WO1995004064A9 - Leurres polynucleotidiques inhibant l'expression du complexe d'histocompatibilite majeure ii, et applications - Google Patents

Leurres polynucleotidiques inhibant l'expression du complexe d'histocompatibilite majeure ii, et applications

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Publication number
WO1995004064A9
WO1995004064A9 PCT/US1994/008667 US9408667W WO9504064A9 WO 1995004064 A9 WO1995004064 A9 WO 1995004064A9 US 9408667 W US9408667 W US 9408667W WO 9504064 A9 WO9504064 A9 WO 9504064A9
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
decoy
polynucleotide
mhc
cells
cell
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Application number
PCT/US1994/008667
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English (en)
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WO1995004064A1 (fr
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/281,423 external-priority patent/US5859226A/en
Application filed filed Critical
Priority to EP94925156A priority Critical patent/EP0771320A4/fr
Priority to AU75181/94A priority patent/AU7518194A/en
Publication of WO1995004064A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995004064A1/fr
Publication of WO1995004064A9 publication Critical patent/WO1995004064A9/fr

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  • This invention relates to nucleotide therapeutics, transplantation and immunology. More specifically, it relates to a newly discovered class of polynucleotide decoy molecules and methods for making cells and organs that are less likely to be rejected when transplanted into a recipient host using these polynucleotide decoys, which are capable of binding to a specific gene regulatory factor and reducing the expression of MHC class II transplantation antigens.
  • HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • HLA Class II molecules are composed of two non-covalently linked glycoproteins, the ⁇ chain and the highly polymorphic ⁇ chain. Each chain contains one extracellular domain, a transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic tail. The structure of the ⁇ and ⁇ chains and their genes have been elucidated. All known Class II genes are similar in structure and encoded by exons 1 - 4, with exon 5 coding for an untranslated region. The DP, DQ and DR loci all consist of multiple genes. A total of twelve class II genes have been identified. In some haplotypes, some class II genes do not code for a functional peptide and are classified as pseudogenes.
  • HLA class II antigen expression occurs in part through a series of promoter regions such as the J, W, X (including X 1 and X 2 ), and Y boxes, and the gamma interferon response element.
  • the X includes X 1 and X 2 ), and Y boxes, and the gamma interferon response element.
  • HLA-DR ⁇ Transcription of HLA-DR ⁇ .
  • Class II can be activated by RF-X (Regulatory Factors-X) which binds to the X-box region (-110 to -95) of the DRo; promoter.
  • RF-X and its binding site, the X-box are unique and have a high specificity for each other.
  • the DNA binding domain of RF-X consists of 91 amino acids with a basic stretch and shares no notable homology with other known DNA binding motifs (Reith et al . (1990), Genes Dev., Vol. 4(9), pp. 1528-40).
  • RF-X binds only the X-box;
  • the X-box is conserved in humans. No other known cloned transcription factors bind to this entire region of the X-box in the same manner .
  • HLA antigens are implicated in the survival of cell grafts or transplants.
  • the drugs used to control immune responses usually cause a non-specific depression of the immune system.
  • a patient with a depressed immune system is far more susceptible to develop life-threatening infections and a variety of neoplasia.
  • the low rate of long term success, and serious risks of infection and cancer are the two main challenges now facing the entire field of tissue and organ transplantation.
  • One way to reduce the level of cell surface transplantation antigens is to retard (downregulate) the expression of the transplantation antigen genes.
  • eucaryotic gene expression may be regulated at any of the steps from DNA transcription to RNA translation to protein; and it is generally agreed that gene expression is at the level of transcription. In order for transcription to occur, transcription factors must bind distinct regulatory sites or
  • transcription factors may interact with RNA polymerase or other factors to activate or repress transcription. Some transcription factors are constitutively expressed in specific cells while others may be transiently
  • agents such as actinomycin (an intercalator) have been used to block transcription in a nonspecific manner.
  • a variety of approaches to sequence-specific gene modulation include use of antisense
  • oligonucleotides and antigene oligonucleotides (triple helix formers). These are limited in general or in particular instances.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides block gene expression by targeting mRNA while triple helix forming oligos target double-stranded DNA.
  • triple helix approaches are limited by poor nuclear access, chromatin structure (bypassing
  • dumbbell DNA is converted to a double-stranded form that is no more stable in the nucleus than standard double- stranded DNA molecules.
  • oligonucleotides that mimic the X-Box of MHC-II and that competitively bind the MHC-II transcription factor RF-X. Exposing the cell to such an oligonucleotide can result in production of a MHC-II-depleted cell. That is, the polynucleotide decoys of the invention act as modulators of MHC-II expression.
  • the invention can be used, therefore, to inhibit the expression of HLA molecules on the surface of donor organ/cell, in order to reduce its visibility to the host's immune system.
  • the polynucleotide decoy of the invention is a centrally double-stranded (but potentially lacking as many as two base pairings), "dumbbell" shaped
  • linking cap oligonucleotides that is covalently closed in some embodiments and in other embodiments is linear.
  • the single-stranded caps linking each of the two ends of the polynucleotide decoy are present to stabilize the structure, prevent degradation by exonucleases, and are not intended to be involved in recognition of the protein of interest. Compared to antisense and antigene approaches, target inaccessibility may be of less concern for the
  • polynucleotide decoy because its target is a protein which may be found in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. Lower doses of the polynucleotide decoy may suffice to effectively block transcription of the gene of interest, as compared for example to dosages of nucleotides required for an antisense approach, because transcription factors are ordinarily present in low copy number.
  • Preferred polynucleotide decoys are short
  • polynucleotide decoys have a sequence that mimics the double-stranded sequence of the X-box, with
  • a polynucleotide of the invention results in downregulation of HLA II DR ⁇ proteins or mRNA.
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention can be useful in regulating gene expression in the HLA system and in other systems as well.
  • the invention contemplates the development of a "universal donor cell" reduced in one or more HLA antigens by treatment of the cell with a polynucleotide decoy of the invention.
  • the absence of certain HLA antigens on the surface of donor cells, tissues or organs comprising these cells will cause them not to be recognized as foreign and not to elicit a rejection response.
  • polynucleotide decoys into a cell it is possible to block the expression of MHC class II genes .
  • the target cells or organs of the present invention may be derived from non-human
  • mammalian species made into transplantation antigen- depleted cells or universal donor organs, respectively, by a method of the invention, and subsequently
  • the present invention embodies a class of polynucleotide decoys which comprise: (a) an internal oligonucleotide (I) having a length of X bases, where X is a number from about 10 to about 40; (b) two cap oligonucleotides (P 1 and P 2 ), each having a length of from about 3 to about 8 bases, wherein each of said cap oligonucleotides is comprised of bases which are unable to bind to any other base within the same cap oligonucleotide; (c) a first complementary oligonucleotide (C 1 ) having a length of Q bases, where 0 is a number from about 5 to (X - 5), said C 1 having a 3' to 5' nucleic acid sequence capable of Watson-Crick- type binding to the first Q bases in the 5' to 3' nucleic acid sequence of said I; and (d) a second complementary oligonucleotide (C 2 )
  • the present invention also embodies methods of making the polynucleotide decoys of the invention comprising covalently linking oligonucleotides such that the resulting product has the structure of a polynucleotide decoy of the invention.
  • the present invention embodies methods for making an MHC-II-depleted cell from a target cell, the method comprising: (a) obtaining the target cell; and (b) exposing the target cell to a polynucleotide decoy of the invention, said polynucleotide decoy being preset in an amount sufficient to make the target cell a MHC-II-depleted cell.
  • the present invention additionally embodies the MHC-II-depleted cells prepared by the fore-mentioned method.
  • the present invention further embodies
  • polynucleotide decoys of the invention for use in the preparation of a composition for treating target cells to make them MHC-II-depleted cells.
  • the present invention further embodies MHC-II-depleted donor organs prepared by the method
  • polynucleotide decoy being present in an amount
  • the present invention further embodies methods of treating an individual with an autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunctional expression of an MHC class II antigen, the method comprising administering to that individual a polynucleotide decoy of the invention in an amount sufficient to inhibit expression of the MHC class II antigen.
  • the present invention also embodies methods of treating an individual infected with hepatitis B virus, the method comprising administering to that individual a polynucleotide decoy of the invention, in an amount sufficient to inhibit expression of hepatitis B surface antigen.
  • the present invention further embodies methods of treating an individual infected with cytomegalovirus, the method comprising administering to that individual a polynucleotide decoy of the invention in an amount sufficient to inhibit RF-X binding to the enhanced factor C sites of the cytomegalovirus genome.
  • the present invention further embodies methods of using a polynucleotide decoy to obtain a substantially purified, covalently closed polynucleotide decoy, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a linear polynucleotide decoy of the invention; (b) treating said linear polynucleotide decoy with a kinase enzyme, thereby obtaining 5' phosphorylated polynucleotide decoy; (c) heating said 5' phosphorylated
  • polynucleotide decoy to inactivate said kinase enzyme, thereby obtaining heated, 5' phosphorylated polynucleotide decoy; (d) cooling said heated, 5' phosphorylated polynucleotide decoy mixture slowly to facilitate intramolecular annealing, thereby obtaining cooled, 5' phosphorylated polynucleotide decoy; (e) treating said cooled, 5' phosphorylated polynucleotide decoy with a ligating enzyme, thereby obtaining a covalently closed polynucleotide decoy; and (f) purifying said covalently closed polynucleotide decoy, thereby obtaining a substantially purified, covalently closed polynucleotide decoy.
  • the present invention also embodies nucleic acids comprising a linear polynucleotide decoy of the
  • the present invention further embodies host cells comprising a nucleic acid comprising a linear
  • Figs. 1 - 4 are half-tone reproductions from minigels, visualized with ethidium bromide on an ultraviolet illuminator, showing migration of, and degradation of, the 42-mer oligonucleotide and the polynucleotide decoy, both untreated (Fig. 1) and following various enzymatic treatments, namely (Fig. 2) klenow fragment, (Fig. 3) shrimp alkaline phosphatase, and (Fig. 4) SI nuclease.
  • Fig. 5 is a half-tone reproduction from a gel from an electrophoretic mobility shift assay of RF-X
  • Fig. 6 A-C are graphs summarizing the effects of various decoys and control sequences on the CAT
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of one embodiment of the polynucleotide decoy structure according to the invention. Detailed Description of the Invention
  • the present invention provides an improved source of transplantable cells for medical treatment. These transplantation antigen-depleted cells give rise to improved graft survival rates in the recipient or require lower levels of immunosuppressant drug
  • These cells may also be useful in treating patients with autoimmune disorders
  • transplantation antigen is used to refer to antigenic molecules that are expressed on the cell surface of transplanted cells, either at the time of transplantation, or at some point following transplantation. Generally these antigenic molecules are proteins and glycoproteins .
  • the primary transplantation antigens are products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) , located on chromosome 6 in humans.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • HLA human leukocyte antigen
  • MHC antigens are divided into MHC class I antigens (in humans, this class includes HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens) and MHC class II antigens (in humans, this class includes HLA-DP, -DQ, and -DR antigens).
  • MHC-II antigens MHC class II antigens
  • MHC class II transplantation antigens MHC class II transplantation antigens
  • Transplantation antigens also include cell surface molecules other than MHC class I and II antigens. These antigens include the following: (1) the ABO antigens involved in blood cell recognition; (2) cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM, which is involved in leukocyte cell-cell recognition; and (3) ⁇ 2 -microglobulin, a polypeptide associated with the 44 kd heavy chain polypeptide that comprises the HLA-I antigens but is not encoded by the MHC complex.
  • transplantation antigen nucleotide sequence refers to nucleotide sequences associated with genes encoding transplantation
  • Nucleotide sequences associated with genes include the region of the gene encoding the structural product, including intron and exon regions, and regions upstream of the structural gene associated with transcription, transcription initiation (including transcription factor binding sites), translation initiation, operator and promoter regions, ribosome binding regions, as well as regions downstream of the structural gene, including termination sites.
  • Nucleotide sequences associated with genes also include sequences found on any form of messenger RNA (mRNA) derived from the gene, including the pre-mRNA, spliced mRNA, and polyadenylated mRNA.
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • MHC-II-depleted cell refers to cells that are in some way depleted in the expression of at least one MHC class II transplantation antigen. This depletion may be manifested by a reduced amount of antigen present on the cell surface.
  • the amount of MHC-II antigens on the cell surface can be
  • MHC-II antigens determined by a number of techniques known in the art. Usually such techniques make use of an antibody that specifically binds to the MHC-II antigen, wherein the antibody is linked to a compound that is easily quantified, such as a radionuclide, enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase), or fluorescent dye.
  • a radionuclide e.g., enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase), or fluorescent dye.
  • the techniques for measuring the amount of MHC-II antigens on the cell surface can be performed on living cells or on dead, fixed cell or tissue samples. Preferably the techniques are performed on living cells using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and fluorescently tagged antibodies that specifically bind to an MHC-II antigen.
  • MHC-II-depleted donor organ refers to an organ comprising MHC-II-depleted cells.
  • An MHC-II-depleted cell or an MHC-II-depleted donor organ will have at least one of two properties: (1) the cell or organ will survive in the transplant recipient for time periods significantly longer than normal cells; or (2) the cell or organ will survive in the transplant recipient for time periods commensurate to normal, or untreated, cells or organs, but will require lower doses of immunosuppressive agents to the transplant recipient.
  • oligonucleotides include RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid sequences of more than one nucleotide in either single chain or duplex form.
  • nucleotide as used herein as an adjective to describe molecules comprising RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid sequences of any length in single-stranded or duplex form.
  • nucleotide is also used herein as a noun to refer to individual
  • nucleotides or varieties of nucleotides meaning a molecule, or individual unit in a larger nucleic acid molecule, comprising a purine or pyrimidine, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety, and a phosphate group, or phosphodiester linkage in the case of nucleotides within an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide.
  • nucleotide is also used herein to encompass "modified nucleotides" which comprise at least one modifications (a) an alternative linking group, (b) an analogous form of purine, (c) an analogous form of pyrimidine, or (d) an analogous sugar, all as described herein.
  • polynucleotides and “nucleic acids” are used herein to refer to "straight-chained” molecules, in which the individual nucleotides are joined by linking groups which bridge the 5' carbon of one nucleotide's sugar moiety to the 3' carbon of a second nucleotide's sugar moiety.
  • branch-chained nucleic acids including those with linking groups bridging carbons other than 3' and 5' of two nucleotide may be used in the invention, particularly in the attachment of targeting compounds to polynucleotide decoys.
  • a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule can either be “linear” or “covalently closed”.
  • “Covalently closed” nucleic acids (or polynucleotide decoys) form a
  • linear nucleic acids or (polynucleotide decoys) there would be at least two ends, exactly two ends in a straight-chained molecule and more in a branch chained molecule. Therefore, a straight-chained "linear” nucleic acid or decoy would have both a "5' end”, in which the 5' carbon of the terminal nucleotide is not joined to any other nucleotide, and a "3' end”, in which the 3' carbon of the terminal nucleotide is not joined to any other nucleotide.
  • linear is used herein to refer to any nucleic acid molecules regardless of the degree of folding or degree to which the bases of an individual molecule bind to one
  • phrases "having a length of N bases" or “having a length of N nucleotides” is used herein to describe lengths along a single nucleotide strand, of a nucleic acid molecule, consisting of N individual nucleotides.
  • binding in the phrase “bases which are unable to bind to any other base”, refers to an interaction between the bases of an oligonucleotide which is mediated through base-base hydrogen bonding.
  • One type of binding is “Watson-Crick-type” binding interactions in which adenine-thymine (or adenine-uracil) and guanine-cytosine base-pairs are formed through hydrogen bonding between the bases.
  • An example of this type of binding is the binding traditionally associated with the DNA double helix.
  • oligonucleotides or portions of polynucleotides which are capable of forming Watson-Crick-type binding interactions with another particular oligonucleotide or particular region of a polynucleotide.
  • “complementary” means that all of the bases of the shorter of the two nucleotides, or portions of the nucleotides being discussed, are capable of Watson-Crick-type binding to a particular region of the other longer, or equal sized, oligonucleotide.
  • substantially purified is used herein to describe a polynucleotide or polynucleotide decoy sample which has been separated from other compounds including, but not limited to other nucleic acids, and proteins (such as the enzymes used in the synthesis of the decoy), or the separation of covalently closed polynucleotide decoys from linear decoys.
  • polynucleotide decoy is substantially pure when at least about 60 to 75% of a sample exhibits a single polynucleotide sequence and conformation (linear versus covalently close).
  • a substantially pure polynucleotide decoy typically comprises about 60 to 90% W/W of a nucleic acid sample, more usually about 95%, and preferably is over about 99% pure.
  • Polynucleotide purity or homogeneity may be indicated by a number of means well known in the art, such as agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a sample, followed by visualizing a single polynucleotide band upon staining the gel, as exemplified in Example 7 below. For certain purposes higher resolution can be provided by using HPLC or other means well known in the art .
  • polynucleotide decoys (also referred to herein as just “decoys”) of the invention are derived from the DNA sequence of the X-box, the latter having a sequence as follows: 5 ' -CCCCTAGCAACAGATG-3 '
  • I internal oligonucleotide
  • X is a number from about 10 to about 40, preferably 12 to 25, most preferably 14 to 20.
  • the size of the I segments is bounded on the lower end by their ability to maintain the relative binding affinity of the larger segments to RF-X transcription factors.
  • the size of the I segments is bounded on the upper end by their ability to remain relatively
  • the length limits of the I segment of a decoy can be determined
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention further comprise two cap oligonucleotides (P 1 and P 2 ), each having a length of from about 3 to about 8 bases, preferably 4 to 6 base most preferably 4 bases.
  • Each of the cap oligonucleotides is comprised of bases which are unable to bind to any other base within the same cap oligonucleotide.
  • each of the cap oligonucleotides consists of a single variety of nucleotide comprising a base selected from the group consisting of adenine, cytosine, thymidine, and
  • both of the cap oligonucleotides consist of a single variety of nucleotide comprising a thymidine base.
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention further comprise a first complementary oligonucleotide (C 1 ) having a length of Q bases, where Q is a number from about 5 to (X - 5), said C 1 having a 3' to 5' nucleic acid sequence capable of Watson-Crick-type binding to the first Q bases in the 5' to 3' nucleic acid sequence of said I.
  • C 1 first complementary oligonucleotide having a length of Q bases, where Q is a number from about 5 to (X - 5)
  • said C 1 having a 3' to 5' nucleic acid sequence capable of Watson-Crick-type binding to the first Q bases in the 5' to 3' nucleic acid sequence of said I.
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention further comprise a second complementary oligonucleotide (C 2 ) having a length of Z bases, where Z is a number greater than equal to about 5 and from ((X - (Q + about X/8 )) to [X - Q), said C 2 having a 5' to 3' nucleic acid sequence capable of Watson-Crick-type binding to the first Z bases in the 3' to 5' nucleic acid sequence of said I.
  • the entire C 2 segment beginning with its 5' end is able to bind to the first Z bases of the I segment beginning with its 3' end, and the C 1 and C 2 segments are at least about five nucleotides in length.
  • the minimal length of the complementary oligonucleotide (C 2 ) having a length of Z bases, where Z is a number greater than equal to about 5 and from ((X - (Q + about X/8 )) to [X - Q), said C 2 having a 5' to
  • oligonucleotides is bounded on the lower end by their ability to effectively anneal to the I segment and maintain the polynucleotide decoy's relative
  • a lower limit on the size of the C 1 and C 2 segments can be determined empirically by one of skill in the art.
  • the upper limit on the size of each of the C 1 and C 2 segments is determined by the size of the I segment and the size of the other complementary oligonucleotide, such that the combined length of the C 1 and C 2 segments can not be longer than the I segment.
  • a decoy of the invention comprising an I segment of 16 nucleotides in length could have a gap between its C 1 and C 2 segments of up to about 2 nucleotides.
  • the maximal length of this gap is bounded by the decoy's relative insensitivity to exonucleases.
  • the maximal length of this gap between the C 1 and the C 2 segments can be determined empirically by one of skill in the art.
  • the C 1 and C 2 segments are of roughly equal length, and the polynucleotide decoys of the invention contain no gap between the C 1 and the C 2 segments.
  • polynucleotide decoys of the invention are comprised of an RF-X recognition sequence of Type-1 or Type-2, in at least one of the oligonucleotides selected from the group consisting of C 1 , C 2 , and I.
  • RF-X proteins comprise a family of DNA-binding proteins of which they have cloned three members, RF-X1, RF-X2, and RF-X3, from humans and mice.
  • Members of the RFX family constitute the nuclear complexes that have been previously
  • enhancer factor C referred to as enhancer factor C, EP, methylation-dependent DNA-binding protein, and rpL30 ⁇ ;
  • RF-X proteins share five strongly conserved regions which include the two domains required for DNA binding and dimerization, resulting in very similar DNA-binding specificities.
  • Y* is either a 5-methyl cytosine or a thymidine residue.
  • an RF-X recognition sequence is derived from the following "decoy RF-X consensus sequence": 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 5 ' -N T Y* N Y N R Y* N N N N A Y R R A N- 3 '
  • N is any nucleotide
  • R is a nucleotide comprising a purine, preferably an adenine or guanine deoxyribonucleotide
  • Y is a nucleotide comprising a pyrimidine, preferably a cytosine or thymidine deoxyribonucleotide;
  • Y* is a nucleotide comprising a 5-methylated pyrimidine, preferably a 5-methyl cytosine or a
  • A is a nucleotide comprising an adenine
  • adenine deoxyribonucleotide preferably an adenine deoxyribonucleotide
  • the nucleotide at position 3 may also be any nucleotide comprising a pyrimidine, preferably a cytosine, a 5-methyl cytosine, or a thymidine
  • the nucleotide at position 10 is preferably a nucleotide comprising guanine, more preferably a guanine deoxyribonucleotide.
  • RF-X recognition sequence is used herein to refer to both “Type-1 RF-X recognition sequences” and “Type-2 RF-X recognition sequences”, each defined hereafter.
  • Type-1 RF-X recognition sequence refers to a nucleotide sequence, which: (1) has a span of the decoy RF-X consensus sequence of at least about 8 nucleotides in length; (2) comprises at least one of the spans selected from the following groups: (a) the nucleotides from positions 3 through 8 (5'-Y*-N-Y-N-R-Y* -3 '), and (b) the nucleotides from position 8 through 14 (5'-Y* -N-N-N-N-A-Y-3 ') of the decoy RF-X consensus sequence; and (3) may contain up to about 2 non-adjacent changes to the decoy RF-X consensus sequence, said changes being selected from the group consisting of (a) the insertion of a single nucleotide into a span of the decoy RF-X consensus sequence, (b) the deletion of a single nucleotide from the span of the decoy RF-X consensus sequence
  • Type-2 RF-X recognition sequence refers to a nucleotide sequence, which: (1) has a span of the decoy RF-X consensus sequence of at least 12 nucleotides in length; (2) comprises at least one of the spans selected from the following groups: (a) the nucleotides from positions 3 through 8
  • binding can be demonstrated by any method known in the art, including for example methods that directly measure binding like the
  • a polynucleotide decoy of the invention mimics the X-box sequence, but is capped by short DNA oligonucleotides, preferably consisting of thymidine nucleotides, on the ends to improve
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention are linear in some embodiments and covalently closed in other embodiments.
  • Initial experiments have indicated that the linear molecules have a marginally high affinity to RF-X transcription factors, while the covalently closed molecules have a marginally greater stability, being less sensitive to exonucleases.
  • the choice of linear versus covalently closed decoys can be made on the basis of the requirements of a particular method or use of the invention for affinity and stability.
  • the invention is particularly drawn to the
  • polynucleotide decoys consisting essentially of an oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of: RF-X : 5'-CTAGGGGTTTTCCCCTAGCAACAGATGTTTTCATCTGTTG-3',
  • RF-X-2 5'-GACTGGGTTTTCCCAGTCCATACGAAGTTTTCTTCGTATG-3', 42 mer: 5'-GCTAGGGGTTTTTCCCCTAGCAACAGATGTTTTTCATCTGTT- 3',
  • the polynucleotide decoys and other nucleic acids of the invention usually comprise the naturally- occurring bases, sugars and phosphodiester linkages.
  • any of the hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars may be replaced by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected by a standard protecting group, or activated to prepare additional linkages to additional nucleotides, or may be conjugated to solid supports. If the 5' and 3' terminal OH groups are free they may be phosphorylated or substituted with amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Other hydroxyl groups may also be derivatized to standard protecting groups.
  • nucleotides or oligonucleotides which comprise the polynucleotide decoys or other nucleic acids of the invention are usually covalently bonded by phosphodiester linkages, one or more of which may be replaced by alternative linking groups.
  • covalently linked is used herein to refer to the joining of two or more nucleotides by
  • phosphodiester linkages or alternative linking groups include, but are not limited to embodiments wherein phosphate is replaced by P(O)S ("thioate”), P(S)S ("dithioate”), P(O)NR 2
  • each R or R' is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-20C) optionally containing an ether (-O-) linkage, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or aralkyl. Not all linkages in an oligomer need to be identical.
  • pyrimidines are those generally known in the art, many of which are used as chemotherapeutic agents.
  • An exemplary but not exhaustive list includes
  • aziridinylcytosine 4 -acetylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, inosine, N6-iso-pentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyamino-methyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine,
  • uracil as a substitute base for thymine in deoxyribonucleic acid (hereinafter referred to as "dU") is considered to be an "analogous" form of pyrimidine in this invention.
  • the oligonucleotides of polynucleotide decoys of the invention may contain analogous forms of ribose or deoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art.
  • An exemplary, but not exhaustive list includes 2' substituted sugars such as 2'-O-methyl-, 2'-O-allyl, 2'-fluoro- or 2'-azido-ribose, carbocyclic sugar analogs, ⁇ -anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such as arabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars, sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs and abasic nucleoside analogs such as methyl riboside.
  • polynucleotide decoys of the invention may be comprised of short (the equivalent of up to 3 nucleotides in length) "spacer compounds" which duplicate the length and spacial geometry of a nucleotide, but do not engage in Watson-Crick-type binding with other nucleotides, and are not subject to cleavage by endonucleases.
  • spacer compounds which duplicate the length and spacial geometry of a nucleotide, but do not engage in Watson-Crick-type binding with other nucleotides, and are not subject to cleavage by endonucleases.
  • oligonucleotides which comprise the polynucleotide decoys (I, P 1 , P 2 , C 1 , and C 2 ) of the invention are considered to encompass oligonucleotides in which up to about 3 nucleotides are replaced with one or more of the spacer compounds that are known in the art .
  • Such replacements may be used to overcome the sensitivity of a decoy of the invention to particular endonucleases. If, for example, the stability of a particular decoy of the invention were found to be compromised by the cleavage of a particular
  • one or more of the nucleotides at the cleavage site could be replaced by a spacer compound.
  • inventions are preferably comprised of greater than 50% conventional deoxyribose nucleotides, and most
  • the invention embodies nucleic acids comprising a linear polynucleotide decoy of the invention.
  • the nucleic acids of the invention include expression vectors, amplification vectors, and PCR-suitable nucleic acids.
  • the invention embodies amplification vectors, which comprise a decoy of the invention, and an origin of replication.
  • amplification vectors further comprise restriction endonuclease sites flanking the decoy, so as to facilitate cleavage and purification of the decoy from the remainder of the amplification vector, and a selectable marker, so as to facilitate amplification of the amplification vector.
  • the restriction endonuclease sites in the amplification vector are situated such that cleavage at those site would result in no other amplification vector fragments of a similar size.
  • such an amplification vector may be
  • transfected into a host cell compatible with the origin of replication of said amplification vector wherein the host cell is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, preferably a mammalian, insect, yeast, or bacterial cell, most preferably an Escherichia coli cell.
  • the resulting transfected host cells may be grown by culture methods known in the art, preferably under selection compatible with the selectable marker (e.g., antibiotics).
  • the amplification vectors can be isolated and purified by methods known in the art
  • the decoy of the invention can be cleaved with restriction enzymes that specifically cleave at the restriction
  • the decoy of the invention can be purified from its complementary fragment by repeatedly heating the double stranded decoy fragments, and allowing them to
  • linear polynucleotides comprising a decoy of the invention may be amplified by PCR.
  • the PCR method is well known in the art and described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 and Saiki, R.K., et al., Science (1988) 239.487-491, and European patent applications 86302298.4, 86302299.2 and 87300203.4, as well as Methods in Enzymology (1987) 155:335-350.
  • the amplified DNA may then be recovered, in a single-stranded or dumbbell conformation, using conventional techniques, as well as those described above for decoys derived from amplification vectors.
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention can also be derivatized in various ways.
  • the decoys can be derivatized by attaching a nuclear localization signal to it to improve targeted delivery to the nucleus.
  • a nuclear localization signal is the heptapeptide PKKKRKV (pro-lys-lys-lys-arg-lys-val).
  • PKKKRKV pro-lys-lys-lys-lys-arg-lys-val
  • the nuclear localization signal is attached via a modified loop nucleotide or spacer that forms a branching structure .
  • one or more of the oligonucleotides of the decoy may be derivatized to a solid support to permit chromatographic separation. If the decoy is to be used to label the target
  • the oligonucleotide of the decoy will be derivatized to include a radionuclide, a fluorescent molecule, a chromophore or the like.
  • polynucleotide decoy of the invention may be derivatized to include ligands and/or delivery vehicles which provide
  • polynucleotide decoys of the invention may be linked or combined with any targeting or delivery agent known in the art, including but not limited to, cell penetration enhancers, lipofectin, liposomes, dendrimers, DNA intercalators, and
  • nanoparticles for use in the delivery of the polynucleotide decoys of the invention are particles of less than about 50
  • the delivery vehicles used to target the polynucleotide decoys of the invention may further comprise any cell specific or general targeting agents known in the art, and will have a specific trapping efficiency to the target cells or organs of from about 5 to about 35%.
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention may be used ex vivo in a method of obtaining MHC-II-depleted cells from target cells.
  • the cells are created by incubation of the target cell with one or more of the above-described decoys under standard conditions for uptake of nucleic acids, including electroporation or lipofection.
  • the concentration of decoys of the invention in a solution prepare to treat target cells or organs is from about 0.1 to about 100 ⁇ M, preferably 0.5 to 50 ⁇ M, most preferably from 1 to 10 ⁇ M.
  • the oligonucleotides can be modified or co-administered for targeted delivery to the nucleus. Improved oligonucleotide stability is expected in the nucleus due to: (1) lower levels of DNases and RNases; and (2) higher oligonucleotide concentrations due to lower total volume.
  • the decoys of the invention can be covalently bonded to biotin to form a biotin-decoy prodrug by methods known in the art, and co-administered with a receptor ligand bound to avidin or receptor specific antibody bound to avidin, wherein the receptor is capable of causing uptake of the resulting decoy-biotin-avidin complex into the cells.
  • Receptors that cause uptake are known to those of skill in the art.
  • the target cell is selected from corneal endothelial cells, thyroid cells, parathyroid cells, brain cells, adrenal gland cells, bone marrow cells, pancreatic islet cells, hepatic cells, lymphoid cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, chondrocytes, endocrine cells, renal cells, cardiac muscle cells, keratinocytes, and hair follicle cells.
  • the target cell is selected from corneal endothelial cells, thyroid cells,
  • parathyroid cells brain cells, adrenal gland cells, bone marrow cells, pancreatic islet cells
  • keratinocytes keratinocytes, and hepatic cells.
  • the above-described decoys may be incorporated into a vector through methods well known in the art, and then
  • the target cell When using an expression vector, the target cell will continue to express an RNA version of a decoy of the invention for at least a period of time following transplant.
  • this invention is applicable to the field of solid organ transplants. Organs are normally perfused ex vivo prior to transplantation. By adding an amount of the above-described oligonucleotides to the
  • MHC-II-depleted cells can be created from perfusion-accessible cells in the organ to create an MHC-II-depleted organ useful in solid organ
  • any transplantable organ is a potential target organ for this invention.
  • the target organ is selected from the group consisting of heart, liver, kidney, adrenal cortex, lung, intestine, pancreas, cornea and skin.
  • the target organ is selected from the group consisting of heart, kidney, liver, cornea, and skin.
  • polynucleotide decoys directly into the transplanted organ within several days after the transplant is within the scope of this invention. Also, sustained releases of the of these drugs are also contemplated.
  • polynucleotide decoys of this invention are useful in creating the MHC-II-depleted cells of this invention. These cells are then directly transplanted to an individual.
  • an individual, treated with the cells or decoys of the invention can be any animal, preferably any mammal, most preferably a human.
  • polynucleotide decoys of this invention are also useful in treating autoimmune diseases
  • autoimmune diseases characterized by dysfunctional or aberrant expression of an MHC class II antigen include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis, pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
  • the oligonucleotides described herein may be administered systemically in an amount
  • RF-X1 is a transcription factor that was initially cloned by virtue of its affinity for the X-box motif, a conserved cis-acting regulatory element present in the promoters of all MHC class II genes from all species examined. RF-X was subsequently also found to bind with high affinity to the inverted repeats known as enhanced factor C (EF-C) sites, which are cis-acting regulatory elements present in the enhancers of several unrelated viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), polyomavirus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Among these EF-C sites, the functional importance of the site in the HBV enhancer (EnhI) has been clearly
  • oligonucleotides have been shown to inhibit expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen gene, which is under the control of Enhl.
  • RF-X1 was shown to be a potent transactivator of Enhl in vivo (Siegrist et al . (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6375-6384).
  • the invention embodies methods of treating an individual infected with viruses, which contain EF-C sites in their gene regulator elements (e.g., in enhancers or near transcription initiation sites), said methods of treatment comprising the systemic
  • viruses which contain EF-C sites in their gene regulator elements may be determined by the methods described by Reith et al . (1994) Mol. and Cell. Biol. 14: 1230-1244.
  • viruses include, for example, hepatitis B and
  • the decoy of the invention is administered in an amount sufficient to inhibit
  • the method comprises administering to that individual a polynucleotide decoy of the invention in an amount sufficient to inhibit RF-X binding to the enhanced factor C sites of the cytomegalovirus genome.
  • cytomegalovirus EF-C sites cytomegalovirus EF-C sites
  • cytomegalovirus EF-C sites cytomegalovirus EF-C sites
  • the use of the decoys of the invention for the treatment of cytomegalovirus is particularly directed to the prevention of the onset of cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV infected patients.
  • the decoys of the invention can be used as a prophylaxis in any HIV infected patient.
  • the HIV- induced suppression of the immune system is thought to allow the normally benign cytomegalovirus to cross the blood-retina barrier, infecting the choroid and retinal tissues, and cause blindness.
  • the polynucleotide decoys of the invention are characterized structurally and by their ability to bind to RF-X transcription factors, regardless of the specific mechanisms of RF-X binding, or the mechanism of the effect thereof.
  • Example 1 Synthesis of a polynucleotide decoy
  • a linear, HPLC purified 42-mer oligonucleotide was purchased from Keystone Labs (Menlo Park, CA).
  • the sequence of the linear 42-mer oligonucleotide is as follows:
  • the 42-mer oligonucleotide was phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase, then heated to inactivate the kinase, and subsequently allowed to anneal by cooling slowly to room temperature. It was then ligated with T4 DNA ligase.
  • Example 2 Purification of a polynucleotide decoy
  • the polynucleotide decoy (about 20 ⁇ g per lane) was run on a
  • the DNA was visualized on a silica gel plate using UV light.
  • the band of interest was excised, "crushed and soaked” in detergent buffer, and purified through a Sep-pak C 18 reverse-phase column.
  • FIG. 1 shows a print from a minigel, visualized with ethidium bromide on an ultraviolet illuminator.
  • the polynucleotide decoy (Lane 5) migrated faster than the unligated linear 42-mer (Lane 8).
  • nuclease SI a nuclease that is relatively single-strand specific at high salt and low enzyme conditions.
  • Figs. 2 - 4 are prints from minigels showing results from the enzymatic treatments, visualized with ethidium bromide on an ultraviolet illuminator.
  • Klenow fragment acts as a 3' to 5' exonuclease, degrading from free 3'-hydroxyl termini.
  • Fig. 3 shows migration of the untreated polynucleotide decoy (Lane 2) and the untreated linear oligonucleotide (Lane 3); after 8 hours of enzyme treatment, the linear
  • Fig. 3 shows identical migration of the treated polynucleotide decoy (Lane 6) and the untreated polynucleotide decoy (Lane 5) ; treated linear
  • phosphorylated oligonucleotide (Lane 4) are all shortened.
  • SI nuclease degrades single strand DNA more rapidly than double stranded DNA under reaction conditions of high salt and low enzyme concentration.
  • the polynucleotide decoy should be comparatively resistant to the treatment, and the middle portion is base paired.
  • Fig. 4 shows migration of untreated polynucleotide decoy (Lane 8) and untreated
  • polynucleotide decoy of the invention and by a
  • the binding assays were performed generally as described in Hasegawa et al . (1991), Nucleic Acids Res . , Vol. 19(6), pp. 1243-9, under the following conditions.
  • the samples were preincubated for 10 minutes on ice with: binding buffer, polydldC, RF-X (from rabbit reticulocyte lysate), and a competitor (one of: polynucleotide decoy, X-box probe,
  • FIG. 5 is an autoradiograph of a gel showing the results for RF-X preincubated with: (Lane 1) double strand X box probe (100 excess compared to 32 P-labelled probe); (Lane 2) control (no DNA added); (Lane 3) polynucleotide decoy (100 fold excess); (Lane 4) polynucleotide decoy (200 fold excess); (Lane 5) non-specific double-stranded 10-mer (500 fold excess); (Lane 6) non-specific double-stranded 10-mer (500 fold excess); (Lane 7) control (no DNA added).
  • Example 5 Activity of the Polynucleotide Decoys in Cells is Measured by Flow Cytometry:
  • the effect of the polynucleotide decoy on HLA II DR ⁇ gene expression are determined using fluorescence flow cytometry. Fluorescently tagged antibodies are used for fluorescence-activated cell sorting ("FACS") analysis of HLA II DR ⁇ cell surface expression. An RNAse protection assay is used to determine the levels of HLA II DR ⁇ mRNA.
  • the polynucleotide decoy may inhibit constitutively expressed HLA or inducible HLA (for example, ⁇ -IFN inducible), or both inducible and constitutively expressed HLA. Many different human cell lines are used to assay for specific inhibition; as noted above, for example, the B-lymphoma cell line Raji constitutively expresses HLA class II; the HeLa S3 cell line is inducible with ⁇ -IFN.
  • Oligonucleotides were purchased from either Keystone Laboratories (Menlo).
  • Oligonucleotides used to make polynucleotide decoys Internal double stranded sequences underlined.
  • RF-X-2 5'-GACTGGGTTTTCCCAGTCCATACGAAGTTTTCTTCGTATG-3'
  • NF-/CB 5 -TCCCTTGGTTTTCCAAGGGACTTTCCGCTTTTGCGGAAAG-3'
  • the phosphorylated oligo reaction mixture was heated to 80-90°C for 10 minutes to inactivate the kinase and to remove secondary structure. It was cooled slowly to room temperature (3 hours) to
  • Ligation was performed with a 3 -fold molar excess of T4 DNA ligase (USB), 5% polyethylene glycol, 66 mM Tris HCl pH 7.6, 6.6 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT, and 66 mM ATP at 16 °C for 48 hours. The sample was frozen at -20°C.
  • USB T4 DNA ligase
  • Nuclease Reactions The reaction product (at various stages) was tested for resistance to various nucleases: shrimp alkaline phosphatase (USB), Klenow fragment of e. coli (Worthington), and SI nuclease (Worthington) , and Mae I (Boehringer Mannheim). Purification . Ligated material was separated from unreacted material on a 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gel. For the gel shift assay, ligated products were sliced from the gel and transferred to a microfuge tube, then crushed and soaked (in TE, pH 7.8) overnight in a 37°C shaking water bath. It was then Speed Vac ' d (Savant) until dry.
  • the decoy was then reconstituted to a concentration of 10 pmol/ml for the gel shift assay.
  • oligos were eluted from gel slices using BioRad's Model 422 electro-eluter, then ethanol precipitated.
  • polyacrylamide gel and subjecting the products to various nucleases.
  • the polynucleotide decoy was degraded more slowly by SI nuclease (a relatively single-strand specific nuclease) compared to the non-ligated SI nuclease (a relatively single-strand specific nuclease) compared to the non-ligated SI nuclease (a relatively single-strand specific nuclease) compared to the non-ligated SI nuclease (a relatively single-strand specific nuclease) compared to the non-ligated
  • the polynucleotide decoy was completely resistant to shrimp alkaline phosphatase.
  • the polynucleotide decoy was cleaved more readily into 2 segments by the restriction enzyme Mae I, which recognizes the double-strand sequence 5'-CTAG found in the polynucleotide decoy. All nuclease reactions were analyzed using gel electrophoresis as described in Example 2.
  • Example 7 Staining to Distinguish Between Covalently Closed Polynucleotide Decoys & Single-stranded
  • decoys are analyzed on polyacrylamide gels to determine purity (i.e., shorter failed sequences) or to check for secondary structure (such as hairpins or dumbbells) .
  • Two non-radioactive stains are used to visualize such decoys on polyacrylamide gels: ethidium bromide and methylene blue. Methylene blue has been advocated as an inexpensive, non-toxic
  • Ethidium bromide has an advantage when looking for oligo secondary structure because it preferentially stains
  • double-stranded oligos at low concentrations and differentiate between them.
  • Table 1 illustrates the minimum amounts of single- and double-stranded oligos of variable
  • Double-stranded oligos were analyzed on non-denaturing 20% gels
  • Running buffer (1.25x TBE) included 0.5 mg/ml ethidium bromide. After 1.5 hours of electrophoresis at 150 V (-15 mAmp) , the gel was removed from the cassette and photographed in the dark using a Polaroid camera and ultraviolet light source. Immediately after photography, the gel was stained for approximately 5 minutes using 0.02%
  • Table 1 Approximate amounts (mg) of oligonucleotide detectable with methylene blue and ethidium bromide.
  • the direct binding assay was able to test whether or not a radiolabeled polynucleotide decoy was able to directly bind to RF-X transcription factors.
  • the competition assay was able to test whether a decoy was able to compete with a radiolabeled control sequence, usually the double-stranded extended X-box, also referred to as "AX", for binding to RF-X.
  • RF-X transcription factors were obtained from a nuclear extracts and incubated with the polynucleotide decoy of interest.
  • the competition assay the competing oligo was added to see if it could displace the other oligo from RF-X. The mixtures were then run on a gel, and radioactive bands were detectable by autoradiography.
  • Nuclear extracts containing RF-X transcription factors, were obtained from Raji cells using the method of Ohlsson et al . (1986), Cell, Vol. 45(1), pp. 35-44. Direct Binding Assay Condi tions
  • binding buffer (12 mM HEPES-KOH, 12% glycerol, 60 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.12 mM EDTA, 0.3 mM DTT)
  • Competi tion Assay Condi tions similar to the assay performed by Hasegawa et al . (1991), Nucleic Acids Res . , Vol. 19(6), pp. 1243-9)
  • DRA X-box probe 50-mer (the sequence of which is described by Hasegawa et al. (1991), Nucleic Acids Res . , Vol. 19(6), pp. 1243-9) was added and incubated for 30 minutes.
  • Lane 1 demonstrated RF-X transcription factor binding to the hot AX probe.
  • Lane 2 demonstrated that the cold AX probe was able to compete off the hot AX probe (cold AX in a 30-fold excess).
  • the 16 bp X-box, M6 decoy, unligated M6 decoy, RF-X-2 decoy, unligated RF-X-2 decoy, unligated RF-X decoy T5, and unligated ⁇ .B mutant (lanes 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12, respectively) demonstrated no measurable binding to the RF-X transcription factors.
  • the RF-X decoy (lane 4) bound to RF-X, as did the unligated RF-X decoy (lane 5) and the RF-X decoy T5 (lane 10), but the latter 2 to a lesser degree.
  • Lane 1 When the Competition Assay was performed, Lane 1 exhibited RF-X transcription factor binding to the hot AX probe. For competition to occur, the competing oligo should "displace" the hot AX probe from the RF-X transcription factors.
  • the oligos containing the core X-box sequence could compete with hot AX for binding to RF-X; cold AX (lane 2), unligated RF-X decoy (lanes 3, 4, 9), RF-X decoy (lanes 5, 6), RF-X decoy T5 (lane 7), and 16 bp X-box (lane 9). Lane 11, the KB mutant, did not compete, nor did a non-specific 20-mer oligo (lane 12).
  • MHC Class II expressing Raji cells (ATCC COWL 86, a human Burkitt's lymphoma B-cell line) were grown in RPMI 1640 medium with fetal bovine serum
  • Plasmids The plasmid pDRASCAT has been described previously (Tsang et al . (1990), Mol. Cell. Biol., Vol 10(2), pp. 711-719; and Voliva et al . (1992), Mol.
  • CAT assays Cells were harvested for CAT assays approximately 48 hours after electroporation. The polynucleotide decoys and other oligonucleotides were synthesized as described in Example 6. CAT assays were performed using the method of Neumann et al . (1987), Biotechniques. Vol. 5(5), pp. 444-447, which involves measurement of CAT by scintillation counting. Counts were directly proportional to CAT activity.
  • Doubled stranded X-box DNA demonstrated no effect on CAT activity. While unligated RF-X decoy, RF-X-2 decoy, and RF-X decoy all decrease CAT activity significantly.
  • Figure 6B (plasmid, unlig RF-X decoy, cells only) : Unligated RF-X decoy, again decreased CAT
  • Figure 6C (plasmid, unlig M6 mutant, unlig ⁇ B mutant, unlig RF-X decoy T4 , unlig RF-X decoy T5) :

Abstract

Classe découverte récemment de leurres polynucléotidiques pouvant inhiber de manière compétitive la liaison des facteurs de transcription à la séquence de case X. Cette liaison est nécessaire à l'expression des gènes du complexe d'histocompatibilité majeure II( MHC-II). On a également prévu des procédés de préparation de ces leurres polynucléotidiques, et leurs procédés de mise en ÷uvre. Plus spécialement, on a mis en évidence une classe de leurres polynucléotidiques qui imitent la case X du MHC-II et se lient de manière compétitive au facteur de transcription RF-X de MHC-II, ce qui provoque la modulation de l'expression des antigènes de MHC-II. Par conséquent, l'invention est utilisable dans l'inhibition de l'expression des molécules de HLA à la surface des cellules donneuses ou des organes donneurs, dans le but de les rendre invisibles vis-à-vis du système immunitaire de l'hôte, ou dans des procédés de traitement d'un individu atteint d'une maladie auto-immune caractérisée par une expression défaillante d'un antigène de MHC de classe II. Par ailleurs, eu égard à la participation du RF-X à l'expression de plusieurs protéines virales, lesdits leurres polynucléotidiques sont utilisables dans des procédés de traitement d'un individu infecté par le virus de l'hépatite B ou le cytomégalovirus.
PCT/US1994/008667 1993-07-29 1994-07-29 Leurres polynucleotidiques inhibant l'expression du complexe d'histocompatibilite majeure ii, et applications WO1995004064A1 (fr)

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