Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/06—Paper forming aids
  • D21H21/10—Retention agents or drainage improvers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
  • D21H17/28—Starch
  • D21H17/29—Starch cationic
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
  • D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
  • D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
  • D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
  • D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
  • D21H17/455—Nitrogen-containing groups comprising tertiary amine or being at least partially quaternised
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
  • D21H17/55—Polyamides; Polyaminoamides; Polyester-amides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
  • D21H17/56—Polyamines; Polyimines; Polyester-imides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
  • D21H23/76—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by choice of auxiliary compounds which are added separately from at least one other compound, e.g. to improve the incorporation of the latter or to obtain an enhanced combined effect
  • D21H23/765—Addition of all compounds to the pulp

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the production of paper, cardboard and cardboard with high dry strength by adding cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch as a dry strength agent to the paper stock and dewatering the paper stock with sheet formation.
• graft copolymers which are obtained by grafting dextran, a naturally occurring polymer with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 50 million, with cationic monomers, e.g. Diallyldimethylammonium chloride, mixtures of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and acrylamide or mixtures of acrylamide and basic methacrylates, such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate.
• cationic monomers e.g. Diallyldimethylammonium chloride, mixtures of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and acrylamide or mixtures of acrylamide and basic methacrylates, such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate.
• the graft polymerization is preferably carried out in the presence of a redox catalyst.
• a process for cationizing starch is known from US Pat. No. 4,097,427, in which the starch is boiled in an alkaline medium in the presence of water-soluble quaternary ammonium polymers and an oxidizing agent.
• Quaternary ammonium polymers include quaternized diallyldialkylamino polymers or quaternized polyethyleneimines.
• the oxidizing agent used is, for example, ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, ozone or tert. -Butyl hydroperoxide.
• the modified cationic starches that can be produced in this way are added to the paper stock as dry strength agents in the manufacture of paper.
• a method for the production of cationic starch which is used for surface sizing and coating of paper and paper products.
• an aqueous slurry of oxidized starch is digested together with a cationic polymer in a continuous cooker.
• Suitable cationic polymers are condensates of epichlorohydrin and dimethyla in, polymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, quaternized reaction products of ethylene chloride and ammonia and quaternized polyethyleneimine.
• a process for the production of a cationic starch in which a slurry of starch in water together with a polyalkyleneimine or polyalkylene polya with a molecular weight of at least 50,000 is about 0.5 to 5 hours heated to a temperature of about 70 to 110 ° C for a long time.
• the mixture contains 0.5 to 40% by weight of polyalkyleneimine or polyalkylene polyamine and 99.5 to 60% by weight of starch.
• a polyethyleneimine with an average molecular weight of about 200,000 in dilute aqueous solution with potato starch is heated to a temperature of 90 ° C. for 2 hours.
• the modified potato starch can be precipitated in a mixture of methanol and diethyl ether.
• the reaction products of starch and polyethyleneimine or polyalkylene polyamines described in US Pat. No. 3,467,608 are used as flocculants.
• DE-A-4 127 733 discloses hydrolyzed graft polymers of natural substances containing N-vinylformamide and saccharide structures, which are used as dry and wet strength agents.
• the hydrolysis of the graft polymers under acidic conditions results in a sharp reduction in the molecular weight of the polysaccharides.
• WO-A-96/13525 discloses a process for the cationic modification of starch by reacting starch with polymers which contain amino and / or ammonium groups in an aqueous medium at temperatures from 115 to 180 ° C. under elevated pressure, at most 10 % By weight of the starch used are broken down.
• the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a process for the production of paper, cardboard and cardboard with a high level of dry strength, with an increased retention of starch in the paper and thus lower COD values in the paper machine waste water being achieved, and also compared an acceleration of the drainage rate is achieved in the prior art.
• the object is achieved according to the invention with a process for the production of paper, cardboard and cardboard with high dry strength by adding cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch as a dry strength agent for the paper stock and dewatering the paper stock with sheet formation, if the paper a cationic polymer is added as a retention agent for starch.
• the invention also relates to the use of cationic polymeric retention agents to increase the retention of dry strength agents from cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch in the production of paper, cardboard and cardboard.
• the use of hydrolyzed homo- or copolymers of N-vinylformamide with a degree of hydrolysis of 1 to 100% and a K value of at least 30 (determined according to H. Fikentscher in aqueous solution at a polymer concentration of 0.5% by weight) is particularly preferred.
• wood pulp includes wood pulp, thermomechanical material (TMP), chemothermomechanical material (CTMP), pressure grinding, semi-pulp, high-yield pulp and refiner mechanical pulp (RMP).
• TMP thermomechanical material
• CMP chemothermomechanical material
• RMP refiner mechanical pulp
• suitable pulps are sulfate, sulfite and sodium pulps.
• Suitable annual plants for the production of paper materials are, for example, rice, wheat, sugar cane and kenaf. Waste paper alone or in a mixture with other fibers is also used to produce the pulps.
• Waste paper also includes so-called coated scrap, which gives rise to white pitch due to the content of binder for coating and printing inks.
• coated scrap which gives rise to white pitch due to the content of binder for coating and printing inks.
• stickies from adhesive labels and envelopes as well as adhesives from the back sizing of books and so-called hotmelts give rise to the formation of so-called stickies.
• the fibers mentioned can be used alone or in a mixture with one another.
• the pulps of the type described above contain varying amounts of water-soluble and water-insoluble contaminants.
• the contaminants can be quantified, for example, with the help of the COD value or also with the help of the so-called cationic requirement.
• Cationic requirement is understood to mean the amount of a cationic polymer that is necessary to bring a defined amount of white water to the isoelectric point.
• a condensation product obtained according to Example 3 of DE-B-2 434 816 is used for the standardization Grafting a polyamidoamine from adipic acid and diethylenetriamine with ethyleneimine and subsequent crosslinking with a polyethylene glycol dichlorohydrin ether is available.
• the pulps containing impurities have, for example, COD values of 300 to 5 40,000, preferably 1,000 to 30,000 mg of oxygen per kg of the aqueous phase and a cationic requirement of more than 50 mg of the cationic polymer mentioned per liter of white water.
• Cationic, anionic and amphoteric starches are known and are commercially available. Cationic starches are produced, for example, by reacting native starches with quaternizing agents such as 2, 3 - (epoxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride. Starch and starch derivatives are described in detail, for example, in the book by Günther Tegge, Starch and Starch Derivatives, Behr's-5 Verlag, Hamburg 1984.
• Starches which can be obtained by reacting native, cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch with synthetic cationic polymers are particularly preferably used as dry strength agents.
• maize starch, potato starch, wheat starch, rice starch, tapioca starch, sago starch, sorghum starch, cassava starch, pea starch, rye starch or mixtures of the named starches can be used as native starches.
• Rye flour and other 5 flours can also be considered as starch.
• Starches from rye, wheat and legumes containing proteins are also suitable.
• Native starches which have an amylopectin content of at least 95% by weight are also suitable for the cationic modification with polymers.
• Starches with a content of 0 amylopectin of at least 99% by weight are preferred. Such starches can be obtained, for example, by starch fractionation of conventional native starches or by breeding measures from plants which produce practically pure amylopectin starch. Starches with an amylopectin content of at least 95, preferably at least 5 at least 99% by weight are available on the market. They are offered, for example, as waxy corn starch, wax potato starch or wax wheat starch. The native starches can be modified either alone or as a mixture with cationic polymers. 0
• the modification of the native starches as well as of cationic, anionic and / amphoteric starch with synthetic cationic polymers is carried out according to known methods by heating starches in an aqueous medium in the presence of cationic polymers to temperatures above the gelatinization temperature of the starches. Methods of this type are known, for example, from the references cited in the prior art EP-B-0 282 761 and WO-A-96/13525. All synthetic polymers which contain amino and / or ammonium groups can be considered for the cationic modification of the starches mentioned above. These compounds are referred to below as cationic polymers.
• Suitable cationic polymers are, for example, homopolymers and copolymers containing vinylamine units. Polymers of this type are obtained by known processes by polymerizing N-vinylcarboxamides of the formula
• R and R 1 are the same or different and H or C_ . - C 6 alkyl, alone or in the presence of other monomers copolymerizable therewith and hydrolysis of the resulting polymers with acids or bases with elimination of the grouping
• Suitable monomers of the formula (I) are, for example, N-vinylformamide, N-vinyl-N-methylformamide, N-vinyl-N-ethylformamide, N-vinyl-N-propylformamide, N-vinyl-N-isopropylformamide, N-vinyl -N-butylformamide, N-vinyl-N-sec.butylformamide, N-vinyl-N-tert.butylformamide, N-vinyl-N-pentylformamide, N-vinyl acetamide, N-vinyl-N-ethyl acetamide and N-vinyl -N-methylpropionamide.
• N-vinylformamide is preferably used in the preparation of polymers which contain units of the formula (III) in copolymerized form.
• the hydrolyzed polymers which contain units of the formula (III) have K values of 15 to 300, preferably 30 to 200, determined according to H. Fikentscher in aqueous solution at pH 7, a temperature of 25 ° C. and a polymer concentration of 0 , 5% by weight.
• Copolymers of the monomers (I) contain, for example
• ⁇ such as, for example, vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, for example vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl butyrate.
• Unsaturated C 3 to C 6 carboxylic acids such as, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid and vinyl acetic acid and their alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts, esters, amides and nitriles, for example methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and ethyl methacrylate or are also suitable with glycol or polyglycol esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, in each case only one OH group of the glycols and polyglycols being esterified, for example hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate,
• esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids with amino alcohols such as, for example, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropylacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate, diethylaminopropylacrylatyl acrylate, methylaminoethylamethylaminoethylaminoethylaminoethylaminoethylaminoethylaminoethylaminoethyl acrylate.
• the basic acrylates are used in the form of the free bases, the salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, the salts with organic acids such as formic acid or benzenesulfonic acid, or in quaternized form.
• Suitable quaternizing agents are, for example, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride or benzyl chloride.
• Suitable as comonomers 2 are unsaturated amides such as, for example, acrylamide, methacrylamide and N-alkyl mono- and diamides with alkyl radicals of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as, for example, N-methyl-acrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, N-methyl methacrylamide, N -Ethyl-acrylamide, N-propylacrylamide and tert-butyl acrylamide and basic (meth) acrylamides, such as, for example, dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylamide, diethylaminoethyl acrylamide, diethylaminoethyl methacrylamide, dirnethylaminopropylacrylamide, Diethylaminopropylacrylamide, dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide and diethylaminopropylmethacrylamide.
• unsaturated amides such as, for
• N-vinylpyrrolidone N-vinylcaprolactam
• acrylonitrile methacrylonitrile
• N-vinylimidazole substituted N-vinylimidazoles
• N-vinyl-2-methylimidazole N-vinyl-4-methylimidazole
• N-vinyl-5-methylimidazole N-vinyl-2-ethylimidazole
• N-vinylimidazolines such as e.g. Vinyl imidazoline, N-vinyl-2-methylimidazoline, and N-vinyl-2-ethyl imidazoline.
• N-vinylimidazoles and N-vinylimidazolines are also used in neutralized or in quaternized form with mineral acids or organic acids, the quaternization preferably being carried out with dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methyl chloride or benzyl chloride.
• comonomers 2 are monomers containing sulfo groups, such as, for example, vinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid or 3-sulfopropyl acrylate.
• the copolymers comprise terpolymers and those polymers which additionally contain at least one further monomer in copolymerized form.
• Preferred cationic polymers are hydrolyzed copolymers of
• copolymers which contain vinyl esters in copolymerized form
• hydrolysis of the ester groups occurs with the formation of vinyl alcohol units.
• Polymerized acrylonitrile is also chemically changed during the hydrolysis, whereby, for example, amide, cyclic idid and / or carboxyl groups are formed.
• the hydrolyzed poly-N-vinylformamides can optionally contain up to 20 mol% of amidine structures which are formed by the reaction of formic acid with two adjacent amino groups in the polyvinylamine or by reaction of a formamide group with an adjacent amino group.
• Compounds containing copolymerized ethyleneimine units are also suitable as cationic polymers.
• polyethyleneimines which can be obtained by polymerizing ethyleneimine in the presence of acidic catalysts such as ammonium bisulfate, hydrochloric acid or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methyl chloride, ethylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride or chloroform.
• acidic catalysts such as ammonium bisulfate, hydrochloric acid or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methyl chloride, ethylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride or chloroform.
• Such polyethyleneimines for example in 50% by weight aqueous solution, have a viscosity of 500 to 33,000, preferably 1,000 to 31,000 mPa-s (measured according to Brookfield at 20 ° C. and 20 rpm).
• the polymers in this group also include polyamidoamines grafted with ethyleneimine, which may optionally also be crosslinked by reaction with an at least bifunctional crosslinker.
• Products of this type are produced, for example, by condensing a dicarboxylic acid such as adipic acid with a polyalkylene polyamine such as diethylene triamine or triethylene tetramine, optionally grafting with ethylene imine and reacting with an at least bifunctional crosslinking agent, for example bischlorohydrin ether of polyalkylene glycols, cf. US-A-4 144 123 and US-A-3 642 572.
• a dicarboxylic acid such as adipic acid
• a polyalkylene polyamine such as diethylene triamine or triethylene tetramine
• an at least bifunctional crosslinking agent for example bischlorohydrin ether of polyalkylene glycols
• Poly-diallyldimethylammonium chlorides are also suitable for starch modification. Polymers of this type are known. Polymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride are to be understood primarily as homopolymers and copolymers with acrylamide and / or methacrylamide. The copolymerization can be carried out in any monomer ratio.
• the K value of the homopolymers and copolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride is at least 30, preferably 95 to 180.
• Homopolymers and copolymers of optionally substituted N-vinylimidazolines are also suitable as cationic polymers. These are also known substances. They can be prepared, for example, by the process of DE-B-1 182 826 in that compounds of the formula
• L-Vinyl-2-imidazoline salts of the formula (V) are preferably used in the polymerization
• R 2 H, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , n- and iC 3 H 7 , C 6 H 5 and X "is an acid residue.
• the substituent X "in the formulas (IV) and (V) can in principle be any acid residue of an inorganic and an organic acid.
• the monomers of the formula (IV) are obtained by the free bases, ie 1-vinyl 2-imidazolines, neutralized with the equivalent amount of an acid.
• the vinyl imidazolines can also be neutralized, for example, with trichloroacetic acid, benzenesulfonic acid or toluenesulfonic acid.
• quaternized 1-vinyl-2-imidazolines can also be used They are prepared by reacting l-vinyl-2-imidazolines, which may optionally be substituted in the 2-, 4- and 5-position, with known quaternizing agents, for example C 1 -C 4 -alkyl chlorides or bromides, benzyl chloride or bromide, epichlorohydrin, dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate, preferably epichlorohydrin, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate and methyl chloride .
• known quaternizing agents for example C 1 -C 4 -alkyl chlorides or bromides, benzyl chloride or bromide, epichlorohydrin, dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate, preferably epichlorohydrin, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate and methyl chloride .
• the compounds of the formulas (IV) or (V) are preferably polymerized in an aqueous medium.
• copolymers of compounds of the formula (IV) with acrylamide and / or methacrylamide are preferably used as cationic polymers for economic reasons. These copolymers contain the compounds of the formula (IV) then only in effective amounts, ie in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 10 to 40% by weight. Copolymers of 60 to 85% by weight of acrylamide and / or methacrylamide and 15 to 40% by weight of N-vinylimidazoline or N-vinyl-2-methylimidazoline are particularly suitable for modifying native starches.
• the copolymers can also be polymerized by copolymerizing other monomers such as styrene, N-vinylformamide, vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, Ci to C 4 ⁇ alkyl vinyl ether, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, N-vinyl imidazole, ethylenically unsaturated C 3 - to Cs- Carboxylic acids and their esters, amides and nitriles, sodium vinyl sulfonate, vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride can be modified in amounts of up to 25% by weight. For example, one can use copolymers for the modification of native starches
• copolymers included. These copolymers are prepared by free-radical copolymerization of the monomers 1), 2) and 3) using known polymerization processes. They have K values in the range from 80 to 150 (determined according to H. Fikentscher in 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution at 25 ° C. and a polymer concentration of 0.5% by weight).
• Suitable cationic polymers are copolymers of 1 to 99 mol%, preferably 30 to 70 mol% of acrylamide and / or methacrylamide and 99 to 1 mol%, preferably 70 to 30 mol% of dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and / or methacrylates , e.g. Copolymers of acrylamide and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate or N, N-diethylaminoethylacryla.
• Basic acrylates are preferably in a form neutralized with acids or in quaternized form. The quaternization can take place, for example, with methyl chloride or with dimethyl sulfate.
• the cationic polymers have K values of 30 to 300, preferably 100 to 180 (determined according to H. Fikentscher in 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution at 25 ° C. and a polymer concentration of 0.5% by weight). At pH 4.5 they have a charge density of at least 4 meq / g polyelectrolyte.
• Copolymers of 1 to 99 mol%, preferably 30 to 70 mol acrylamide and / or methacrylamide and 99 to 1 mol%, preferably 70 to 30 mol dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide and / or methacrylamide are also suitable.
• the basic acrylamides and methacrylamides are also preferably neutralized with acids or in quaternized form.
• Examples include N-called Trimethylammoniumethylacrylamidchlorid, N-trimethyl ethylmethacrylamidchlorid, Trimethylammoniumethylacrylamidmetho- sulfate, Trimethylammoniumethylmethacrylamidmethosulfat, N-ethyl-5 dimethylammoniumethylacrylamidethosulfat, N-Ethyldimethylammo- niumethylmethacrylamidethosulfat, Trimethylamoniumpropylacryl - amidchlorid, trimethylammoniumpropylmethacrylamide chloride, methylammoniumpropylacrylamidmethosulfat tri-, propylmethacrylamidmethosulfat trimethylammonium and N-Ethyldimethylammonium - 10 propylacrylamide ethosulfate. Trimethylammonium propyl methacrylamide chloride is preferred.
• Polyallylamines are also suitable as cationic polymers. Polymers of this type are obtained by homopolymerizing 15 allylamine, preferably in acid-neutralized or quaternized form, or by copolymerizing allylamine with other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, corresponding to the copolymers with N-vinylcarboxamides described above.
• an aqueous suspension of at least one type of starch with one or more of the cationic polymers is heated to temperatures above the gelatinization temperature of the native or modified starches, e.g. to temperatures of
• Aqueous slurries of starch contain, for example
• cationic polymers used are preferably partially or fully hydrolyzed homo- or copolymers of N-vinyl.
• Starch disruption is understood to mean the conversion of the solid starch granules into a water-soluble form, whereby superstructures (helix formation, intramolecular hydrogen bonds, etc.) are eliminated without the starch-building 45 amylose and / or amylopectin units being broken down into oligosaccharides or glucose .
• the aqueous starch suspensions, which contain a cationic polymer in solution, are formed during the reaction Temperatures above the gelatinization temperature of the starches heated.
• At least 90, preferably> 95% by weight of the starch used is digested and modified with the cationic polymer.
• the strength is clearly resolved.
• unreacted starch can no longer be filtered off.
• the reaction is preferably carried out at elevated pressure. This is usually the pressure that the reaction medium in the temperature range above the boiling point of water, e.g. developed at 115 to 180 ° C. It is, for example, 1 to 10, preferably 1.2 to 7.9 bar.
• the reaction mixture is subjected to shear. If the reaction is carried out in a stirred autoclave, the reaction mixture is stirred, for example, at 100 to 2,000, preferably 200 to 1,000, revolutions / minute.
• the reaction can be carried out in practically any apparatus in which starch is digested in the art, e.g. in a jet cooker.
• the reaction can be carried out in practically any apparatus in which starch is digested in the art, e.g. in a jet cooker.
• Residence times of the reaction mixture at the above-mentioned temperatures of 115 to 180 ° C. are, for example, 0.1 seconds to 1 hour and are preferably in the range from 0.5 seconds to 30 minutes.
• At least 90% of the starch used is broken down and modified.
• Preferably less than 5% by weight of the starch is broken down.
• the native starch types can also be pretreated, e.g. oxidatively, hydrolytically or enzymatically degraded or chemically modified.
• Wax starches such as wax potato starch and waxy maize starch are also of particular interest here.
• the reaction products thus obtainable have, for example, a viscosity of 50 to 10,000, preferably 80 to 4,000 mPa-s at a solids concentration of 3.5% by weight, measured in a Brookfield viscometer at 20 revolutions / minute and a temperature of 20 ° C. .
• the pH of the reaction mixtures is, for example, in the range from 2.0 to 9.0, preferably 2.5 to 8.
• the starches modified with cationic polymers thus obtainable are used as dry strength agents in the paper stock in amounts of, for example, 0.5 to 10, preferably 0.5 to 3.5 and particularly preferably 1.2 to 2.5% by weight, based on dry Paper stock, added.
• a cationic polymer is additionally metered into the paper stock as a retention agent for the starches described above, such as cationic starch, preferably starches which have been modified with a polymer, anionic and / or amphoteric starches. It is preferable to first meter the dry strength agents and then the retention aids. However, it is also possible to add dry strength agent and retention agent to the paper stock at the same time, dry strength agent and retention agent being metered in separately from one another.
• a mixture of dry strength agent and retention aid can be prepared, for example, by adding the retention aid to the digested starch after cooling to 50 ° C. or below.
• the retention aid can also be added to the paper stock before adding the modified starch. This order of addition is used, for example, when processing paper stocks that have a high content of impurities.
• condensates of dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin condensates of dimethylamine and dichloroalkanes such as dichloroethane or dichloropropane and condensation products of dichloroethane and ammonia are suitable.
• a cationic starch is used in combination with cationic polymers which contain vinylamine units and have a K value of at least 30 (determined according to H. Fikentscher in aqueous solution at a polymer concentration of 0.5% by weight, a temperature of 25 ° C and a pH of 7).
• a cationic starch which can be obtained by reacting, is preferably used as the dry strength agent
• a native, cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch 100 parts by weight of a native, cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch with 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of a polymer containing vinylamine units and having a K value of 60 to 150 at temperatures above the gelatinization temperature of the starch.
• Polymers containing vinylamine units are e.g. hydrolyzed homo- and copolymers of N-vinylformamide with a degree of hydrolysis of at least 60% are preferably used. These homopolymers and copolymers are not only added to the cationization of starch but also to the paper stock as a retention agent for the cationically modified starches.
• the hydrolysed homo- and copolymers of N-vinylformamide which are suitable as retention agents for starch can generally have a degree of hydrolysis of 1 to 100%.
• cationic starches are obtainable, for example, by reacting 100 parts by weight of a native, cationic, anionic and / or amphoteric starch with 0.5 to 10 parts by weight
• cationic starches used with preference have, for example, a degree of substitution DS of up to 0.15.
• the starches to be used as dry strength agents are used in amounts of 0.5 to 10, preferably 1 to 5% by weight, based on dry paper stock.
• the paper stock is always dewatered at least in the presence of a retention agent for starch, the retention agents being used in amounts of 0.01 to 0.3% by weight, based on dry paper stock. This results in a considerably improved retention of the starch and an increase in the dewatering rate of the paper stock on the paper machine compared to the known processes.
• microparticle systems can also be used as a retention agent for starch, a high molecular weight cationic synthetic polymer being added to the paper stock, the macro flakes formed being broken up by shearing the paper stock and then bentonite being added.
• This method is known for example from EP-A-0 335 575.
• a mixture of a polymer containing vinylamine units, e.g. Polyvinylamine and a cationic polyacrylamide e.g. use a copolymer of acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methochloride and add bentonite after the shear step.
• cationic polymers as retention agents for starches are mixtures of polymers containing vinylamine units and crosslinked polyamidoamines grafted with ethyleneimine, and mixtures of polymers containing vinylamine units with polydiallyldimethylammonium chlorides.
• the percentages in the examples are percentages by weight.
• the K values were determined according to H. Fikentscher, Cellulose-Chemie, Vol. 13, 58 to 64 and 71 to 74 (1932) at a temperature of 25 ° C. in aqueous solution at a polymer concentration of 0.5% by weight.
• a paper stock with a consistency of 7.6 g / l was produced from an open, finished, commercially available corrugated raw material based on waste paper.
• the pH of the paper stock was 8.0.
• the amounts of hardener 1 and polymers 1-4 given in Table 1 were added to samples of this paper stock in succession. After the paper stock had been mixed with the additives, it was filtered off with suction and the starch content was determined from the extinction measurement of the starch-iodine complex. The results obtained are shown in Table 1.
• a further part of the paper stock was dewatered with the aid of a Schopper-Riegler device after the addition of hardener 1 and the polymers specified in Table 1.
• the drainage time was determined according to DIN ISO 5267 for 700 ml of filtrate. The results are shown in Table 1.
• Example 1 was repeated with the exception that only pulping agent 1 was added to the paper stock in an amount of 2%, based on dry paper stock.
• the starch content of the filtrate and the drainage time are given in Table 1.
• a whipped finished commercial wave raw material based on waste paper with a consistency of 0.76% was first mixed with 2% hardener 1 and then with 0.08% polymer 3 as a retention agent for cationic starch. After adding the hardener and polymer, the paper stock was mixed thoroughly. Part of this paper stock was sucked off. The COD value and the starch retention were determined from the filtrate by enzymatic degradation to glucose by means of HPLC. The dewatering time for 500 ml of filtrate was determined from the other part of the paper stock using a Schopper-Riegler device. The results are shown in Table 2.
• Example 5 was repeated with the changes shown in Table 2. The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2
• a whipped finished commercial wave raw material based on waste paper with a substance concentration of 0.76% was successively mixed with 2% hardener 2 and 0.08% polymer 3.
• paper sheets with a basis weight of 120 g per m 2 are produced on a Rapid-Köthen sheet former.
• the sheets were tested for their dry strength, namely the dry tear length according to DIN ISO 1924, dry burst pressure according to DIN ISO 2758 and flat crush resistance CMT according to DIN EN 23035 equal to ISO 3035. The results are shown in Table 3.
• Example 6 was repeated with the changes shown in Table 3, working in the absence of Polymer 3 (Comparative Example 5).
• commercially available cationic starch was used (comparative example 6) and the zero value was determined (comparative example 7). The results are shown in Table 3.
• modified PEI with a charge density of 14.7 at pH 4.5 or 10.8 at pH 7 and an average molecular weight of approx. 700,000 D.
• a waste paper-based paper stock with a COD value of 8000 mg oxygen / 1 and a substance concentration of 1% was mixed with 2% hardener 1, 0.12% polymer 2 and 0.02% polymer 7 in succession. After mixing, paper sheets with a basis weight of approx. 110 g / m 2 are produced on the Rapid-Köthen sheet former. The leaves were tested for their dry strength using the methods given in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 4.
• a waste paper-based paper stock with a COD value of 8000 mg oxygen / 1 and a substance concentration of 1% was mixed with 2% hardener 1 and 0.02% polymer 7 in succession. After mixing, paper sheets with a basis weight of approx. 110 g / m 2 are produced on the Rapid-Köthen sheet former. The leaves were tested for their dry strength using the methods given in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 4.

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