WO1997037678A1 - Arzneimittel für die behandlung von tumorerkrankungen - Google Patents
Arzneimittel für die behandlung von tumorerkrankungen Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997037678A1 WO1997037678A1 PCT/EP1997/001699 EP9701699W WO9737678A1 WO 1997037678 A1 WO1997037678 A1 WO 1997037678A1 EP 9701699 W EP9701699 W EP 9701699W WO 9737678 A1 WO9737678 A1 WO 9737678A1
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- A61K38/179—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for growth factors; for growth regulators
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of tumor therapy.
- epithelial tumors More than 80% of the tumors occurring in humans are of epithelial origin.
- the formation of epithelial tumors is a multi-stage process, which is most clearly illustrated in the progression of human colon carcinoma (Powell, et al., 1993) and mouse skin tumor (Wright, et al., 1994).
- Carcinomas are believed to originate from single or small groups of cells in which mutations have occurred. These cells develop into benign, epithelial hyper- or dysplastic areas. The progression of these hyperplastic areas to carcinoma in situ, which can then acquire invasive and metastatic properties, requires a number of further mutations in the tumor cell.
- these cells acquire the ability to proteolytically degrade their basement membrane, evolve from a sedentary, polarized cell to a non-polarized cell capable of locomotion in tissue, survive in the bloodstream, and form metastases at distant sites (Liotta, et al. , 1991; Liotta and Stetler-Stevenson, 1991).
- TGFßl belongs to a large super family of multifunctional polypeptide factors.
- the TGFß family itself consists of three genes, TGFß1, TGFß2 and TGFß3, which have extremely high homology to one another.
- the TGFß superfamily includes the various TGFß genes as well as the embryonic morphogens such as the family of activins, "Müllerian Inhibitory Substance", and the bmp family ("Bone Morphogenetic Protein"), which play important roles in both Regulation of embryonic development as in the reorganization or reorganization of epithelia play (Roberts and Sporn, 1992).
- TGFß1 inhibits the growth of many cell types, including epithelial cells, but stimulates the proliferation of various types of mesenchymal cells.
- TGFßs induce the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, modulate the expression of matrix proteinases and proteinase inhibitors and alter the expression of integrins.
- TGFßs are expressed in large quantities in many tumors (Derynck, et al., 1985; Keski-Oja, et al., 1987). This strong presence in neoplastic tissues could indicate that TGFßs are strategic growth / morphogenesis factors that affect the malignant properties associated with the various stages of the metastatic cascade.
- TGFßs inhibit the growth of normal epithelial and relatively differentiated carcinoma cells, whereas dedifferentiated tumor cells, which lack many epithelial properties, generally counter growth inhibition are resistant to TGFßs (Hoosein, et al., 1989; Murthy, et al., 1989).
- TGFßl can increase the invasive and metastatic potential of a breast adenoma line (Welch, et al., 1990), which suggests the role of TGFßl in tumor progression.
- the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of TGFßs during tumor cell invasion and metastasis still require elucidation.
- the object of the present invention was to provide new drugs for tumor therapy.
- TGFß TGFß
- the effect of TGFß on the tumor cell results in cooperation with (i) the expression of oncogenic Ras, with (ii) the overexpression of normal Ras or receptor tyrosine kinases that activate the Ras signaling pathway or with (iii) others in the tumor cell activated oncogenes to convert epithelial cells into fibroblastoid cells with invasive potential.
- EFC epithelial-fibroblastoid conversion
- TGFßl resulted in the same Ras-transformed cells developing into disordered strands consisting of spindle-shaped cells with fibroblastoid properties.
- TGFßl was unable to make such changes.
- the converted cells were highly invasive both in collagen gels and in the chicken heart invasion assay. Surprisingly, it was found that once the fibroblastoid cells had undergone the conversion, they themselves produced large amounts of TGFß1.
- TGFßl was inactivated by a TGFßl neutralizing antibody, the cells developed back into a polarized, epithehal phenotype. This cell behavior indicates that the converted fibroblastoid phenotype is maintained by TGFßl, where TGFßl acts via an autocrine loop.
- TGFßl is able to trigger and maintain the invasive phenotype of Ha-Ras-transformed breast epithelial cells in experimentally induced tumors.
- TßRII-dn a dominant-negative TGFß receptor chain II
- TßRII-dn a dominant-negative TGFß receptor chain II
- Such expression of TßRII-dn resulted not only in Ras-transformed mouse breast epithelial cells, but also in a number of already mesenchymal, invasively growing carcinoma cell lines in humans and mice to abolish the malignant, invasive phenotype and to completely inhibit the formation of tumors or metastases obtained by these lines in the test animal.
- TGFß also causes an increase in invasive growth in these cells when the TGFß receptor is switched off or the signal transmission paths activated by him to reverse the EFC, ie led to fibroblastoid-epithelial conversion (FEC) and / or loss of the invasive, tumorigenic cell phenotype.
- FEC fibroblastoid-epithelial conversion
- the spindle cell tumors clearly originated from the epithehal donor cells injected into the animal.
- Spindle cells from the tumor survived the selection in G418 and still expressed cell- and tissue-specific cytokeratins, which confirms their donor cell properties and their epithelial origin.
- the investigations carried out showed that the injected epithelial cells and the converted fibroblastoid tumor cells originated from the same cell clone and that a re-integration of the retroviral vector into other parts of the genome could be excluded as a possible cause of the changes.
- TGFß1 induces EFC both in collagen gels and during tumor development.
- this TGF ⁇ 1-induced conversion remarkably required the participation of an activated Ras protein; neither primary breast epithelial cells nor the parental EpH4 cells underwent TGFßI-induced EFC. From this it can be concluded that EFC is triggered by a synergy of different signal transmission paths which are activated on the one hand by TGFßl and on the other hand by Ha-Ras. This assumption is supported by other findings which show that activated Ras proteins can have similar effects on cells as members of the TGFß family. This applies e.g.
- TGFß upregulates genes associated with the growth of the embryonic heart regulated by hemodynamic stress. These effects are at least partially mimicked by activated Ras (Parker, et al., 1990; Thorburn, et al., 1993), which suggests that, at least in certain biological systems, Ras and TGFß can act synergistically.
- TGFßl is also abundant in many human tumors (Derynck, et al., 1985; Keski-Oja, et al., 1987; Thompson, et al., 1991), it can be concluded from the results obtained in the context of the present invention that that Ras and TGFßl-induced signals also act synergistically in human tumors. As the results of the experiments carried out in the context of the present invention show, the TGF ⁇ receptor can also control EFC and invasiveness in tumor cells which have been transformed by oncogenes other than Ras. Another essential finding in the context of the present invention is that TGFß cooperates with various oncoproteins, including Ras, tyrosine kinases, in regulating the plasticity of the polarized epithelic phenotype.
- EpRas cells After serum-free (and TGFß-free) cell culture in reconstituted collagen gels, EpRas cells showed a high ability for organogenesis and a high degree of epithelial polarization. However, the Ep-Ras cells predominantly formed enlarged tubules and alveolar cavities, in contrast to the narrow, branching tubules formed by the parent EpH4 cells or by primary breast epithelial cells. This shows that the Ras oncoprotein alone, in the absence of TGFß, is able to modulate the morphogenetic behavior of epithelial cells to some extent. In other systems, stronger effects of activated Ras on epithelial polarity have been described (Eaton and Simons, 1995).
- fibroblastoid, migratory cells should be able to develop back into well-differentiated secondary tumors in the new environment provided by a distant tissue (see below). Increased phenotypic plasticity is therefore a hallmark of invasive tumor cells.
- EpRas cells have to undergo an EFC in order to produce significant amounts of TGFßl both in vitro and in vivo. It could be shown that tumor cells can maintain their fibroblastoid phenotype via the autocrine production of TGFßl and that the autocrine TGFßl production and reaction to the producing cell (autocrine loop) must be interrupted in order to enable the phenotypic re-conversion of the cells .
- the ability of TGFßl to induce EFC and then to efficiently maintain the invasive phenotype can also explain why the initially epithehal Ras-transformed cells progressively and uniformly transformed into spindle cells during tumor growth.
- TGFß1 vascular endothelial cells
- stromal cells surrounding the microtumor produced the cytokine. These stromal cells could be identified as fibrocytes and endothelial cells, but it can be assumed that other cell types, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, were probably also present; All of these cell types are known to produce and release TGFß1.
- the most likely conclusion from this is that the effects of TGFß1 are primarily regulated at the level of its proteolytic activation. The primary regulation of TGFß takes place through factors that control the processing of the latent to the biologically active molecule.
- TGFß activation in vivo.
- the protease plasmin can activate latent TGFß1 in co-culture systems of two cell types, but only if two different cell types are in direct contact or are close to one another (Antonelli-Orlidge, et al., 1989; Sato, et al., 1990).
- This close contact of different cell types in the system used in the context of the present invention is likely to occur after encapsulation of the tumor by the stroma and, to an even greater extent, when donor tumor cells mix with stroma cells of the recipient animal during tumor development (Fig. 2B ).
- TSP thrombospondin
- an extracellular matrix protein activates latent TGFß.
- the activation takes place in the soluble phase and does not require any proteolytic activity (Schultz-Cherry, et al., 1994).
- the cancer-promoting role of thrombospondin and increased thrombospondin concentrations in malignant breast cancers have recently been reported (Castle, et al. 1991; Wong, et al., 1992). It was thus shown in the context of the present invention that the autocrine production of TGFßl, in cooperation with the oncoprotein Ha-Ras, maintains the fibroblastoid phenotype.
- TGFßl is primarily produced by infiltrating cells of the tumor stroma, such as fibrocytes, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and macrophages.
- the interaction of the tumor cells with the different cell types of the tumor stroma should trigger the efficient production and / or activation of TGFßl. This in turn should induce the epithelial tumor cells to transform into the fibroblastoid and invasive phenotype.
- TGFßl fibroblastoid cells
- autocrine loop autocrine loop
- Other mutations or selective mechanisms are likely to cause some of these invasively growing cells to migrate in and out of blood vessels and eventually form secondary tumors at distant sites.
- This model is consistent with findings that show that increased TGFß1 expression is also involved in the progression to malignancy in a prostate cancer mouse model (Thompson, et al., 1992; 1993).
- EFC TGFßl production in the tumor
- the TGF ⁇ receptor generally plays a central role in the regulation of EMT and invasive tumor cell growth. Not only in Ha-Ras-transformed breast epithelial cells, but in a number of other tumors that originate from other epithelial types and in which it is unknown which oncogenes take over the function of Ha-Ras, the TGFß receptor was able to be the decisive regulator of epithehal plasticity as well as the invasive growth of the tumor cells.
- TßRII-dn a dominant-negative TGFß receptor
- This TßRII-dn represents a so-called "kinase-dead” mutant of the receptor chain II, which binds to endogenous type I receptors, but cannot phosphorylate them.
- TGFßl ligand
- the total signal transmission from the TGFß receptor can be inhibited in these cells.
- the expression of TßRIl is thus suitable for simulating the effect of inhibiting TGFß or the inhibition of the signal transmission path triggered by activation of the TGFß receptor.
- TßRII-dn was overexpressed in Ha-Ras transformed mouse breast epithelial cells (EpRas). All clones obtained showed a strongly delayed tumor growth in nude mice. In addition, the cells isolated from such tumors had an epithelial phenotype and did not express epithelial markers (E-cadherin, ZO-1), however, no mesenchymal markers (vimentin). This shows that expression of a TßRII-dn inhibited EFC during tumor formation. After receiving these results, it was of interest to check whether switching off the signal transmission of the TGFß receptor also works in tumor cells that have already undergone EFC and thus have a stable, mesenchymal and invasive phenotype.
- the mouse colon carcinoma line CT26 was selected as an example of such a cell line.
- This tumor cell line has a very pronounced tendency to rapidly form lung metastases after subcutaneous injection into mice, so that the animals perish even after timely resection of the primary tumor on the lung metastases.
- This cell shows mesenchymal morphology, grows in the collagen gel into disordered chains and strands of spindle-shaped cells and does not express any other epithehal markers apart from basal cytokeratins. Instead, the cells have high vimentin expression.
- TßRII-dn the dominant-negative TGFß receptor
- the cells form smaller or larger compact clumps in the collagen gel and grow on plastic as epithelioid cells, which form hemicysts (domes) and large amounts of E -cadherin and ZO-1 express.
- the TßRII-dn apparently transformed the cells back into cells with an epithelial phenotype (fibroblastoid-epithelial conversion, FEC).
- TßRII-dn the dominant-negative TGFß receptor
- the findings obtained in the context of the present invention indicate that the increased sensitivity and altered responsiveness of the cells to the ability of TGFß to modulate the epithehal phenotype generally represents a property of epithehal tumor cells.
- This altered willingness to react can be caused by Ras (onco) proteins, but also by tyrosine kinases, which activate Ras, and by other, previously unknown oncoproteins.
- This oncogene induced change in response to normal environmental signals such as those induced by TGFß1 should lead to an altered gene expression in the tumor cell as well as to incorrect transmission or interpretation of signals between tumor and stromal cells.
- This abnormal "crosstalk" between tumor cells and their immediate surroundings is likely to be the driving force behind what is commonly referred to as tumor progression.
- the results of the experiments show that activated Ras, overexpressed receptor tyrosine kinases which activate the Ras signaling pathway and other, possibly unknown oncogenes, cooperate with the TGFß1 receptor both in normal development and in carcinogenesis.
- Processes such as the induction / activation of stromal TGFßl through interaction of epithelial and mesenchymal cells and EF conversion induced and maintained by TGFßl are likely to be involved.
- TGFßl has a physiological, strictly regulated function during the morphogenesis of normal cells.
- transformation by oncogenes causes degeneration the function of TGFßl, ie constitutive, highly abnormal morphogenetic changes are triggered in the cells.
- the present invention thus relates to a medicament containing, as an active compound, a substance which inhibits the action of TGF ⁇ on tumor cells of eptihelial origin, for the treatment of epithehal, invasive tumor diseases which are caused by a reversible transition of the cells from an epithehal, non-invasive in are characterized by an invasive condition.
- the medicament also contains substances which inhibit the expression of oncogenic Ras and / or the overexpression of normal Ras or the action of Ras-activating receptor tyrosine kinases in the cells.
- the tumor cells In epithehal invasive tumor diseases, the tumor cells have an increased phenotypic plasticity, i.e. they can undergo transitions from the epithal, non-invasive state to the fibroblastoid, invasive state (EF conversion) and vice versa (FE conversion).
- TGFß inhibitor The substance which inhibits the action of TGFß on the cells or the signal transduction mediated by activation of the TGFß receptor is hereinafter referred to as "TGFß inhibitor".
- TGFßs like the other members of the TGFß superfamily of multifunctional polypeptide factors such as activins, bone morphogenetic proteins (bmp ' s) etc., exert their effect by binding to specific cell surface receptors.
- the TGFß receptors of type I and type II form heterodimeric complexes after binding of the ligand, which initiates signal transmission.
- the type II receptors which are assigned to the group of the receptor serine / threonine kinases in terms of their activity, bind the ligand, but in order to be able to pass on the signal obtained from the ligand, association with the type I receptors requires which serine -Threonin kinases represent.
- type II receptors While the type II receptors are responsible for the ligand specificity, they heterodimerize functionally different type I receptors with several type I I receptors. In this ligand-induced heterodimerization, the type II receptor chains phosphorylate the type I receptors on serine / threonine residues and thereby activate them. This interaction of the type II receptor with a specific type I receptor causes the activation of specific signal transmission pathways and, as a result, a transcriptional response to the signal transmitted to the cell by the ligand.
- TGF ⁇ inhibitor blocks the cellular response triggered by receptor activation, i.e. it prevents the TGFß receptor system from being activated and thus triggering the cellular signaling pathway.
- type I represents Receptor is one of the target molecules for the TGF ⁇ inhibitor. Because of the necessity for phosphorylation of the type I receptor by the type II receptor (and on the basis of the results presented with dominant negative type II receptors whose serine kinase activity is destroyed by mutation However, the type II receptor can also be used as a target molecule for inhibitors.
- TGF ⁇ inhibitors are thus based on the prevention of the interaction between the ligand TGFß and the type II receptor, the prevention of the signal transmitted from the type II receptor to the type I receptor, which indicates the activation of the type I. - Receptor causes.
- the blocking of the binding of TGF ⁇ to the type I receptor, the inhibition of the activity of the type I receptor or the inhibition of an effector molecule of the signal transmission pathways activated by the type I receptor are also possible targets for inhibitors.
- TGFß inhibitors are antibodies which neutralize TGFß, in particular monoclonal antibodies, TGFß antisense RNA molecules (Fakhrai et al., 1996) or dominant-negative TGFß receptors of type I or II.
- the invention relates to screening methods for identifying pharmacologically active substances for the treatment of epithehal, invasive tumor diseases which are characterized by a reversible transition of the cells from an epithehal, non-invasive to an invasive state.
- One way to find suitable, in particular low molecular weight, inhibitors is to determine in a first step which type I receptors are responsible for the transition from the epithal to the fibroblastoid state of the cells.
- the EpRas cell line used in the context of the present invention (or one of the other cell lines used which are able to bring about the EF conversion or have already undergone one) is examined to determine which TGF ⁇ type I / l I receptor expressed them.
- RT-PCR Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- oligonucleotides derived from known TGFß type I or type I I receptors, are used as PCR primers in order to extract the relevant receptor from EpRas DNA -DNA- to amplify and thus identify the TGF ⁇ type I or type II receptor expressed in these cells.
- RT-PCR Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- TGFß type II receptor subtype (as such) is directly or indirectly necessary for the signal transmission which results in the EF conversion.
- This TGFß type II receptor subtype thus represents one of the target molecules for the TGFß inhibitor. This fulfills an essential prerequisite for establishing a cellular or biochemical screening assay which can be used to specifically screen for substances which inhibit this target molecule .
- the expected effects can be divided into two groups:
- the first group includes the effects of TGFß described in the literature on normal mesenchymal and epithelial cells, e.g. in wound healing.
- the second group of changes are those that occur specifically in the effect of TGF ⁇ on transformed cells (such as in the experiments described in the present invention). While TGFß effects of the first group can be used for a primary HTS screen ("high throuput screen", screen with a high throughput rate), any inhibitor candidates found must be tested for their inhibitory effect on TGFß effects of the second group.
- TGFß effects of the first type include i) the induction of extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, elastin; ii) induction of the protease inhibitor PAI (plasminogen activator inhibitor) and thus inhibition of cellular protease activity, and iii) inhibition of cell growth and induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cell types. These primarily include normal epithelial cells and only slightly degenerate, essentially still epitheloid tumor cell lines. Induction of PAI-1 expression and TGFß-induced apoptosis lend themselves to processes which can be used to build up a cellular assay system for screening substances which act as TGFß receptor inhibitors. The selected effect is used directly as a detection system for the inhibitory effect of the substance.
- PAI protease inhibitor
- EpRas cell line used This type I / type II receptors are used to transmit the induction of PAI (or another molecule regulated by TGF ⁇ ) in non-transformed cells, for example in the normal starting cell line EpH4 (also used in the context of this invention) , for example it is checked whether the induction of PAI (or another molecule) or the very good growth inhibition in this cell line is blocked by a dominant-negative mutant of the same type I or II receptor, which also blocks the EF conversion.
- This test cell which is a human or animal cell is stably transformed with a plasmid in which a reporter gene, e.g. the luciferase gene, is under the control of the regulatory sequence of the PAI gene (or a gene which is for another molecule regulated by TGF ⁇ , e.g.
- the test cell is also transformed with the human type I or type II receptor, which after further experiments have been shown to be most efficient in triggering EF conversion as well as inducing PAI or one other molecule regulated by TGFß
- the human TGFß type II receptor used for the construction of the TßRII-dn used is one m possible target molecules for a TGFß Inhibitors.
- a parallel cell clone is expediently used as the control cell, in which the PAI-1 promoter-controlled reporter gene is activated by another receptor which is not related to the TGF ⁇ receptor (for example members of the FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor tyrosine kinase family) .
- a second way of measuring the blocking of the TGFß receptor function by test substances can be measured in a simple manner by removing the growth inhibition caused by TGFß and apoptosis. Since TGFß efficiently induces apoptosis in normal EpH4 cells under certain conditions, effective inhibitors of the TGFß receptor should act as factors that stimulate survival or growth. EpH4 cells in which another apoptosis-inducing receptor was expressed can be used as control cells.
- the Fas receptor is particularly suitable for this, which, after binding a special Fas ligand, efficiently induces apoptosis in almost all cell types.
- the abolition of an apoptotic effect by effective TGFß receptor inhibitors has the advantage that it can easily be measured in commercially available test systems (for example in the MTS assay, which measures the number of living, metabolically active cells), and that toxic substances (the cause rather than cancel cell death) can be easily identified as such.
- This test system is therefore also suitable for HTS primary screens.
- a further possibility for a cellular assay system, with which substances can be tested for their inhibitory effect on the EF conversion triggered by activation of the TGF ⁇ receptor system is based on the expression of proteins which are characteristic of the fibroblastoid cell type after EF conversion and are therefore an indicator of the occurrence of EF conversion.
- Vimentin (Reichmann et al, 1992), who was shown in the context of the present invention that its expression is associated with the EF conversion triggered by cooperation between Ras and TGFß.
- markers of the fibroblastoid phenotype are the loss of expression of E-cadherin mRNA and the de novo expression of fibronectin and various proteases (UPA, TPA, Reichmann et al, 1992).
- a suitable test cell transformed by Ras or other oncogenes is transformed with a plasmid in which a reporter gene is under the control of the vimentin gene promoter or promoters of one of the other fibroblastoid marker genes mentioned. The modulation of reporter gene expression by a test substance should then correlate with modulation of the EC conversion caused by the same inhibitors.
- TGFß itself as a detection system.
- This assay principle is based on the knowledge gained in the context of the present invention that the activation of the TGFß receptor system in oncogene expressing cells by the ligand TGFß causes the autocrine production of TGFß, which has an autocrine loop effect on the cells.
- the cells contain a reporter gene construct which is under the control of the TGFß gene promoter (Kim et al, 1989).
- Biochemical assays in which TGFß inhibitors are identified, the effect of which is based on the fact that they inhibit the TGFß signal transmission path can be carried out, for example, as follows: In an assay format, in the presence and in the absence of test substances (potential TGFß inhibitors ) the autophosphorylation of the TGFß receptor type II or its cytoplasmic domain, which contains the kinase domain, is measured on serine or threonine residues in vitro, such a kinase assay being carried out according to methods known from the literature, for example as described by Lin et al., 1992, or by Braunwalder et al., 1996, and using a receptor (or its domain) produced recombinantly, for example in E.
- Inhibitors of the TGF ⁇ receptor found in one of the test systems described in the primary screen are expediently tested for their specificity in secondary screens. This can be done primarily by direct inhibition of the TGFß-dependent EF conversion of EpRas cells in collagen gels. Another possibility is the incubation of converted EpRas cells (eg from mouse tumors) sown on plastic dishes in sparse density with the inhibitors of the TGF ⁇ receptor found. Effective substances should trigger the conversion of fibroblastoids into epithelial cells even in the presence of TGFß. The same substances should cause re-epithelialization (FE conversion) in CT26 cells.
- mice injected with CT26 cells can be tested to determine whether they slow down the growth of the primary tumor or inhibit metastasis after excision of the primary tumor.
- the substance which inhibits the expression or function of oncogenic Ras and / or the overexpression of normal Ras (or the result of this overexpression) and / or the activation of normal Ras by receptor tyrosine kinases in the cells is hereinafter referred to as "Ras ⁇ inhibitor ".
- Ras inhibitors in the sense of the definition of the present invention either inhibit Ras directly by inhibiting the activation / function of Ras itself or by inhibiting the activation / function of a Ras effector molecule which acts in the Ras signal transmission path below Ras.
- Examples are inhibitors of Raf, such as Raf antisense oligonucleotides (Monia et al., 1996).
- Ras activation can also be brought about by inhibiting these receptors.
- EGF receptor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- homologous receptors such as HER-2, HER-3 or HER-4.
- HER-2, HER-3 or HER-4 examples of chemical compounds that inhibit the EGF receptor can be found in WO 96/07657.
- Ras inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies (Furth et al., 1982), dominant-negative mutants (Stacey et al., 1991; Quilliam et al., 1994) and antisense RNA.
- low molecular weight Ras inhibitors are inhibitors of Ras famesyl transferases (Kohl et al., 1993; Kohl et al., 1994; Kohl et al., 1995).
- genes coding for mutations of the Ras proteins H-Ras, K-Ras or N-Ras which lead to a constitutive activation of Ras are introduced into mammalian cells, e.g. using retroviral vectors, and the selective cytotoxic effect of test substances on the ras ⁇ transformed cells is determined.
- a suitable method for identifying ras inhibitors is e.g. described in EP-A 604 181.
- Ras-transformed cell lines that can be used as test cells for the identification of Ras inhibitors have also been developed by Andrejauskas and Moroni, 1989, and by Jenkins et al., 1993.
- Ras inhibitors can also be identified using an assay based on the EpRas cell line used in the context of the present invention.
- the cells contain a reporter gene construct in which the reporter gene is under the control of the regulatory sequence of the TGF ⁇ gene.
- TGFß is first applied to the cells to effect EF conversion.
- the cells are then exposed to the test substances.
- Test substances that are capable of inhibiting the activity of the reporter gene can be assumed to be Ras inhibitors. Confirmation of this can then be given in secondary screens, in which the substances are examined to determine whether they inhibit the TGFß-induced EF conversion of EpRas cells in collagen gels or can reverse the EFC that has already taken place.
- the medicament according to the invention can be used to prevent the cells from going into the fibroblastoid state and becoming invasive, thus preventing or reducing their tumorigenicity.
- the medicament according to the invention can also be used to convert existing, fibroblastoid and invasively growing tumor cells into non- or less malignant, epithelial cells.
- the medicament according to the invention can be used to prevent the conversion of the cells from the epithehal, non-invasive to a fibroblastoid, invasive state.
- An example of this is its administration after surgical removal of a primary tumor in order to prevent tumor cells which may still be present from becoming invasive and producing further tumors by metastasis.
- the medicament according to the invention can also slow down tumor growth via the same mechanism, as could be shown with the aid of the CT26 cells expressing TßRII-dn.
- the medicament according to the invention can be used to reverse the EF conversion of the cells that has already taken place. Once the conversion has occurred, TGFß maintains the fibroblastoid state due to an autocrine loop.
- the administration of a TGFß inhibitor alone causes the autocrine loop to be switched off and thus a reversion of the fibroblastoid, invasive state of the cell into the normal, epithehal state.
- This reversion is temporary, however, and the transformed state of the cell brought about by Ras or other oncogenes is not fundamentally changed. This means that when the TGFß inhibitor is discontinued, the EF conversion could be brought about again.
- an oncogene inhibitor for example a Ras inhibitor or a HER-1/2 inhibitor
- the transformed state of the cell is abolished, the cell behaves like a normal epithelial cell and reacts accordingly normal on TGFß, ie the action of TGFß on the cell cannot bring about an EF conversion and even has the effect of inhibiting the growth of the tumor cell.
- TGFß receptor
- TGFß receptor
- most tumors constantly produce TGFß see below
- TGFß which is released into the environment and has an immunosuppressive effect there, i.e. inhibits the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. If the conversion of invasive tumor cells into non-invasive, more epithelial cells is effected by the TGFß receptor inhibitor, these should switch off the TGFß secretion and thus be more easily attacked and lysed by cytotoxic T cells.
- the medicament according to the invention preferably contains a combination of TGF ⁇ inhibitor and Ras inhibitor.
- fibroblastoid marker proteins eg vimentin
- the increase in expression of these markers is thus one of the diagnostic parameters for tumor diseases, for the treatment of which the medicament according to the invention can be used.
- Such tumors include breast adenocarcinomas (Heatley et al., 1993), renal cell carcinomas (Beham et al., 1992), breast carcinosarcomas (Wargotz and Norris, 1989), esophageal carcinosarcomas (Guarino et al., 1993) or des female genital tract (de Brito et al., 1993), epithelioid sarcomas and spindle cell carcinomas of various locations, e.g. Lung carcinomas with spindle cell components (Matsui et al., 1992) or spindle cell carcinomas of the gallbladder (Nishihara et al., 1993).
- the medicament according to the invention is preferably used for the treatment of breast tumors and renal cell carcinomas.
- the medicaments according to the invention are administered in humans in doses of 0.01 to 100 mg / kg body weight, preferably 0.1 to 15 mg.
- the drug contains customary inert carriers and auxiliary substances.
- the person skilled in the art can find methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical preparations in relevant manuals, such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1980.
- Fig. 1 Conversion of EpRas cells into fibroblastoid cells during tumor formation in mice.
- Fig. 2 Epithelial / mesenchymal conversion (EFC) during the
- Fig. 3 Organogenesis and epithelial polarity are destroyed by serum or TGFßl.
- Fig. 4 TGFßl destroys cell polarity in Ras-transformed
- EpRas cells upright via an autocrine loop.
- Fig. 7 Converted EpRas cells produce high
- TGFßl dissolves the in experimentally induced tumors
- TGFßl induces in vitro morphogenesis and apoptosis in normal mammary epithelial cells
- Fig. 11 In vivo expression of TGFßl during the formation of the normal mammary gland
- Fig. 12 In vivo expression of TGFßl during the breakdown of the fully developed mammary gland after weaning Fig. 13. Inhibiting human invasiveness
- FIG. 16 Expression of TßRII-dn in CT26 cells inhibits metastasis formation in vivo.
- FIG. 17 TßRII-dn expressing CT26 cells are incapable of being in the lungs even after intravenous injection
- FIG. 18 Expression of a PAI-1 Promoter Reporter-
- EpRas cells were produced by the parental breast epithelial cell line EpH4 (a subclone of the spontaneously immortalized breast epithelial cell line Ep1 (Reichmann et. Al., 1992) selected for high expression of a polarized phenotype) with a helper-free, v-Ha-Ras expressing retroviral Vector (Redmond, et al., 1988).
- EpH4 a subclone of the spontaneously immortalized breast epithelial cell line Ep1 (Reichmann et. Al., 1992) selected for high expression of a polarized phenotype) with a helper-free, v-Ha-Ras expressing retroviral Vector (Redmond, et al., 1988).
- the selection and expansion of the polarized epithelial clones was carried out as described by Reichmann, et al., 1992.
- the cells were grown on plastic dishes in growth medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium; (DMEM), containing 10% FCS (Boehringer Mannheim) and 20 mM HEPES) and subcultured twice at a ratio of 1: 3 for the induction of the hemicysts Epomas cells and cells of the parental line EpH4 were grown at high density for one week without subculturing.
- growth medium Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium; (DMEM), containing 10% FCS (Boehringer Mannheim) and 20 mM HEPES
- the human tumor cell lines MZ 1795 (renal carcinoma; Seliger et al. 1996) and KB (nasopharyngeal carcinoma ATCC CCL17; Derynck et al., 1985) were obtained from ATTC. They were cultivated in the same medium as the mouse EpH4 cells.
- the mouse colon carcinoma line CT26 was also cultured in the same medium as the mouse EpH4 cells.
- Infected clones were identified with G418 selected and expanded in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM) containing 20% FCS (Boehringer Mannheim) and 20 mM HEPES. Expression of the TßRII-dn protein was detected in the Western blot via a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope present in the construct.
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium
- FCS Boehringer Mannheim
- EpRas or EpH4 cells were trypsinized and counted. Then 10 ⁇ cells suspended in 0.1 ml PBS were injected subcutaneously or into the mammary gland of 5-week-old BALB / c mice or nude mice. The mice were sacrificed after different periods of time (between 3 and 28 days) and the tumors (or tissue zones containing the injected cells) were excised. For the subsequent Histological analysis immediately flash frozen the tissue in liquid nitrogen. To isolate the tumor cells for further growth in tissue culture, the tissue was cut into small pieces under sterile conditions using two opposing scalpels and digested with 2mg / ml collagenase type 1 (Sigma) for 1 hour at 37 ° C .
- the cells obtained from the tumors were grown for the first 5 days in the presence of G418 or hygromycin.
- the collagen gels were similarly digested with collagenase to isolate the cells for subsequent tissue culture.
- CT26 cells or CT26-TßRII-dn cells For tumor induction with CT26 cells or CT26-TßRII-dn cells, 1x10 6 cells per animal in nude mice were injected subcutaneously under the dorsal skin. The size of the palpable tumors was determined every 3 days and the animals were killed if the tumors exceeded a size tolerable for the well-being of the animals.
- mice 1x10 6 cells per animal were injected into syngeneic mice (Balb / C). After the primary tumor had reached a size of 4 cm 3, the tumors were surgically removed so that no tumor tissue remained at the surgical site. The mice were then further monitored and examined for the presence of pulmonary metastases after death.
- 5,000 and 50,000 cells of both types were iv injected into the tail vein of syngeneic Balb / C mice. The mice were then examined for death from lung metastases as above.
- Rabbit antiserum that recognizes neomycin phosphotranspherase was prepared by bacterially expressing, purifying and injecting neomycin phosphotransferase into rabbits. After an appropriate time, rabbit serum was obtained and used natively for the immunostaining.
- the monocolonal mouse antibody against Vimentin V3B (Boehringer Mannheim), the monoclonal rat antibody against ZO-1 (Chemicon), the monoclonal mouse antibody against TGFß 1-3 (Genzyme), the TGFß 2,3 antibody (Genzyme), the polyclonal antiserum against activated TGFß (Promega), the TGFß-neutralizing rabbit polyclonal antibody (R&D) and the monoclonal TGFß antibody (Genzyme) were purchased.
- the tumor material and the collagen type I gels containing cell structures were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after isolation. Before freezing, the collagen gels were soaked in medium containing 5% DMSO for 2 minutes to prevent cell damage due to ice crystal formation. Cells or frozen sections grown on plastic, made from tumors or collagen gels, were fixed and rendered permeable at -20 ° C for 15 minutes using acetone / methanol, mixed in a ratio of 1/1, air-dried and stored at 4 ° C. Incubation with the first antibody was carried out for 1 h at 37 ° C.
- Anti-cytokeratin (clone MNF 116; DAKO, Denmark), anti-vimentin (clone V9; DAKO, Denmark) and a mixture of anti-TGFß1 and TGFß2 (Santa Cruz, California) were used as primary antibodies.
- the result of the staining was evaluated with a Zeiss Axioskop microscope.
- a double fluorescence analysis was carried out for the simultaneous detection of vimentin and cytokeratin in tissue sections.
- Anti-vimentin (clone V9; DAKO, Denmark) and an anti-cytokeratin rabbit serum were used as primary antibodies, and Cy3-coupled anti-mouse IgG and FITC-coupled anti-rabbit IgG antibodies were used as secondary antibodies.
- the fluorescence was evaluated using a Zeiss Axiophot 2 microscope with the aid of a Leica Quantimed Q500 image analysis system.
- RNA in situ hybridization the frozen sections were fixed and extracted as described by Oft, et al., 1993. For this, the sections were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, washed twice in PBS, prehybridized for 2 h and hybridized overnight with the respective S-labeled riboprobe at 52 ° C. in 50% formamide, 0.6 M NaCl. After washing under stringent conditions (T m -20 ° C) the sections were dipped in Kodak NTB liquid emulsion and exposed for 2 weeks. The slides with the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin / eosin and analyzed in light and dark field illumination using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope.
- the hTGFßl cDNA (R&D) and the cDNA for neomycin phosphotransferase cut out from a suitable (Redmond, et al., 1988) retroviral vector, were inserted into the T3.T7 expression plasmids (Bluescript II KS Stratagene) cloned and in in vitro, in the presence of S35-UTP for the antisenseribo probe and for the sense control probe.
- Non-radioactive in situ hybridization for TGFß in sections of human tumor tissue was carried out using digoxygenin-labeled probes.
- the probe (hTGFßl, see previous section) was labeled using a DIG-RNA labeling kit from Boehringer Mannheim according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- frozen sections (5-7 ⁇ m) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, washed twice in PBS and then acetylated for 10 min in 0.5% acetic anhydride. After washing twice in PBS, the sections were dehydrated in an ascending alcohol series, air-dried and then incubated for 30 min at 52 ° C. in a moist chamber.
- Hybridization with the probe was carried out for 4 to 6 h at 52 ° C. in a moist chamber. After the hybridization, the slides were washed for 2 ⁇ 10 min in 2x SSC at 52 ° C. and then the bound probe was made visible using anti-digoxygenin antibodies in accordance with the Boehringer Mannheim instructions. The preparations were briefly counterstained with hematoxylin, capped and evaluated using a Zeiss Axioskop microscope.
- the cells grown in the collagen gels were pre-fixed for 10 min in 3% paraformaldehyde in 0.2 M HEPES pH 7.3 at room temperature. The cells were further fixed in ice in 8% paraformaldehyde in 0.2 M HEPES pH 7.3 for 30-60 min.
- the samples were dewatered in ethanol at increasingly lower temperatures, embedded in Lowicryl HM20 or K4M and polymerized at -35 ° C using UV light (Schwarz, et al., 1993).
- the cells were postfixed with 1% osmium tetraoyxd in PBS pH 7.2 for 1 h on ice, stained with 1% aqueous uranyl acetate for 1 h, dehydrated in ethanol at room temperature and finally embedded in Epon.
- ultra-thin sections were glued to cover slips (Schwarz, 1994). After blocking non-specific antibody binding sites with 0.5% bovine serum albumin and 0.2% gelatin in PBS, the sections were incubated with rabbit anti-catenin antibodies and then with Cy3-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. The marked sections were stained with 4 ', 6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in order to make the nuclei visible in the immunofluorescence microscope.
- DAPI 6-diamino-2-phenylindole
- DNA from cells or tumor material was isolated and processed using standard methods (Maniatis, et al., 1982). DNA extracted from cells before injection, from freshly excised tumor tissue (day 15 after the injection) and from tumor tissue that had been recultivated in vitro in the presence of G418 for 5 days was compared with the restriction enzyme EcoRI (which only used the retroviral vector once cuts) digested, blotted onto a gene screen membrane and hybridized with the cDNAs encoding either the neomycin phosphotransferase or the v-Ha-ras gene.
- EcoRI which only used the retroviral vector once cuts
- RNA (10 ⁇ g per lane) was run on denaturing formaldehyde-containing gels, blotted on gene screen membranes and with the entire coding region of hTGFßl cDNA (R&D), which has enough homology with mTGFßl, 2 and 3, to all to recognize three mouse TGFß isoforms hybridized.
- RNA from cells grown on plastic, in collagen gels or from tumors was isolated and processed for semi-quantitative PCR.
- a TGFßI -specific fragment was amphfected by RT-PCR under semi-quantitative conditions using actin primers as an internal control as described by Leonard, et al., 1993.
- actin primers as an internal control as described by Leonard, et al., 1993.
- the DNA was denatured at 94 ° C. for 1 min, which became primers annealed at 65 ° C for 1 min and polymerase reactions continued at 72 ° C for 1 min. Amplification was continued for 20 and 30 cycles.
- the TGFß1-specific primers TGGACCGCAA CAACGCCATC TATGAGAAAA CC (up) and TGGAGCTGAA GCAATAGTTG GTATCCAGGG CT (down) (Clontech Inc.) were used.
- the results of the PCR were evaluated quantitatively on an image quant phospho-imager. The values were normalized to the control product (-actin) and then compared to the value from control 3T3 fibroblasts.
- TGFßl in tumor tissues by RT-PCR was carried out as described recently (Heider et al., 1996).
- the TGF ⁇ 1-specific oligonucleotide GCCCTGGACACCAACTATT GCTTC was used as the ⁇ '-primer and the TGF ⁇ 1-specific oligonucleotide TGCTCCACCTTGGGCTTGC as the 3'-primer.
- the amplification products were separated on an agarose gel containing 2% ethidium bromide and evaluated under UV light by means of a video camera (MWG Biotech).
- a PAI-1 promoter-reporter construct (reporter gene was luciferase; 3TP-lux, Wrana et al., 1992) was transfected into CT26 cells or CT26-TßRII-dn cells by means of lipofectamine transfection (Gibco) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 8 hours after transfection, TGFß1 was added for 24 hours, control batches remained without TGFß. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and the luciferase activity as described by Wrana et al., 1992, measured in a Berthold Clinilumat.
- EpH4 polarized EpRas and fibroblastoid EpRas cells, isolated from tumors or converted to TGFß in tumors or in vitro, were washed five times with PBS to remove exogenous TGFß and then 48 h grown long in serum-free DMEM. The cell culture supernatants were then collected and the TGFß1 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA kit (Promega; G1230) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- TGFßl in the tissue culture supernatants 2 ml of serum-free cell supernatants were concentrated to a final volume of 0.1 ml by means of ultrafiltration (Centricon 10, Amicon). The concentrated supernatants were mixed with 5-fold concentrated SDS-PAGE sample buffer (without mercaptoethanol) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. The same protein aliquots (50 ⁇ g) were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; immunoblot analysis was performed as described by Hayman, et al., 1993.
- This assay was performed as described by Behrens, et al., 1993.
- the test cells were loaded with a vital fluorescent dye before the examination.
- the cells for 1 hour contained in a glucose Hanks salt solution containing 10 mM 5,6-Carboxy-2, 7'-dichlorfluoreszeindiacetat succinimidyl ester (Molecular Probes) and 0.2 x 10 -6 M Pluronic F127 incubated.
- the fluorescent dye is thus covalently bound to intracellular proteins without the viability or behavior of the cells, determined using various differentiation and proliferation assays affect.
- the labeled cells were grown at high density for 24 hours, scraped from the plastic tray and contacted with pre-cultured heart fragments from 9 day old chicken embryos on the surface of a soft layer. After 7 days in culture, the fragments with the adhering cells were collected, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, frozen sections were made, fixed in methanol / acetone and the fluorescent cells were determined by means of epifluorescence microscopy (Axiophot, Zeiss).
- TGFßl-loaded slow release Elvax pellets and either EpRas epithelial cells or normal EpH4H cells were subcutaneously co-injected into mice.
- pellets loaded with only BSA were co-injected. The pellets were each produced and loaded according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Ras-transformed mouse breast epithelial cells show two completely different cell phenotypes. When grown on plastic substrates, these cells grow as ordered, dome-forming monolayers (hemicysts), indicating a polarized epithelial phenotype (Fig. 1A, B). However, after injection into mice, these same polarized cells formed tumors consisting of depolarized spindle-shaped cells capable of invasive growth (Fig. 1A, C). In order to obtain further information about the mechanisms underlying this phenotypic plasticity, a combination of in vivo and in vitro was used experimental approaches investigated the observed cell conversion in detail.
- EpH4 The cell clone EpH4 was used for this, which is derived from a well-characterized mouse breast epithelial cell line (Reichmann, et al., 1989; Reichmann, et al., 1992; Strange, et al., 1991). These cells show a stable polarized epithelial phenotype (Reichmann, et al., 1994).
- EpH4 tumorigenic subclones of EpH4 were formed by stable expression of the v-Ha-Ras oncogene. After v-Ha-Ras expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis, cells from seven clones (referred to as EpRas clones) were injected subcutaneously or directly into the mammary glands of Balb / c mice. Tumors formed regularly that were palpable 5-7 days after the cells were injected.
- the integration pattern of the retroviral construct was carried out by Southern blot Analysis determined.
- EpRas cells before the injection cells from a 15-day tumor and re-isolated cells from a 30-day tumor were analyzed.
- probes specific for the neomycin resistance gene or the ras gene were used, identical integration patterns were obtained in all three cell types (FIG. 1D).
- the conversion of EpRas cells into fibroblastoid cells during tumor formation in mice is shown in FIG. 1.
- Figure 1A shows the principle of the strategy used to study Ras cell EFC (7 different v-Ha-Ras expressing cell clones were used) in vivo.
- Fig. 1B Before the injection, cells of the clone Ep5 show plastic dome formation and stain both on E-cadherin (FITC, green fluorescence, appearing dark in the black and white image) and on cytokeratins (Texas-Red, red fluorescence). . Note the common staining of both proteins on the cell periphery (yellow staining).
- Ep5 cells isolated from a tumor 28 days after cell injection Ep5 cells isolated from a tumor 28 days after cell injection. These cells show a fibroblastoid appearance and express cytokeratins, but no E-cadherin.
- Fig. 1 D Southern blot analysis.
- EpRas clone (Ep5) taken before the injection (Ep5, plastic), taken from the tumor (Ep5, tumor), taken from the tumor and recultivated in G418 for 5 days (Ep5, ex tumor) shows the same retroviral integration pattern (detected with a neomycin phosphotranspherase (NPT) probe).
- NPT neomycin phosphotranspherase
- FIG. 2C Three different cell types could be distinguished 15 days after the injection: approx. 20% of the tumor cells represented green-colored vimentin-positive stromal cells. A further 20% only expressed cytokeratins, which indicates EpRas cells that epithehalen Have maintained the phenotype. The majority (50-60%) of the tumor mass consisted of cells that co-expressed cytokeratin and vimentin. These cells are most likely to be converted or converting EpRas cells. Both the epithelial and the converted fibroblastoid cells were also obtained after G418 selection. Finally, the epithelial portion could no longer be detected in five-week-old, fully developed tumors, neither in situ nor on plastic. In contrast, parental EpH4 cells never formed tumors.
- the EpH4 cells When injected subcutaneously, the EpH4 cells developed into layers of epithelial cells that sometimes formed lumens and expressed cytokeratins but did not express vimentin (Fig. 2D). After a long time these cells necrotized and were reabsorbed by the surrounding stroma.
- EFC epithelial / mesenchymal conversion
- EpRas tumors Differently treated frozen sections of EpRas tumors (clone Ep2) are shown, which are on day 3 (FIG. 2A, E), on day 7 (FIG. 2B, F), on day 15 (FIG. 2C, G) and on Day 28 (Fig. 2H) were made after the injection.
- the cell structures that are formed by non-tumorigenic EpH4 cells 15 days after the injection are shown in FIG. 2D.
- the sections were examined by immunofluorescence (Fig. 2A-D) and in situ hybridization (Fig. 2E-H).
- the sections were double-stained with antibodies against a 46 kDa cytokeratin (Texas Red, red fluorescence) and vimentin (FITC, green fluorescence).
- RNA - // 7 situ hybridization using a neomycin phosphotransferase probe confirms the donor origin of the tumor cells and shows the increasing density of the tumor cells after EFC (FIG. 2E-H).
- TGFßl induces EF conversion in vitro in Ras expressing but not in normal epithelial cells
- EpH4 cells or Ras-transformed subclones of these cells were grown in reconstituted collagen type gels using serum-free medium. These conditions allowed the use of defined polypeptide growth factors and hormones which are known to be involved in the modulation of the epithehal phenotype.
- EpH4 cells developed into organ-like glandular channels (tubules), which often ended in club-shaped, hollow swellings.
- the EpRas clones also showed considerable lumen formation in these serum-free collagen gels. The lumens were visible 2-3 days after sowing. Subsequently, more than 95% of these structures developed relatively large cystic cavities (Fig. 3B, left and middle panels) which resembled the alveoli of the fully developed milk producing breast. On plastic, these cells in turn formed regular epithelial monolayers with domes, thus showed the same epithal properties as the non-tumorigenic starting cells (FIG. 3B, right panel).
- EpRas cells behaved completely differently when cultured in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Under these conditions, they formed elongated, multicellular and invasively growing cell strands that never showed lumen formation. These strands consisted of non-polarized cells that had lost many epithelial properties (FIGS. 3C and 4) and which behaved strikingly similar to the ex vivo fibroblastoid tumor cells.
- FCS fetal calf serum
- TGFß1 was the only factor that showed striking and long-lasting effects on EpRas cells.
- TGFßl was added, these cells grew into elongated, branching cell strands similar to those induced by FCS. On tissue culture plastic, these cells showed a clear fibroblastoid phenotype (Fig. 3D).
- TGFß1 was unable to induce EF conversion in EpH4-KontroII cells and other non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell clones.
- epithelial cell-typical cell-cell contact structures ie tight junctions, characterized by the protein ZO-1, desmosomes (FIG. 4A) and the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin (FIG. 4B), which is typical of "adherens junctions", could be attached to them typical lateral or basolateral positions .
- the protein ß-catenin associated with E-cadherin showed basolateral localization in most cells (FIG. 4C).
- Ras-transformed mouse breast epithelial cells show an extraordinary plasticity in the phenotype, which ranges from epithelially polarized cells organized in ordered epithelia to fibroblastoid, migratory and invasively growing cells.
- Figure 3 shows the destruction of lumen formation and epithelial polarity by serum and TGFßL
- Non-tumorigenic EpH4 cells Fig. 3A
- tumorigenic EpRas cells clone Ep5, Fig. 3B-D
- the macroscopically visible structures were photographed 8 days after plating out at low and high magnifications (left 97/37678 PC17EP97 / 01699
- Fig. 3A Ep4H cells form channels and "end-bud” similar swellings in serum-free collagen gels. On plastic, these cells formed a regular epithelial monolayer and crests (Hemicysts, domes).
- Fig. 3B EpRas cells form wide channels and alveoli-like cysts in serum-free collagen gels.
- Fig. 3C addition of 10% FCS causes the cells to form invasively growing irregular cell strands without lumens. On plastic, these cells are fibroblast-like and spindle-shaped.
- FIG. 3D TGFßl alone (5ng / ml) causes EpRas cells to grow into invasive cell strands similar to those induced by FCS.
- FIG. 4 shows the breakdown of the epithelial cell polarity in Ras-transformed breast epithelial cells after incubation with TGFßL
- Fig. 4A Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cysts obtained in the absence of TGFß1 consist of a monolayer of morphologically polarized cells which have microvilli exclusively on their apical, lumen-oriented domain (Fig. 4D). The insert picture shows such a single-layer cyst at low magnification. In contrast, the cell strands induced in the presence of TGFß1 consist of loosely adhering cells without microvilli, desmosomes or tight junctions.
- 4B, E Frozen sections through an alveolar cyst, which were immunostained with an antibody against the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, showed a clear basolateral localization of the E-cadherin on most cells. The expression of E-cadherin is reduced in the TGFß1-induced cell strands and is expressed on the entire surface of the fibroblastoid cells.
- FIGS. 4B and E immunocolored lowicryl sections through structures similar to those shown in FIGS. 4B and E are shown with an anti- ⁇ -catenin antibody. Note the basolateral expression of ß-catenin in most cells of the cyst (FIG. 4C) and the significantly reduced ß-catenin expression, which is now predominantly located in the cytoplasm (FIG. 4F).
- Fibroblastoid EpRas cells are invasive
- EpRas cells that had undergone EFC showed signs of invasive behavior in collagen gels.
- the advantages of the chicken embryo heart invasion assay were used, the relevance of which for in vivo metastasis has already been documented in detail (Mareel, et al., 1979; Mareel, 1983).
- the immigration of cells into embryo heart fragments was examined in this assay (FIG. 5A).
- a fluorescent dye carbboxy-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate.
- Parental EpH4 cells did not migrate into the chicken heart tissue during the seven day incubation period (Fig. 5A, B).
- TGFßl maintains the fibroblastoid phenotype of converted EpRas cells via an autocrine loop
- TGFßl had been shown to transform Ras-transformed epithelial cells into fibroblastoids
- a possible explanation for the relative stability of the fibroblastoid phenotype was the autocrine production of larger amounts of TGFßl by the converted cells themselves.
- fibroblastoid EpRas cells were used in extremely low concentrations in 1%. FCS (to keep the TGFßl concentration in the medium as low as possible) cultivated. Under these conditions, single cells grow into clearly spatially separated clones.
- fibroblastoid cells (ex-tumor cells) isolated from a tumor in the presence or absence of TGFßl neutralizing antibodies in collagen gels bred. In the absence of the antibodies, the fibroblastoid tumor cells formed the expected thin, invasively growing cell strands (Fig. 6E). However, the same cells no longer grew invasively and developed into cystic structures consisting of an epithehal monolayer when treated with the neutralizing antibodies for eight days (FIG. 6F).
- the amounts of the TGFßl mRNA expressed in the cells and of the TGFßl protein released into the culture medium were determined.
- Three different EpRas clones and the parental EpH4 clone were grown in collagen gels for five days. When treated with 5 ng / ml TGFßl, the EpRas clones underwent EFC, while the untreated EpH4 cells treated the same maintained their epithehal phenotype. Analysis of these cells by means of semi-quantitative PCR (FIG. 7A) or by means of immunoblot (FIG. 7B) showed that the fibroblastoid cells induced by TGFßl produced amounts of TGFßl -mRNA which were comparable to those of control fibroblasts (FIG.
- FIG. 7A shows that TGFß1 maintains the fibroblastoid phenotype of converted EpRas cells via an autocrine loop.
- 6A-D Clones of fibroblastoid cells isolated from a tumor (ex-tumor cells) are gradually converted into clones consisting of epithelial cells. To generate the clones, 500 cells per 100 mm dish were sown in medium containing 1% FCS. The medium was changed daily to dilute any autocrine factors. The same typical cell clone was photographed on day 1 (A), day 3 (B), day 5 (C) and day 10 (D) after plating. The gradual conversion of fibroblastoid cells to cells with an epithelial morphology is clearly visible.
- F Fibroblastoids, EpRas cells isolated from a tumor were selected in G418 for 5 days (to remove cells from the recipient animal) and then sown in serum-free collagen gels. This was done either in the absence (E) or in the presence (F) of TGFßl neutralizing antibodies. It can be seen that the tumor cells develop into lumen-shaped structures in the presence of a TGFßl neutralizing antibody, while in the absence of the antibody they form the expected disordered cell strands.
- Fig. 7B Similar results were obtained when the TGFßl concentrations in cell culture supernatants by Western blot and ELISA were analyzed (the numbers above the Western blot gel traces show the amounts of TGFß1 in ng TGFß1 / ml determined in the ELISA). The data shown in Fig. 7B could be confirmed with two other EpRas clones (Ep2 and Ep6).
- TGFßl is actually expressed in EpRas tumors and whether experimentally added TGFßl can also cause EFC and invasiveness of the cells in vivo.
- Tumors growing out of injected EpRas cells were examined 4 and 15 days after the injection of the cells by means of RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the expression of TGFßl.
- elevated concentrations of TGFß1 mRNA were detected on the outer edge of the nodes formed by the EpRas cells (FIG. 8A).
- TGFß1 and neomycin phosphotransferase which is only expressed by the Ras-transformed donor cells
- NPT neomycin phosphotransferase
- TGFßl pellets localized near EpH4 cells could not significantly affect the phenotype of these non-tumorigenic cells.
- Fig. 8 shows how TGFßl triggers the transition from epithelial to fibroblastoid state and the invasiveness of the cells in experimentally induced tumors:
- RNA in situ hybridization shows that the TGFßl expression on day 4 in the outer tumor periphery (A), but on day 15 (C) in entire tumor takes place. Arrowheads indicate the boundary between the tumor and the surrounding stroma.
- TGFßl Frozen sections were stained with an anti-TGFßl antibody (green fluorescence) and an anti-neomycin phosphotransferase antibody which recognizes the donor cells (red fluorescence). Side images show sections at a larger magnification. It should be noted that in early tumor stages TGFßl is only produced by the stroma surrounding the tumor (B). In contrast, in 15-day-old tumors, TGFß is also expressed in many donor cells within the tumor tissue (D, yellow fluorescence).
- F Epithelial EpRas cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice without (E) or together with 3-Elvax slow release pellets loaded with recombinant (active) TGFßl (F). Frozen sections obtained from 4-day-old tumors were double-stained with antibodies against cytokeratin (red) and vimentin (green). What is striking is the dramatic migration of cells into the surrounding tissue, which was induced in the vicinity of the TGFßl-releasing pellets (white circle).
- TGFßl effect of TGFßl on normal breast epithelial cells: control of the milk tubule morphogenesis by regulating cell growth, cell polarization and apoptosis
- TGFßl Since the TGFß superfamily of polypeptide factors is primarily involved in morphogenetic processes during embryonic development, the role of TGFßl in normal mammary gland development was also investigated in the context of the present invention.
- normal breast epithelial cells of the cell line EpH4 were sown in serum-free collagen gels.
- the serum necessary for the solidification of the collagen gel and washed out a day later was selected especially for a low content of TGFßl. Under these conditions, in vitro organogenesis was completely inhibited and none were formed tubular structures (Fig. 10 A).
- TGFß1 In contrast, higher concentrations of TGFß1 (> 0.25 ng / ml) caused the normal epithelial cells to stop growing and die by programmed cell death (apoptosis) (Fig. 5C). This is an important difference between the normal epithelial cells and the cells containing Ha-Ras. While the latter are not induced to apoptose even at 20 times higher concentrations of TGFßl (5 ng / ml) and undergo EFC without exception, the TGFßl concentration is , which regulates morphogenetic processes in normal breast epithelial cells, strictly specified. An aberrant morphogenesis due to excessive TGFßl concentrations may be avoided by instead inducing growth inhibition and apoptosis in the cells.
- tubular structures consisting of polarized cells with low concentrations of TGFß1 could be due to suboptimal culture conditions.
- the complete organogenesis of tubular structures could depend on the fact that TGFß1 may only be present during certain phases of organoid development.
- the cells were treated with 0.1 ng / ml TGFßl until structures were formed, as mentioned above, then TGFßl was washed out of the collagen gel.
- the atypical structures without lumens reorganized and formed well-formed tubular structures with typical lumens (Fig. 10 D, transient TGFßl).
- TGFßl is absolutely necessary for in vitro organogenesis, (ii) that the concentration is critical, with higher concentrations leading to apoptosis, and (iii) that TGFßl only affects the organ development during certain phases Cells must act.
- This normal function of TGFßl in breast epithelial cell development is completely changed in the Ras-transformed cells, where TGFß causes an extremely abnormal form of tissue reorganization which causes a transition from the epithal to the fibroblastoid state (EFC) over a large concentration range.
- EFC fibroblastoid state
- the next step was to look for evidence that TGFß1 controls the morphogenesis and programmed cell death of mammary gland epithelium in vivo by analogy with these in vitro findings.
- mammary glands of mice were subjected to histological analysis in combination with in situ hybridization using a probe against TGFß1 during puberty.
- the virgin mammary glands grow into the surrounding adipose tissue (fat pad).
- the growth, differentiation and morphogenesis of the resulting mammary gland are based on a structure called the end bud, which contains undifferentiated, not yet fully polarized epithelial cells) , takes place) were compared with sections through fully differentiated gland ducts (see the schematic drawing in Fig.
- TGFß also regulates the programmed cell death (apoptosis) of breast epithelial cells in vivo.
- apoptosis programmed cell death
- the alveolar cells undergo massive apoptosis, while the cells in the ducts survive and are preserved. These cells are responsible for the regrowth of the mammary glands during a new pregnancy.
- TGFßl To a possible participation of TGFßl To investigate this process, three days after the end of lactation, frozen sections were made through the dying alveolar zone of a mammary gland as well as through an adjacent gland duct region (FIG. 12, illustration in the middle).
- the mesenchymal cells surrounding the dying alveoli expressed high levels of TGFßl (Fig. 12, left panel), while the mesenchymal cells surrounding the surviving ductal structures did not express TGFßl (Fig 12, right panels). In both cases, cross talk is likely to occur between the epithelial cells and the TGFßI production induced in the mesenchyme.
- FIG. 10 shows that a low concentration of TGFß1 controls the in vitro morphogenesis of normal mammary epithelial cells, especially when the factor is given transiently. Higher concentrations of TGFßl cause apoptosis in the same cells.
- Fig. 11 shows the in vivo expression of TGFßl during the formation of the normal mammary gland during puberty (day 25)
- Frozen sections were made through end buds of a virgin mammary gland (left panels) or through already formed gland ducts (right panels) as indicated in the middle diagram. Successive sections of a section series were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization for TGFß1 mRNA (upper panels) or stained histologically. It can be clearly seen that mesenchymal cells, which surround the end bud express TGFßl strongly (left panel), whereas in cells that surround differentiated glandular tubules, no TGFßl expression is detectable.
- Figure 12 shows the in vivo expression of TGFß1 in the breakdown of the fully developed mammary gland after weaning.
- the young animals were taken away from nursing mouse mothers, which triggers the regression of the fully developed mammary gland. 3 days later, frozen sections were made through the dying areas of the mammary gland (left panels) and through gland canals (right panels) not affected by apoptosis (see diagram in the middle of the figure). The sections were then examined for TGFß1 expression, as in the legend to Fig. 11 described. While dying Alveoli TGFßl-producing cells are clearly detectable (left panels, there are no cells in the vicinity of the surviving glandular canals.
- the table shows that human renal cell and breast carcinomas coexpress cytokeratin and vimentin. This is a clear indication of an expired EFC. All tumors examined also produce TGFß.
- the upper part of table (A) shows the results of the staining for cytokeratin and vimentin on frozen sections of the indicated tumor types.
- the lower part (B) shows the results of staining for TGFß on sections through the same breast tumors. Footnotes show the results of control experiments for the TGFß expression (by RT-PCR) and the expression of TGFß in the tumor stroma.
- Fibroadenoma (FA) 3 2/3 (66%) invasive ductal canal (IDC)
- RT-PCR from IDC and ILC 11 cases positive with Ak are also positive with RT-PCR
- Figure 13 shows that TGF ⁇ neutralizing antibodies prevent invasive growth of human tumor cell lines in the collagen gel.
- MZ 1795 cells and KB cells were seeded into serum-free collagen gels, to which either 2% serum or 5 ng / ml TGFß was added (+ TGFß, right panels) or to which a mixture of different antibodies against TGFß (- TGFß, left panels; see example) 5, Fig. 6) was added. After 10 days, microphotographs of the cells were taken in the collagen gels. While both the MZ 1795 cells (upper panels, higher magnification, lower panels; overviews, lower magnifications) and the KB cells (lower panels) massively grow into the coli gel if TGFß is present (right panels), the same cells form in the presence of TGFß-neutralizing antibodies, compact clumps without growing cells (left panels).
- TGFß-neutralizing antibodies used in vitro, this was not possible in the context of these examples, because the large amounts of antibodies required for such in vivo experiments were not available. An alternative approach was therefore chosen.
- TßRII-dn TGFß receptor type II
- a cDNA of this TßRII-dn was expressed with the help of retroviral vectors in Ras-transformed EpH4 cells (Ep-Ras).
- EpH4 cells Ras-transformed EpH4 cells
- the clones obtained grew very slowly and required medium with a high (20%) serum content in order to be able to expand.
- the tumor cells were isolated from the slowest growing Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn tumor and from a control tumor induced by Ep-Ras cells and taken in culture (see Example 1). While the cells of the control tumor showed the expected fibroblastoid morphology (Fig. 14 bottom, left panel), the cells isolated from the slowly growing Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn tumor had a clearly epitheloid morphology (Fig. 14 bottom, right panel) . This shows that the EF conversion occurring in tumor formation by Ep-Ras cells is inhibited by expression of T ⁇ RII-dn and that this leads to a slowdown in tumor growth. Fig. 14 shows that TßRII-dn expressing Ras transformed breast epithelial cells (Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn) show slower growth in the animal and that the cells isolated from these tumors have not undergone EF conversion.
- Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn Ras transformed breast epithelial cells
- Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn cells Four different clones of Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn cells and one Ep-Ras control clone were injected subcutaneously into 3 nude mice each (1 ⁇ 10 6 cells per animal). After 3 weeks, the tumors were cut out and weighed. The diagram in the upper part of FIG. 14 shows the mean values of the tumor weights obtained.
- the tumor cells were cultured from an Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn tumor, obtained from the slowest tumor-forming Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn clone, and an Ep-Ras control tumor, selected in G418 (see Example 1 ) and photographed after 10 days under phase contrast.
- the lower left panel shows the fibroblastoid cells grown from the Ep-Ras tumor, while the right panel shows the epithelioid cells grown from the Ep-Ras-TßRII-dn tumor.
- TßRII-dn in fibroblastoid, highly metastatic colon carcinoma cells (CT26): inhibition of the invasive growth of these cells in vitro, delayed tumor formation and inhibition of the formation of lung metastases in mice
- TßRII-dn the dominant-negative TGFß receptor
- CT26-TßRII-dn Two types of TßRII-dn expressing CT-26 clones (CT26-TßRII-dn) were obtained.
- the first type showed an implied epithelial but still abnormal morphology on plastic and expressed small amounts of the epithehal markers E-cadherin and ZO-1.
- the second type of clone formed orderly turf of cells with epithelial morphology, which even formed hemicysts (domes). As expected, this second type of clone showed high, lateral expression of the epithehal markers E-cadherin and ZO-1.
- Control CT26 cells infected with a retrovirus without insert showed the expected fibroblastoid morphology on plastic and no expression of epithelial markers. It was shown that TßRII-dn is able to convert the fibroblastoid CT26 cells into epithelial cells in vitro and thus induce an FE conversion.
- FIG. 16 shows that the control cells grow out to the expected huge strands and networks of fibroblastoid cells (FIG. 15, upper half of the picture, left panels).
- the CT26-TßRII-dn clones of type 1 formed compact clumps with only a few growing single cells (FIG. 15, upper half of the picture, middle panels), while the CT26-TßRII-dn clones of type 2 only formed tiny, compact cell groups outgrow (Fig. 15, upper half of the picture, right panels). This showed that TßRII-dn prevents the invasive growth of CT26 cells in the collagen gel.
- mice with CT26-TßRII-dn clones were delayed by about 3-4 weeks, whereas in mice with CT26-TßRII-dn Type 2 clones were delayed by 6-10 weeks or completely inhibited for 24 weeks (end of experiment) (3 animals, data not shown in the figure).
- mice were injected with CT26 control cells (3 mice) or 7 different CT26-TßRII-dn clones (type 1 and type 2, 3 mice per clone) and the growth of palpable tumors was awaited . After reaching a certain tumor volume (4 cm 3 ), the primary tumor was cut out so that no tumor cells remained at the injection site. The mice treated in this way were examined for lung metastases after their death.
- TßRII-dn completely inhibits metastasis from CT26 primary tumors.
- TßRII-dn stage of metastasis is inhibited by TßRII-dn. It is possible that only the migration of the CT26 cells from the primary tumor into the vessels is inhibited. The colonization of the cells from the circulation into the lungs could also be affected. The latter is important because, for example, surgical removal of a tumor in humans could result in more tumor cells being circulated.
- various amounts of CT26 control cells and several CT26-TßRII-dn type 2 clones were injected intravenously into mice (3 animals per cell type). The animals were then examined for lung metastases after death.
- CT26-TßRII-dn can also prevent CT26 cells that are already in circulation from settling in the lungs.
- TßRII-dn both inhibits the invasive outgrowth of CT26 cells in the collagen gel and suppresses the invasiveness of the same cells in the chicken heart invasiveness test.
- CT26 control cells C26, left panels
- CT26-TßRII-dn clone of type I mouse panels
- type 2 right panels
- the gels were recorded at two different magnifications (lower magnification, upper panels, higher magnifications, lower panels).
- CT26 control cells grew into large reticular and strand-like structures consisting of spindle-shaped, fibroblastoid cells (left panels)
- CT26-TßRII-dn type 1 cells formed compact cell clumps with very few cells growing out of the gel (middle panels).
- the CT26-TßRII-dn type 2 clones form only tiny compact cell groups without any ability to grow into the collagen gel (right panels).
- test cells were loaded with a fluorescent vital dye, brought into contact with chicken heart fragments and examined histologically after 7 days (see methods and example 4).
- the control cells efficiently migrated into the chicken heart fragment (left panel, bright cell groups and strands beyond the dashed line between test cells and chicken heart fragment, marked with H).
- type 1 clones migrated only slightly into the chicken heart tissue (middle panel, see few bright cells in the area marked with H), while the CT26-TßRII-dn cells of type 2 did not grow invasively at all (all bright cells remained outside the Chicken heart fragment H (dashed line).
- Figure 16 shows that expression of TßRII-dn in CT26 cells blocks their ability to produce lung metastases from a primary tumor.
- CT26-TßRII-dn clones type 1 and 2, CT26 + TßRII-dn
- CT26 control cells were used in the test.
- Syngeneic Balb-C mice (3 per cell type) were injected with 1x10 6 cells per animal and tumor growth was awaited. After the primary tumors had reached a size of 4 cm 3 , these were surgically removed and the mice were examined for lung metastases after death. The results are shown in the diagram (upper half of the picture). While the 3 control animals died of lung metastases within 4 weeks (dashed line), all animals treated with CT26-TßRII-dn cells were still alive after 18 months and free of lung metastases (black lines).
- Fig. 18 shows that TßRII-dn in CT26 cells also inhibits their ability to settle from the blood circulation into the lungs and form metastases there.
- the diagram in the upper part of the picture shows the course of the experiment.
- Syngeneic Balb-C mice (3 per cell type and cell amount) were intravenously injected with CT26 control cells and several CT26-TßRII-dn clones (tail vein).
- CT26 control cells
- the figure shows that all three mice treated with 5,000 and 50,000 control cells (CT26) had died of lung metastases after 28 and 14 days (+), while all animals injected with CT26-TßRII-dn clones were still alive and free after 40 days of lung metastases were (-).
- the activated TGFß receptor activates the transient transcription of a PAI-1 promoter-reporter gene construct, a process that is inhibited by TßRII-dn
- a test cell is produced as follows: A PAI-1 promoter is produced in a suitable cell (Ep-Ras or CT26) -Reportergen construct stably expressed. At the same time, the human TGFß receptor chain (e.g. TßRIl) selected for screening is expressed in this line. In contrast, in control cells, in addition to the PAI-1 reporter construct, an unrelated receptor is also expressed, which also induces PAI-1 transcription, e.g. FGF receptors).
- TGF ⁇ -induced PAI-I expression is correlated in transient transfection tests with the tumor or metastasis formation of the corresponding cells.
- CT26 control cells and 5 CT26-TßRII-dn clones which had already been tested in mice (see Example 11, FIG. 16) were constructed with the 3TP-lux PAI-1 reporter gene construct (Wrana et al., 1992) transfected, stimulated with TGFß or left untreated and tested for PAI-1 expression (measurement of luciferase activity).
- TßRI T204D
- TßRII-dn DNA together with the PAI-1 reporter construct were co-transfected into untreated CT26 cells.
- 18 shows that untreated CT26 cells (CT26 control) without TGFß treatment have a basal activity which corresponds to that of the negative control (co-transfection of TßRII-dn).
- TGFß activates reporter gene transcription to values which are achieved in the positive control by cotransfection of a constitutively active TGFß receptor.
- CT26-TßRII-dn 1-5 Different CT26 clones expressing TßRII-dn behaved differently in this test (FIG. 18, CT26-TßRII-dn 1-5).
- CT26-TßRII-dn 3 and 4 the luciferase activity achieved after TGFß stimulation was below or at the values found in the negative controls, regardless of whether the cells were injected or after isolation from the very slow growing tumor were tested.
- the luciferase activity was only at the level of the negative controls before the injection into the animal; after isolation from the tumor, intermediate or even activities as in the positive controls were found (FIG. 18).
- FIG. 18 shows that expression of TßRII-dn in CT26 cells suppresses TGFß-induced transcription of a PAI-1 promoter reporter gene construct.
- CT26 control cells CT26 control
- CT26TßRII-dn 1-5) 5 clones of CT26-TßRII-dn cells (CT26TßRII-dn 1-5) were transfected with a PAI-1 promoter-reporter gene construct (3TP-lux), the cells stimulated with TGFß (+ TGFß) or left unstimulated (- TGFß) and the luciferase activity measured in cell extracts.
- the cDNA of a constitutively active TGF ⁇ receptor chain 1 (TßRI (T204D; Wrana et al., 1994) and the TßRII-dn cDNA together with 3TP-lux were co-transfected into the cells. This determination was carried out in cells before injection into the animal (before tumor induction) and after isolation and cultivation of the tumor cells for 3 days (isolated tumor cells) (see legend, box top right). The bars represent the normalized luciferase activity from extracts of the same protein content (see methods).
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JP9535833A JP2000509024A (ja) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | 腫瘍疾患の治療用医薬組成物 |
EP97916436A EP0896543A1 (de) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Arzneimittel für die behandlung von tumorerkrankungen |
AU25085/97A AU2508597A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Drug for the treatment of tumours |
US09/155,716 US6383733B1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Methods of screening for pharmacologically active compounds for the treatment of tumour diseases |
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US10/086,073 Division US20020127542A1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 2002-03-01 | Pharmaceutical compositions for treating tumour diseases |
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KR100758045B1 (ko) * | 2002-02-01 | 2007-09-11 | 화이자 프로덕츠 인크. | 압력 노즐을 이용하여 균질한 분무 건조된 비결정질 고체약물 분산제를 제조하는 방법 |
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CA2248981C (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2009-11-24 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Detection of extracellular tumor-associated nucleic acid in blood plasma or serum using nucleic acid amplification assays |
US8048629B2 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2011-11-01 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Detection of extracellular tumor-associated nucleic acid in blood plasma or serum |
US6706491B1 (en) * | 1999-04-09 | 2004-03-16 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Reagents and methods for identifying and modulating expression of genes regulated by p21 |
AU2004202327B2 (en) * | 1999-04-09 | 2008-01-24 | Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Reagents and Methods for Identifying and Modulating Expression of Genes Regulated by p21 |
DE10063112A1 (de) * | 2000-12-18 | 2002-06-20 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Erhöhung der klinischen Spezifität bei der Detektion von Tumoren und ihren Vorstufen durch simultane Messung von mindestens zwei verschiedenen molekularen Markern |
US7754208B2 (en) | 2001-01-17 | 2010-07-13 | Trubion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Binding domain-immunoglobulin fusion proteins |
US20030064426A1 (en) * | 2001-02-01 | 2003-04-03 | Jason Poole | Reagents and methods for identifying and modulating expression of genes regulated by CDK inhibitors |
US20030125251A1 (en) * | 2001-06-21 | 2003-07-03 | Wakefield Lalage M. | Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) antagonist selectively neutralizes "pathological" TGF-beta |
EP1556071B1 (de) * | 2002-10-25 | 2011-01-19 | THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, as represented by THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES | Verfahren zur prävention von tumorrezidiven durch blockade von tgf-beta |
US8450066B2 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2013-05-28 | Meso Scale Technologies Llc | Methods for identifying the activity of gene products |
US20040197839A1 (en) * | 2003-04-04 | 2004-10-07 | Bioview Ltd. | Methods of detecting cancer cells in biological samples |
CA2598090A1 (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2006-08-24 | The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Sec Retary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Synergistic effect of tgf-beta blockade and immunogenic agents on tumors |
WO2006112401A1 (ja) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-10-26 | National University Corporation Hamamatsu University School Of Medicine | 癌治療用組成物 |
SI1912675T1 (sl) | 2005-07-25 | 2014-07-31 | Emergent Product Development Seattle, Llc | zmanjšanje števila celic B z uporabo molekul, ki se specifično vežejo na CD37 in CD20 |
WO2007088651A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-09 | The University Of Tokyo | TGF-βシグナル阻害剤と抗腫瘍剤の組み合せ使用 |
CA2654317A1 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2007-12-21 | Trubion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Single-chain multivalent binding proteins with effector function |
AU2008287195A1 (en) * | 2007-07-06 | 2009-02-19 | Emergent Product Development Seattle, Llc | Binding peptides having a C-terminally disposed specific binding domain |
PT2132228E (pt) * | 2008-04-11 | 2011-10-11 | Emergent Product Dev Seattle | Imunoterapia de cd37 e sua combinação com um quimioterápico bifuncional |
EP3352760A4 (de) | 2015-09-21 | 2019-03-06 | Aptevo Research and Development LLC | Cd3-bindende polypeptide |
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KR100758045B1 (ko) * | 2002-02-01 | 2007-09-11 | 화이자 프로덕츠 인크. | 압력 노즐을 이용하여 균질한 분무 건조된 비결정질 고체약물 분산제를 제조하는 방법 |
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DE19613691A1 (de) | 1997-10-09 |
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AU2508597A (en) | 1997-10-29 |
US6383733B1 (en) | 2002-05-07 |
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