WO1995035422A1 - Panneau de coffrage en beton - Google Patents

Panneau de coffrage en beton Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995035422A1
WO1995035422A1 PCT/DE1995/000820 DE9500820W WO9535422A1 WO 1995035422 A1 WO1995035422 A1 WO 1995035422A1 DE 9500820 W DE9500820 W DE 9500820W WO 9535422 A1 WO9535422 A1 WO 9535422A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
formwork panel
concrete
formwork
panel according
reinforcement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE1995/000820
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jochen Heilemann
Original Assignee
Most Gmbh & Co Kg G
Jochen Heilemann
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Most Gmbh & Co Kg G, Jochen Heilemann filed Critical Most Gmbh & Co Kg G
Priority to DE59506813T priority Critical patent/DE59506813D1/de
Priority to AU27317/95A priority patent/AU2731795A/en
Priority to JP8501482A priority patent/JPH10504359A/ja
Priority to EP95922411A priority patent/EP0832335B1/fr
Publication of WO1995035422A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995035422A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/16—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material
    • E04B1/164—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with vertical and horizontal slabs, only the horizontal slabs being partially cast in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E04B2/8652—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with ties located in the joints of the forms
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
    • E04B5/36—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/06—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres reinforced
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/74—Removable non-load-bearing partitions; Partitions with a free upper edge
    • E04B2002/749—Partitions with screw-type jacks

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a thin, manually transportable and installable formwork panel made of concrete for a reinforced concrete component.
  • a lost formwork is understood here to mean formwork for a structure made on site in cast concrete, which is not removed after the concrete has set, but remains connected to the structure - be it that it lies in the ground and cannot be removed, be it that it is used as a load-bearing or designing part of the building.
  • a lost formwork panel is known (EP 0 110 874 B1) in which a flat or spatial reinforcing steel mesh is embedded between two prefabricated panels corresponding to the reinforcing steel mesh and this ensemble is poured into a monolithic supporting structure by means of concrete.
  • the process for producing this formwork panel is very complex and the panel is therefore expensive. Since reinforcing steel must be covered by at least 2 cm of concrete in accordance with regulations, the slab is inevitably also so thick that it changes the dimensions and is too heavy for it to be handled by a single person, for example.
  • a concrete formwork that can be used as a component is also known (DE 1 705 248 U), but has no reinforcement.
  • a formwork panel In order to ensure sufficient strength not only when handling, but also when pouring in-situ concrete, such a formwork panel would have to be so thick and thus so heavy that it would no longer be manageable.
  • the object of the invention was therefore to create a lost formwork panel which, in large quantities, can be cheaply produced, stocked and equally used for all applications as a standard part taking into account the applicable building standards and rules of architecture. It solves this problem by the features mentioned in the characterizing part of the main claim.
  • the reinforcement of the formwork panel according to the invention is not the steel reinforcement which brings about the statics of the building, but rather a reinforcement which only brings about the strength of the formwork panel.
  • the reinforcement causing the statics of the building is installed above and therefore independently of the formwork panel according to the invention.
  • the formwork panel is thus independent of the reinforcement of the building and can be used universally in all buildings.
  • Plates preferably made of plaster, for producing a lost formwork are already known (DE-GM 77 14 361), which have inserts made of a woven or nonwoven fabric embedded on one or both sides in the surfaces of the plates. These inserts protrude from the slab on the narrow sides in order to increase the bond between the slabs and the core concrete to be inserted. It is mentioned that these inserts increase the tensile strength of the plates.
  • a fleece, but also a fabric of any kind cannot achieve a formwork panel in connection with plaster, the sufficient strength for formwork of steel-reinforced ceilings to be created in cast concrete. Accordingly, the panels are only proposed for forming walls.
  • the material-related chemical properties of gypsum on the one hand and steel reinforcement on the other hand lead to the steel corrosive chemical processes by which not only does the reinforcing steel lose its strength, but also the structure of the structure is impaired.
  • the formwork panel according to the invention is therefore made of concrete and has a type of reinforcement which, in conjunction with the concrete, gives the panel the required strength with a low panel thickness.
  • the reinforcement in the lower area which is subject to tension in the horizontal installation state, has to bear the traffic load associated with the necessary work processes plus the load of the applied in-situ concrete.
  • Another reinforcement inserted in the upper area of the formwork panel, which is subjected to pressure in the intended installation state, serves to make the formwork panel shatterproof when handled. This reinforcement can therefore be weaker than that in the area under tension.
  • crossing armatures of parallel, one-dimensional bodies such as (monofilament) wires or (multifilament) threads made of corrosion-resistant material with high tensile strength and low tensile elongation serve as reinforcement.
  • wires or threads made of inorganic substances such as glass.
  • the use of carbon fibers can be justified for particularly high demands on strength and low weight.
  • the reinforcement of the formwork panel consists of at least two sets of threads which then preferably cross at an angle of 90 ° and run parallel to the sides of the formwork panel. If formwork panels are most heavily loaded in directions other than perpendicular to each other or if non-rectangular formwork panels (for example triangular equilateral in buildings with a 60 ° grid plan) are used, the thread sheets can also cross at other angles. However, the coulters of thread preferably run in the direction of the heaviest stress on tension.
  • thread groups can also be used, which then advantageously cross at angles of approximately 60 °.
  • the individual threads of the thread sheets are spaced from one another, which allows liquid concrete to pass through the stitches formed by the crossing thread sheets. Depending on the grain size of the concrete used, this distance can be from a few mm to about 15 mm.
  • the strength of the reinforcements can be selected according to the demands on strength by choosing both the thread thickness and the mutual spacing of the threads in the thread shares. It has been shown that the required strength of the formwork panel according to the invention can be achieved with a reinforcement in the form of a textile fabric (fabric or cross-linked sheets) with a weight per unit area of approximately 100 g / m 2 . In some cases, for example with other plate dimensions or other load values, higher or lower m 2 weights can also be advantageous. Different or the same basis weights can be achieved with threads of different fineness and / or different spacing between the threads. As a rule, the upper armouring can be chosen to be weaker than the lower armouring, its weight per unit area, ie the density and / or the thickness of its threads can be lower than that in the armor thread sets in the lower area.
  • the crossing thread sheets can be independent of each other. For reasons of easier, in particular common, handling, however, they are connected to one another or networked and thus form a two-dimensional, flat structure. However, since the tensile stress is only absorbed by the individual threads, the links of the reinforcement are to be addressed as one-dimensional. Crosslinking of the threads can be achieved by gluing, welding or enveloping coating.
  • the coulters of thread are preferably interwoven as a warp and weft, but for the purpose of the sliding resistance of the very light (with a large mutual spacing between the threads), a coating, welding or gluing is also advantageous.
  • the thickness of the formwork panel according to the invention can be kept so small that the overall height of a ceiling is not increased despite the installation of steel reinforcement over the formwork panel.
  • the lost formwork panel is preferably just so thick that the prescribed concrete thickness below or above the steel reinforcement is 2 cm. This means that the steel reinforcement can be placed directly on the formwork panel without the spacers that would otherwise be required.
  • Steel reinforcement must be covered by a layer of concrete that is at least 2 cm thick. This is guaranteed by the minimum thickness of the formwork panel. So that this condition is also met at the joints of the formwork panel, it is provided that the edges of the formwork panel be chamfered on the side facing the in-situ concrete. This ensures that the height of the remaining butt joint between the formwork panel is reduced and that low-viscosity concrete glue can seep into this butt joint and fill it, thus ensuring the prescribed concrete thickness below or above the reinforcement.
  • the formwork panel and in-situ concrete only touch on a flat surface, it is provided that the formwork panel should be designed on its side facing the red concrete in such a way that an intimate connection is created between the formwork panel and the in-situ concrete. This can be achieved by a rough surface design of the formwork panel.
  • This surface of the formwork panel can also have undercut recesses in a manner known per se, into which the in-situ concrete enters and is anchored. Grooves in the surface of the formwork panel have also proven to be a means of achieving an intimate connection between the formwork panel and in-situ concrete.
  • the dimensions of the formwork panel can be chosen freely.
  • a standard size of 100 cm x 50 cm corresponds to the standard size of common formwork panels. In some cases, however, dimensions that differ from this can also be advantageous.
  • the proposed thickness of the formwork panel of approximately 2 cm and a preferred length and width dimension of 100 cm or 50 cm lead to a weight of the formwork panel of approximately 25 kg, which allows the formwork panel to be handled by one person alone.
  • the intended thickness of the formwork panel of about 2 cm also allows the panels to be easily cut to size using stone-cutting release agents such as stone saws or cutting discs. It has been shown that an incision that cuts through the lower reinforcement is sufficient to be able to break the formwork panel along the incision.
  • the formwork panel on its side facing away from the in-situ concrete be provided with an insulation layer against heat / cold, against sound or other To provide actions.
  • This has the advantage that such an insulating layer does not have to be applied to the building in a separate operation. Rather, it can be assembled in a more cost-effective manner when the formwork panels are manufactured.
  • the formwork panel according to the invention is primarily designed for the production of cast, reinforced concrete slabs. However, it can also serve as lost formwork for walls, beams, recesses, foundations etc.
  • Figure 1 shows the cross section through a formwork panel.
  • Figure 2 shows the formwork of a ceiling using the formwork panel in section.
  • Figure 3 shows the formwork of a beam using the formwork panel in section.
  • FIG. 6 shows a section of a wall created by means of the formwork panels
  • Fig. 7 is a formwork panel with insulation layer in section.
  • the formwork panel 1 consists of a flat plate 2 made of concrete, preferably with a grain size not coarser than 8.
  • the underside 3 of this plate contains a reinforcement 4 in the form of an insert consisting of two intersecting coulters 5, 6, each with parallel threads.
  • these sets of threads 5, 6 form a fabric 8, in the embodiment to the right of the breaking line, the sets of threads lie one above the other.
  • the threads are - 8 - in any case, the thread groups only lying one above the other at their crossing points are connected to one another so as to be fixed against sliding.
  • the top 9 of the plate 2 has a profile, which in the embodiment to the left of the break line 7 is designed as a dovetail-shaped, longitudinal or transverse grooves 10 in the embodiment, in the embodiment to the right of the break line as a longitudinal or transverse grooves or intersecting grooves 11.
  • the plate 2 contains a further reinforcement 12, likewise in the form of an insert made of intersecting shares 5, 6 with threads which are parallel to one another and which are likewise interwoven or can only lie one above the other.
  • the edges 13 of the plate 2 are chamfered towards the top 9 in the manner of a chamfer 14 reaching approximately up to half the thickness of the plate.
  • the thickness of the plate 2 is preferably 2 cm.
  • a ceiling 15 with formwork panels 1 are laid out according to FIG. 2 on a support structure 16 indicated by dashed lines with the narrowest possible gaps in the top / bottom orientation shown in FIG. 1.
  • the steel reinforcement 17 is placed directly on this formwork sheet layer without a spacer.
  • the ceiling 15 can be poured directly onto this base using in-situ concrete 18.
  • the lost formwork panel according to the invention can also be used with advantage for the production of a foundation strip 24 in the ground according to FIG. 4.
  • a formwork panel 1 forming the outside of the foundation strip 24 can be set up in the excavated foundation trench, for example by means of a floor nail 25 or other suitable splicing.
  • the inside of the foundation strip 24 can also be delimited by means of a formwork strip 26 if it is not to be delimited by the slope of the excavated trench.
  • In-situ concrete 18 can then be poured into the space thus defined. After it has set, the ground nail 25 can be pulled, whereby the foundation is completed without the need to remove formwork.
  • FIG. 5 shows, in reverse of the formwork of a beam according to FIG. 3, the formwork of a recess 27 in a ceiling 15 or wall cast from concrete.
  • the space of the provided recess 27 is encased on all sides with appropriately cut strips 21 of formwork panels which are held by support elements 16.
  • the strips 21 of the formwork panels are arranged with respect to their chamfers 14 in such a way that the already described inflow of in-situ concrete into the grooves formed by the chamfers or of thin-flowing concrete glue in the remaining gaps causes the concrete layer to lie above the ceiling 15, here reinforcement not shown is ensured.
  • a wall 28 created by means of the formwork panels according to the invention is shown in FIG. 6.
  • the formwork panels 1 are placed in channels 29 of a floor rail 32, which is fastened in the floor 31, for example by means of nails 30, or are held in a corresponding cover rail 33.
  • Steel tie rods 34 are inserted at correspondingly drilled out locations of the butt joints of the formwork panels 1 - 10 - as well as the bottom rail 32 and the top rail 33 absorb the pressure of the poured, liquid in-situ concrete.
  • the wall 28 also has a steel reinforcement 17.
  • a support structure for holding the formwork until the in-situ concrete solidifies has already been removed here.
  • a formwork panel provided with an insulation layer 35 is shown in FIG. 7. It initially consists of the actual formwork panel 1 as shown and described in FIG. 1. On its underside 3, that is to say on the side facing away from the in-situ concrete to be applied, an insulation layer 35 is arranged to prevent the passage of heat, sound or other influences such as electromagnetic radiation or fire. The insulation layer 35 can also be provided and designed to absorb effects such as sound.
  • the insulation layer 35 consists of material known to the person skilled in the art which has the intended insulation effect, for example of hard foam such as Styrodur, of fiber material such as felt or rock wool, of multilayer boards which can contain combinations of these materials with flat structures such as cardboard, foils or sheet metal or from others .
  • the insulation layer 35 is firmly connected to the actual shuttering panel 1, for example by means of (plastic) nails 36 or by means of adhesive.
  • the formwork panel 1 according to the invention can be produced by first inserting the lower reinforcement 4 into a pan-like, flat shape. The mold is then filled with the intended amount of concrete. As a result of the large meshes in the reinforcement fabric, concrete passes through the fabric and also envelops it on the underside. The upper armature 12 is placed on this concrete filling and then the mold is closed with a lid. The shape forming the bevels 14 and the grooves 10 or grooves 11 is incorporated into this cover - the cores forming the grooves 10 can be designed as rails which can be drawn in the longitudinal direction. The projections in the lid press the upper reinforcement 12 into the concrete. The setting of the concrete can be accelerated by the action of heat on the form. With a The formwork panels can be mass-produced in large number of ladles.
  • a quasi-endless formwork panel band can be continuously produced and individual panels can be separated after the concrete has set.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)

Abstract

Afin de rendre suffisamment résistant un panneau de coffrage (1) perdu, de faible poids, il est prévu d'insérer des faisceaux de fils (5, 6), notamment en fibres de verre, entrelacés dans la zone du panneau de coffrage sollicitée en traction, en position montée. Pour renforcer la résistance du panneau de coffrage, on peut en outre insérer des faisceaux de fils dans la zone soumise à la compression. Il est prévu d'utiliser des fibres de verre qui présentent l'avantage d'être très résistantes tout en étant de poids réduit, et de résister à la corrosion dans le béton. Ce panneau de coffrage se présente de manière à ce que son côté (9) qui fait face au béton coulé sur place (18) soit intimement lié à ce dernier et que ses bords (13) soient biseautés.
PCT/DE1995/000820 1994-06-22 1995-06-20 Panneau de coffrage en beton WO1995035422A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE59506813T DE59506813D1 (de) 1994-06-22 1995-06-20 Schalungstafel aus beton
AU27317/95A AU2731795A (en) 1994-06-22 1995-06-20 Concrete shuttering panel
JP8501482A JPH10504359A (ja) 1994-06-22 1995-06-20 コンクリート製の型枠パネル
EP95922411A EP0832335B1 (fr) 1994-06-22 1995-06-20 Panneau de coffrage en beton

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4421839.7 1994-06-22
DE4421839A DE4421839C1 (de) 1994-06-22 1994-06-22 Schalungstafel aus Beton

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995035422A1 true WO1995035422A1 (fr) 1995-12-28

Family

ID=6521226

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DE1995/000820 WO1995035422A1 (fr) 1994-06-22 1995-06-20 Panneau de coffrage en beton

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0832335B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH10504359A (fr)
AT (1) ATE184351T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2731795A (fr)
DE (2) DE4421839C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995035422A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT408004B (de) * 1998-02-19 2001-08-27 Ritzinger Otto Betonfertigwandschalelementsystem
WO2014116725A1 (fr) * 2013-01-23 2014-07-31 Milliken & Company Système de renforcement en polymère renforcé de fibres reliées de manière externe

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE29605663U1 (de) * 1996-03-27 1997-07-24 Doellen Heinz Von Aus rechteckigen Faserbetonplatten bestehende verlorene Schalung
CN100424289C (zh) * 1999-11-29 2008-10-08 邱则有 一种钢筋砼填充用薄壁盒
DE10004917A1 (de) * 2000-02-04 2001-08-09 Dorn Joerg Schalbrett für eine verlorene Schalung und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
DE102010011430A1 (de) * 2010-03-15 2011-09-15 Kurt Koch Verfahren für den Bau des Nullenergiehauses in Schalenbauweise durch Ausschäumen aller Wände, Decken und Bedachung
DE102014000316B4 (de) * 2014-01-13 2016-04-07 Goldbeck Gmbh Verbundbauteil aus auf Stahlträgern aufgelagerten Deckenbetonfertigteilen
DE102017206318A1 (de) * 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 Mako Gmbh & Co. Kg Schalungstechnik Schalungselement

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2521577A1 (de) * 1975-05-15 1976-11-18 Klaus Dieter Ing Grad Ronig Einschaltafel mit abstand - halter - noppen fuer stahlbeton - decken
US4910076A (en) * 1986-03-11 1990-03-20 Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation Fiber reinforced cement mortar product

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DD41435A (fr) *
DE1705248U (de) * 1954-06-18 1955-08-18 Karl Knollema Als bauelement verwendbare betonverschalung.
DE6928558U (de) * 1969-07-18 1969-11-20 Georg Hubmann Vorgefertigte stahlbetonschale zur herstellung von mantelbeton an betonkoerpern
DE7714361U1 (de) * 1977-05-06 1977-08-25 Babcock-Bsh Ag Vormals Buettner- Schilde-Haas Ag, 4150 Krefeld Platte, vorzugsweise aus gips, zur herstellung einer verlorenen schalung
IT1085186B (it) * 1977-09-13 1985-05-28 Ar Co Edil Di Maroni Francesco Casseratura prefabbricata a perdere termo e fono isolante
WO1983002298A1 (fr) * 1982-05-24 1983-07-07 Imre Szombathelyi Procede ameliore d'erection de structure de construction en beton arme

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2521577A1 (de) * 1975-05-15 1976-11-18 Klaus Dieter Ing Grad Ronig Einschaltafel mit abstand - halter - noppen fuer stahlbeton - decken
US4910076A (en) * 1986-03-11 1990-03-20 Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation Fiber reinforced cement mortar product

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MATHEZ: "Predalle D.400", BULLETIN MENSUEL DES AVIS TECHNIQUES. SUPPLEMENT AUX CAHIERS DU CSTB, no. 245, December 1993 (1993-12-01), PARIS FR, pages 1-6 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT408004B (de) * 1998-02-19 2001-08-27 Ritzinger Otto Betonfertigwandschalelementsystem
WO2014116725A1 (fr) * 2013-01-23 2014-07-31 Milliken & Company Système de renforcement en polymère renforcé de fibres reliées de manière externe

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE4421839C1 (de) 1996-01-18
EP0832335A1 (fr) 1998-04-01
DE59506813D1 (de) 1999-10-14
ATE184351T1 (de) 1999-09-15
AU2731795A (en) 1996-01-15
JPH10504359A (ja) 1998-04-28
EP0832335B1 (fr) 1999-09-08

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