Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
  • H04N5/63—Generation or supply of power specially adapted for television receivers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
  • H02M3/22—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC
  • H02M3/24—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
  • H02M3/28—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC
  • H02M3/325—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/335—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/33507—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
  • H02M3/33523—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
  • H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
  • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Definitions

• This invention relates to the field of switched mode power supplies for apparatus having a run mode and a standby mode of operation, such as a television receiver.
• the invention relates to the field of resetting switched mode power supplies, for example an auxiliary power supply, in such apparatus when changing between the run and standby modes of operation.
• a bridge rectifier and a filter capacitor provide a raw DC voltage (called the B + voltage, or raw B + ) , whenever the power supply is coupled to the domestic mains.
• Standby mode loads can be powered directly from the B+ voltage or from another voltage that is always present.
• Many run mode loads are powered through a voltage regulating supply such as a switched mode supply, that operates only in the run mode.
• the run mode power supply for certain loads typically employ the flyback transformer that powers beam deflection.
• a separate or auxiliary power supply also can be operated as a switched mode supply and may provide a regulated B + voltage for the flyback transformer as well as other auxiliary supply voltages.
• Projection televisions for example, have particularly demanding power needs because they have three high power cathode ray tubes (CRTs).
• An auxiliary power supply is useful to power the convergence amplifiers for the tubes, two such amplifiers • generally being required for each CRT. These amplifiers require positive and negative polarity voltages and can dissipate substantial power.
• an input DC voltage (such as the
• B + voltage in a television is coupled to one terminal of a primary winding of a transformer and the other terminal of the primary winding is coupled to a switching device, such that current is coupled to the transformer when the switching device conducts.
• the switching device is alternately turned on and off during the run mode of operation, providing alternating currents in secondary windings of the transformer, which are rectified and filtered to provide run mode supply voltages.
• Regulation of the output voltages is achieved by feedback control provided by, for example, a feedback winding of the transformer.
• the respective secondary windings are closely coupled, so that load variations on any of the secondary windings are reflected on the feedback winding.
• the feedback control compares a voltage on the feedback winding with a standard or threshold voltage level, which may be provided by the switching device, and modulates the frequency and/or pulse width at which the switching circuit is turned on and off.
• the switching device is compensated to render it insensitive to variation of the raw B + input voltage, while maintaining accurate output voltage levels as current loading varies over a nominal range of power consumption.
• the switching device for a power supply as described can be an integrated circuit (IC) power supply controller from the Sanyo STK730 series.
• This controller includes a FET power switching transistor, an error amplifier and driver, and an over-current protection circuit in a single package.
• IC integrated circuit
• This controller When coupled into a switched mode supply and first turned on, current from the B+ voltage flows to ground through the primary winding of the transformer, the FET and a current sensing resistor. Current increases until the over-current protection circuit in the controller IC is triggered, whereupon the IC controller turns off its FET power transistor. Energy is transferred to the secondary windings of the transformer, where the induced AC current is rectified and charges filter capacitors. After a starting interval of several cycles, the output voltage reaches its regulated level.
• IC integrated circuit
• a threshold comparison circuit provided by the IC controller is coupled to a feedback winding of the transformer and controls the timing of switching by the control IC to maintain the regulated output voltage level. Oscillation stabilizes at a frequency and duty cycle that accommodate the loads coupled to the secondary windings. Many other power supply controllers operate in a similar fashion and may be used instead of the Sanyo STK730 series. Such an IC controller will attempt to start whenever the raw power supply controllers.
• B + voltage is present.
• Other switched circuits control switching between the standby mode and the run mode.
• the auxiliary power supply In a situation wherein the apparatus is switched quickly and repeatedly between the run and standby modes of operation, it is necessary for the auxiliary power supply to reset quickly so that its output voltages may be approximately equal to their nominal output voltage levels when the apparatus is switched from a standby mode to a run mode. If, for example, the apparatus is shifted from the run mode to the standby mode and then back to the run mode in rapid succession, the run mode output voltages of the auxiliary power supply may be prevented from coming up and attaining their nominal output voltage levels. This would hinder proper operation of the apparatus.
• a switched power supply provides a quick-reset capability when an apparatus containing the power supply is rapidly switched between run and standby modes of operation.
• the quick-reset capability enables the power supply to consistently provide output voltages which are within nominal output voltage levels despite rapidly repeated dislocations in the operational mode of the apparatus.
• an on/off switch control turns the power supply on and off as the apparatus changes between the standby and run modes of operation.
• the quick- reset circuit is coupled to the on/off switch control and to a delay circuit which contains a startup delay capacitor that charges when the apparatus is switched from standby mode to run mode.
• the quick-reset circuit is energized by a transition from the run mode to the standby mode and rapidly discharges the startup delay capacitor upon such transition.
• a switched power supply comprises: a voltage source, a transformer and a switching controller coupled for switched-mode generation of an output supply voltage; a feedback circuit for regulating the switched-mode operation responsive to loading on the output supply voltage; a switching circuit responsive to an on/off signal for turning the power supply on and off by controlling conduction in a conduction path, the power supply being turned on by a conductive condition in the conduction path; a delay circuit responsive to the on/off signal and continuously energized by current after the power supply is turned on; and, a reset circuit responsive to the switching circuit for discharging energy from the delay circuit.
• the on/off signal may be a run mode supply voltage generated by another power supply in the apparatus.
• the voltage source may be an unregulated, rectified mains voltage source.
• a voltage provided by the delay circuit may be limited.
• the delay circuit may comprise: a capacitor; a Zener diode coupled in parallel with the capacitor; and, a resistance coupling the on/off signal to a cathode of the diode.
• a delay time provided by the delay circuit may be established by the capacitor and the resistance.
• the reset circuit may complete discharging of the delay circuit before the on/off signal reaches a minimum level.
• the reset circuit may comprise a semiconductor switch responsive to the switching circuit for discharging the capacitor.
• FIGURE 1 is a block diagram of an auxiliary power supply having control circuitry in accordance with inventive arrangements .
• FIGURE 2 is a schematic diagram of the auxiliary power supply having control circuitry in accordance with inventive arrangements and illustrating on/off control in more detail.
• FIGURE 3 is a schematic diagram of an auxiliary power supply having control circuitry in accordance with inventive arrangements and illustrating start up and fault detection circuitry in more detail.
• FIGURE 4 is a schematic diagram of an auxiliary power supply having a current overload detection circuit in accordance with inventive arrangements.
• FIGURE 5 is a schematic diagram of an auxiliary power supply having a quick-reset circuit in accordance with inventive arrangements .
• FIGURE 1 generally shows an inventive switched mode power supply 10 having a switching controller Ul operable periodically to apply current from a voltage input, for example a raw B + voltage, to a primary winding Wl of a transformer Tl for variably coupling power to one or more secondary windings W2, W3, W4 and W5 of transformer Tl .
• the switching controller Ul can comprise, for example, a Sanyo STK730 series controller.
• Switching controller Ul conducts when a driving voltage, for example the raw B + voltage, is available on its control input CNTL at pin 4.
• the raw B + input supply voltage is a direct current voltage obtained from the output of a bridge rectifier CRl filtered by a capacitor Cl .
• the raw B + voltage is present whenever the power supply 10 is coupled to the domestic mains 22 (i.e., plugged in). However, the power supply 10 only operates in a run mode, and is disabled in a quiescent or standby mode. When power supply 10 is plugged in and is also in the run mode, the raw B+ voltage is present at the control input CNTL of switching controller Ul , thus enabling switching controller Ul to conduct a current through the primary winding Wl of transformer Tl .
• the current flow through winding Wl induces a voltage across winding W2 of transformer Tl , which voltage is applied to the control input CNTL through resistor R13 and capacitor C5.
• the polarity of winding W2 is such that the voltage induced across winding W2 keeps switching controller Ul conducting.
• Switching controller Ul ceases conducting current through primary winding Wl , or turns off, when the current conducted by switching controller Ul reaches a current limit threshold that is set by the combination of resistor R14 and capacitor C6.
• the magnetic field of primary winding Wl collapses, its polarity reverses and the energy contained in primary winding Wl is transferred to windings W4 and W5, which supply power to the +15 V and - 15 V, respectively, outputs.
• winding W2 provides a positive voltage to pin 4 of switching controller Ul , thereby enabling switching controller Ul to once again conduct current through primary winding Wl until the current limit threshold of switching controller Ul has been reached and switching controller Ul ceases conducting current.
• Energy is then again transferred from primary winding Wl to windings W4 and W5. This process repeats for several cycles, until the operation of power supply 10 has stabilized.
• Feedback winding W3 controls the duty cycle of switching controller U l after the operation of power supply 10 has stabilized.
• the voltage developed across feedback winding W3 is compared with an internal reference, equal to approximately -40.5 V, developed by switching controller Ul .
• the duty cycle of switching controller Ul is modulated such that the voltage developed across feedback winding W3 is maintained approximately equal to -40.5 V.
• Feedback winding W3 is coupled to the secondary windings W4 and W5 so that load changes are reflected in the voltage developed across feedback winding W3.
• feedback winding W3 is also used to regulate the output voltages developed by windings W4 and W5.
• run/standby switching circuits 36 are provided to shift the power supply 10 between the operational run mode and the non-operational standby mode.
• Switching controller Ul requires a large start-up current.
• the run/standby switching circuits 36 include a first circuit 38 coupled between the raw B + voltage input and the control input CNTL, for providing a voltage bias to enable conduction by the switching controller whenever the raw B+ voltage input is present.
• the drive current bias provided from first circuit 38 can be shunted away to reduce the available drive current to disable the switching controller Ul .
• the drive current can be shunted to a source of reference potential, for example ground.
• the run/standby switching circuits 36 further comprise a fault condition detection circuit 42 coupled to at least one of the transformer secondary windings W4 and W5.
• the circuit 42 senses a fault condition, such as current overloading on the auxiliary power supply, for example by sensing a low voltage threshold on the output coupled to the same or another secondary winding W4 or W5.
• the circuit 42 generates an output 41 indicative of a fault condition to disable conduction of switching controller Ul by pulling control input CNTL of switching controller Ul to a ground potential, as a means for switching the auxiliary power supply off, as though the apparatus had been changed to the standby mode of operation.
• a delay circuit 40 inhibits the effect of the output of the fault condition detection circuit 42 for a sufficient period of time for the nominal output voltage levels of the auxiliary power supply to be established.
• FIGURES 2 and 3 illustrate in detail different aspect of the inventive arrangements shown generally in FIGURE 1.
• switching controller Ul is coupled in series with primary winding Wl of transformer T l .
• Switching controller Ul alternately conducts and turns off, for transferring power to the secondary windings W4 and W5, where the resulting AC signal is rectified by diodes D2 and D3 and filtered by capacitors C2 and C3, respectively.
• the filtered voltages provided on windings W4 and W5 are further filtered by chokes L2 and L3, respectively, to provide operational supply voltages + 15 V and - 15 V, respectively, for powering loads in the run mode.
• the power supply 10 as shown is arranged to further control the voltage at control input CNTL of switching controller Ul for controlling shifts between run and standby modes.
• the only power going into the . power supply 10 is the raw B + voltage, which is present because the device is coupled to domestic mains 22. It would be possible in controlling run/standby operation to couple and decouple the raw B+ voltage to the switching elements of the power supply 10 using a relay or other switching device powered from a supplemental low power supply (not shown).
• a more cost effective solution is obtained by using a signal derived in part from the raw B + voltage and in part from the run mode voltages, to reduce the bias on control input CNTL to switching controller Ul , namely to bring the voltage on the control input to near ground to hold switching controller Ul off until normal bias is restored.
• a voltage divider comprising resistors Rl , R2, R3 and R4 is coupled between the raw B+ voltage and ground, and the junction Jl of the voltage divider is coupled to the base of a switching transistor Q2, having its collector coupled to the control input and its emitter grounded.
• control input CNTL is pulled to near ground by conduction of transistor Q2.
• the invention is advantageously applied to an auxiliary power supply such as the auxiliary supply of a television for powering run mode loads such as convergence amplifiers.
• the inventive power supply senses the presence of a run mode supply voltage developed from a source other than the secondary windings of transformer Tl . This run mode supply voltage is compared to a threshold level, and when the threshold level is passed, transistor Q2 is turned off, permitting the bias on control input CNTL of switching controller
• Q3 and Q4 have their emitters coupled to the run mode supply voltage by resistor R5, and differentially compare the level of the run mode supply voltage, via the voltage divider of resistors R6 and R7 on the base of transistor Q3, with a reference voltage of +8.2 V provided by Zener diode Z3 on the base of transistor Q4.
• transistor Q4 conducts and switches on optocoupler U3.
• the phototransistor of optocoupler U3 grounds the base of transistor Q2, which ceases conducting, thereby permitting normal bias on control input CNTL of switching controller Ul . Operation of the power supply 10 then commences in the run mode responsive to the voltages on the secondary windings W2 and W3 of transformer Tl .
• FIGURE 3 Another inventive embodiment is shown in FIGURE 3, and includes a latching circuit that has the additional function of detecting current overload conditions, when in the run mode, for switching the power supply 10 into the standby mode.
• Current overloading causes the output voltage level to drop below nominal, because in overcurrent conditions the overcurrent protection circuits of switching controller Ul turn switching controller Ul off before sufficient power has been coupled through the power supply 10 to maintain the nominal output voltage level.
• This method of current limiting is less than optimal for powering loads such as the digital convergence amplifiers of a projection television.
• loads such as the digital convergence amplifiers of a projection television.
• the power supply 10 can be turned off when an overcurrent condition occurs, instead of attempting to supply current to the loads at reduced voltage. According to the invention, this function is achieved in a manner that interfaces with the circuits controlling switching between the run and standby modes as in FIGURE 2.
• control for switching from standby to run mode is provided in part by the run mode supply voltage, such as the +23 V run supply, passing a predetermined voltage as determined by the differential transistor pair Q3 and Q4, which provide current to the LED of optocoupler U3.
• the phototransistor of optocoupler U3 then turns off transistor Q2 and permits operation of switching controller Ul .
• Resistors Rl, R2, R3 and R4 provide bias to transistor Q2 at junction Jl from the raw B+ supply voltage.
• FIGURE 3 the current through the LED charges a capacitor C4, through the base of a PNP transistor Q5.
• Capacitor C4 provides for a delay upon first switching from the standby mode into the run mode, in which the power supply
• the supply 10 can start up.
• the regulated voltage in this case nominally + 15 V, exceeds approximately
• Zener diode Z4 conducts through resistors R8 and R9, and turns on transistor Q6.
• the current from optocoupler U3 is then shunted to ground through transistor Q6 and capacitor C4 stops charging.
• Transistor Q5 is then off and capacitor C4 cannot discharge through either transistor Q5 or through diode D6, which is coupled to the +23 V run mode supply and is reverse biased.
• transistor Q6 turns off due to insufficient base drive. With transistor Q6 off, capacitor C4 can charge from the current through optocoupler U3.
• transistor Q5 When the charge on capacitor C4 reaches approximately +10 V, transistor Q5 turns off, and there is no path for the current through optocoupler U3. In that case, although differential transistors Q3 and Q4 still detect the presence of the +23 V run supply, no current is conducted by the phototransistor of optocoupler U3.
• the raw B + supply turns on transistor Q2 due to the voltage divider formed at junction Jl by resistors Rl , R2, R3 and R4.
• the control input CNTL of switching controller Ul is pulled low. The power supply 10 shuts off, protecting the loads coupled to- the outputs.
• the inventive circuit as described switches off the power supply 10 in overcurrent conditions. This is accomplished using the run/standby circuits driven from the raw B + power supply, providing a current overload protective function with a minimum of parts and complexity.
• fault condition detection circuit 42 is utilized to detect current overload conditions on the + 15 V output of power supply 10. Detection of overload conditions on the -15 V output is complicated by the fact that exclusively positive-polarity biasing voltages, for example raw B + , are used in power supply 10.
• FIGURE 4 An additional inventive arrangement, shown in FIGURE 4, advantageously and elegantly provides for detection of current overload conditions on the - 15 V output in the absence of negative-polarity bias voltages. Detection of a current overload condition on the -15 V output, when in the run mode, causes the power supply 10 to be switched into the standby mode.
• the negative supply voltage overload detection circuit 43 is coupled between the +15 V and -15 V outputs of power supply 10.
• the Zener diode Z6 is biased between the +15 V and -15 V outputs of the power supply 10, such that the base of transistor Q8 has a bias voltage that is equal to approximately -2 V when the -15 V output is nominally loaded.
• the Zener diode Z6 thus provides a level-shifting mechanism, or a dc offset, that enables the - 15 V output to be compared against a positive reference voltage, which in this embodiment is the turn-on voltage of the base-emitter junction of transistor Q8, for detecting a current overload condition.
• Zener diode Z6 remains in a conductive state when a current overload condition is signaled by transistor Q8.
• the desired threshold level can be selected by an appropriate choice of the breakdown voltage of Zener diode Z6.
• transistor Q8 turns on, current is drawn from the base of transistor Q6, thereby turning transistor Q6 off.
• capacitor C4 can charge from the current through optocoupler U3.
• transistor Q5 turns off, and there is no path for the current through optocoupler U3.
• differential transistors Q3 and Q4 still detect the presence of the +23 V run supply, no current is conducted by the phototransistor of optocoupler U3.
• the raw B+ supply turns on transistor Q2 due to the voltage divider formed at junction Jl by resistors Rl, R2, R3 and R4.
• the control input CNTL of switching controller Ul is pulled low.
• the power supply 10 shuts off, protecting the loads coupled to the outputs.
• capacitor C4 When the +23 V run supply voltage drops, capacitor C4 is discharged through diode D6, which otherwise would be reverse biased by the presence of the +23 V run supply. Once capacitor C4 has discharged, the power supply 10 can be restarted unless there is still an overload condition on the output that prevents development of a sufficient output voltage to turn on transistor Q6 during the delay time in which the charge on capacitor C4 can rise to a sufficient voltage to turn off transistor Q5.
• capacitor C4 If capacitor C4 is not allowed enough time to fully discharge, for example if switched mode power supply 10 is shifted from the run mode to the standby mode and then back to the run mode in rapid succession, transistor Q5 will remain off. The run mode output voltages will thus be prevented from coming up and attaining their nominal output voltage levels.
• FIGURE 5 provides a quick-reset circuit 50 for rapidly discharging capacitor C4 when the +23 V run supply voltage drops. According to the invention, this function is achieved in a manner that interfaces with the circuits controlling switching between the run and standby modes as in FIGURE 2.
• the delay circuit 40 has a Zener diode Z5 in parallel with capacitor C4.
• capacitor C4 charges through resistor RIO to provide the delay time for the run mode output voltages to stabilize at approximately their nominal output voltage levels.
• Zener diode Z5 clamps the voltage across capacitor C4 to approximately +10 V to prevent damage to the base-emitter junctions of transistors Q8 and Q9, which are arranged in a Darlington configuration.
• transistor Q4 and the diode of optocoupler U3 conduct current, in a manner similar to the embodiment shown in FIGURE 3. Unlike the embodiment in FIGURE 3, however, this current is not used to charge capacitor C4.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Multimedia (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
• Television Receiver Circuits (AREA)
• Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)

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Citations (4)

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• 1996
  • 1996-11-15 US US08/749,714 patent/US5956240A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1997
  • 1997-11-12 WO PCT/US1997/021011 patent/WO1998021887A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1997-11-12 DE DE69719061T patent/DE69719061T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1997-11-12 JP JP52290498A patent/JP2001503960A/ja active Pending
  • 1997-11-12 EP EP97948339A patent/EP0938813B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1997-11-12 CN CN97199707A patent/CN1124035C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1997-11-12 AU AU54425/98A patent/AU5442598A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-11-12 KR KR10-1999-7004240A patent/KR100465577B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1997-11-12 ES ES97948339T patent/ES2191866T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1997-11-14 MY MYPI97005465A patent/MY116171A/en unknown
  • 1997-11-15 TW TW086117068A patent/TW364266B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation

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