffer solution (pH 9) and place materials into solution, agitating gently. Incubate at 21°C for 5 minutes. Fill a glass dish with 150ml of ddH2O and place materials into a dish, agitating gently. Incubate at 21°C for 5 minutes.
  • Table 1 shows the results obtained using 1024 HA units (equivalent to 10 8 infectious units of virus) of PIR 13, a recombinant virus with an HA antigen identical to A/SYDNEY/5/97;
  • column 2 shows results from a lower titre unrelated influenza A virus, A/TX/36/91; and
  • column 3 shows results from an influenza B strain B/HARBIN/7/94.
  • Table 3 shows equivalent results, except that column 1 shows results obtained using 256 HA units of PIR 13. The appropriate virus titres are shown underneath each table.
  • Table 3 shows equivalent results as for Table 1 and for Table 2, with the addition of results for the wash through of PBS.
  • the procedure followed was as detailed above, except that 3 of the 6 discs from each material washed and placed directly into solution of polyclonal antibody (pAb) in 0.1M NaHCO 3 as unactivated controls.
  • pAb polyclonal antibody
  • Table 3 the initial virus titre is 4-fold reduced and there is no titre for A/TX/36/91 so the data relating to A/TX/36/91 in this experiment should be ignored.
  • the same Valley Beating times were used to try to create papers with identical characteristics to those papers in Tables 1 and 2.
  • HAU haemagglutination unit n.d. - not determined
  • HAU haemagglutination unit n.d. - not determined
  • HAU haemagglutination unit n.d. - not determined
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a virucidal face mask which is prepared by derivatising cellulose fibres with sialic acid residues to protect against influenza virus.
  • the mask may be formed into the style of a medical or surgical mask.
  • the fibres or threads are composed of cellulose which contains hydroxy groups suitable for derivatisation with sialic acid groups which contain both hydroxy and carboxylic acid groups. It is therefore possible to couple such sialic acid groups to the cellulose polymer via iso- cyanates.
  • the choice of di-isocyanate can be made to be appropriate for biological reasons, toxicity and to avoid any reduction in the anti-viral activity.
  • ultra-high modulus polyethylene fibres can be utilised.
  • the fibres are pre-treated by ion-beam etching, or by chromic acid etching making the surface reactive.
  • These fibres are enormous strong and very flexible for weaving.
  • the surface of the fibre is reactive in localised spots to be the source of binding of receptors and antibodies.
  • co-polymers of alpha sialoside linked to acrylamide by short connectors such as 5-acetyl-2-O-(N-acryloyl-8-amino-5- oxaoctyl)-2-6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-galacto-alpha nonulopyranosonoic acid) are utilised.

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  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
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  • Filtering Materials (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une matière fibreuse qui comprend plusieurs fils entrelacés, à degré de microfibrillation élevé, au moins un fil étant dérivatisé au moyen de bromure de cyanogène, de sorte qu'un récepteur naturel d'un virus, d'une partie ou d'un analogue de celui-ci soit fixé et que la capture de virus puisse être assurée.
PCT/GB1998/003873 1997-12-22 1998-12-22 Matieres pour la capture de virus WO1999032707A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98962600A EP1042551A1 (fr) 1997-12-22 1998-12-22 Matieres pour la capture de virus
AU17730/99A AU1773099A (en) 1997-12-22 1998-12-22 Materials for virus capture
JP2000525618A JP2001527166A (ja) 1997-12-22 1998-12-22 ウイルス捕捉用材料

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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GB9727119.1 1997-12-22
GBGB9727119.1A GB9727119D0 (en) 1997-12-22 1997-12-22 Virucidal protective clothing

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004087224A1 (fr) 2003-03-28 2004-10-14 Daikin Industries Ltd. Procede d'elimination de substance nocive, et materiau d'elimination de substance nocive mettant en oeuvre un tel procede tels qu'un filtre d'epuration d'air, un masque ou un torchon, et son procede de stockage
CN100396335C (zh) * 2003-03-28 2008-06-25 大金工业株式会社 除去有害物质的方法、使用该方法的空气净化用过滤器、口罩、擦拭片等除去有害物质材料以及其保管方法
AU2008268399B2 (en) * 2007-06-26 2011-09-22 Innonix Technologies, Incorporated Devices and methods for decreasing human pathogen transmission
US20110262325A1 (en) * 2007-09-19 2011-10-27 Fujifilm Corporation Hazardous substance removing material and a method for removing hazardous substance
US8840932B2 (en) 2002-01-16 2014-09-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Antiseptic compositions and methods
WO2021195683A1 (fr) * 2020-04-01 2021-10-07 Ess Holding Gmbh Dispositif de neutralisation d'agents pathogènes inertes et unicellulaires

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6838078B2 (en) * 2002-01-16 2005-01-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Film-forming compositions and methods
JP2005344985A (ja) * 2004-06-02 2005-12-15 Daikin Ind Ltd ダクト装置

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WO1991002816A1 (fr) * 1989-08-22 1991-03-07 Idexx Corporation Isolation de cellues par elution d'une matiere cellulosique derivee de maniere cationique
JPH03123631A (ja) * 1989-10-04 1991-05-27 Terumo Corp ウィルス捕捉性複合材料およびその製造方法
WO1994018569A1 (fr) * 1993-02-09 1994-08-18 Elie Stefas Procede de detection de composes viraux au moyen d'une glycoproteine
WO1996039032A1 (fr) * 1995-06-06 1996-12-12 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Tissu microporeux contenant un adsorbant microbien
EP0781600A2 (fr) * 1995-12-28 1997-07-02 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Filtre pour virus

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991002816A1 (fr) * 1989-08-22 1991-03-07 Idexx Corporation Isolation de cellues par elution d'une matiere cellulosique derivee de maniere cationique
JPH03123631A (ja) * 1989-10-04 1991-05-27 Terumo Corp ウィルス捕捉性複合材料およびその製造方法
WO1994018569A1 (fr) * 1993-02-09 1994-08-18 Elie Stefas Procede de detection de composes viraux au moyen d'une glycoproteine
WO1996039032A1 (fr) * 1995-06-06 1996-12-12 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Tissu microporeux contenant un adsorbant microbien
EP0781600A2 (fr) * 1995-12-28 1997-07-02 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Filtre pour virus

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8840932B2 (en) 2002-01-16 2014-09-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Antiseptic compositions and methods
WO2004087224A1 (fr) 2003-03-28 2004-10-14 Daikin Industries Ltd. Procede d'elimination de substance nocive, et materiau d'elimination de substance nocive mettant en oeuvre un tel procede tels qu'un filtre d'epuration d'air, un masque ou un torchon, et son procede de stockage
CN100396335C (zh) * 2003-03-28 2008-06-25 大金工业株式会社 除去有害物质的方法、使用该方法的空气净化用过滤器、口罩、擦拭片等除去有害物质材料以及其保管方法
US7470548B2 (en) 2003-03-28 2008-12-30 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Hazardous substance removing method, hazardous substance removing material used therein such as air filter, mask, wipe sheet, and the like, and storage method thereof
US7691646B2 (en) 2003-03-28 2010-04-06 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Hazardous substance removing method, hazardous substance removing material used therein such as air filter, mask, wipe sheet, and the like, and storage method thereof
US7927886B2 (en) 2003-03-28 2011-04-19 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Hazardous substance removing method, hazardous substance removing material used therein such as air filter, mask, wipe sheet, and the like, and storage method thereof
AU2008268399B2 (en) * 2007-06-26 2011-09-22 Innonix Technologies, Incorporated Devices and methods for decreasing human pathogen transmission
US8678002B2 (en) 2007-06-26 2014-03-25 Filligent Limited Devices and methods for decreasing human pathogen transmission
US20110262325A1 (en) * 2007-09-19 2011-10-27 Fujifilm Corporation Hazardous substance removing material and a method for removing hazardous substance
WO2021195683A1 (fr) * 2020-04-01 2021-10-07 Ess Holding Gmbh Dispositif de neutralisation d'agents pathogènes inertes et unicellulaires

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1042551A1 (fr) 2000-10-11
JP2001527166A (ja) 2001-12-25
AU1773099A (en) 1999-07-12
GB9727119D0 (en) 1998-02-25

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