WO1994026993A1

WO1994026993A1 - Use of natural fibres for façade elements and process for producing the same

Info

Publication number: WO1994026993A1
Application number: PCT/DE1994/000556
Authority: WO
Inventors: Klaus Steglich; Wolfgang Leucht; Wolfgang Thumann
Original assignee: Domstift Brandenburg
Priority date: 1993-05-14
Filing date: 1994-05-11
Publication date: 1994-11-24
Also published as: FI955440A; AU6644394A; CZ298195A3; FI955440A0; NO954551L; PL311577A1; EP0700477A1; SK138595A3; NO954551D0

Abstract

Natural fibres, in particular sheep's wool, is used to produce building elements for fashioning façades of buildings and surfaces of supporting constructions in a durable manner. Also disclosed is a process for producing such building elements. Known façade facings made of coated glass and mineral wools, artificial foams, plastics in general and even metals have for some time now not gone without criticism. Thus the use of organic fibrous materials as surface linings gains increasingly in significance in the ecological building industry. In order to obtain durable heat-insulating and sound-proofing linings and facings of surfaces of supporting constructions and building façades which are also capable of binding pollutants, strongly compacted webs of animal wool are processed with slightly compacted webs or strips of flutty fleece, wool felt, braided fabrics and/or foils, and are used as façade, lining and/or insulating elements and/or as pollutant-binding elements. For that purpose, easy-to-mount small and large-surface building elements with and without insulations have been developed both for renovating old buildings and for new buildings.

Description

Use of natural fibers for facade elements and manufacturing processes therefor

The invention relates to the use of natural fibers for facade elements and manufacturing processes therefor.

The use of reeds, straw and other plant fibers as well as braids made of them, with or without the use of binders, as roof covering and external cladding of buildings, as a screen and sun visor, as well as in a wide range of possible uses, such as plaster bases, loose and pressed mixtures for insulation, has long been used , known in construction.

For example, from DE 29 50 055 a method and devices for insulating buildings using, for example, straw mats, which are hung on pins previously hammered into the masonry and applied to the straw mats so fastened in at least two layers of plaster, known.

DE 31 30 724 describes a sprayable insulating material using organic fibers as heat and sound insulation and a method for producing the sprayable insulating material. DE document 34 01 415 names as a subject of protection a. made from wood

Facade cladding as adhesive, water-repellent thermal shingle.

DE - documents 35 30 052 and 39 07 020 describe thermal insulation mats, consisting of a bag-like covering or a flame-retardant casing, into which peat is introduced as the heat-insulating material. DE document 40 12 310 describes a lightweight construction element that can also be used as a facade element, which in a traditional way from a straw - clay -

There is a mixture and is surrounded by a profiled frame.

Other manufacturing processes for building materials using natural fiber material known in the literature, the patent literature and in practice relate

REPLACEMENT LEAF exclusively on building materials that are used under an outer shell of buildings or between load-bearing and supporting components, namely as thermal insulation, impact sound insulation and in interior construction as sound insulation elements or partitions and / or interior cladding

For example, DE-12 217 discloses the use of wool and hair as insulation material, which form an insulating core. The isothermal material thus formed is encased by a paper layer covered with adhesive. A similar isothermal package is described in US Pat. No. 1,442,326 DE document 34 13 877 relates to a sound absorbing and heat insulating

Leather powder composition made of finely dispersed leather powder with a content of synthetic resin for cladding surfaces and for casting molded bodies. DE document 35 40 001 describes thermal insulation boards made from natural products, including from animal natural fibers, which are bound with a water-soluble natural adhesive and with a fire-retardant and rot-preventing component Borax or boric acid are added to one

Thermal insulation board using animal natural fibers and other organic raw materials and waste materials, which are pressed with a water-soluble adhesive under considerable pressure, are the subject of DE document 35 45 001. DE document 40 11 657 discloses a method for producing bonded flat components from textiles Products which are pressed with the aid of binders, pressure and temperature and are used as partitions, insulation and impact sound insulation. Sheep wool as insulation material in a casing or as insulation material in a dam zone delimited by existing structural elements is the subject of DE document 41 08 110 A thermal insulation board for DE 42 429 392 describes the building construction in such a way that a panel optionally made of natural fibers is provided on at least one side with a coating agent

The known methods for the production of components and the building materials themselves and their use for cladding and designing building facades and surfaces

REPLACEMENT LEAF Load-bearing constructions, such as coated glass and stone wool and artificial foams as well as plastics in general and also metals, have not been viewed without criticism for some time. The ecologically and economically unacceptable high energy applications for the production of design elements and cladding, especially if they are also supposed to perform heat and sound-insulating functions, as well as the problems in the disposal of plastic-containing components in particular, are environmentally conscious building owners looking for alternative cladding and surface designs from natural fibers, especially those that are also suitable as insulation materials.

With the exception of reeds and some types of straw, building materials made from vegetable raw materials or waste products are only used as surface designs and cladding if, as described, they are usually mixed, often with ecologically questionable binders, pressed, molded and / or dried and additionally provided with a sealing, also ecologically questionable outer skin or layer.

Natural fibers in the form of animal hair or wool are used only as insulation between the components as sewn, foamed or needled webs or only because of the insufficient internal stability of the elements made from them, because of the required sheathing and the shapes of the components for structural, physical and aesthetic reasons / and used using binders.

The object of the invention is to use a sufficiently available raw material of biological origin, already known as an insulating material, for permanent thermal and sound-insulating design of surface-supporting structures and building facades made of a raw material which is ecologically harmless in every respect and which can be produced with the least energy expenditure and is easy to handle , is light and in thermal and acoustic insulation comparable parameters to mineral fiber and foamed

REPLACEMENT LEAF This task includes the development of such building materials and the procedure for their manufacture. Furthermore, the use of this raw material should serve as a building material for the cladding of surface-bearing structures, in particular noise protection devices on highways and roads, in order to simultaneously bind air pollutants

The object of the invention is also to find cladding and enclosures of load-bearing structures in regions or rooms for binding or neutralizing pollutants. Furthermore, it is also a task to use naturally renewable raw materials while maintaining their essential natural properties as new aesthetic and alternative

Exterior wall designs and cladding of surfaces supporting structures and building facades to be used

According to the invention, this object is achieved in that animal wool, in particular sheep wool, is used in a correspondingly processed form as a building material as a raw material for permanent warm and sound-insulating cladding and design of surface-supporting structures and building facades and for binding pollutants. Owing to their properties, sheep's wool is outstandingly suitable for facade insulation, insulation and cladding. The permanent design of building facades and surface-bearing structures made of natural fibers is carried out using processes and / or in a combination of several process steps and consists of animal wool, in particular sheep's wool, of faeces, Urine and dirt are cleaned, provided as washed raw wool with a content of lanolin, the wool is passed in a conventional manner for coarse dissolving into a carding machine, through a carding machine, a transverse layer, to a needle machine and pest control agents and / or impregnation agents are added In this way, highly compressed webs of felt, which are intended for future use, are further processed in accordance with the invention by producing, in the same way, low-density webs of fluffy wool fleece, which are cut into strips, the width of which is determined d the battens on the building or the surface of the supporting structure, soften the ones to be manufactured

REPLACEMENT LEAF Facade and cladding and / or dam elements and / or pollutant-binding elements are to be attached, and these strips of fluffy wool fleece are placed at a defined distance on the web of felt and positioned in front of the needle machine in a subsequent repeated needle operation with only in the area of Fluffy wool fleece needles, the fluffy wool fleece strips lying on the felt are needled with the felt

Special additions to the design of this manufacturing process of building materials with fluffy wool fleece additionally needled in the manner described provide that certain zones of the fluffy wool fleece located on the felt web are not needled and / or needles and / or needles which are ecologically harmless on one or both sides are needled with the felt web and / or a film, in particular a self-adhesive, applied before a drying process and connected to the felt in the drying oven and / or a stable fabric protected against corrosion between two felt webs with barbs that spread upwards and downwards at approximately a right angle to the course of the braid and the felt webs between rotating press rolls with the braid Permanently bonded and / or impregnation of the surface and further solidifications are carried out. Mixtures with other animal hair or / and wool or / and other natural fibers, also from residual and waste products, lie depending on the intended use Purpose in the field of the invention, but must be proportioned in such a way that the advantages of using sheep's wool are not eliminated

From the webs of felt and fleece manufactured in this way, needles felted with nonwoven, needles felted with foil and / or nonwoven, felt joined with non-needled foil, felt pressed with barbs on a braid, needles felted with nonwoven strips and felting and felting / or surface-treated nonwoven webs and / or mixed or stabilized with other natural fibers, components made of natural fibers for the permanent design of building facades and surface-supporting structures in the form of sheets, panels, shingles, framed panels and the like are assembled components that require special support and / or Holding and / or wrapping functions and / or special aesthetic purposes

REPLACEMENT LEAF need to be met, needled again, then brought into the use-specific form under steam and pressure, soaked in latex and provided with a paint application. The use of dark wool for special components such as edges, lintels and corners is within the scope of the invention.

The advantageous use according to the invention of the heat and sound-insulating, moisture-balancing and pollutant-binding, droplet-repellent properties inherent in sheep's wool, as well as the fact that wool without binders can be easily processed into a relatively solid surface element only by solidifying the wool hair, guarantee the ecologically completely harmless and new Use of sheep's wool for the production of cladding and design elements of surface-supporting structures and building facades as well as for binding harmful substances in particularly vulnerable regions.

The renewable, biologically high-quality raw material wool, which can be produced by using absolute sheep feed without significant energy expenditure, gives a special aesthetic appeal and is ideally suited for thermal insulation and weather protection in the construction industry. The heat retention capacity of sheep wool is λ = W / mk = 0.031 - 0.037 (only polyurethane foam is comparable).

Naturally crimped new wool has a high air trap even after careful processing, which is up to 85% of the total volume. As it is known that resting air is an excellent insulator, wool does not conduct cold or heat. The wafer-thin outer skin of the wool hair is made in such a way that it lets moisture vapor through, but repels drops. Inside, however, wool hair can temporarily store up to a third of its own weight in moisture without feeling damp. Because of the lanolin content (wool fat), wool is weatherproof. Investigations on 200 to 100 year old raw wool showed no changes in terms of tensile strength and elasticity

When wool is processed easily, quickly and comfortably, there is no skin irritation and no fine dust, as with asbestos or mineral fibers. The important properties of wool are that it is able to bind and / or neutralize acids and other chemicals from polluted air and / or neutralize them to others known biological dam materials, such as reeds,

Soft wood fibreboard, lightweight wood wool panels, coconut fiber, straw, flax tow, wool has good flame-retardant properties.This is due to the chemical composition of this natural animal fiber made from proteins with a high nitrogen content.In addition, the hygroscopicity of wool ensures relatively high moisture content, which also has a favorable effect on the burning behavior of wool the height

Ignition temperature from 570 ° C to 600 ° C, a low heat of combustion of 4.95 kcal / g and a flame temperature of 680 ° C. The oxygen limit value of 0.252 can also be assessed as favorable, see Deutsche Schafzucht, 2/1993, S 32 Ein für The main advantage of wool for insulation purposes compared to conventional dam materials is its good water vapor diffusion

The features of the invention emerge from the claims and also from the description and the drawings, the individual features individually or in groups in the form of subcombinations, both the use of natural fibers, in particular sheep's wool, and the method and the products produced therewith Represent elements of advantageous protective designs, for which protection is claimed here. Examples of the invention are shown in the drawings and are explained in more detail below

REPLACEMENT LEAF 1 facade felt,

2 facade felt with dam structure,

3 modified embodiment of FIG. 2, FIG. 4 facade felt in sheets or panels on an existing wall,

5 section of a part of a facade dam felt,

6 modified embodiment of FIG. 5,

7 modified embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6,

8 facade element in perspective section of a facade and dam structure, FIG. 9 dam shingle,

10 part of two pressed felt sheets,

1 1 surface profile element,

Fig. 12 to 14 facade element as a corner bracket, in application forms

example 1

In order to implement the use according to the invention, virgin wool is cleaned of faeces, urine and dirt. As raw wool that has not been chemically washed and has a high lanolin content after washing, the wool is sent to a carding machine for coarse dissolution in a manner known per se parallelized and laid to form a fine fleece The fine fleece is placed one above the other in a transverse layer until the desired basis weight of the end product has been reached. Depending on the intended use, 600 to 1200 g / m ² are preferably used to achieve a wall thickness of 5 to 8 mm to be obtained After the transverse layer, the superimposed nonwoven layers reach the needle machine and are consolidated here

The felt obtained from pure sheep's wool is assembled into the desired element shapes and can already be used in this state for permanent warm and sound-absorbing external cladding and design of surface-supporting structures and building facades as well as for binding pollutants If the virgin wool is a very dirty starting material and has to be washed more or more times, it is possible to grease the wool in a known manner to achieve the proportion of wool fat described above. Greasing with special fats can be accompanied by additional treatment against pests.

After needling of the nonwoven layers, depending on the intended use as a fire-retardant component and to prevent pest infestation, for example borax or boric acid or lavender preparations are added. A good mixing with other animal hair and / or wool and / or other natural fibers, also from residual and waste products, to be carried out in the carding machine is, depending on the intended use, in the field of application according to the invention, but must be proportioned in such a way that the advantages of the application according to the invention cannot be eliminated from sheep's wool. The proportion of pure sheep's wool in the end product should therefore not be less than 75% depending on the lanolin content.

Felt produced in the manner described, in particular sheep's wool felt, is used as a permanent heat and sound-insulating design of surface-supporting structures and building facades, as cladding of surface-supporting structures, in particular of noise protection devices on motorways and streets, for noise reduction and binding and / or Neutralization of air pollutants and in particularly vulnerable polluted regions for binding and / or neutralization of pollutants.

Example 2:

In Fig. 1 a facade felt 1 is shown, which can already be used in this processing state for permanent external cladding and for the design of surface-bearing structures and for binding pollutants. The use of sheets, slabs and shingles in various forms with and without rear ventilation and with additional ones

REPLACEMENT LEAF Coatings on the top surface of the facade felt 1 are explained in further versions. Fig. 2 shows an insulation structure with rear ventilation, in front of a facade felt 1 made of sheep's wool felt, which was stapled onto the vertical counter battens 2 by means of clips 15. The horizontal batten 3 is fastened in a known manner on the outer wall 4, and between the horizontal batten 3 there is sheep wool as an insulating layer 5, which is covered with a diffusion film 6. FIG. 3 shows an insulation of the same construction as in FIG. 2, but with a facade felt 1 already needled on one side with a recycling film 7 during the manufacture of the felt webs. This embodiment is particularly suitable for the color design of facades by using a colored recycling film 7 is used and because of the fluffy surface formed by the needling on the recycling film 7, a particularly aesthetic coloring of the facade view is achieved. Such a film increases the stability of the facade felt 1 without adversely affecting the breathability of the wool. to

Increasing the stability of the facade felt 1 can be needled on both sides with a film during the felt production and then be impregnated with a latex layer 8 on the facade side. A full-surface latex impregnation is preferably carried out at 120 g / m ² . For certain projects, a film, in particular a self-adhesive film, can be connected to the felt after needling or before a drying process.

FIG. 4 shows the use of facade felt 1 in the form of webs stapled horizontally on wooden formwork. In this type of large-area use, as described under FIG. 3, in order to achieve a higher stability of the facade felt 1, it must be needled on both sides with a recycling film 7 and additionally soaked with a latex layer 8. Any forms of cladding with facade felt 1 are possible. If small-format shingles are required for the reconstruction of insufficiently insulated buildings with wooden cladding, for example square shingles that are tacked perpendicular to one of their diagonals at the top and only a quarter of their area is visible on the facade, an additional insulation effect also occurs a there

REPLACEMENT LEAF after completion of the shingling, the entire surface of the façade consists of four layers of felt. Shingles of lower thickness should preferably be selected, as they would otherwise not lie flat enough

Example 3

Slightly compressed sheets of wool fleece are cut into fleece strips 9, the width A of which corresponds to the spacing of the battens on the building or the surface of the load-bearing structure. These fluffy, voluminous fleece strips 9 are applied to the strip from at a defined distance B, as shown in FIG Felt placed and positioned in front of the needling machine In a subsequent needling process only in the area of the fleece strips 9, the fleece strips 9 lying on the felt are needled with the facade felt 1. The distance B between the fluffy and voluminous fleece strips 9 serving as a dam body becomes so before the needling dimensioned so that it defines a free space 10, which corresponds to the edge dimension of the support batten 12, as shown in Figure 7

The facade dam elements cut to size and shape in this way are inserted without rear ventilation between the battens already present on the masonry in such a way that the free space 10 is placed on the supporting batten 12. The facade dam element shown in FIG. 5 consists of a facade felt 1, as described above, and from fluffy voluminous non-woven strips 9, which was needled with the facade felt 1

FIG. 6 shows a modified embodiment of FIG. 5 of such a facade dam element, consisting of facade felt 1, needled with non-woven strips 9. Here, a felt strip 11 has already been inserted into the free space 10 before the needling of the non-woven strip 9 with the facade felt 1 and is in one Work step needled with the fleece strip This felt strip 11 is preferably so dimensionally stable due to strong needling and / or surface consolidation that, for example, there is no severe deformation of the face side of the facade felt 1 during tacking. Another modified one

REPLACEMENT LEAF Embodiment consists in that such a felt strip 11 is glued or stapled to the battens 12 before the facade dam element is attached to the battens. With the felt strips 11, a reduction or prevention of cold bridges on the battens 12 is achieved

The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is modified from that of FIG. 6 in that a corrosion-protected plaster base, for example armor fabric 13, is attached to the facade felt 1 in a known manner and a two-layer mineral plaster 14 is applied thereon. FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of FIG. 5 in Perspective view, which illustrates how a width A of the non-woven strips 9 is pressed between the battens 12 and the facade dam element is fastened by means of rust-free clamps 15

Example 4 In Fig. 9 a dam shingle, consisting of facade felt 1 and non-woven strips 9, is shown, in which zone C and / or zone E have not been needled. The fastening of the non-woven strip 9 to the facade felt 1 takes place only in zone D by appropriate means Needling before it has been assembled.Zones C and / or Zone E are therefore not needled to give the dam shingle a firm fit during installation between upper and lower battens.In addition, Zone E on the upper edge of the dam shingle is particularly suitable for fastening by means of clips 15 on the underlying battens

Instead of needling façade felt 1 with fleece strips 9 in zone D, the two layers can be glued lightly here, since fleece strips 9 and façade felt 1 are essentially only required for the installation of the dam shingle because, as stated, in the zone E permanent fastening by means of clips 15 is provided and zone D has a firm fit between the battens by compressing zones C and / or E.

REPLACEMENT LEAF Example 5:

A special embodiment of the method of cladding and designing of surface-supporting structures provides for, for example, to fasten a wire mesh 16 between two webs of facade felt 1 by means of circumferential pressure rollers with the felt, with barbs 17 spreading apart on the wire mesh 16 transversely to the felt Anchor the upper and lower facade felt 1. Large-area webs produced in this way are preferably to be framed. If the webs are exposed to the weather, framing is only carried out on the sides and the top edge, so that there is no accumulating moisture on the bottom edge. Such a type of two mats made of facade felt 1 anchored to one another is shown as a section in FIG. 10.

Example 6:

Fig. 1 1 presents a mat, in particular noise protection and absorption profile mat, in special equipment, which is formed by superimposing wool fleece layers and guided by a specially prepared needle bed in such a way that zones F are formed which are normally matted, and zones G which are are very tightly matted. To the noise protection and absorption profile mat thus produced for special purposes, for. B. hanging freely over a greater distance to give a higher strength, this noise protection and absorption profile mat is needled again with a second felt only in zones G. A combination with the method and the elements from Example 5 is provided. Such mats, as described in Examples 5 and 6, are used as noise protection devices on motorways and roads and as cladding or housing for load-bearing structures for binding or neutralizing pollutants in rooms which are particularly at risk from the environment.

Example 7.

Components, such as shown in FIGS. 12 to 14, the special support and / or holding and / or casing functions and / or special aesthetic purpose

p ---- /:>; , 3- ■ "• - • such as inside and outside corners 18, window and door reveals are needled again, then brought into the use-specific form under steam and pressure and soaked in latex. A final application of color is possible. For the color design, for example corner angles 18, wool should preferably be used of black wool sheep as raw material to meet the desired new aesthetic overall impression

Example 8 For all of the aforementioned examples, the treatments set out below are conceivable and / or necessary and can be combined with one another

Even in the manufacture of felt webs, it is advisable to distribute a 12% borax solution against pest infestation evenly to the felt web after needling. The amount added, for example, with a basis weight of 800 g / m ² felt is 30 g borax solution

Lavender or lavender concentrate, like borax preparations, are preserved biologically harmless agents in practice and serve to protect wool, regardless of the processing method, against moth infestation.If after years of treatment against moth infestation is necessary, borax preparations are re-applied to the dry, brushed and appropriately vacuumed facade sprayed on ventilated facades, repetition protection, for example with lavender, is possible in such a way that lavender is added as a dried plant or as a preparation to the lower supply air sheets of the chimney-like rear ventilation. Applying an ecologically harmless concentration of foam impregnation as surface consolidation is optional, depending on Type of application and desired stability, provided Such impregnation is expediently carried out after the needling process and requires subsequent drying for the production of facade and O. Surface design elements made of sheep's wool felt are preferably an aqueous dispersion

REPLACEMENT LEAF a thermoplastic acrylic polymer based on butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate with a solids content of approx. 50% in an application amount of 40 g / m ² with one-sided treatment. It is possible to treat the felt on both sides for particularly stable desired surface elements.

Mixing with other animal hair and / or wool and / or other natural fibers, also from residual and waste products, is, depending on the intended use, in the field of application according to the invention, but must be proportioned in such a way that the advantages of using sheep wool are not eliminated .

REPLACEMENT LEAF Reference list

1 facade felt

2 counter battens

3 basic battens

4 outer wall

5 layer of perineum

6 diffusion foil

7 recycled film

8 latex layer

9 fluffy, voluminous fleece strips

10 free space

11 felt strips

12 truss

13 plaster base, armor fabric

14 plaster

15 brackets

16 wire mesh

17 barbs

18 corner brackets

A width of the fleece strips

B distance of the fleece strips from each other

C needle-free zone

D loosely needled zone

E needle-free zone

F matted zone

G very tight matted zone

REPLACEMENT LEAF

Claims

1. Use of natural fibers for the design of building facades and surface-bearing structures characterized in that as a raw material for permanent

Facade design and surface cladding of supporting structures and / or for thermal insulation and / or sound insulation and / or as a pollutant-binding and / or neutralizing agent for facade design and surface cladding washed, pre-opened, parallelized, cross-laid and needled animal hair and / or animal wool, especially sheep's wool, is used .

2. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that processed and made up sheep's wool, well mixed, contains other animal hair and or - wool and / or other natural fibers and is used for facade design and surface cladding.

3.Procedure for the production of building elements from natural fibers and permanent design of building facades and surface-bearing structures, after which animal wool and / or hair after washing, for coarse dissolving, get into a carding machine, parallelized via the carding machine, then placed on top of each other in a transverse layer, one

Needle machine fed and processed into a felt or less solid non-woven layers, characterized in that are placed on or under a web of animal hair or wool felt, especially sheep wool felt, for further processing:

- A full-area and / or section web and / or individual strips of fluffy, voluminous fleece layers

- And / or a full-length web or individual strips of a felt web

- or a film on one or both sides

- or a second felt web with a non-corrosive mesh in between

REPLACEMENT LEAF and so the different or similar materials placed one above the other or one below the other are subjected to a consolidation process, treated with stabilizers and / or impregnations, made up and framed for special use and that the sheep's wool processed into wool felt layers and wool fleece layers still contains a proportion of lanolin

4 The method according to claim 3, characterized in that fluffy voluminous fleece layers are connected in a needle machine with felt without additional connecting means so that the needling of the wool felt does not significantly change its shape and the fleece layers have a multiple of the thickness of the felt webs and fleece layers so placed in strips or strips on a wool felt web that, after needling and assembling, the facade dam elements obtained each have felt surfaces covered and not covered with wool fleece layers and edge zones of the facade dam elements which are not needled

5 Process according to claims 3 and 4, characterized in that intended connections of wool felt layers to one another or wool felt layers are bonded with wool fleece layers

6 Process according to claims 3 and 4, characterized in that fluffy, voluminous fleece layers are guided by the needle machine with defined distances and needles of different lengths and / or sizes and / or numbers of barbs and the resulting different material thicknesses have a wavy surface and the web obtained with a wavy surface is assembled in profile mats or, before being assembled with a firm wool felt web, needled again into a web in the troughs and then assembled and framed

REPLACEMENT LEAF

7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that foils, in particular recycled foils (7), needled in the needle machine with the felt on one or both sides without additional connecting means.

8. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that between two wool felt webs to be laid non-corrosive braid (16) which has barbs (17) spreading on both sides at an angle, the length of which does not exceed approximately two thirds of the felt thickness, passed between circumferential press rolls, veφreßt and then the double layer of a wool felt sheet thus obtained is assembled and optionally provided with a frame depending on the use.

9. Elements made of natural fiber for the permanent design of building facades and surface load-bearing structures, characterized in that they are made entirely or predominantly from sheep's wool and from one or more, all-over or striped or sectioned needled surface material made of wool fleece layers and / or wool felt sheets, one or foil needled on both sides with the sheep wool material and / or between two layers of wool felt, a wire mesh (16) pressed in with barbs (17) and / or deformed under steam and pressure, 20 mixed with other natural fibers and / or soaked with latex and / or stabilizers provided, exist.

10. Elements according to claim 8, characterized in that fluffy voluminous fleece strips (9) in a width (A) with a recessed distance (B) with a facade felt (1) and optionally also the distance (B) additionally with a felt strip (11) is needled.

1 1. Elements according to claim 8, characterized in that fluffy voluminous fleece strips (9) are needled only in the zone (D) with a facade felt (1). 12 elements according to claim 8, characterized in that wool fleece felted in zones (F) and felted in zones (G) more firmly than in zones (F) and the needled elements have a wavy surface

_ERS ATZBLATT