Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
  • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
  • C03C17/3411—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials
  • C03C17/3417—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials all coatings being oxide coatings

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for preparing an optical material by depositing on a substrate at least two layers of inorganic polymeric material, each of these layers being based on at least one metal or metalloid oxide, the layers deposited being densified crosslinked by exposure to ultraviolet rays.
• the invention also relates to the optical material which can be prepared by this method.
• optical materials which can be prepared by such a process are in particular multilayer materials such as anti-reflective materials and reflective materials.
• Anti-reflective materials and reflective materials are composed of an organic or inorganic substrate, covered with several layers, some of which have specific optical properties sought after.
• the interference dielectric mirrors comprise a substrate, covered with a dielectric film which reflects one or more desired wavelengths, while having a relatively low intrinsic absorption compared to the metals conventionally used for the production of mirrors.
• Anti-reflective or reflective materials have a multitude of applications.
• organic or inorganic substrates that is to say in particular plastics or glassy substrates, coated with an anti-reflective film are of particular interest in the following fields: ophthalmic and video products or architectural applications such as glass panels placed outside or inside buildings.
• anti-reflection materials and interferential dielectric mirrors can also be used in high energy lasers, solar, thermal and photovoltaic applications or in integrated optical systems.
• methods for producing these anti-reflective materials or dielectric interferential mirrors are mentioned below.
• plastics such as polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyallylcarbonates and others are particularly interesting
• glassy substrates are also interesting, especially in the field of general optics and in the field of screens such as viewing screens.
• the sol-gel deposition process allows the production of films arranged on substrates and having various optical properties. Compared with conventional methods of vacuum deposition, such a method has a certain number of advantages, among which one can especially mention, a deposition generally carried out at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure without resorting to a thermal step at excessively high temperatures, a capital reduced equipment, and a simple, rapid implementation of the process, thus allowing great flexibility of use.
• sol-gel systems or processes can be classified into two categories: polyric processes or systems and colloidal processes or systems. Each system requires different preparations and operating conditions which depend on the properties of the desired treating solutions and on the nature of the oxide concerned.
• the polymer system consists in using as precursors, monomeric, oligomeric or low molecular weight species, dissolved, with good molecular homogeneity and which are then converted into oxide, after application to the substrate, by a cooking step.
• the liquid deposited may change in viscosity as the solvent evaporates until it forms a gel on the substrate.
• the solid network obtained still saturated with solvent is then transformed into oxide by heating the system generally at high temperatures up to 500 ° C.
• a dense and hard layer is then obtained, strongly adhering to the substrate.
• the conversion to oxide is generally accompanied by a large loss of mass consisting of water and organic matter resulting in a significant reduction in the thickness of the layer. This induces strong internal stresses, tensive or compressive, in the deposit which can cause cracking of the coating in the case of thick mono- or multi-component films, that is to say whose thickness is greater than a few ⁇ m.
• German patents DE-A-736 411 and DE-A-937 913 mention the use of hydrolyzable compounds for the preparation of various interference films.
• the major drawback of these processes lies in the essential heat treatment between 500 and 600 ° C to convert the polymeric intermediates into dense final ceramics. These high temperatures limit the choice of the nature of the substrate to be coated and complicate industrial processing.
• US Pat. No. 2,466,119 describes a process for the preparation of multi-layer reflective and / or anti-reflective films, by hydrolysis and condensation of mixtures of titanium halides and / or silicon alkoxides.
• the porosity of these layers is controlled by varying the temperature.
• obtaining layers having good mechanical resistance requires heating to temperatures much higher than that which conventional plastics can withstand, the thermal stability of which is generally 150 ° C. at most.
• US Pat. No. 2,584,905 deals with the preparation of thin reflective layers from alcoholic solutions of TiCl 4 and of a silicon alkoxide.
• a high temperature heat treatment step making it possible to densify the oxides in a suitable manner.
• the problems of crazing and flaking linked to the densification of the materials considerably reduce the development of multi-layer buildings with high reflection.
• US Patent 3,460,956 describes the preparation of Ti0 2 reflective films from tetraalkyl titanate hydrolysates in an alcoholic medium.
• the latter must be heated. . at high temperature, around 500 ° C., therefore penalizing and harmful for any organic substrate.
• US Patent 4,272,588 relates to the possibility of increasing the reflectivity of mirrors made of noble metals as well as the possibility of rendering them chemically passive, by depositing layers of dielectric Ti0 2 and Ta 2 0 5 derived from molecular precursors.
• Such coatings are obtained by compulsory heating to around 400 ° C.
• Titanium oxide (Ti0 2 ) is therefore generally used as polymeric material for thin optical layers with a high refractive index (for example between 1.9 and 2.1).
• a high refractive index for example between 1.9 and 2.1.
• densification must be carried out at a high temperature in the region of 400 ° C, which cannot be envisaged, for example for plastic substrates.
• Document US-A-4 328 260 describes a method and a composition for applying an anti-reflective treatment and a grid on solar cells which comprises applying a mask to the cell surface, applying a metal alkoxide paste (Ta, Ti, Nb, Y, Zr, Te) to the mask, and heating the cell to a temperature of 300 ° C to 550 ° C to decompose the alkoxide and form the metal oxide.
• a metal alkoxide paste Ti, Nb, Y, Zr, Te
• the remaining surfaces are plated with nickel to form a metal grid.
• the application of both an anti-reflective coating and a grid means that the problems which arise in this document are fundamentally different from those of the present application, in addition the temperatures used to lead to the metal oxide. are very high and incompatible with a substrate such as an organic substrate, in addition, the application of a paste on a substrate does not allow precise control of the thickness deposited.
• Document JP-A-55 010455 relates to the preparation of an anti-reflective coating on a silicon substrate by depositing a mixture of tantalum alkoxide and a complexing agent such as acetic acid and heating to a temperature from 200 to 800 ° C.
• Patent EP-A-0 533 030 relates to a method and to an apparatus for forming a single-layer anti-reflective coating on a cathode ray tube by applying an aqueous solution of a metal alkoxide, in particular silicon, and by irradiating this solution with ultraviolet light to harden it.
• a metal alkoxide in particular silicon
• the other sol-gel deposition method or system is the colloidal method or system in which dispersions of small particles, in particular of crystallized or amorphous oxides or fluorides, already chemically formed in solution, with a preferential diameter, are used. of the order of a few tens of nanometers for optical applications.
• the particles are prepared beforehand by sol-gel process or hydrothermal synthesis, either by promoting a germination-growth mechanism then by stabilizing the system at a desired degree of nucleation, or by precipitation-peptization in a suitable solvent, to give colloidal suspensions , these suspensions constituting what is called a "floor".
• the evaporation of the solvent this being chosen to be volatile enough to evaporate easily - results in an increase in the concentration of particles which, in most cases, precipitate on the substrate.
• the resulting coating is porous, without internal stress and mechanically non-resistant to abrasion.
• Patent application US 7,148,458 describes a process for depositing anti-reflective film on plastic substrates, consisting in synthesizing an ethanolic gel in the Si0 2 -B 2 0 3 -Al 2 0 3 -BaO system up to '' to obtain a certain molecular complexity, then to reliquefy this gel by mechanically breaking certain interpolymeric bridges.
• a porous film with a low refractive index (approximately 1.23) is thus obtained, produced at ambient temperature, which allows adaptation to plastic substrates; however, this film only exhibits poor abrasion resistance.
• US Patents 2,432,483 and 4,271,210 disclose the possibility of using silica or alumina colloids for the production of anti-reflective dielectric coatings, making it possible to increase the porosity of these coatings and therefore to lower their refractive index . If these methods have the advantage of being able to be implemented at low temperatures, the colloidal layers obtained have very low mechanical resistance and are particularly sensitive to any physical contact.
• This article specifies that by using colloidal sol-gel suspensions and by judiciously choosing volatile solvents to constitute the liquid phase of the colloidal medium, it is possible to carry out treatments at room temperature, without excessive heating of the substrate. This technique therefore makes it possible to treat thermally fragile materials.
• US Patent 2,432,484 discloses the use of a product composed of alcohol, catalyst and tetraethylorthosilicate and serving as a chemical binder between the colloidal particles, so as to strengthen the cohesion of the porous structure.
• This chemical binder is either applied to the layer of colloidal silica already deposited, or incorporated into the treating medium (that is to say the colloidal sol) and the assembly is applied in a single treatment.
• the proportion of chemical binder used the porosity of the colloidal deposit can remain almost unchanged and the optical properties are therefore preserved.
• the mechanical strength of the film thus reinforced allows touching and wiping.
• additional heat treatment of the coating at low temperature that is to say around 100 ° C., makes it possible to further improve this resistance.
• such a deposit remains vulnerable in the event of strong abrasive attack.
• French patent FR-A-2 680 583 of the CEA describes a material having anti-reflective properties, as well as hydrophobic and abrasion resistance properties.
• This material comprises a substrate of organic or inorganic nature, successively covered with a layer of adhesion promoter produced in a material chosen from silanes, with an antireflection layer of silica colloids coated with a siloxane binder, a antiabrasive layer of a fluoropolymer.
• this material has a spectral transmission window typical of a monolayer coating, of the order of only 100 nm and an honest abrasion resistance without being foolproof.
• French patent application FR 2 682 486 of the CEA describes the preparation of dielectric mirrors with high resistance to laser flux, by a process carried out at room temperature, which allows adaptation to organic substrates.
• the thin layers having the desired optical properties are prepared from colloidal suspensions, which it is deposited by alternating a material with a low refractive index with a material with a high refractive index.
• the colloidal layers used are by nature porous, which results in a low refractive index, compared to the index of a film of the same material in dense form. Consequently, at equivalent reflectivity, it is necessary to stack a greater number of layers to compensate for this difference in index, which implies a longer treatment, which goes hand in hand with embrittlement of the optical coating.
• French patent application FR 93 08762 of the CEA describes the preparation of composite materials with a high refractive index, characterized in that they comprise metal oxide colloids coated in a polyvinyl polymer, soluble in an alcoholic solvent.
• the organic polymer coating the colloids causes a reduction in the residual open porosity between the oxide particles. This results in an increase in the refractive index of the deposited layer, an increase in the mechanical properties of abrasion resistance relative to the corresponding colloidal layer since the polymer serves as a binder between the particles, and an improvement in the resistance. laser flux.
• the invention therefore aims, among other things, to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art cited above and to provide a process for the preparation of an optical material by depositing on a substrate at least two layers of inorganic polymeric material based on at least one metal or metalloid oxide, which can be used at low temperature, preferably at room temperature, on any substrate, with simple and inexpensive equipment, the duration of which is considerably reduced.
• the method must also make it possible to obtain optical materials having good mechanical strength characteristics, in particular good abrasion resistance, as well as excellent adhesion on the one hand between layers and on the other hand between layers and the substrate.
• a process for preparing an optical material by depositing on a substrate at least two layers of inorganic polymeric material based on at least one oxide of metal or metalloid characterized in that the layers are deposited from solutions of precursor (s) which have not undergone photo-irradiation and in that the deposited layers are densified crosslinked at room temperature by exposure to ultraviolet rays.
• process according to the invention is applicable to plastic substrates or any other material which does not withstand high treatment temperatures, on the other hand the process can be carried out in a significantly shorter time, and with a device very simplified by compared to processes involving crosslinking-thermal densification which require numerous means such as vacuum oven or controlled atmosphere, rinsing tank etc., and which are relatively costly in energy.
• the UV exposure treatment makes it possible to crosslink the polymer network, for example of metal or metalloid oxyhydroxide of each layer and thus to densify this layer.
• This treatment results in particular in better mechanical strength and an increase in the refractive index compared to an equivalent layer which has not undergone such treatment.
• the method according to the invention combines the advantages of the two families of sol-gel method without having the disadvantages, in the sense that on the one hand like colloidal systems, it can be implemented at room temperature but by giving resistant coatings and that, on the other hand, unlike polymeric sol-gel systems, such resistance is obtained at low temperature.
• Said metal or metalloid oxide is preferably chosen from tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, l thorium oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and magnesium oxide.
• the polymeric material of each layer comprises residual chloride ions (halides)
• densification by UV exposure also makes it possible to improve the wettability of layers based on this material. .
• crosslinking-densification is carried out by exposure to ultraviolet rays of all (of the stack) of the layers deposited.
• Such an embodiment has the essential advantage of an extremely short overall duration of the process.
• a crosslinking-densification is carried out by exposure to ultraviolet rays on each of the deposited layers, after the deposition of each of the layers of inorganic polymeric material.
• UV densification makes the surfaces wettable just after sunshine ensures good interaction between the layers and improves the mechanical abrasion resistance of the coating although the time saved over the whole process is very slightly lower than that obtained with the first embodiment.
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to prepare optical materials having any number of polymeric layers based on metal oxide or on metalloid.
• the invention in particular allows it to prepare an optical material comprising a substrate of organic or inorganic nature covered by at least one layer of densified polymeric material. crosslinked based on metal oxide or metalloid in particular based on tantalum oxide, with a high refractive index, mechanically resistant to abrasion.
• at least one other deposited layer is also chosen from
• a densified-crosslinked polymer layer based on metal oxide or metalloid in particular based on silicon oxide or magnesium oxide, with a low refractive index.
• a densified-crosslinked polymer layer based on metal oxide or metalloid for example based on tantalum oxide and another metal or metalloid oxide such as silicon oxide, with a medium refractive index .
• the invention allows in particular the preparation of a narrow band or broad band anti-reflective material and a dielectric mirror.
• the anti-reflective material comprises a substrate of organic or inorganic nature successively covered by:
• a layer of polymeric material with low refractive index Such a material will rather be an anti-reflective material with “narrow band” but extremely efficient and suitable in particular for eyewear applications.
• the anti-reflective material further comprises, applied to the substrate below the layer with a high refractive index, a layer with a medium refractive index (“bottom layer”), an anti-reflective material known as “broadband” is then obtained.
• a layer with a medium refractive index (“bottom layer”)
• an anti-reflective material known as “broadband” is then obtained.
• “; the The difference in bandwidth between a "broadband” anti-reflective material on the one hand and a “narrowband” anti-reflective material on the other hand is about 50% or more.
• the terms “low”, “medium” and “high” refractive indices are generally to be interpreted respectively as meaning that the index is less than about 1.5, between 1.5 and 1 , Approximately 8 and greater than approximately 1.8. While the substrate has for example an index of between 1.45 and 1.60 approximately.
• the anti-reflective material can also comprise, on the layer with a low refractive index, an antiabrasive layer, preferably produced on the basis of a fluoroorganosilane (fluorinated silane).
• an antiabrasive layer preferably produced on the basis of a fluoroorganosilane (fluorinated silane).
• an antiabrasive layer according to the invention preferably based on fluorinated silane, makes it possible to preserve the anti-reflective properties while significantly increasing the resistance to abrasion.
• the fluorinated silane layer gives the deposit a particularly interesting non-stick and hydrophobic character since it facilitates cleaning of the treated surface.
• the anti-reflection layers thus prepared by the process according to the invention involving crosslinking-densification at room temperature by exposure to ultraviolet rays, are homogeneous and free from cracks and / or internal cleavage planes. Consequently, the anti-reflective film obtained is sufficiently elastic to tolerate small twists or deformations, when applied to a substrate plastic. In addition, this film resists an atmosphere of humid and saline heat and reveals a good lifespan, even after several successive immersions in boiling salt water (greater than or equal to 10).
• the broadband anti-reflective coating for example with a bandwidth of 300 nm, centered at 550 nm, prepared by the process according to the invention has remarkable mechanical resistance properties and can therefore be applied.
• implemented in the context of general public use such as application to cathode ray tube screens for televisions.
• the anti-reflective material prepared by the process according to the invention in fact surprisingly fulfills all of the requirements required for such use, namely:
• the method according to the invention also makes it possible to prepare a reflective material, comprising a organic or inorganic substrate, covered with at least a sequence of two layers comprising: a layer with a low refractive index similar to that already mentioned above, - a polymeric layer for example based on tantalum oxide with a high refractive index and mechanically resistant to the abrasion previously described;
• the reflective material obtained is a passive mono or polychroic dielectric mirror, reflecting wavelengths ranging from near ultraviolet to near infrared which can be prepared by a simple process operating at room temperature.
• the reflective material prepared by the method according to the invention may also comprise a substrate covered with at least one layer with a low refractive index already described above, and with at least one layer with a “medium” refractive index similar to that already described above for the anti-reflective material, preferably formed from a polymeric material based on tantalum oxide and another metal or metalloid oxide, preferably silicon oxide or magnesium oxide .
• the material obtained could then rather be qualified as “semi-reflecting material”.
• each layer of inorganic polymeric material based on at least one metal or metalloid oxide is generally prepared and deposited by steps consisting in:
• the solutions of precursor (s) used for the deposition do not undergo unlike the prior art, of irradiation, in particular photoirradiation, prior to deposit.
• the first step of the deposition process for each layer thus consists in synthesizing a solution in a solvent containing a molecular precursor compound of metal or metalloid capable of forming a film or a homogeneous polymeric layer of metal oxyhydroxide during metallization. deposition, by reaction of hydrolysis condensation with water vapor contained in the air.
• This solution 1 is obtained by dissolving in a solvent a metal or metalloid precursor compound which can be chosen from any suitable compound, such as an alkoxide or other metal or metalloid salt, such as a halide (Iodide , Fluoride, Bromide, Chloride) in particular a chloride.
• a metal or metalloid precursor compound which can be chosen from any suitable compound, such as an alkoxide or other metal or metalloid salt, such as a halide (Iodide , Fluoride, Bromide, Chloride) in particular a chloride.
• the solvent (s) is (are) preferably chosen from saturated aliphatic alcohols of formula ROH where R is an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
• the metal or metalloid is preferably chosen from tantalum, titanium, silicon, yttrium, scandium, zirconium, hafnium, thorium, niobium, lanthanum, aluminum and magnesium.
• concentration of the metal or metalloid precursor compound is preferably from 1 to 20%, more preferably from 5 to 10% by mass equivalent of metal oxide or metalloid in the solvent.
• solution 1 is obtained by dissolving tantalum pentachloride TaCl 5 in a solvent which is preferably absolute ethanol.
• the reaction is slightly exothermic (temperature rise to around 50 ° C).
• the solution (1) obtained after cooling and filtration is clear, transparent and very acidic.
• the process of the present application still has a certain number of additional advantages compared to the prior art, where one generally uses as a precursor, a metal or metalloid alkoxide such as a tantalum alkoxide, for example tantalum pentaethoxide Ta (0Et) 5 hydrolyzed in an acid medium HC1 or CH 3 C00H.
• a metal or metalloid alkoxide such as a tantalum alkoxide, for example tantalum pentaethoxide Ta (0Et) 5 hydrolyzed in an acid medium HC1 or CH 3 C00H.
• Such solutions gel relatively quickly, in the space of approximately 2 to 3 days, and their stability is therefore significantly reduced compared to the chloroalkoxide solutions preferably used according to the invention.
• the solutions of alkoxides necessarily require a complexing agent and on the other hand are of a much higher cost than the solutions prepared for example from TaCl 5 which is a product readily available and of a relatively low price. .
• Solution 1 for example of tantalum chloroalkoxide in ethanol also called TaCl 5 / EtOH solution in the rest of the description generally has a concentration of 1 to 20% expressed in mass equivalent Ta 2 0 5 .
• the acid vapors from the solution are corrosive to metallic objects.
• the deposited layer contains excess halide ions such as chloride ions, which make the surface of the coating relatively non-wetting and prevent good adhesion of the next deposit and which are not removed by a heat treatment at low temperature.
• the halide ions in particular the chloride ions in excess in the solution or at least the excess is limited in relation to the metal precursor.
• the removal of excess e.g. hydrochloric acid can be done by evaporation that is to say the mixture is removed from TaCl 5, the excess hydrochloric acid and ethanol by evaporation under reduced pressure, for example 10 "2 mbar.
• a white solid corresponding to TaCl 2 (OEt) 3 is obtained, the residue is then partially redissolved in ethanol to give a solution for example of 5 to 10% preferably at 7% by mass equivalent Ta 2 0 5.
• the dissolution is complete after, for example, reflux for 4 hours at 80 ° C. After filtration of the mixture, a clear and transparent solution with a pH close to 2 is obtained. following the description, this solution will be called TaCl 2 (OEt) 3 / EtOH.
• the concentration of compound, molecular precursor of tantalum is preferably from 1 to 20%, more preferably from 5 to 10% by mass equivalent of tantalum oxide, in the solvent, such as the alcoholic solvent.
• it may be formed for example of silicon oxide in polymeric form (polymeric silica) or alternatively of magnesium oxide.
• the treatment solution used to obtain a thin layer of polymeric silica is preferably obtained by hydrolysis-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si (0Et) 4 ) in an acidic HC1 medium or
• optical, mechanical and chemical properties of the thin layer of polymeric silica depend closely on these physicochemical parameters.
• preparation conditions are obtained:
• the mother solution is diluted with pure ethanol at approximately 4% by mass (for example 3.75% by mass), this which slows down and stabilizes the formation of the silicate network.
• the solution obtained is limpid and transparent. It remains stable for at least twelve months, while the mother solution gels beyond one month.
• the thin layers of polymeric silica have a refractive index at 550 nm before and after crosslinking, for example by curing UV exposure close to 1.40.
• Thin layers of polymeric silica have excellent abrasion resistance properties and are resistant to common organic solvents: alcohols, acetone, weak acids and bases (except hydrofluoric acid).
• the surface of the polymeric silica layer has good wettability properties with water and ethanol which are further improved by the ultraviolet exposure according to the invention.
• solution 1 a solution in a solvent of the same kind comprising a compound-precursor of metal or metalloid whose metal or metalloid is different from that of the compound of metal or metalloid of the solution 1, this precursor compound then giving a compound based on metal oxide or metalloid, the addition being made, in a proportion of 0 to 100% in equivalent of metal oxide or metalloid for 100 to 0% in equivalent of metal oxide or metalloid of solution (1).
• the metal or metalloid is chosen from the elements already mentioned above for the solution (1) but is different from the metal or metalloid of the precursor compound of the solution (1). It is also possible to add the metal or metalloid compound whose metal or metalloid is different from that of the precursor compound of the solution (1) directly into the solution (1) of molecular precursor compound of metal or metalloid to directly obtain the concentration wanted.
• a solution (2) of molecular precursors is obtained, preferably having a concentration of 1 to 20%, more preferably 5 to 10% by mass equivalent of metal oxides or metalloids. , the equivalent proportions of metal oxide or metalloid supplied / metal oxide or metalloid of solution (1) varying from 0/100 to 100/0.
• a halide for example a metal or metalloid chloride such as tantalum pentachloride
• a metal or metalloid chloride such as tantalum pentachloride
• titanium tetra-isopropoxide (OPr 1 )) is added to the TaCls / EtOH solution as a precursor, but another titanium alkoxide or another precursor compound could also be used.
• titanium oxide after filtration of the mixture, a clear and transparent solution (2) of pH ⁇ 2 is obtained.
• this solution will be called for example TaCl 5 -T ⁇ (OiPr) ,, / EtOH, such a solution makes it possible to deposit layers having a high refractive index.
• any other oxide than silicon oxide in the proportions mentioned above by using the appropriate precursor. Mention may thus be made of magnesium oxide.
• Ti0 2 -based composite should be reserved preferably for uses other than power lasers.
• this oxide has an intrinsic absorption of light energy which limits and limits its resistance to laser flux at low values.
• this polymeric material (Ta 2 0 5 / Ti0 2 ) is ideal for other applications, for example in integrated optics or for semi-reflective plates on plastic, since if it is associated with colloidal silica, it forms a couple of very high refractive index ratios, for example 1.67.
• polymeric layers based on three or more oxides for example based on tantalum oxide, titanium oxide and silicon oxide, the proportions of the three constituents (or more) varying throughout the range of possible values and thus making it possible to modulate at will the refractive index of the deposited layer and thus to obtain layers with low, medium or high refractive index.
• Each solution (1) or (2) containing the molecular precursor (s) of metal or metalloid, thus obtained, is deposited on a support to give each time a polymeric layer of metal oxy-hydroxide or of metalloid.
• support designates any organic or inorganic substrate, such as those which will be described later or any active or adhesion-promoting layer deposited on said substrate. It is obvious to those skilled in the art that if the layer is not the first to be deposited, it is deposited on a support consisting of the substrate and the layer (s) already deposited (s).
• organic substrate more precisely designates a plastic substrate, for example one of those chosen from polyacrylates, polycarbonates, polyallylcarbonates and polyamides.
• plastic substrate for example one of those chosen from polyacrylates, polycarbonates, polyallylcarbonates and polyamides.
• this list is not exhaustive and covers more generally organic polymer materials.
• inorganic substrate more precisely covers an inorganic substrate, that is to say for example amorphous or even crystalline materials and in particular silica, borosilicate or soda-lime glasses, fluorophosphates and phosphates.
• plastic substrates are above all less expensive, more easily modular, lighter and less fragile to impact.
• their use preferably requires the presence of a layer sandwiched between the organic substrate and the first layer. deposited, ensuring good accounting at this interface during the densification step and in particular an absorption of the induced stresses.
• this interface layer, or varnish is preferably chosen from organosilane polymers, optionally loaded with mineral colloids.
• the substrate is a flat substrate or a substrate having a small curvature, for example the surface of a cathode-ray tube screen for a television or a spectacle lens, but the method according to the invention makes it possible to coat any substrate whatever its form.
• the layers are deposited for example by dip-shrinkage (“Dip coating” in English), by centrifugal coating (“Spin coating” in English) by laminar coating (“Laminar Flow coating” in English), using '' a horizontal knife (“Tape casting” in English) or by any other process allowing to obtain a uniform deposit and a homogeneous layer in thickness.
• the optical material prepared comprises on the substrate at least two layers of inorganic polymeric material based on metal oxide or metalloid.
• the method according to the invention more generally makes it possible to prepare all the optical materials comprising at least two layers of inorganic polymeric material based on metal oxide or on metalloid, and all the possible combinations of optical layers whatever the number of nature.
• Thin layers is however from 0.1 to a few ⁇ m for example from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m and the number of these layers is from 2 to about ten, for example from 2 to 10.
• the first embodiment of the method according to the invention it is possible first of all to deposit the layers and then to cross-link densification by ultraviolet exposure of all the layers deposited.
• the treatment is carried out under a UN lamp, for example a mercury vapor lamp or excimer lamp, preferably emitting in the field of
• UV-B and UV-C i.e. with a wavelength of 180 to 280 nm.
• the UV dose received by the diaper must be sufficient to induce crosslinking.
• the duration of the UV exposure is a function of the emission power of the lamp in the aforementioned wavelength range.
• UV densification-crosslinking can optionally be combined with a heat treatment or final annealing treatment at a temperature for example of 80 to 200 ° C., preferably 100 to 150 ° C., for 10 to 60 minutes, preferably from 15 to 30 minutes, for example at 150 ° C.
• the crosslinking-densification is carried out by exposure to ultraviolet rays after the deposition of each of the layers of inorganic polymeric material generally under the same conditions as those already mentioned above.
• the parameters of the UV exposure can vary depending on the nature of the layers deposited, so in the case of a low index layer for example based on polymeric Si0 2 , is the exposure carried out with reduced energy and / or duration corresponding to an insolation power of approximately 250 to 300 mW / cm 2 .
• a heat treatment or final annealing treatment can be carried out under the same conditions as those indicated above after the deposition and crosslinking of the layers.
• hydrophobic agent such as Teflon® is not satisfactory because the interactions between the protective layer, and in particular an upper layer of polymeric silica, are weak, making the whole fragile to abrasion.
• the fluorinated silane compounds have the advantage of forming a chemical bond because they contain groups capable of reacting with the hydroxyl groups located on the surface of the last layer, for example based on polymeric silica, and because they have a fluorinated chain long ensuring the hydrophobic character and the low coefficient of friction of the deposit.
• the polymeric silica system - "T2494" obtained is inert to strong acids and strong bases and to organic solvents. usual.
• the layer is perfectly hydrophobic and very little wetting with ethanol. It withstands the "severe" test of the military standard US-MIL-C-0675C and can be very easily cleaned. Because of its very small thickness (for example a few nanometers, that is to say in particular about ten nm), the hydrophobic layer does not disturb the optical properties of the last layer deposited, in particular of the low index layer, for example of the layer of polymeric silica.
• the substrate is rinsed thoroughly with water. deionized. It is then degreased with optical soap, rinsed again with distilled water and dried with ethanol.
• Such a cleaning step has a duration for example of approximately 5 minutes.
• the next step consists in applying to the cleaned substrate the layer with an average refractive index, for example, from a solution of precursor giving a layer of Ta 2 0 5 -Si0 2 , in particular a TaCl 5 -Si solution (OEt) / EtOH, for example, in the respective proportions 80/20 expressed as oxide.
• This layer is applied uniformly on the substrate, for example either by soaking-shrinking (dip-coating), either by centrifugal coating, at a speed of approximately 10 cm / min at 1000 rpm. approximately, or by laminar coating.
• the last two methods are preferable because they require very little treatment solution.
• other deposition techniques can also be used. This type of solution deposition has the advantage of allowing the coating of relatively large surfaces with very pure and low viscosity treating solutions.
• the densification-crosslinking of this layer is carried out by exposure to UV rays, for example UV B or C, preferably at an energy of 5 at 6 J / cm 2 for a period of 1 minute (or a power of the order of 350 mW / cm 2 for the same time). Preferably, one operates at full power.
• the high index layer based on Ta 2 0 5 is deposited, which can be prepared from any of the Ta 2 0 5 precursor solutions (1, 2), already described above, then the densification-crosslinking of this layer is optionally carried out by ultraviolet exposure under the same conditions than for the medium index layer.
• This layer is then densified-crosslinked by UV exposure, but the layer with a low refractive index is exposed for a reduced period, for example 30 seconds, to an energy of approximately 6 J / cm 2 , because the effects UV rays on the densification of this layer are more limited than in the case of the high index and medium index layers.
• the hydrophobic agent such as "T2494".
• the whole of the substrate and of the three layers applied then preferably undergoes a heat treatment or annealing treatment, at a temperature for example of 80 to 200 ° C., preferably 100 to 150 ° C. for 10 to 60 minutes preferably 15 to 30 minutes, for example at 150 ° C for 30 minutes, to further push the densification of the three layers.
• the anti-reflective coating obtained has excellent optical, mechanical and abrasion resistance properties.
• the total duration of the process is, for example, about one hour.
• the method according to the invention of manual preparation of such an anti-reflective coating with crosslinking-densification by exposure to ultraviolet light is particularly well suited to treatment of an organic substrate, for example plastic, which cannot withstand the high temperature of heat treatments.
• UV densification significantly reduces the manufacturing time of the three-layer coating by reducing the number of heat treatments, for example, at 150 ° C from 4 to 1, the thermal inertia of the bulky substrate practically tripling the treatment times.
• UV densification by making the surfaces wettable immediately after sunshine, eliminates the intermediate cleaning steps, ensures good interaction between the layers, and improves the mechanical abrasion resistance of the coating, in particular if the silica layer polymer comes from the preparation of "oligomeric silica".
• the surface heating generated by UV allows the hot deposition of the hydrophobic agent before the single final heat treatment of the three-layer and thus reinforces inexpensively, the mechanical strength of the coating; this densification method therefore appears relatively simpler to implement industrially than a series of heat treatments.
• the substrate and the layers with a low refractive index and a high refractive index are identical to those described in the production of the anti-reflective material.
• the substrate of organic or inorganic nature is first subjected to a meticulous cleaning, such as that described in the production of the anti-reflective material.
• a first layer with a low refractive index is then deposited on the cleaned substrate according to one of the solution deposition techniques already mentioned.
• the solvent being advantageously chosen from aliphatic alcohols.
• This layer is then crosslinked by UV under the conditions already mentioned for the anti-reflective coating.
• the layer with a high refractive index is deposited, and UV densification is carried out again.
• the entire stack is optionally subjected to thermal baking or annealing under conditions similar to those used for the anti-reflective coating.
• the resistance of the coating can be further improved by depositing an anti-abrasive, hydrophobic layer, similar to that already described in the case. of the above anti-reflective material, and which terminates the stack, this layer being applied hot in the same manner as for the anti-reflective coating, for example by spraying.
• This example illustrates the preparation of a bilayer optical material comprising a high index layer of Ta 2 0 5 and a low index layer of Si0 2 , according to the first embodiment of the method according to the invention, that is to say with a final crosslinking-densification by exposure to ultraviolet rays of all the layers.
• a high index Ta 2 0 5 layer is prepared by depositing with three types of treating solutions: - TaCls / EtOH (7.0% by mass of oxide),
• TaCl 2 (OEt) 3 / EtOH at 6.5%) and TaCl 2 (OEt) 3 / EtOH-NH 3 (at 7.6%).
• the rotational speeds of the substrate are respectively fixed at 1,200, 1,000 and 1,700 revolutions min "1 .
• the deposited layers After two minutes of drying, the deposited layers have a respective index of 1.601, 1.639 and 1.616 and each have a thickness of 167, 141 and 163 nm.
• the peaks of maximum reflection are respectively at 1070, 925 and 1053 nm before densification.
• a low index Si0 2 layer is then prepared by depositing on the substrate coated with the first Ta 2 0 5 layer, with four types of treating solutions:
• the last two preparations are called “oligomeric silica”.
• the substrate rotation speeds are respectively fixed at 3400, 3700 and 1000 revolutions min "1.
• the deposited layers have a respective index of 1.393, 1.394, 1.409 and each a thickness of 128, 133, 123 nm.
• the peaks of minimum reflection (quarter wave peak) are respectively at 715, 740 and 691 nm before densification.
• the bilayer thus produced is densified under UV at full power (that is to say with a power of 350 mW / cm 2 ).
• the entire stack undergoes heat treatment at 150 ° C for 30 minutes, in order to complete the densification of the two layers.
• the total duration of the process for an 80 mm diameter blade is about half an hour.
• the precursor coupled with the action of UV, makes it possible to establish a strong interaction between the silica layer and that of the high Ta 2 0 5 index, and thus guarantee good mechanical strength. .
• the dose of UN exposure seems to play an important role since when the latter decreases at the level of the layers based on Ta 2 0 5 and Si0 2 , the abrasion resistance of the coating can be affected.
• This example illustrates the second embodiment of the method according to the invention.
• the treatment solutions used are as follows: TaCl 5 -Si (OEt) 4 / EtOH for the medium index layer, TaCl 2 (OEt) 3 / EtOH- ⁇ H 3 for the high index layer, Si0 2 polymer HCl, Si0 2 polymer HN0 3 or Si0 2 oligomeric for the low index layer.
• a substrate with a diameter of 80 mm made of silicate glass, then depositing on the cleaned substrate the medium layer index Ta 2 0 5 -Si ⁇ 2 (80/20) and densifying it under UV at full power
• the substrate is cooled for approximately 3 minutes with the assistance of a pressurized air jet, and then the layer with a high index Ta 2 is deposited 0 5 and it is densified under UV under the same conditions.
• the low index Si0 2 layer is then deposited and exposed to UV light with a dose of the order of 250 mW / cm 2 .
• Advantage is taken of the heating of the surface of the coating to around 80 ° C. to deposit a hot hydrophobic agent by spraying.
• the entire stack undergoes heat treatment at 150 ° C for 30 minutes, in order to complete the densification of the three layers.
• the total duration of the process for an 80 mm diameter blade is approximately one hour.
• Si0 2 polymer in HCl or HN0 3 medium gives coatings slightly more fragile to abrasion, the mechanical properties being comparable with those obtained by a manufacturing process using only heat treatments as a means of densification.
• the precursor coupled with the action of UV, makes it possible to establish a strong interaction between the silica layer and that of the high Ta 2 0 5 index, and thus guarantee good mechanical strength. .
• the dose of UV exposure seems to play an important role since when the latter decreases at the level of the layers based on Ta 2 0 5 and Si0 2 , the abrasion resistance of the coating can be affected. Furthermore, the passage of the hydrophobic agent layer T2494 to UV does not improve the mechanical properties of the three-layer.

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• 1997
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