SK138595A3 - Facades, facing and surface elements of buildings and structures - Google Patents

Abstract

Natural fibres, in particular sheep's wool, is used to produce building elements for fashioning façades of buildings and surfaces of supporting constructions in a durable manner. Also disclosed is a process for producing such building elements. Known façade facings made of coated glass and mineral wools, artificial foams, plastics in general and even metals have for some time now not gone without criticism. Thus the use of organic fibrous materials as surface linings gains increasingly in significance in the ecological building industry. In order to obtain durable heat-insulating and sound-proofing linings and facings of surfaces of supporting constructions and building façades which are also capable of binding pollutants, strongly compacted webs of animal wool are processed with slightly compacted webs or strips of flutty fleece, wool felt, braided fabrics and/or foils, and are used as façade, lining and/or insulating elements and/or as pollutant-binding elements. For that purpose, easy-to-mount small and large-surface building elements with and without insulations have been developed both for renovating old buildings and for new buildings.

Description

Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures

Area, techniques

The invention relates to facades, cladding, and surface elements of buildings and structures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of cane, straw and also meshes made from them, other vegetable fibers, such as with or without the use of binders, as materials for roofing and external cladding of buildings, for shading or sun visors, as well as for other applications such as . plaster substrates, loose or pressed mixtures for insulation are known in the construction industry for a long time.

Thus, for example, DE 29 50 055 discloses a method and apparatus for insulating buildings using, for example, straw mats which are hinged on pre-charged walls and applied to at least two layers of plaster on the straw mats thus fixed.

DE 31 30 724 discloses an injectable insulating material using organic fibers as thermal and acoustic insulation as well as a method for producing an injectable insulating material.

DE document 34 made of wood-repellent thermo shingles.

DE 35 30 052 and 39 07 020 disclose heat-insulating mats, which consist of a bag-like casing or a casing. made of a hardly incendiary sheath in which peat is inserted as heat insulation material.

DE 40 12 310 discloses a lightweight building element which can also be used as a facade element, which according to an ancient method consists of a mixture of straw and clay and is surrounded by a profiled frame.

Other industrial literature, pantent literature practice, known methods of manufacturing building materials of natural fibrous materials refer to building materials that require additional or are used between supporting and supporting materials.

415 cites o.i. façade cladding as adhesive, water and in use solely for cladding, building elements, namely as thermal insulation, impact sound insulation and. in the interior as an element of sound insulation or partition walls and / or interior cladding. Other prior art documents can only be used for thermal and acoustic insulation. for interior insulation, resp. only for use behind the facade.

Thus, for example, DE 12 217 discloses the use of wool and fur as an insulating material which forms an insulating core. The insulating material thus formed is wrapped with an overlapped paper layer. A similar insulating cladding is described in US-PS 14 42 326. DE 34 13 877 relates to a sound-insulating and heat-insulating mixture of finely divided leather powder containing artificial resin for surface cladding as well as for casting shaped bodies. DE 35 40 001 discloses thermal insulation boards of natural products, o.i. made of animal natural fibers, which are bonded with a water-soluble natural glue and added with a flame retardant and antifouling component of borax or boric acid. Thermal insulation board using animal natural fibers and other organic raw materials and waste materials which are pressed under a water-soluble binder, is the subject of

DE 40 11 657 discloses a method of manufacturing bonded flat-shaped building elements from textile waste which is pressed by binders, pressure and temperature and used as partition walls, insulating material and impact sound insulation. Sheep wool as an insulating material in the lining or as an insulating material in an insulating zone bounded by existing building elements is the subject of DE 41 08 110. The insulating elements according to this document are used to create flat insulating zones in the area of walls, ceilings or roofs of buildings; mixed with thermally insulating binders solid bodies, or free-blown sheep wool. DE 42 10 392 describes a thermal insulating board for tall buildings in such a form that, optionally, the natural fiber-comprising board is provided with at least one side a coating agent.

Known processes for the production of building elements, as well as the building materials themselves and their use for cladding and facade building with considerable pressure in DE 35 45 buildings and external surfaces of load-bearing structures such as coated glass and mineral wool and plastic foam materials as well as plastics generally and also metals are. they have not been uncritical for a long time. Ecologically and economically unbearable high energy consumption for the production of architectural elements and tiles, especially if they are to simultaneously perform a heat and sound insulation function, as well as problems with the removal of especially building elements containing plastic, have encouraged investors with an environmental feeling natural fibers, in particular those which are also suitable as insulating materials.

Except for cane and some straw, building materials from vegetable raw materials or wastes were used as coatings and cladding only when, as described above, they were most often pressed into energy-intensive mixtures, often with environmentally harmful binders, for special applications and / or dried and additionally provided with a sealing, also environmentally harmful, outer shell or layer.

The natural fibers in the form of animal hair or wool are used solely as insulation between the building elements as stitched, foamed or needled stripes due to the lack of internal stability of the elements made therefrom, due to the inevitable wrapping and shape of the building elements for structural, constructional and aesthetic reasons. using binders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide façades, cladding and surface elements which, using a raw material of biological origin, already known as an insulating material and present in sufficient quantity, are suitable for durably forming surfaces of building structures and façades of raw materials. it is easy to handle and lightweight.

This task involves the development of such building materials and methods of making them.

Furthermore, the use of this raw material is intended to serve as a building material for cladding the surfaces of load-bearing structures, in particular noise barriers on motorways and roads, so that they can be produced simultaneously with harmful air pollutants.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide cladding and lining of load-bearing structures in rooms or spaces for binding or neutralizing harmful substances. Furthermore, it is also the task of introducing naturally growing raw materials while retaining their essential natural properties as new aesthetic and alternative shapes for external walls and cladding surfaces of load-bearing structures and building facades.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, these tasks are achieved by using animal fur, in particular sheep wool, in an appropriately processed form as a building material, as a raw material for durable cladding and for building surfaces of building structures and facades, as well as for binding harmful substances in particularly vulnerable areas. material.

Due to its properties, sheep wool is excellent for damping, insulation and facade cladding. The durable constructional arrangement of building facades and surfaces of natural fiber load-bearing structures is carried out by a process and / or a combination of several process steps, characterized in that animal hair, in particular sheep shear, is cleaned in known manner from faeces, urine and dirt, and a certain amount of lanolin is added to the cleaned raw wool, the wool is passed in a known manner through the carder for initial combing, through a carder, a transversal deposit to the needling machine and pest control agents and / or impregnating agents are added. The so-formed, strongly compressed felt strips are further processed according to the present invention in accordance with the present invention by cutting, in the same manner, low-compression soft wool webs into strips having a width corresponding to the latching distance on the building or supporting surface for which These should be placed on the felt belt and placed in front of the needling machine at defined distances and should be placed on the felt belt and / or insulating elements and / or harmful binding elements. In a subsequent repeated needling procedure with only needles located in the area of the soft wool web, the soft wool web strips lying on the felt are sewn with the felt.

Particular complementary embodiments of this method of making building materials with the method described by additionally sewn soft wool webs assume that certain zones of soft wool web present on the felt web are not sewn and / or ecologically harmless foils are stitched with the web of felt on one or both sides. / or a foil, in particular a self-adhesive, is applied prior to the drying process and bonded to the felt in a drying oven and / or a stable, corrosion-protected fabric is placed between two felt strips at approximately right angles to the web inclination with upward and downwardly reaching hooks; the felt webs are permanently bonded to the mesh between the orbiting shaping rollers and / or the surface is impregnated and further reinforced.

Mixtures with other animal hair and / or wool and / or other natural fibers, as well as from residues or product wastes, are within the scope of this invention according to the intended purpose of use, but the mixing ratio must be such that the advantages of using sheep wool are not eliminated.

Of the webs made of felt and web, felt, sewn with a nonwoven, felt, sewn with a sheet and / or nonwoven, felt connected with a non-sewn sheet, felt with a felted, squeezed by the webs of hooks, felt, sewn with webs and surface - treated felt and / or non - woven strips and / or blended or stabilized with other natural fibers, the building elements of. Natural fibers shall be used for the durable formation of building facades and surfaces of load-bearing structures in the form of strips, slabs, shingles, framed boards, etc. Building elements which must fulfill special protective and / or load-bearing and / or tiling functions and / or for aesthetic purposes They are sewn together once more, then they are formed into a shape specific to the application under steam and pressure, impregnated with latex and provided with a colored coating. The use of dark wines for special building elements such as edges, lintels and corners is within the scope of this invention.

The advantageous use of sheep's own heat-insulating and sound-insulating, moisture-leveling and noxious binders, drop-repellent properties, as well as the fact that the wool can be easily processed into a relatively rigid surface element by simply joining the hair together harmless and new use of sheep wool for the production of tiles and structural elements of the surfaces of load-bearing structures and building facades, as well as for the binding of harmful substances in particularly vulnerable areas.

The growing, biologically high-quality raw material wool, which can be produced using absolute sheep feed without substantial energy consumption, adds a special appeal and is excellent for thermal insulation and weather protection. The heat capacity of sheep wool is around lambda = W / mk = 0.031-0.037 (only polyurethane foam is comparable).

Naturally curly shear wool, even after careful processing, has a high content of air bubbles, up to 85% of the total volume. Since it is well known that non-flowing air is an excellent insulator, wool does not lead to cold or heat.

The structure of the extremely thin outer layer covering the fibers of the wool is adapted so that it permits moisture vapors, but repels the drops. However, the wool pile may contain moisture up to one third of its own weight for a short period of time without appearing wet when touched.

Due to its lanolin (wool grease) content, the wool is weather-resistant. Research on a 200 to 100 year old raw wool showed no changes in tensile strength and elasticity. The wool is not subject to any demonstrable aging process. In this respect, wool is one of the most durable animal products under undemanding storage conditions (cf. Tierzucht Archive, 31, 1988, Berlin).

With light, fast and pleasant wool processing, there is no skin irritation and no fine dust is produced as with asbestos and mineral fibers.

Important properties of wool include the ability to bind and / or neutralize acids and other chemicals from polluted air.

Compared to other known biological insulators such as cane, softwood fiber boards, lightweight wood wool building boards, coconut fibers, straw, linen tow, wool has good flame retardant properties. This is due to the chemical composition of these animal's natural fibers from high nitrogen proteins.

In addition, the hygroscopicity of the wool ensures relatively high moisture contents, which also have a positive effect on the burning behavior. The wool has a high ignition temperature of 570 ° C to 600 ° C, a low combustion heat of 4.95 kcal / g, and a flame temperature of 680 ° C. The oxygen limit of 0.252 must also be evaluated positively, cf. Deutsche Schafzucht 2/1993, p. 32. For insulation purposes, a significant advantage of wool over conventional insulating materials is the good diffusion of water vapor therein.

The features of the invention follow from the claims and from the drawings, wherein the individual features, alone or in combination with others in the form of dependent combinations, both for the use of natural fibers, in particular sheep wool, and the method and elements produced therewith claiming protection here. Examples of embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and will be explained in more detail below. The images show:

Fig. 1 facade felt,

Fig. 2 a facade felt with an insulating configuration structure,

3 shows a modified embodiment of FIG. 2,

4 the facade felt in strips, respectively. boards on the real wall,

Fig. 5 a section through a part of an insulating felt through a building facade,

6 shows a modified embodiment of FIG. 5,

7 shows a modified embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6,

8 shows a façade element in a perspective section through a façade and insulating structure, FIG.

Fig.9 insulating shingle,

10 a part of two pressed felt strips,

11 a surface profile element,

12-14 show a cladding element as a corner member in practical applications.

Example 1

In order to realize the use according to the invention, the shear wool is cleaned of faeces, urine and impurities. The raw wool was washed without the use of chemicals, and in a subsequent high-lanolin wash, the wool was placed in a known pulp in a known pulp, placed in a carding pad, and then the wool fibers were formed into parallel webs of a fine web in a carding machine. This fine web is folded over itself in the transverse layer stacker until the desired basis weight of the end product is reached. Preferably, depending on the intended use, 600 to 1200 g / m ^{2 is} adjusted to obtain a thickness of the facade element of 5 to 8 mm. After the transverse layer stacker, the nonwoven webs folded over one another reach the needling machine and are firmly joined there.

The pure sheep wool felt thus obtained is shaped into the desired element shapes and can already be used in this state for a durable thermal and acoustic insulating exterior cladding and for the formation of surfaces of load-bearing structures and building facades, as well as for the binding of harmful substances.

If the shear wool is a very polluted starting material and must be washed more intensively, respectively. several times, in order to achieve the above-mentioned proportion of lanolin, the wool can be waxed according to a known method. Additional pests can be achieved by using special treatments against waxes (fats). After sewing the fleece layers. Depending on the intended purpose as well as to prevent or boric acid from the hair and / or wool of use, anti-combustion, pest attack components such as borax or lavender compositions are added.

Good mixing with other animal and / or natural fibers, as well as from residual or waste products to be carried out in a card, is intended to be within the scope of the present invention, but the mixing ratio must be determined so as not to eliminate the benefits of use. sheep wool according to the invention.

The proportion of pure sheep wool in the final product should therefore not fall below 75%, depending on the lanolin content.

The above-described felt, in particular sheep wool felt, is used as durable thermal and acoustic insulation of load-bearing structures of buildings and facades of buildings, as cladding of load-bearing structures, especially in highway and road noise protection equipment, noise reduction and binding and / or neutralizing harmful substances in the air as well as in particularly vulnerable areas with polluted environments for binding and / or neutralizing harmful substances.

Example 2

Fig. 1 shows a façade felt 1, which can be used already in this state of processing for durable external cladding and for forming surfaces of load-bearing structures, as well as for binding of harmful substances. The use of strips, slabs and shingles in a variety of forms with or without back ventilation and with additional coatings applied to the top surface of the facade felt will be described in other embodiments.

Fig. 2 shows an insulating configuration with rear ventilation, front facade felt 1 of sheep wool, which is fastened by means of clamps 15 to vertical transverse lath 2 The water base lath 3 is fixed in a known manner to the outer wall 4 and between horizontal base lath 3 sheep wool as an insulating layer 5, which is covered with a diffusion film 6.

Fig. 3 shows the insulation of the same arrangement as in Fig. 2, but with the facade felt 1, sewn on one side with the recyclable film 7 already in the production of the felt webs. This embodiment is particularly suited to the color formation of facades by using a colored recyclable film 7 and, due to the soft surface on the recyclable film which is formed by stitching, a particularly aesthetic color is obtained when looking at the facade. Such a film increases the stability of the facade felt 1 without affecting the breathing ability of the wool. In order to increase the stability of the facade felt, it can be seamed on both sides with the foil during the production of the felt and subsequently impregnated with the latex layer 8 on the facade side. The full-area latex impregnation is preferably performed at 120 g / m ² . For certain applications, the film, especially the self-adhesive film, can be bonded to the felt after seaming or before the drying process.

Fig. 4 shows the use of facade felt 1 in the form of strips mounted horizontally on wooden formwork. In this large-area application, as described in FIG. 3, to achieve greater stability of the facade felt, it is sewn on both sides with recyclable film 7 and additionally impregnated with a latex layer 8. Any shapes of facade felt tiles 1 are possible. small shingles for the reconstruction of poorly insulated wooden shuttering buildings, such as square shingles, which attach themselves perpendicularly to one of their diagonals at the top, and only one-quarter of their surface is visible when placed on the facade; after the shingle is finished, the facade consists of four felt layers. Advantageously shingles of smaller thickness are used here, since they would otherwise not fit flat enough.

Example 3

The lightly compressed webs are cut into webs 9 whose width A corresponds to the latching distance on the building or on the surface of the supporting structure. These soft bulky webs 9 are placed on the felt web at a defined distance, as shown by 10 in Fig. 5, and placed in front of the needling machine. In the subsequent stitching process, the nonwoven web strips 9 sew with the facade felt 1 only in the region of the nonwoven webs 9. Distance B between soft and voluminous strips acting as insulating body

The 9th nonwoven is laid before seaming to form a free space

10, which corresponds to the thickness of the side of the carrier plate 12 as shown in FIG.

For the corresponding size and shape of the cut façade insulating elements, they are inserted without back ventilation between the already existing battens on the wall, so that the free space 10 is placed on the support plate 12.

The façade insulating element shown in FIG. 5 consists of a façade felt produced as described above and a soft, bulky web of nonwoven which has been sewn with the façade felt 1.

Fig. 6 shows a modified embodiment of Fig. 5 of such a façade felt insulation 1 sewn with an element consisting of a web 9 of a web. Here, the felt strip 11 is inserted into the free space 10 before the seam strip 9 is sewn together with the facade felt 1 and is sewn together in one operation with the nonwoven strip. Advantageously, this felt strip 11 is so dimensionally stable that, for example, when bonding, there is no significant deformation of the face side of the facade felt 1 due to the thick stitching and / or surface fastening. A further modified embodiment consists in that before attaching the facade insulating element to latching, such a felt web 11 is glued or bonded (nailed)). The felt strip 11 achieves a reduction or prevents the passage of cold air through the support plate 12.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is modified in comparison with FIG. 6 in that a plaster substrate having a corrosion protection, e.g. with a metal sheath fabric (mesh) 13, and on which a two-layer mineral plaster 14 is applied.

Fig. 8 shows the embodiment of Fig. 5 in a perspective view which illustrates how a web of width A is pressed between the support plates 12 and that the façade insulating element is fixed by means of non-rusting clamps 15.

Example 4

FIG. 9 shows an insulating shingle consisting of a facade felt 1 and a web of nonwoven in which zone C and / or zone E have not been sewn together. The attachment of the nonwoven strip 9 to the facade felt 1 takes place only in zone D by the appropriate stitching before it is formed. Zone C and / or zone E is not sewn so that the insulating shingle fits firmly between the top and bottom laths. In particular, zone E at the upper edge of the insulating shingle is suitable for fastening by means of clips 15 to the underlying lath.

Instead of stitching the façade felt 1 with the web 9 in the zone D, a slight bonding of the two layers can take place here, since the coherence between the web 9 and the facade felt 1 is essentially only necessary for mounting the insulating shingle. For example, in zone E, a durable fastening by means of clamps 15 is envisaged, and zone D as a result of compression of zones C and / or E fits tightly between the laths.

Example 5

A particular arrangement of the method of cladding and surface treatment of load-bearing structures assumes that, for example, wire mesh 16 is attached between two strips of facade felt 1 by means of rotary press rollers, whereby reinforcing hooks 17 are firmly anchored through the wire mesh 16 transversely to the top and bottom facade felt 1. The large-area belts thus produced are preferably framed. If the belts are exposed to the weather, the framing should only be carried out on the sides and on the upper edge so that moisture is not retained on the underside. Two mutually fastened mats of this kind made of facade felt 1 are shown as a part in FIG.

Example 6

Fig. 11 shows a mat, in particular an acoustic and absorbent profile mat, in a special embodiment, which is formed by folding the layers of wool fleece on top of each other and guided through a specially prepared needle bed to form a zone of normal felting and G felted. In order to impart higher strength to the special-purpose sound and absorbent profile mat thus produced, for example to hang freely over a greater distance, the soundproof and absorbent profile mat is sewn once again with the second felt web only in zones G. in the manner and with the elements of Example 5.

Such mats, as described in Examples 5 and 6, can be used as acoustic equipment on roadways and roads, as well as for surface treatment or cladding of supporting structures for binding or neutralizing harmful substances in particularly environmentally hazardous areas.

Example 7

12 to 14, which have to perform extremely supportive and / or durable and / or wrapping functions and / or a special aesthetic purpose, such as inner or outer corners 18, or window and door lining, they are sewn once more, then they are put under the steam and pressure into a form specific to the application and impregnated with latex. Final paint application is possible.

Preferably, for color design, for example of the corner elements 18, black sheep wool should be used as a raw material in order to correspond to the desired completely new aesthetic effect.

Example 8

For all the above examples, the treatments are feasible and / or necessary combinable:

Even in the production of felt webs, it is expedient to evenly apply a 12% borax solution on the felt web after seaming. The amount added, for example at a felt weight of 800 g / m ² , is 30 g of borax solution.

following and each other

Lavender or borax preparations biologically harmless lavender concentrate are, as in practice, proven in the construction industry and serve to protect wool in any form of treatment against attack by the urine.

If, after many years, additional treatment is required to prevent infestation with the urine, the borax preparations are sprayed on dry, brush-cleaned and expediently cleaned facades. In rear ventilated facades, repeated protection, for example with lavender, is possible by inserting lavender as a dried plant or as a preparation in the lower air inlets as stacks of acting rear fans.

Depending on the type of application and the stability required, it is optionally possible to apply an environmentally harmless concentration of the foam impregnating agent as a surface reinforcer. Such impregnation conveniently takes place after the stitching process and requires subsequent drying. Preferably, an aqueous dispersion of a thermoplastic acrylic polymer based on butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate having a solids content of about 50% in a coating amount of 40 g / m ² is preferably used to produce facade elements and surface shapes from sheep wool felt in a one-sided treatment. For the required particularly stable surface elements, double-sided felt treatment is possible.

Mixing with other animal hair and / or wool and / or other natural fibers, also from residual and waste products, is within the scope of the present invention according to the intended purpose of use, but the mixing ratio must be such that the benefits of using sheep wool are not eliminated.

Claims (11)

PAT ENTO V É 1. Facades, facings and surface elements of buildings and structures, characterized e sa t ý m. that their outer sheath exposed to the weather consists of stitched and shaped animal wool, in particular sheep wool, and / or facade felt (1). Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 1, characterized in that said outer shell consists of a facade felt (1) which is connected to a soft, bulky nonwoven strip (9) which is not exposed to the weather. . Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that said facade felt (1) is connected to a soft, bulky strip (9) of the web of width (A) at a distance (B). Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 2, characterized in that said facade felt (1) is connected to a felt strip (11) of width (B). Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that said facade felt (1) is connected in the region of the zone (D) to a soft, bulky strip (9) of the web and zone (C); E) show no bonding of the facade felt (1) and the web (9) of the web. Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 2, characterized in that said facade felt (1) is connected to another facade the - 15 felt (1) by means of a wire mesh (16) provided between them with a hook (17) lying between them. Facades, cladding and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer sheath consists of corrugated webs of wool, whose zones (F) are sewn felted and their zones (G) are sewn more firmly felted. Facades, claddings and surface elements of buildings and structures according to claim 8, characterized in that the undulating web of woolen fleece is connected to the facade felt (1) or is sewn with it in the area (G) with its smooth side. Building facades, cladding and surface elements according to one or more of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the facade felt (1), two wire mesh (16) connected to each other by the facade felt (1), a corrugated web of wool fleece or a corrugated web of wool, which is sewn with the facade felt (1), is provided with a frame for special applications, for example as noise barriers. Facades, claddings and surface elements of buildings and structures according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the sheep wool has been mixed with other natural fibers before its processing and shaping, and the sheep wool proportion is greater. Facades, claddings and surface elements of buildings and structures according to one or more of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that stabilizers and / or impregnating agents have been added to the sheep wool during its processing and subsequently finished.