WO1995034665A2 - Chimäres peptid-nukleinsäure-fragment, verfahren zu seiner herstellung, sowie seine verwendung zur zielgerichteten nukleinsäureeinbringung in zellorganellen und zellen - Google Patents
Chimäres peptid-nukleinsäure-fragment, verfahren zu seiner herstellung, sowie seine verwendung zur zielgerichteten nukleinsäureeinbringung in zellorganellen und zellen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995034665A2 WO1995034665A2 PCT/DE1995/000775 DE9500775W WO9534665A2 WO 1995034665 A2 WO1995034665 A2 WO 1995034665A2 DE 9500775 W DE9500775 W DE 9500775W WO 9534665 A2 WO9534665 A2 WO 9534665A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nucleic acid
- acid fragment
- chimeric peptide
- fragment according
- peptide
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
Definitions
- Chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment process for its preparation, and its use for the targeted introduction of nucleic acid into cell organelles and cells
- This invention relates to a chimeric peptide nucleic acid fragment, the process for its preparation and its use for the targeted introduction of nucleic acids into cell organelles and cells.
- DNA molecules can have a special property that allows doubling in a cell under certain conditions.
- a special structural element contributes to this Point of origin of DNA replication at (ori, origin), the presence of which gives the ability to replicate DNA (KJ Marians (1992), "Prokaryotic DNA replication", Annu. Rev. Biochem. 6] _: 673-719; ML DePamphilis (1993), "Eukaryotic DNA replication: anatomy of an origin", Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 29-63; H.
- the 3 'hydroxyl group of the terminal ribonucleotide of this RNA chain serves as a' primer 'for the synthesis of new DNA by a DNA polymerase.
- DNA-unwinding proteins de-spiral the DNA double helix (JC Wang (1985), “DNA topoisomerases", Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54: 665-697).
- the separated single strands are stabilized in their conformation by DNA-binding proteins (JW Chase and KR Williams (1986), "Single-stranded DNA binding proteins required for DNA replication", Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55: 103-136) to enable a trouble-free function of the DNA polymerases (TS Wang (1991), "Eukaryotic DNA polymerases", Annu. Rev.
- a multienzyme complex the holoenzyme of DNA polymerase III, synthesizes most of the new DNA.
- the RNA part of the chimeric RNA-DNA molecule is then cleaved from the DNA polymerase III. Removing the RNA from the newly created DNA chains creates gaps between the DNA fragments. These gaps are filled by DNA polymerase I, which can rebuild DNA from a single-stranded template. While one of the two newly synthesized DNA strands is continuously built up during replication (5'-3 'direction, lead strand), Ogawa and Okazaki observed that a large part of the newly synthesized counter strand (3'-5' direction, delay strand) short DNA fragments (T. Ogawa and T.
- the DNA replication of many plasmids is controlled via an origin of replication, which does not synthesize the delay strand (3'-5 'direction) and can initiate the synthesis of two continuous DNA strands bidirectionally (each in 5'- 3 'direction along the two matrices).
- the prerequisite for complete DNA replication is the cyclic form of the nucleic acid. It ensures that the DNA polymerases return to the starting point at the end of the new synthesis of the complementary DNA strands, where ligases now ensure the covalent linkage of the ends of the two newly synthesized daughter strands.
- linear-cyclic nucleic acids An interesting form of linear-cyclic nucleic acids is known from smallpox viruses: so-called 'hairpin loops' at the ends of their linear genomes mean that they have a cyclic molecular structure while maintaining a predominantly linear conformation (DN Black et al. (1986), "Genomic relationship between capripoxviruses ", Virus Res. 5: 277-292; JJ Esposito and JC Knight (1985),” Orthopoxvirus DNA: a comparison of restriction profiles and maps ", Virology 143: 230-251).
- Covalently closed 'hairpin' nucleic acids have not only been found in smallpox viruses, but also for the ribosomal RNA from Tetrahymena (EH Blackburn and JG Gall (1978), "A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena", J. Mol. Biol. 120: 33-53), and the genomes of the parvoviruses (SE Straus et al. (1976), "Concatemers of altemating plus and minus Strands are intermediates in adenovirus-associated virus DNA synthesis", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 73: 742-746; P. Tattersall and DC Ward (1976), "Rolling hairpin model for replication of parvovirus and linear chromosomal DNA ", Nature 263: 106-109).
- nucleic acids With the plasmids or nucleic acid constructs known to date, however, it is not possible to introduce nucleic acids into cells or cell organelles in a targeted manner via the protein import route. However, this is, for example, a prerequisite for treating changes in the mitochondrial genome of patients with neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases at the genetic level, or for being able to carry out targeted mutagenesis in mitochondria or other cell organelles.
- the object of the present invention was therefore to develop a Konstnikt based on nucleic acid, which allows the targeted introduction of nucleic acids into cells and compartments of eukaryotic cells.
- a method is to be provided for how this constituent can get into cell compartments or cells.
- the nucleic acid introduced should be such that it can also be taken up as a replicable nucleic acid via cellular protein import routes.
- properties should be present which lead to controlled transcription and / or replication in cells or in defined target compartments of a cell.
- the method is to be used for the therapy of genetic diseases (changes in the mitochondrial genome) and for targeted mutagenesis in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
- the invention is intended to meet the following requirements:
- the introduced nucleic acid (plasmid molecule) should be replicable -
- the introduced nucleic acid (plasmid molecule) should be transcribable
- the introduced nucleic acid (plasmid molecule) should be stable against nucleases
- the protein In order to be able to transport a protein within a cell from the place of origin to another compartment or another cell organelle (e.g. the site of action), the protein is usually synthesized as a preprotein (R. Zimmermann et al. (1983), " Biosynthesis and assembly of nuclear-coded mitochondrial membrane proteins in Neurospora crassa ", Methods Enzymol. 97: 275-286).
- the preprotein In addition to the matured amino acid sequence, the preprotein has a so-called signal sequence. This signal sequence is specific for the target compartment and ensures that the preprotein can be recognized by surface receptors.
- the natural barrier 'membrane' is then overcome by translocating the preprotein through an active (multiple transport proteins' are involved in this process) or a passive process (direct passage without the involvement of other proteins) through the membrane.
- the signal sequence is then usually separated off at the site of action by a specific peptidase, provided that it is not itself a component of the matured protein.
- the matured protein can now develop its enzymatic activity.
- nucleic acid is not subject to any restriction, ie any desired or known nucleic acid can be used.
- a cell-, compartment- or membrane-specific signal sequence is coupled to the desired nucleic acid, whereby a chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment arises.
- the coupling between a nucleic acid and a peptide via the ⁇ -Maleimidocaproic acid-N-hydroxysuccinimdester modified ⁇ -amino group of a synthetic KDEL peptide can take place (K.
- the nucleic acid is preferably integrated into an existing genome via homologous recombination, or is itself the carrier of the genetic elements, which ensures autonomous initiation of replication and transcription. Only the last variant fulfills the criterion of universal applicability, since recombination into an existing cellular genome is only possible under certain conditions and in selected cells.
- cyclic DNA Since the DNA polymerases return to the starting point at the end of the new synthesis of the daughter strands and thus ensure complete DNA replication. While the use of a double-stranded cyclic plasmid fulfills all physical criteria for a successful replication in every target compartment of the cell, this physical DNA form contrasts with the size capacity of the import pore, which is crucial for the targeted translocation: the compact diameter of a superhelical plasmid is comparable to globular proteins and makes translocation through a membrane system via the protein import route seem hopeless.
- the solution is to use it linear-cyclic DNA molecules that have modified (cyclized) ends, but still only have the diameter of linear DNA molecules. On the one hand, these do not represent an obstacle to the size of the import pore, on the other hand, these linear-cyclic DNA molecules have all the physical requirements to be able to form replicative and transcription-active plasmids in the mitochondria.
- Nucleic acid which can preferably include the following further information:
- the selection of the signal sequence depends on which membrane or membrane system is to be overcome and which target compartment of the cell (cell nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast) or cell organelle is to be reached. Proteins that are to be inserted into one of the four mitochondrial compartments (outer mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, inner mitochondrial membrane, matrix space), for example, have compartment-specific signal sequences. Signal sequences which contain a cell-, compartment- or membrane-specific recognition signal are generally selected for the introduction of nucleic acids and thereby directing the attached nucleic acid to its place of action (eg inner side of the inner mitochondrial membrane or matrix space). There is a choice of signal sequences that can transport proteins in the presence or absence of a membrane potential.
- the pure signal sequence is sufficient for the transport into the target compartment.
- signal sequences are preferably selected which additionally have a cell- or compartment-specific peptide cleavage site. In the most favorable case, this 'cleavage point' lies within the signal sequence, but can also be added to it by additional amino acids in order to ensure that the signal sequence is split off after reaching the target compartment (e.g. the signal sequence of human OTC can be extended by another ten amino acids of the matured OTC become). This ensures that the nucleic acid in the target compartment can be separated from the signal peptide and that the action of the nucleic acid is fully developed.
- the selected signal sequence is produced biologically (purification of natural signal sequences or cloning and expression of the signal sequence in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic expression system), but preferably by a chemical-synthetic route.
- the signal peptide is coupled via a coupling agent, which is generally via amino acids, preferably via amino acids with reactive side groups, preferably via a single cysteine or lysine at the carboxy-terminal end of the signal peptide connected is.
- a bifunctional crosslinker preferably a heterobifunctional crosslinker, is used as the coupling reagent Cysteins as a coupling point on the signal peptide has a second reactive group, preferably an amino-reactive group, in addition to a thiol-reactive group (e.g. m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester, MBS and its derivatives).
- the nucleic acid also has a coupling site that should be compatible with the selected crosslinker.
- the oligonucleotide should have an amino or thiol function.
- the coupling group of the nucleic acid can be introduced via the chemical synthesis of the oligonucleotide and is generally located at the 5 'end, at the 3' end, but preferably directly on a modified base, e.g. B.
- the reactive group compatible with the crosslinker used is at least distanced from the 5 'or 3' end of the oligonucleotide or the modified base by a C2 spacer unit, but preferably by a C6 spacer unit.
- the nucleic acid (oligonucleotide) with a reactive coupling group comprises at least two nucleotides.
- the chemically synthesized nucleic acids can be protected by a sulfurizing reagent (Beaucage reagent *, MWG-Biotech).
- a sulfurizing reagent Beaucage reagent *, MWG-Biotech.
- the phosphorus diester bonds of the nucleic acid are converted into phosphorothioate bonds.
- This oligonucleotide can then be used for the enzymatic amplification of nucleic acids, extended by further linking reactions with other nucleic acids or used directly.
- the nucleic acid (oligonucleotide) should have a hybridization-capable secondary structure, preferably without internal homologies, in order to be able to form a linear single-strand structure. This ensures that the nucleic acid (oligonucleotide) of the chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment can develop a biochemical / therapeutic effect without further nucleic acid coupling.
- nucleic acids oligonucleotides
- the sequence is preferably partially palindromic, with a smooth 5 '-3' end ('blunt end'), overhanging 3 'end (' sticky end '), but preferably with overhanging, phosphorylated 5' end (' sticky end '), very preferably with an overhanging 5' end comprising 4 nucleotides and which has no self-homology (palindromic sequence). This allows a stable, monomeric secondary structure ('hairpin loop') to be formed.
- the overhanging 5 'end serves to couple defined nucleic acids, antisense oligonucleotides, but preferably transcribable and replicable genes.
- the oligonucleotide carries at the apex of the 'loop' a modified base which carries a group reactive towards the crosslinker, preferably an amino-modified 2'-deoxythymidine.
- the amino function of this modified base enables the coupling reaction between MBS and oligonucleotide.
- the chimeric peptide nucleic acid fragment is suitable for the targeted introduction of nucleic acids into cells and cell organelles (e.g. cell nucleus, chloroplast), in particular for the introduction of ribonucleic acids (mRNAs, 'antisense' oligonucleotides) and deoxyribonucleic acids (complete genes, 'antisense 'Oligonucleotides). It is particularly suitable for introducing transcribable and processable genes into Mitochondria, but especially for introducing replicative, transcription-active and processable linear-cyclic nucleic acids (plasmids).
- plasmids replicative, transcription-active and processable linear-cyclic nucleic acids
- a transcribable gene is coupled to the nucleic acid containing the reactive coupling site or to the chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment.
- a gene preferably a cloned gene, which consists of a mitochondrial promoter, preferably the promoter of the light DNA strand (O L , nt 490 - nt 369) and the gene to be expressed in a processable form, preferably a mitochondrial Gen, preferably a mitochondrial transfer RNA, preferably the mitochondrial tRNA Leu (UUR) (nt 3204 - nt 3345), exists (S. Anderson et al.
- the coupling to the nucleic acid containing the reactive coupling site or to the chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment can be coupled via a 'blunt-end' ligation, but preferably a 'sticky-end' ligation .
- the nucleic acid to be coupled has at least one end which can be coupled, which preferably consists of a 5 'overhang comprising 4 nucleotides and has no self-homology (palindromic sequence).
- a nucleic acid is preferably selected which has different 5' overhangs, which preferably comprise 4 nucleotides and have no self-homology. Nucleic acids whose 5 'ends also have no homology with one another are very preferably used. Two different 'hairpin loops' are then preferably used for the modification of the ends (cyclization), one specific (complementary) for the 'left' plasmid end, the other specific for the 'right' plasmid end of the nucleic acid.
- the phosphorodiester bonds of the nucleic acid can be substituted by phosphorothioate bonds and thus protected if modified phosphorothioate nucleotides are already used in the enzymatic amplification.
- a method which has the following steps is suitable for producing the chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment:
- the chimeric peptide nucleic acid fragment can be produced by the following steps:
- nucleic acid in another embodiment, which is a linear cyclic nucleic acid in the form of a plasmid, the selection of the nucleic acid depends on which genetic information is to be expressed in which cell and in which target compartment of the cell.
- nucleic acids that are to be transcribed must have a suitable promoter. If, for example, a gene is to be expressed in the mitochondrial matrix, a mitochondrial promoter can be selected, preferably the promoter of the light mtDNA strand. The control the transcription takes place in other cell compartments (eg cell nucleus, chloroplast) by compartment-specific promoters.
- transcription regulation sequences preferably mitochondrial transcription regulation sequences.
- these sequences comprise at least binding sites for factors that initiate transcription (transcription initiation factor) and the binding site for the RNA synthesizer. If a transcription is to be initiated in the mitochondria, binding sequences of the mitochondrial transcription factors and the RNA polymerase, in particular the mitochondrial transcription factor 1 and the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, are suitable here.
- the transcription can be controlled by compartment-specific transcription regulation sequences.
- the plasmid has transcription regulation sequences, which are preferably added in the 3 'direction to the transcription initiation site (promoter).
- the control elements are suitable for the H and L strand transcription of the mitochondrial genome, but preferably the so-called 'conserved sequence blocks 1 , which terminate the transcription of the L strand and at the same time the Enable transition to DNA replication.
- the transcription is interrupted at a suitable point behind the 3 'end of the expression-capable gene / genes.
- a suitable transcription termination site preferably arranged in the 3 'direction to the promoter.
- the binding sequence for a bidirectionally acting transcription termination factor is particularly suitable for regulated expression.
- a binding motif is preferred here mitochondrial transcription termination factor selected.
- the use of a transcription termination factor binding sequence suppresses the formation of 'antisense RNA' of the head-to-head linked dimeric plasmids.
- the selection of transformed cells can be checked by expressing a reporter gene.
- reporter or selection genes are expression-capable genes, the expression of which leads to a macroscopic change in the phenotype.
- genes that trigger resistance to antibiotics for example.
- the resistance genes for oligomycin (OLI) or chloramphenicol (CAP) are particularly suitable for use in a mitochondrial transformation system.
- the mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance gene appears to be a particularly suitable selection gene in this context, since CAP-sensitive cell lines already change their phenotype with a proportion of approximately 10% of the 16 S rRNA CAP + gene.
- Replication of the nucleic acid can be achieved by an initiation site for DNA replication (origin of replication).
- a peptide-nucleic acid fragment in the form of a plasmid must therefore have at least one origin of replication.
- the orientation of the origin of replication can be arranged independently of the expression-capable gene (genes), but the origin of replication is preferably arranged in the 3 'direction to the promoter.
- a suitable origin of replication for a mitochondrial transformation plasmid would be a mitochondrial origin of replication.
- the origin of the replication of the heavy mtDNA strand, which preferably has at least one conserved sequence block, is particularly suitable here.
- Replication can be controlled via so-called regulatory sequences for replication.
- the plasmid must have at least one such sequence motif, which is preferably arranged in the 3 'direction to the promoter and to the origin of replication.
- a mitochondrial replication regulation sequence is particularly suitable here.
- a motif is preferably used that at least contains one of the 'termination associated sequences'.
- replication is preferably initiated via at least one compartment-specific origin of replication and controlled via compartment-specific replication regulation sequences.
- the plasmid nucleic acid In order to allow different genes to be cloned into the plasmid molecule, the plasmid nucleic acid must also have a suitable cloning module (multiple cloning site) which has as different as possible recognition sequences for restriction endonucleases. Rare recognition sequences that do not occur elsewhere on the plasmid are particularly suitable here.
- the cloning module can be installed at any point on the transformation plasmid. If the area of the cloning site is to be integrated into the transcription of the selection gene, the insertion of the multiple cloning site in the 3 'direction to the promoter and in the 5' direction to the transcription termination site is suitable. The integration of the multiple cloning site in the 5 'direction to the selection gene is particularly suitable since, when using the selection system, the region of the multiple cloning site is transcribed at the same time.
- a linear nucleic acid plasmid that can be converted into a cyclic nucleic acid is suitable for this.
- the plasmid ends can be cyclized using so-called ligation-capable (phosphorylated) ends of the nucleic acid.
- a 'blunt-end' nucleic acid or a nucleic acid with 3 'overhanging ends is particularly suitable for this purpose.
- the overhanging ends should each comprise at least one nucleotide.
- 5 'overhanging ends are preferably used are formed from four nucleotides. These preferably have no self-homology (palindromic sequence) and are also preferably not complementary to one another in order to suppress dimer formation in a later nucleic acid linkage.
- the cyclization of the prepared plasmid ends is mediated by synthetic oligonucleotides.
- synthetic oligonucleotides These have a partial self-homology (partial palindromic sequence) and are therefore capable of forming so-called 'hai in-loop' structures.
- the partially palindromic sequence leads to the formation of a stable, preferably monomeric, secondary structure ('hairpin loop'), with a smooth 5'-3 'end (blunt end), an overhanging 3' end ('sticky end') '), but preferably with an overhanging 5' end.
- These oligonucleotides are particularly suitable if they have a 5 'phosphorylated end.
- the linear plasmid DNA can now be converted into a linear-cyclic system using synthetic oligonucleotides with a hairpin-loop structure.
- the ends of the two oligonucleotides are preferably complementary to one end of the prepared plasmid nucleic acid.
- two different 'hairpin loops' are preferably used, one specific (complementary) for the 'left' plasmid end, one specific (complementary) for the 'right' plasmid end in order to suppress dimer formation.
- At least one of the two hairpin-loop oligonucleotides can have at least one modified nucleotide.
- this coupling site (modified nucleotide) is located at one of the unpaired positions of the 'loop'.
- a chemically reactive group in particular an amino or thiol diffusion, is suitable as the coupling point.
- the recognition sequence for the restriction endonuclease Bsa I (GGTCTCN, N 5 ) is particularly suitable.
- the use of a cloned nucleic acid which already has the recognition sequences for a restriction endonuclease, preferably Bsa I, is suitable here. This means that the enzymatic amplification can be dispensed with and the nucleic acid obtained via a plasmid preparation / restriction enzyme treatment can be used directly.
- the cloned nucleic acid preferably already contains the recognition sequence for the restriction endonuclease Bsa I at both ends.
- the primary goal here is to separate the cyclized plasmid molecules from unreacted starting materials.
- the use of DNA-degrading enzymes has proven to be suitable in this connection, and the use of enzymes which have a 5'-3 'or 3'-5'-exonuclease activity is particularly recommended here.
- the use of exonuclease III leads to the complete hydrolysis of unreacted starting materials, while the cyclized plasmid DNA remains intact (no free 5 'or 3' ends).
- the reaction products can be purified either by electrophoretic or chromatographic processes, but also by precipitation. There are different cleaning methods to choose from.
- the cyclized nucleic acid conjugated with the coupling agent and the signal peptide can be treated with an exonuclease, preferably exonuclease III, and then purified by chromatographic, electrophoretic purification or precipitation.
- the cyclized plasmid DNA can be treated with an exonuclease, preferably exonuclease III, purified, and then with the coupling agent and the Conjugate signal peptide and be purified by chromatographic, electrophoretic purification or precipitation.
- the linkage with a signal peptide can be realized, which directs the transformation plasmid into the desired cell compartment in vivo.
- the transformation plasmid can first be reacted with the modified oligonucleotide (ligation) and then conjugation with the coupling agent and the signal peptide, or the modified oligonucleotide is first conjugated with the coupling agent and the signal peptide and then for the cyclization of the transformation plasmid end used (ligation).
- the cell membrane can be overcome by the transformation system (cellular transformation) using various methods.
- the 'particle gun' system or microinjection are suitable, but electroporation and lipotransfection are preferred. All methods ensure the introduction of the linear cyclic peptide nucleic acid plasmid into the cytosol of the cell, from where the plasmid is directed to the target site (target compartment) by the conjugated signal peptide.
- this method offers for the first time the possibility of introducing nucleic acids into cells and cell organelles in a targeted manner.
- the target compartment to be reached (cytosol, nucleus, mitochondrium, chloroplast, etc.) can be determined by the choice of the signal sequence.
- this process is characterized by its universal applicability.
- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and cell systems can be treated with the translocation vector. Since a natural membrane transport system is used for targeted infiltration, there is no need to treat the cells or cell organelles with membrane-permeabilizing agents (eg calcium chloride method, see above).
- the plasmid When using a replicative and transcription-active nucleic acid, the plasmid only unfolds its full size after the completion of the first replication cycle: as a true cyclic plasmid (artificial chromosome) it now has double genetic information (head-to-head linked plasmid dimers).
- this behavior is deliberately induced and is of crucial importance since the genes to be expressed have to compete with the defective genes in the cells.
- the system impresses in that it does not have to be integrated into a genome via a recombination process, such as retroviral systems, in order to become replicative.
- uncontrollable side effects undesired recombination
- the use of this plasmid system can therefore be promised without any major security risk.
- signal peptide of the ornithine transcarbamylase of the rat and a DNA sequence suitable for the introduction.
- signal peptide of rat ornithine transcarbamylase 32 amino acids
- the peptide sequence is shown in the international single-letter code
- Middle a partially palindromic DNA sequence of 39 nucleotides suitable for the introduction with an amino-modified T at nucleotide position 22
- Bottom Pronounced secondary structure of the oligonucleotide with an overhanging 5 'end and a modified nucleotide at the apex of the' loop '.
- Fig. 2 Structure of the amino-modified 2'-deoxythymidine.
- R Nucleic acid residues.
- 3 Schematic representation of the chimeric peptide-nucleic acid fragment, consisting of amino-modified oligonucleotide (39 nucleotides) with a pronounced hairpin loop, crosslinker and signal peptide.
- CL Crosslinker.
- MCS Multiple cloning site of pBluescript *
- mtTF binding site of the mitochondrial transcription factor
- RNA-Pol binding site of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase
- Leucine Mitochondrial transfer RNA gene for leucine (UUR); Sac II, Apa
- 5b Sequence of the cloned tRNA Leu (u ⁇ R) gene.
- 6a / b Representation of the 32 P radiation of the DNA and of the enzyme activities for adenylate kinase, cytochrome c oxidase and malate dehydrogenase (y-axes) in 11 fractions (x-axes) of a mitochondrial sucrose gradient density centrifugation .
- the proportion of the respective radiation / Enzyme activity expressed as a percentage of the total radiation / enzyme activity applied to the gradient.
- ADK adenylate kinase
- COX cytochrome c oxidase
- MDH malate dehydrogenase.
- oligonucleotides contain recognition sequences for the restriction endonucleases Xho I and Pst I, the ends of the amplified nucleic acid can be modified so that on the one hand they are compatible with a vector arm of pBluescript and on the other hand they are compatible with the hybrid of the oligonucleotides MCS / TTS 1 and 2 . In addition to a multiple cloning site, these also contain a transcription termination sequence which is responsible for the regulated transcription. The ligation product is then transformed into E.
- the oligonucleotides MCS 1 and 2 were produced synthetically and contain recognition sequences for nine different restriction endonucleases, as well as a sequence motif which is able to bi-directionally prevent transcription.
- the oligonucleotides are complementary and can therefore form a hybrid.
- the overhanging ends are part of the recognition sequences for the restriction endonucleases Pst I and Barn HI.
- the ends of the amplified nucleic acid can be modified so that they are compatible with the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the peptide-nucleic acid plasmid (plasmid 1).
- MCS multiple cloning site
- the ligation product is then transformed into E. coli XL1 Blue. Following the plasmid isolation of insert-bearing E. coli colonies, the nucleic acids were subjected to RFLP and sequence analysis and are available for the experiments described.
- 13a reaction sequence of the cyclization of the nucleic acid portion and the conjugation of the nucleic acid portion with a signal peptide.
- the nucleic acid portion of the peptide nucleic acid plasmid can be obtained via a plasmid preparation or an enzymatic amplification. In both cases, treatment with the restriction endonuclease Bsa I leads to an intermediate which can be ligated. This can be implemented directly with the monomerized hairpin loops.
- the reaction product is separated from non-specific (non-cyclic) reaction products and starting materials by an exonuclease III treatment, purified and conjugated to the signal peptide via a crosslinker.
- one of the two reaction product is separated from non-specific (non-cyclic) reaction products and starting materials by an exonuclease III treatment, purified
- 'hairpin-loops' are first conjugated to the signal peptide via a crosslinker before the cyclizing ligation reaction is carried out.
- the reaction product is cleaned by an exonuclease III treatment.
- Fig. 14 Monomerization of a hairpin loop oligonucleotide.
- the synthetic hairpin loops HP 1 and 2 can be monomerized by thermal or alkaline denaturation.
- a standard agarose gel is shown in this figure: Lane 1, molecular weight standard ( ⁇ X 174 RF DNA treated with the restriction endonuclease Hae III); Lane 2: HP 1,
- Fig. 15b Review of the purified ligation product by a Mae III-RFLP analysis.
- This figure shows a standard agarose gel: lane 1, enzymatically amplified nucleic acid fraction after a Mae /// treatment; Lane 2: purified ligation product of the enzymatically amplified nucleic acid fraction after a Mae III treatment; Lane 3: purified product of plasmid DNA ligation after Mae III treatment; Lane 4, molecular weight standard ( ⁇ X 174 RF DNA treated with the restriction endonuclease Hae III).
- Fig. 16 Transcription and replication of the peptide nucleic acid plasmid.
- This figure shows a standard agarose gel: lane 1, molecular weight standard ( ⁇ DNA treated with the restriction endonucleases Hind III and Eco RI); Lane 2, untreated peptide nucleic acid plasmid; Lane 3: transcription products of the peptide nucleic acid plasmid obtained in vitro; lane 4: replication and transcription products of the peptide nucleic acid plasmid obtained in vitro; Lane 5, replication and transcription products of the peptide nucleic acid plasmid obtained in vivo; Lane 6, untreated peptide nucleic acid plasmid.
- the Overcome the mitochondrial double membrane system with a DNA translocation vector For this purpose, the mitochondrial signal sequence of ornithine transcarbamylase (AL Horwich et al. (1983), "Molecular cloning of the cDNA coding for rat ornithine transcarbamoylase", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4258-4262) (enzyme of the urea cycle, naturally located in the matrix of the mitochondria) chemically manufactured and cleaned. As a reactive group for later connection to the DNA, the original sequence was expanded to include a cysteine at the C terminus (see FIG. 1).
- the sequence is partially palindromic with an overhanging, phosphorylated 5 'end (see Figure 1). This allows a so-called 'hairpin loop' to be formed.
- the overhanging 5 'end serves to ligate defined nucleic acids to this oligonucleotide, which can then be imported into the mitochondria.
- the oligonucleotide carries a modified base at the apex of the loop (see FIG. 1). It is an amino-modified 2'-deoxythymidine (see Figure 2). The amino function of the modified base enables the coupling reaction between MBS and oligonucleotide.
- the three reaction partners (oligonucleotide, MBS and peptide) are linked in individual reaction steps.
- oligonucleotide 50 pmol
- MBS 10 nmol dissolved in DMSO
- reaction time 60 min .
- reaction temperature 20 ° C
- Unreacted MBS is separated off via a 'Nick Spin Column R ' (Sephadex G 50, Pharmacia), which was equilibrated with 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 6.0).
- the eluate contains the desired reaction product and is reacted with the peptide (2.5 nmol) in a further reaction step (reaction time: 60 min .; reaction temperature: 20 ° C.). The was stopped Reaction by adding dithiothreitol (2 mM).
- the coupling product (chimera, see FIG. 3) was separated from unreacted starting materials by preparative gel electrophoresis and isolated from the gel by electroelution (see FIG. 4). Different nucleic acids can now be coupled to the overhanging 5 'end of the oligonucleotide by simple ligation.
- dsDNA 283 bp long double-stranded DNA
- PCR enzymatic reaction
- a DNA fragment cloned in pBluescript R (Stratagene) was used as template DNA, which, in addition to the human mitochondrial promoter of the light strand (P L , nt 902 - nt 369), contains the gene for the mitochondrial transfer RNA leucine (tRNA Leu (UUR) , nt 3204 - nt 4126) (see Figure 5).
- Two oligonucleotides were used as amplification primers, primer 1 having a non-complementary 5 'end (see FIG. 5).
- the dsDNA was modified by the 3'-5 'exonuclease activity of the T4-DNA polymerase (incubation in the presence of 1 mM dGTP), which can produce overhanging 5' ends under conditions known to the person skilled in the art (C. Aslanidis et al. (1990) "Ligation-independent cloning of PCR products (LIC-PCR)", Nucleic. Acids. Res. 18: 6069-6074).
- the PCR-amplified DNA could be assembled using the T4 DNA ligase.
- the free 5'-OH group of the ligated DNA was radioactively phosphorylated by an enzymatic reaction (A. Novogrodsky et al. (1966), "The enzymatic phosphorylation of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. I. Phosphorylation at 5 "-hydroxyl termini", J. Biol. Chem. 241 .: 2923-2932; A. Novogrodsky et al.
- the supernatant was transferred to cooled centrifuge beakers and centrifuged at 8000 g.
- the isolated mitochondria were resuspended in 200 ml of the same buffer and centrifuged again at 8000 g.
- the clean mitochondrial pellet was resuspended in an equal volume of the same buffer and energized by adding 25 mM succinate, 25 mM pyruvate and 15 mM malate.
- the protein content of the suspension was determined using a Bradford test kit * (Pierce). 200 ⁇ g mitochondrial protein (energized mitochondria) were together with 10 pmol of the chimeric at 37 ° C. for 60 min.
- the individual fractions of the gradient were analyzed to localize the chimeras and mitochondria.
- the adenylate kinase, the cytochrome c oxidase and the malate dehydrogenase activity were determined as markers of the mitochondria, while the chimera could be identified by measuring the 32 P radiation (see FIG. 6).
- An analogous experiment to determine the unspecific DNA incorporation was carried out with the same DNA that was not linked to the signal peptide (see FIG. 6). It was derived from the measurements that 65% of the chimeras used specifically segregated with the mitochondria, while the non-specific DNA incorporation was less than 5% of the DNA used.
- the re-isolated mitochondria were divided into the three compartments outer mitochondrial membrane / intermembrane space, inner mitochondrial membrane and Fractionated matrix space.
- the mitochondria were incubated with digitonin (final concentration: 1.2% w / v digitonin) and the resulting mitoplasts were separated using sucrose gradient density centrifugation, collected in fractions and the activities of marker enzymes (adenylate kinase: intermembrane space; cytochrome c oxidase: inner mitochondrial membrane; Dehydrogenase: matrix space) according to Schnaitmann and Greenawalt (C.
- the isolated mitoplasts (loss of the outer membrane and the intermembrane space) were lysed by Lubrol R (0.16 mg / mg protein; ICN) and separated into the compartments inner mitochondrial membrane (pellet) and matrix space (supernatant) by ultracentrifugation at 144000 g.
- the compartments were assigned by measuring the activities of the cytochrome c oxidase (inner mitochondrial membrane) and the malate dehydrogenase (matrix space).
- the chimeras were measured by detecting the 2 P radiation in the scintillation counter and showed 75% segregation with the matrix of the mitochondria, while 25% of the chimeras remained associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondria (incomplete translocation).
- Example 2 Introduction of a regenerative and transcription-active chimeric peptide nucleic acid fragment (plasmid) into the mitochondria of living cells
- dsDNA 3232 bp long double-stranded vector DNA
- the region of the mitochondrial genome was amplified via two modified oligonucleotides (primer 1, hybridized with nucleotides 15903-15924 of the human mtDNA, contains an extension at the 5 'end by the sequence TGTAGctgcag to introduce a Pst I site; primer 2, hybridizes with nucleotides 677-657 of the human mtDNA, includes at the 5 'end an extension by the sequence TTGCATGctcgagGGTCTCAGGG for the introduction of an Xho I interface), which is the promoter of the light DNA strand, the origin of the mtDNA replication of the heavy strand , the regulatory motifs for transcription (CODs, 'conserved sequence blocks 1 ), and the regulatory body for DNA replication (' TAS ', termination associated sequences, (DC Wallace (1989), "Report of the committee on human mitochondrial DNA", Cytogenet Cell Genet.
- primer 1 hybridized with nucleotides 15903-15924
- MCS / TTS The multiple cloning site
- MCS / TTS 1 and 2 Two complementary oligonucleotides
- FIG. 9 the two oligonucleotides form hybrids which, after phosphorylation with T4 DNA polynucleotide kinase, can be used for the ligation.
- the hybrids are characterized in this context by 5'- and 3'-single-strand overhanging ends, which are complementary to a Pst I, on the one hand others are complementary to a Bam HI interface (see FIG. 9).
- the synthetic oligonucleotides MCS / TTS 1 and 2 also contain a bidirectional mitochondrial transcription termination sequence (see FIG. 9). It is arranged in the 3 'direction to the MCS and ensures that the transcription is interrupted at this point and that correctly terminated transcripts are created. This sequence motif also ensures that no 'antisense RNA' is expressed in the cyclic plasmid system.
- reporter gene was inserted into the multiple cloning site for experimental verification of replication and transcription.
- the chloramphenicol-resistant human mitochondrial 16 S ribosomal RNA was selected as the reporter gene, which differs from the naturally occurring ribosomal RNA only by a modified nucleotide (polymorphism).
- the polymerase chain reaction was used to convert a DNA extract of chloramphenicol-resistant HeLa cells into a fragment with two modified oligonucleotides (primer 3, hybridized with nucleotides 1562-1581 of mitochondrial DNA, at the 5 'end around the CCTCTaagctt sequence to introduce a Hind ⁇ i -Interface extended; primer 4, hybridized with nucleotides 3359-3340, amplified at the 5 'end by the sequence GCATTactagt to introduce an At I-interface) amplified under conditions known to the person skilled in the art.
- the amplification product comprised the two flanking tRNA genes (tRNA VaI and tRNA Leu ).
- the amplified DNA was treated with the restriction endonucleases Hind III and Bei I, purified by precipitation and with the pBluescript plasmid 1 treated with Hind III and Bei I (see FIGS. 8, 9 and 10) in a stoichiometry of 1: 1 in a ligation reaction under conditions known to those skilled in the art.
- the cloning strategy is shown in Figure 11.
- E. coli colonies could be isolated and characterized.
- the corresponding plasmid DNA was subjected to dideoxy sequencing under conditions known to the person skilled in the art (see FIG. 12).
- the cloning insert mitochondrial transformation plasmid
- the insert DNA could be amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction via two oligonucleotides (primers 2 and 5; nucleotide sequence of primer 5: GATCCGGTCTCATTTTATGCG).
- the oligonucleotides are then slowly thawed at 4 ° C. and are then 99% present in the desired monomeric 'shark-in-loop' structure (see FIG. 14).
- the plasmid DNA was cyclized together with the two monomerized 'hai ⁇ in-loops' (HP 1 and 2) in a single reaction.
- the molar ratio of plasmid DNA to the two 'hai ⁇ in loops' was 1: 100: 100 (plasmid: HPl: HP2).
- the individual reactants could be assembled under conditions known to the person skilled in the art (see FIG. 15).
- the ligation products were purified by treatment with exonuclease HI (reaction conditions: 37 ° C., 60 min.). While nucleic acids with free 3 'ends are degraded by the nuclease, the plasmid DNA associated with the two' hai ⁇ in loops' remains stable towards the 3 '-5' exonuclease activity of the enzyme.
- the only reaction product (see FIG. 15a) was separated using preparative agarose gel electrophoresis and purified by electroelution or using QIAquick (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
- the ligation product was checked using an RFLP analysis (restriction fragment length polymorphism).
- the ligated and purified plasmid DNA was treated with the restriction endonuclease Mae III under conditions known to the person skilled in the art.
- the DNA has five cleavage sites, so that fragments of different sizes are formed, which can be analyzed using an agarose gel (4%).
- FIG. 15b shows an example of the Mae III cleavage pattern that is obtained after the ligation of the plasmid DNA with the two hai ⁇ in loops 1 .
- the DNA bands marked with arrowheads represent the left and right ends of the amplified (lane 1) and the linear-cyclic (lane 2 and 3) mitochondrial plasmid.
- the nucleic acid conjugate the circularized plasmid with the synthetic signal peptide of rat ornithine transcarbamylase (H 2 N-MLSNLRILLNKAALRKAHTSMVRNFRYGK-PVQSQVQLKPRDLC-COOH
- the nucleic acid with a 20-fold molar excess of m-maleimidobenzoyl-in-hydroxysaminophenocyclin. incubated at 20 ° C (incubation medium: 50 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.8).
- the excess coupling agent was separated by a "nick spin column" (Pharmacia-LKB) under conditions known to the person skilled in the art.
- the conjugation of the "activated" Nucleic acid was obtained by reacting the nucleic acid with a 50-fold molar excess of the signal peptide at 20 ° C. (incubation medium: 50 mM potassium phosphate pH 6.8). After 45 min. the reaction was terminated by the addition of 1 mM dithiothreitol and the conjugate was available for the following experiments.
- the plasmid had to be introduced into eukaryotic cells.
- a chloramphenicol-sensitive B-lymphocyte or fibroblast cell culture was transfected via lipotransfection with the peptide-nucleic acid plasmid: 1 ⁇ g of the radioactively labeled peptide-nucleic acid plasmid (the label was identified as 32 P-label during the kinase reaction of the 'hai ⁇ in loops' (HPl) was pre-incubated together with 2-6 ⁇ l LipofectAmine R (Gibco-BRL) in 200 ⁇ l serum-free Optimem R (Gibco-BRL) (15 min., 20 ° C).
- the polycationic lipid of the LipofectAmine R reagent forms DOSPA (2,3-dioleyloxy-N- [2- (sperminecarboxamido) -ethyl] - N, N-dimethyl-l-propanaminium trifluoroacetate) with the support of the neutral lipid DOPE (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine ) unilamellar liposomes, which are able to complex the DNA.
- DOPE dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
- the transfection medium was then replaced by 5 ml of DMEM medium (Gibco-BRL), which had previously been supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 100 ⁇ g / ml chloramphenicol.
- the transformation efficiency was determined by measuring the 32 P radiation of the construct. As a rule, a cellular incorporation rate of 80-85% was measured. This means that 80-85% of the chimeric construct was associated with the transformed cells and 15-20% of the chimeric peptide-DNA plasmid remained in the supernatant of the transfection reaction.
- chloramphenicol-resistant colonies formed in the transformed cells.
- the resistant cells were separated and expanded under conditions known to the person skilled in the art. From about 1 * 10 5 cells could sufficient DNA can be obtained from conditions known to the person skilled in the art to carry out genotyping.
- the isolated DNA was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nylon membrane (Southern blot). The nucleic acids were detected by hybridization with a specific, radioactively labeled probe (see FIG. 16).
- this figure shows an 'in vitro' transcription (lane 3), an 'in vitro' replication (lane 4) and the intermediates obtained in vivo (isolated Nucleic acids of a transformed clone) is shown. While the three smaller bands can be generated in vitro by incubating the circularized vector with the four nucleoside triphosphates (RNA) and a mitochondrial enzyme extract (lane 3), the addition of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates to the reaction mixture is observed to produce a dimer, circular plasmid ( largest band in lane 4): an identical picture emerges when analyzing the nucleic acids that can be obtained from transformed cell colonies (lane 5). Sequence analysis confirmed that the largest DNA band in lanes 4 and 5 is actually the dimeric and therefore replicated mitochondrial plasmid.
- RNA nucleoside triphosphates
- a mitochondrial enzyme extract a mitochondrial enzyme extract
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU26679/95A AU2667995A (en) | 1994-06-16 | 1995-06-11 | Chimerical peptide-nucleic acid fragment, process for producing the same and its use for appropriately introducing nucleic acids into cell organelles and cells |
US08/765,244 US6921816B2 (en) | 1994-06-16 | 1995-06-11 | Chimerical peptide-nucleic acid fragment, process for producing the same and its for appropriately introducing nucleic acids into cell organelles and cells |
EP95921691A EP0774006A2 (de) | 1994-06-16 | 1995-06-11 | Chimäres peptid-nukleinsäure-fragment, verfahren zu seiner herstellung, sowie seine verwendung zur zielgerichteten nukleinsäureeinbringung in zellorganellen und zellen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4421079A DE4421079C1 (de) | 1994-06-16 | 1994-06-16 | Chimäres Peptid-Nukleinsäure-Fragment, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und die Verwendung des Fragments zur zielgerichteten Nukleinsäureeinbringung in Zellorganellen und Zellen |
DEP4421079.5 | 1994-06-16 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995034665A2 true WO1995034665A2 (de) | 1995-12-21 |
WO1995034665A3 WO1995034665A3 (de) | 1996-02-22 |
Family
ID=6520758
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1995/000775 WO1995034665A2 (de) | 1994-06-16 | 1995-06-11 | Chimäres peptid-nukleinsäure-fragment, verfahren zu seiner herstellung, sowie seine verwendung zur zielgerichteten nukleinsäureeinbringung in zellorganellen und zellen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6921816B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP0774006A2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2667995A (de) |
DE (2) | DE4421079C1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1995034665A2 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997041150A2 (en) * | 1996-04-27 | 1997-11-06 | The University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne | Gene therapy for mitochondrial dna deffects using peptide nucleic acids |
WO2003092736A2 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2003-11-13 | Pantheco A/S | Peptide nucleic acid conjugates with transporter peptides |
WO2003097671A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-11-27 | Creagene Inc. | Cytoplasmic transduction peptides and uses thereof |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19605279A1 (de) * | 1996-02-13 | 1997-08-14 | Hoechst Ag | Zielzellspezifische Vektoren für die Einschleusung von Genen in Zellen, Arzneimittel enthaltend derartige Vektoren und deren Verwendung |
US20040138168A1 (en) * | 1999-04-21 | 2004-07-15 | Wyeth | Methods and compositions for inhibiting the function of polynucleotide sequences |
WO2000063364A2 (en) * | 1999-04-21 | 2000-10-26 | American Home Products Corporation | Methods and compositions for inhibiting the function of polynucleotide sequences |
WO2003006477A1 (en) * | 2001-07-12 | 2003-01-23 | University Of Massachusetts | IN VIVO PRODUCTION OF SMALL INTERFERING RNAs THAT MEDIATE GENE SILENCING |
US8283444B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2012-10-09 | Wake Forest University | Non-viral delivery of compounds to mitochondria |
US20060046247A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-03-02 | Rapp Jeffrey C | Protecting avians from pathogens |
WO2006026238A2 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-03-09 | Avigenics, Inc. | Rna interference in avians |
DE102004043155A1 (de) * | 2004-09-03 | 2006-03-23 | TransMIT Gesellschaft für Technologietransfer mbH | Hochspezifisch mit DNA interagierende Enzym-Konjugate mit programmierbarer Spezifität |
JP5080103B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-27 | 2012-11-21 | 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ | ヌクレオチド修飾微小管の合成方法および保存方法 |
US11491231B2 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2022-11-08 | University of Pittsburgh—of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education | Peptide-oligonucleotide chimeras (POCs) as programmable biomolecular constructs for the assembly of morphologically-tunable soft materials |
US11608519B2 (en) | 2018-07-30 | 2023-03-21 | Tokitae Llc | Specific detection of deoxyribonucleic acid sequences using novel CRISPR enzyme-mediated detection strategies |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991014696A1 (en) * | 1990-03-29 | 1991-10-03 | Gilead Sciences, Inc. | Oligonucleotide-transport agent disulfide conjugates |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5569754A (en) * | 1993-06-11 | 1996-10-29 | Board Of Regents, University Of Tx Systems | RNA import elements for transport into mitochondria |
US5807746A (en) | 1994-06-13 | 1998-09-15 | Vanderbilt University | Method for importing biologically active molecules into cells |
-
1994
- 1994-06-16 DE DE4421079A patent/DE4421079C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-06-11 WO PCT/DE1995/000775 patent/WO1995034665A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-06-11 AU AU26679/95A patent/AU2667995A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-06-11 US US08/765,244 patent/US6921816B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-11 DE DE19520815A patent/DE19520815C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-11 EP EP95921691A patent/EP0774006A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991014696A1 (en) * | 1990-03-29 | 1991-10-03 | Gilead Sciences, Inc. | Oligonucleotide-transport agent disulfide conjugates |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
BIOCHEMISTRY, Bd. 87, 1990 Seiten 3410-14, E.WAGNER ET AL. 'Transferrin-polycation conjugates as carriers for DNA uptake into cells' * |
J.CELL.BIOL., Bd. 113, Nr. 5, 1991 Seiten 1025-32, H.STENMARK ET AL. 'Peptides fused to the Amino-Terminal End of Diphteria Toxin are Translocated to the Cytosol' * |
PROC.NATL.ACAD.SCI., Bd. 81, 1984 Seiten 7412-16, M.TAKIGUCHI ET AL. 'Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA for rat ornithine carbanoyltransferase precursor' * |
TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, Bd. 34, Nr. 50, 1993 Seiten 8087-90, K.ARAR ET AL. 'Synthesis of Oligonucleotide-Peptide Conjugates Containing a KDEL Signal Sequence' * |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997041150A2 (en) * | 1996-04-27 | 1997-11-06 | The University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne | Gene therapy for mitochondrial dna deffects using peptide nucleic acids |
WO1997041150A3 (en) * | 1996-04-27 | 1997-12-04 | Univ Newcastle | Gene therapy for mitochondrial dna deffects using peptide nucleic acids |
WO2003097671A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-11-27 | Creagene Inc. | Cytoplasmic transduction peptides and uses thereof |
US7101844B2 (en) | 2002-03-29 | 2006-09-05 | Creagene, Inc. | Cytoplasmic transduction peptides and uses thereof |
WO2003092736A2 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2003-11-13 | Pantheco A/S | Peptide nucleic acid conjugates with transporter peptides |
WO2003092736A3 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2004-06-24 | Pantheco As | Peptide nucleic acid conjugates with transporter peptides |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE4421079C1 (de) | 1995-08-17 |
DE19520815C2 (de) | 1996-07-25 |
EP0774006A2 (de) | 1997-05-21 |
US20010008771A1 (en) | 2001-07-19 |
DE19520815A1 (de) | 1995-12-21 |
US6921816B2 (en) | 2005-07-26 |
WO1995034665A3 (de) | 1996-02-22 |
AU2667995A (en) | 1996-01-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE60221801T3 (de) | Cpg-freie synthetische gene und bakterielle plasmide | |
DE60116506T9 (de) | Methoden und reagenzien für molekulares klonieren | |
DE3111405C2 (de) | ||
DE69629576T2 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von rekombinanten plasmiden | |
DE69435005T2 (de) | Antisense Oligonukleotide die anomales Splicing verhindern und deren Verwendung | |
DE69425903T2 (de) | Verbindungen und verfahren zur ortsspezifischen mutation in eukaryotischen zellen | |
DE69636937T2 (de) | Durch trans-spaltung erhaltene therapeutische molekule | |
DE3486053T3 (de) | Regulierung von Gen-Expression durch Translationshemmung unter Verwendung von m-RNS hinderndem Komplementär-RNS. | |
EP1798285B1 (de) | Verfahren und Medikament zur Hemmung der Expression eines vorgegebenen Gens | |
DE60111135T2 (de) | Nuclease | |
EP3613854A1 (de) | Genomsequenzmodifizierungsverfahren zur spezifischen umwandlung von nukleinsäurebasen einer gezielten dna-sequenz und molekularkomplex zur verwendung darin | |
WO1995034665A2 (de) | Chimäres peptid-nukleinsäure-fragment, verfahren zu seiner herstellung, sowie seine verwendung zur zielgerichteten nukleinsäureeinbringung in zellorganellen und zellen | |
DE19812103A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Synthese von Nucleinsäuremolekülen | |
DE10119005A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Proteinexpression ausgehend von stabilisierter linearer kurzer DNA in zellfreien in vitro-Transkription/Translations-Systemen mit Exonuklease-haltigen Lysaten oder in einem zellulären System enthaltend Exonukleasen | |
EP0776363B1 (de) | Ribozym-bibliothek, ihre herstellung und ihre verwendung | |
DD297838A5 (de) | Verfahren zum einfuehren von genetischen einheiten in die zelle | |
DE69232768T2 (de) | Einzelsträngige hybride DNS-RNS Moleküle und Methoden zur Herstellung | |
EP1228235B1 (de) | Verfahren zum transfer von molekularen substanzen mit prokaryontischen nukleinsaure-bindenden proteinen | |
WO2001085950A2 (de) | Gene des 1-desoxy-d-xylulose-biosynthesewegs | |
EP1419259B1 (de) | Verfahren zur reparatur einer mutierten rna aus einer gendefekten dna und zum gezielten abtöten von tumorzellen durch rna-transspleissen sowie verfahren zum nachweis von natürlich-transgespleisster zellulärer rna | |
DE3877337T2 (de) | Verfahren zur mutagenese mittels oligonukleotid-gerichteter reparatur eines strandbruchs. | |
EP0299303B1 (de) | Eukaryotische Expressionsvektoren mit multimeren Enhancer-Subelementen, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung | |
EP1631672B1 (de) | Zirkuläres expressionskonstrukt für gentherapeutische anwendungen | |
DE19633427C2 (de) | Verfahren zur Synthese von Nukleinsäuremolekülen mit zumindest teilweise vorbestimmter Nukleotidsequenz | |
EP1530641B1 (de) | Dna-expressionskonstrukt zur multiplen genexpression |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AM AT AU BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CZ DE DK EE ES FI GB GE HU JP KE KG KP KR KZ LK LR LT LU LV MD MG MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SI SK TJ TT UA US UZ VN |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): KE MW SD SZ UG AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: US Ref document number: 1996 765244 Date of ref document: 19960216 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AM AT AU BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CZ DE DK EE ES FI GB GE HU JP KE KG KP KR KZ LK LR LT LU LV MD MG MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SI SK TJ TT UA US UZ VN |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): KE MW SD SZ UG AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1995921691 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1995921691 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 08765244 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: CA |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1995921691 Country of ref document: EP |