WO1994003760A1 - Procedes et systemes d'utilisation des dechets - Google Patents

Procedes et systemes d'utilisation des dechets Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994003760A1
WO1994003760A1 PCT/US1992/006495 US9206495W WO9403760A1 WO 1994003760 A1 WO1994003760 A1 WO 1994003760A1 US 9206495 W US9206495 W US 9206495W WO 9403760 A1 WO9403760 A1 WO 9403760A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
materials
syngas
furnace
steam
gasification
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/006495
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Leonard J. Keller
Austin N. Stanton
Original Assignee
Keller Leonard J
Stanton Austin N
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to US07/662,362 priority Critical patent/US5134944A/en
Application filed by Keller Leonard J, Stanton Austin N filed Critical Keller Leonard J
Priority to AU24329/92A priority patent/AU2432992A/en
Priority to PCT/US1992/006495 priority patent/WO1994003760A1/fr
Publication of WO1994003760A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994003760A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/06—Continuous processes
    • C10J3/08—Continuous processes with ash-removal in liquid state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B3/00—Charging the melting furnaces
    • C03B3/02—Charging the melting furnaces combined with preheating, premelting or pretreating the glass-making ingredients, pellets or cullet
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/005—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture of glass-forming waste materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1656—Conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals
    • C10J2300/1665—Conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals to alcohols, e.g. methanol or ethanol
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1671—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with the production of electricity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1678—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with air separation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
    • F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
    • F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S423/00—Chemistry of inorganic compounds
    • Y10S423/18—Treating trash or garbage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S48/00—Gas: heating and illuminating
    • Y10S48/02—Slagging producer

Definitions

  • This invention relates to combined gasification, slagging and metals production from combined feedstocks of solid waste materials and coal or lignite-derived particulate carbon fuel; integrated with cogeneration facilities for providing steam and electric energy and -an air reduction oxygen plant for providing reactant oxygen; and having facilities for syngas cleaning, recovery of byproducts of syngas cleaning, production of methanol or ammonia (or methanol and ammonia) from syngas, recovery of molten metals, and production of building materials from moloten slag.
  • Figure 1 is a flow diagram of the processes and facilities for the combined utilization of solid waste resources and coal or lignite resources, and for fuel methanol production, and co-product and byproduct recovery and utilization portions of the' preferred embodiment.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic representation, in a vertical cross-sectional view, of the gasifying furnace used in the preferred embodiment.
  • Figure 3 is a horizontal cross-sectional view through the upper portion of the primary reaction zone within the gasifying furnace of the preferred embodiment.
  • Figure 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view taken on the centerline of the conical feed hopper, the feeder-distributor, the rotatable hollow center shaft and the rotatable circular feeder table of the preferred embodiment.
  • Figure 5 is a horizontal cross-sectional view taken on the plane A-A, shown in Figure 4, looking upward at the curved vertical-band spiral elements of the horizontal mounting plate above them, and the surge-preventing circular table mounted on the rotatable hollow center shaft of the preferred embodiment.
  • the present invention makes use of new technologies, accumulated knowledge and other inventions, which have evolved during the past several years, in both related and unrelated fields, and adds thereto the unique new features necessary to provide practically, technically and economically feasible and environmentally beneficial answers for the very difficult problems encountered in attempts to provide practical, acceptable means for the disposal of municipal solid waste and other solid wastes, referred to collectively herein as solid waste materials.
  • This is made possible by providing the processes and means of the invention for essentially complete chemical and physical restructuring and subsequent utilization of the resultant products from most non-radioactive solid waste resource materials which can be reduced by fragmentation, or shredding, to relatively small particle sizes, including most medical and biological waste materials and many materials classified as hazardous waste.
  • the smaller particle sizes of solid waste materials achieved by fragmentation facilitates the very rapid high-temperature complete oxidation, partial oxidation and gasification reactions of preheated oxygen with the combustible portions of the solid waste feedstock materials, simultaneous with the gasification reactions of pre-mixed oxygen and superheated steam, with the highly reactive coal or lignite-derived particulate carbon fuel also used as gasification feedstock material.
  • the processes and means provided effect sufficiently high gasification reaction temperatures to liquefy (or slag) all of the non-metallic, non-combustible components in the combined feedstock materials -M - and in the additives used; to melt or vaporize all the metals therein; to reduce some metals in metal-bearing compounds present to the metallic form; and to leave no solid residue or waste materials which require the use of landfills or other means of storage to effect disposal thereof.
  • Essentially all of the components of the feedstock materials and additives are converted to marketable products, coproducts and byproducts, except for relatively minor amounts of the inert gases, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
  • the integrated process flow diagram depicts a principal portion of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • An improved solid waste gasifying furnace described in more detail hereinafter, is used in unique ways for simultaneously gasifying, slagging, melting and vaporizing the components of the solid waste materials 2, to produce a gaseous mixture, often called synthesis gas, hereinafter referred to as "syngas" 3.
  • the syngas exiting the gasifying furnace is a gaseous mixture containing principally hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with relatively small amounts of inert gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, very small amounts of vaporized metals, some entrained unreacted carbon, and inorganic mineral dust.
  • syngas is use'd, after adequate preparation described hereinafter, as feedstock for the production of methanol 4, using conventional catalysts, methods and facilities for the methanol plant 5 for methanol production, in the preferred embodiment.
  • the syngas may be converted to ammonia or synthetic natural gas (methane) .
  • methane synthetic natural gas
  • Such conversion to methanol facilitates optimum utility and economics for the processes and means of the invention, which make the complete utilization of most solid waste resource materials profitable, practically feasible, and environmentally most desirable.
  • the integrated processes and means of the present invention can provide new, low-cost sources for great quantities of methanol, which can serve many economically beneficial and environmentally desirable purposes, as will be shown.
  • the mole ratio of two moles of hydrogen to one mole of carbon monoxide must be provided in the cooled syngas 6, to provide acceptable feedstock for the standard methanol production facilities used for producing the methanol. This ratio must be adjusted, because there is not sufficient hydrogen in -the initial syngas, as it is produced in the gasifying furnace. This mole ratio adjustment is accomplished by use of the carbon monoxide shift reaction, a conventional chemical process further described hereinbelow, to produce the additional hydrogen needed for th s purpose.
  • the syngas produced is first cooled sufficiently, in the syngas cooling steam generator 7, to provide cool syngas 8 to allow operation of a carbon monoxide shift reactor 9, for producing a stream of high hydrogen content syngas 10, which is used for adjusting the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the cooled syngas 6.
  • the syngas is cooled sufficiently, in the syngas cooling steam generator and its feedwater heater 11, to allow cleaning of the syngas by the removal of particulate materials 12 (dust or mud) in the particulate removal plant 13.
  • the syngas is then purified by removing contaminants and diluents from the cooled syngas in the syngas cleaning plant 14; using conventional syngas cleaning methods and equipment.
  • the cleaned syngas 15, of the present invention is converted to methanol, to provide optimum utility and economics for the processes and means of the invention, for effecting the complete utilization or hydrogen and carbon in the solid waste resource materials and the particulate carbon fuel 16.
  • the present invention provides for the co-utilization of solid waste resources and fossil fuel resources, as depicted herein as the preferred embodiment, for providing new low-cost sources for great quantities of methanol.
  • the methanol, produced from solid -1- waste materials and coal or lignite-derived particulate carbon fuels requires no scarce crude oil or natural gas as feedstock, and can serve many beneficial and environmentally desirable purposes, as described hereinafter.
  • methanol can be used as an automotive fuel for either specially designed, or slightly modified, conventional Otto cycle engines. It can also be used as the principal component of automotive fuels which contain small percentages of low-octane unleaded gasoline.
  • the gasoline is used for giving color to the flame in event of accidental fires and for improving cold start capability.
  • the gasoline also increases the fuel value of the mixture to a higher value than methanol alone.
  • Mobil Formula proposed by Mobil Oil Corporation and probably by many others. This fuel is eighty-five percent methanol and about fifteen percent gasoline, with some beneficial additives.
  • the methanol can also be used for producing methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE) , for use as a gasoline additive for "Reformulated Gasolines". It can also be used for blending with fuel ethanol, gasoline and additives to produce superior quality automotive fuels.
  • MTBE methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether
  • One example of such blended alcohol fuels which are called “Trinary Fuels (TF)", is approximately sixty percent methanol, thirty percent fuel ethanol, eight to nine percent low-octane unleaded gasoline, one to two percent diethyl ether and/or other ethers; with very small amounts of commercially available anti-corrosion additives and beneficial lubricants.
  • Trinary Fuels technologies developed by Methacoal Corporation, can provide superior-performance blended alcohol fuels.
  • mixtures of methanol and higher alcohols may be produced, instead of methanol, from the cleaned syngas, using conventional, well-known, and available equipment and catalysts.
  • One such mixture of methanol and higher alcohols, and the processes and catalysts for producing such fuels were develped many years ago by Wentworth Brothers Engineering Company, of Cincinnatti, Ohio.
  • the fuels were referred to as Methyl-Fuel, a name which was apparently trademarked by that company.
  • the production of this or other mixtures of methanol and higher alcohols may, in some cases, prove to be more economical than producing methanol only.
  • Cleaned syngas can also be provided as feedstock for other chemical processing purposes, such as the production of ammonia, using available conventional methods, where this proves beneficial and profitable.
  • the fluid slag is thus moved to the nearby foaming plant, where rounded granules of light-weight aggregates are formed by directing streams of fluid slag, of various controlled small diameters, into pools of water of various depths, and continually removing the foamed aggregates from the pools of water.
  • a similar process wherein control of the particle sizes was relatively unimportant, was used for many decades-for the purpose of preparing large quantities of electric furnace slag for transportation, as water-solids slurries. This means was used for many years for moving molten slag away from the slag-tapping areas of the electric furnaces, which were used in the elemental phosphorus industry.
  • Properly sized high-quality granular light-weight aggregates may be used to replace expanded shale, a light-weight aggregate material produced by heating shale to incipient fusion temperatures. This coproduct of the invention thus conserves the fuel energy required for the heating of shales to produce similar, but less durable, light-weight aggregates.
  • Various sized fractions of light-weight aggregates, prepared by screening, may also replace crushed rock, pebble and sand for concrete construction, thus conserving quarrying, processing and transportation energy and providing superior-quality low-density concrete structures.
  • Some sized fractions of light-weight aggregates may also be used as base materials for highway, roadway, airport, parking lot, slab floor, and slab wall construction. Dense rock-like material, called dense slag-rock 22, may also be produced by cooling fluid slag delivered by slag runners, in a slag pit 23, then breaking, crushing and screening the rock-like slag to produce crushed aggregate 24.
  • Rock-wool insulation 25 can also be produced by blowing of molten slag with steam or air, in a conventional blowing plant 26.
  • Rock-wool insulation materials can be thus be produced without requiring fuel usually necessary for melting the rock and clay materials used for its production.
  • Molten metals are recovered from the molten metals layer 27, beneath the molten slag layer, and nearer the bottom of the furnace; and are passed by metal runners 28, . which are refractory-lined troughs such as those used in the iron blast furnace industry, to a casting machine 29, of the same type used in pig iron casting operations, for the production of metal ingots 30, useful for further refining (not shown) and the production of elemental metals and metal alloys.
  • metal runners 28 which are refractory-lined troughs such as those used in the iron blast furnace industry, to a casting machine 29, of the same type used in pig iron casting operations, for the production of metal ingots 30, useful for further refining (not shown) and the production of elemental metals and metal alloys.
  • Superheated reactant steam 31 is produced by using heat energy recovered from cooling of the hot syngas in the syngas-cooling steam generator; cooling of the syngas duct-work; cooling of syngas in the carbon monoxide shift reactor; cooling of the furnace shell and other equipment to produce hot water 32; passing gas plant feedwater 33 through the feedwater heater, to provide preheated feedwater 34; interstage cooling of syngas in the syngas compression plant 35 providing pressurized clean syngas 36; and cooling of the synthesis reactor (not shown) of the methanol plant.
  • Superheated reactant steam from the syngas-cooling steam generator the production of which is described in more detail hereinbelow, is used in. the gasification process.
  • Saturated reactant steam 37 useful in the gasification process and for superheating in the syngas-cooling steam generator, could be provided in another embodiment of the invention, by a fuel-fired steam generating plant (not shown) provided as an integral part of the processing facilities.
  • some form of cogeneration steam-electric facility is used as shown, to more efficiently and economically provide both steam and electricity for the integrated facilities.
  • This can be accomplished, in other embodiments, by building the solid waste gasifying furnace and other facilities near an existing steam-electric power plant (not shown) , and installing a system for extracting steam turbine exhaust steam therefrom, to provide the heat energy for reproducing saturated steam, using feedwater with minimum treatment, in a steam-to-steam heat exchanger system (not shown) .
  • the condensate from such a steam-to-steam heat exchanger could be returned to the power plant as feedwater to conserve energy and reduce feedwater requirements and costs.
  • a new cogeneration electric power plant 38 of the fossil fuel-fired type, is provided in -/Z- areas where the additional electric generating capacity and electric energy are needed, or where an existing steam-electric power plant is not available.
  • This cogeneration electric power plant may provide the electric energy for facilities 39, and electric energy for other uses 40, and also provide the saturated reactant steam requirements, and saturated steam 41 requirements.
  • the cogeneration electric power plant of the preferred embodiment can also provide superheated steam (not shown) , directly from superheated steam headers in the power plant, for operating steam turbines used to drive compressors (not shown) in the conventional air-reduction oxygen plant 42, which uses ambient air 43 for the production of reactant oxygen 44, which oxygen is stored in reactant oxygen storage 45, for use in the gasification process.
  • superheated steam is also provided for operating steam turbines used for driving syngas compressors (not shown) in the syngas compression plant.
  • the condensate (not shown) from the exhaust of such steam turbines is returned to the cogeneration electric power plant's condensate reservoirs (not shown) , to conserve power plant feedwater, thus reducing feedwater treatment requirements and costs.
  • the saturated reactant steam used for mixing with superheated reactant steam, thus supplying superheated reactant steam for the gasification reactions, may be efficiently provided from the cogeneration electric power plant, by using turbine exhaust extraction steam 46, in condensing-boiling steam generators 47, to produce the saturated reactant steam.
  • Saturated steam is also produced in this manner for use as reactant steam in the carbon monoxide shift reactor, for superheating in the syngas cooling steam generator, and for other process and space heating purposes (not shown) . This allows achieving optimum efficiencies of energy utilization, and condensate 48, from the condensing/boiling steam generator, is returned to the cogeneration electric power plant to minimize boiler feedwater treatment requirements and costs.
  • the particulate carbon fuel (PCF) is produced from coal or lignite 49, by pulverizing, drying if necessary, and treating with methanol in the particulate carbon fuel plant 50, then stored in particulate carbon fuel storage 51, for use as reactive feedstock for the solid waste gasifying and slagging furnace.
  • the Methacoal fuel is thermally separated at the pipeline terminus, in the Methacoal fuel separation plant, using helical screw processors and multiple disk processors (not shown) , as the preferred means for producing the highly reactive particulate carbon fuel.
  • Similar "pulverulent carbonaceous fuels" are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,192,651, "Method of Producing Pulverulent Carbonaceous Fuel”; and in U. S. Patent No. 4,742,784, "Methods for Reducing Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Power Plants Fired by Various Coals", wherein other means are employed for their production.
  • pulverulent carbonaceous fuels produced by any of these means may be used to provide the particulate carbon fuels (PCF) of the present invention.
  • the fuel-grade methanol, sometimes called condensate liquid fuel, produced from Methacoal fuels by various means of thermal separation, may be returned and reused, again and again, as the fluid medium for producing and transporting the Methacoal fuels.
  • the present invention utilizes a combination of fragmented solid waste 52 and the particulate carbon fuel (PCF) , as co-utilized feedstocks for the unique gasification process and equipment provided.
  • the solid waste materials are processed and fragmented in a solid waste processing plant 53, in which the recovery of materials for recycling is optional, and the solid waste materials are reduced in particle sizes to the ranges of about minus one inch or two inch top sizes.
  • Fragmented solid waste is then stored, for short periods of time only, in fragmented solid waste storage 54, of limited capacity, for subsequent feeding to the gasifying furnace.
  • the solid waste materials are exposed to pure oxygen, admitted at either near-ambient temperatures or at elevated temperatures, in such a manner that some of the materials are partially oxidized and some are completely oxidized, by oxidation reactions which take place very rapidly.
  • This provides carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide for subsequent reactions with carbon and water, which can produce additional carbon monoxide and some of the additional hydrogen required, as will be further described hereinafter.
  • the particulate carbon fuel, PCF is highly reactive as the result of the coal or lignite being dried (if not already low in moisture content) before the production of the PCF; as the result of the particle sizes being smaller than about one hundred microns; and as the result of multi-molecular layers of methanol molecules, remaining attached to both the internal and the external coaliferous surfaces of the coal or lignite-derived particles.
  • This highly reactive PCF allows achieving the very rapid gasification reactions and very high initial gas temperatures necessary in the furnace, at near-atmospheric pressures, to liquefy, melt or vaporize essentially all of the non-combustible solids from the fragmented solid waste, from the reactive particulate carbon fuels, and from the mineral additives 55, which are used for controlling the slag chemical composition and the molten fluid characteristics of the slag. See previous reference "Chemistry of Coal Utilization, pages 955 to 957”.
  • Saturated steam from the cogeneration electric power plant, or from the syngas-cooling steam generator is admitted as a reactant in a conventional catalytic carbon monoxide shift reactor, using a side-stream of relatively cool syngas, which has passed through the syngas-cooling steam generator, to produce a ⁇ 7- high-hydrogen syngas, to provide additional hydrogen needed in the syngas to be used for methanol production.
  • the additional hydrogen required in the syngas is thus provided by the carbon monoxide shift reaction, sometimes referred to as the "watershift reaction". See previous reference, "Chemistry of Coal Utilization, pages 893 and 894". In this reaction, some of the carbon monoxide of the syngas is oxidized by water, as steam, to carbon dioxide, thereby taking oxygen from the steam and releasing hydrogen therefrom.
  • the present invention provides the processing capability for making adjustments in the ratio of the two feedstock materials, in order to compensate for the high degree of inherent variability in chemical and physical composition of the solid waste materials, and for the short-term "and long-term variabilities in the rates of accumulation and delivery of the solid waste materials for any project area.
  • Many difficulties would be encountered in storing the large quantities of solid waste materials which would be required to compensate for the inherent variabilities in both the fuel value and the quantity of solid waste materials, in order to provide reasonably constant feed rates, and to avoid serious and perhaps frequent turndowns in operating capacity and consequent reductions in productivity and profitability.
  • the present invention also makes possible and profitable the mining of many existing landfills for the recovery and utilization of buried solid waste resource materials, where there has not been too much degradation of the fuel value of the materials from natural conversion to the pollutants, methane and/or carbon dioxide. This can allow avoiding the high costs of mining, transporting and reburying solid waste materials in new ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ approved landfills, where that would otherwise be required.
  • the variabilities in quantity and quality of solid waste are accommodated by the processes and means of the invention, while maintaining continuity of operations and reasonably constant production capacity, which are both critical to the economics of most chemical processing operations.
  • This is made possible by co-utilizing the fragmented solid waste materials and particulate carbon fuel as gasification feedstocks, thereby providing the capability for varying the percentages of the two feedstock materials, within acceptable limits, for example throughout the range from forty percent PCF to sixty percent PCF, on a fuel value basis, these being examples, not limits.
  • the storage of large amounts of the PCF may be readily and inexpensively provided, while the storage of large amounts of solid waste materials would present serious problems and environmental hazards, and is most undesirable.
  • the particulate carbon fuels (PCF) used as gasifier feedstock, are produced from pulverized coal, or from Methacoal fuels in a Methacoal fuel separation plant, at the gasification project site, and are stored as dry particulate material in PCF storage silos, in adequate quantities to accommodate the variability in fuel values and rates of delivery of the solid waste materials.
  • the PCF is moved to and from storage, and to the gasifying furnace, as fluidized solids in conventional equipment available for such purposes, and which use inert gas as the transport medium, for safety purposes and to protect the quality of the reactive PCF.
  • the two feedstock materials are fed separately to the gasification furnace, as described hereinbelow, but in other embodiments could be fed by first blending PCF with the fragmented solid waste.
  • the ratio of PCF to fragmented solid waste, on a fuel value basis, may be varied within reasonably broad limits.
  • the minimum percentage of PCF, which must be provided at any time, to prevent experiencing seriously detrimental effects on performance of the gasification process and equipment, will depend primarily on the moisture content and fuel value of the solid waste materials being used as feedstock, and these may be expected to vary greatly.
  • the facilities could perhaps be operated with PCF feedstock only, however, this would defeat principal purposes of the invention, which are to provide practical and economical means for utilizing the solid waste resource materials, while eliminating the need for landfills, waste incineration, various fuel uses of waste, and those waste materials recycling activities which are not profitable or which present health hazards.
  • Biomass materials produced as waste from farm crops, and biomass materials produced specifically for gasification can also be used as feedstock materials for the gasifying furnace of the present invention.
  • the initial gas temperatures developed by reactions of the pre-mixed oxygen and superheated steam with the particulate carbon fuel, will be in the range of three-thousand to four-thousand degrees Fahrenheit, and are controlled at the levels within that range, proven during actual operations to be required for maintaining acceptably low viscosities of the fluid slags produced and good percentages of carbon conversion.
  • Slag viscosities should be in the range of about twenty to sixty centipoise for ease of tapping and utilizing most slags, for gravity separation of the molten slag and the heavier metals in the furnace, and for achieving good quality of the slag products.
  • Gas temperatures throughout the reaction zone and the bottom of the gasifying furnace, though lower than the initial reaction temperatures, must also be sufficiently high to insure the rapid slagging, melting, or vaporizing of essentially all of the non-combustible solids in the fragmented solid waste, in the coal or lignite-derived particulate carbon fuels, and in the mineral additives used for control of the slagging process, before the product syngas reaches the syngas outlets from the gasifying furnace.
  • the high-quality syngas exiting the gasifying furnace is produced with maximum combined carbon monoxide and hydrogen content and with minimum amounts of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide.
  • a mixture of reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam, adequately pre-mixed as required, is used for achieving the very rapid gasification reactions with the PCF, and the very high initial gas temperatures produced thereby, to facilitate producing syngas from the combustible portions of all the feedstock materials, and for maintaining the gas temperatures sufficiently high to either liquefy or vaporize essentially all of the non-combustible solids in the feedstock materials.
  • This will generally require oxygen-to-steam mole ratios of about forty to fifty percent oxygen in the oxygen-steam mixture.
  • the low-viscosity fluid slag with rock-like chemical/mineral composition, is produced primarily from the non-metallic non-combustible components of the feedstock materials.
  • the chemical composition of the fluid slag is controlled by using the necessary mineral additives, in the required amounts, to provide low eutectic points (or low melting temperatures) for the mixtures of materials which form the low-viscosity fluid slags. This facilitates achieving complete liquefaction of the slag-producing materials, low fluid slag viscosities, and ease of removal by tapping of the low-viscosity fluid slag from near the bottom of the gasifying furnace. See previous reference, “Chemistry of Coal Utilization, pages 955 through 957", and additional references cited therein.
  • the chemical composition of the fluid -slag is also controlled, to some extent, within desirable limits which are determined during actual operations, to facilitate obtaining the desired physical characteristics of the important coproduct, light-weight aggregates.
  • the practical limits of fluid slag composition may be determined experimentally, and slag composition may then be monitored and controlled by using periodic chemical analyses of the materials produced from the fluid slag, and making necessary adjustments in slag composition by using the appropriate mineral additives.
  • Frequent adjustments in slag composition may be necessary, because of the high degree of variability which may be expected in the non-combustible solids portion of the feedstock materials, and because of the variations necessitated in the proportions of solid waste materials and particulate carbon fuel.
  • Very hot syngas, exiting from the top of the gasifying furnace, will be passed first through water-heating and nucleate-boiling sections (not shown) of the syngas-cooling steam generator shown in Figure 1.
  • the tubing of the water-heating and nucleate-boiling sections of the syngas-cooling steam generator is capable of tolerating the high temperatures of the syngas from the furnace, and are used to substantially and quickly reduce those temperatures. If necessary, in some circumstances, the gases may be slightly precooled in the furnace by adding low temperature saturated steam or a mixture of low-temperture saturated steam and hot water (not shown) , as discussed hereinbelow, in order to protect the tubing in the syngas cooling steam generator.
  • the somewhat lower temperature syngas after passing through the initial feedwater heating and/or saturated steam generating tubing, then passes through the steam superheater tubing (not shown) in the syngas-cooling steam generator, where the syngas temperatures are further reduced as the steam is superheated to the desired temperatues.
  • the steam superheating tubing could not - s - tolerate the very high gas temperatures of the initial syngas exiting the gasifying furnace.
  • Additional saturated steam generation tubing is also provided after the superheater tubing, to further reduce the syngas temperatures.
  • the final syngas cooling is completed in the feedwater heating section of the syngas-cooling steam generator, as shown in Figure 1.
  • combustion air or feedwater may be pre-heated for the cogeneration electric power plant. It may be necessary to waste some low temperature heat through air-cooled or water-cooled heat exchangers, in some cases.
  • the cooled syngas, exiting the feedwater heater, is thus reduced in temperature sufficiently to facilitate the removal, in a particulate removal plant, of entrained particulate materials, which are expected to be primarily metallic dust or muds, in most cases.
  • substantial unburned carbon is found in the particulate materials, it may be separated therefrom and returned to the PCF storage for return to the gasifying furnace.
  • the cooled syngas, after removal of the particulate materials, is compressed as required in the syngas cleaning plant, preferably using steam turbine-driven centrifugal compressors (not shown) , to the pressures required for the particular conventional syngas cleaning methods and equipment selected and used.
  • Standard syngas cleaning methods and equipment have been developed and commercially demonstrated in the United States in recent years by both Government and Industry. Good examples are the gas-cleaning processes demonstrated at the Coolwater Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plant project, at Doggett, California, and those used for the very large Great Plains Coal Gasification Project, in North Dakota, both previously referred to herein. Those methods and equipment may be used satisfactorily for the syngas cleaning for the present invention.
  • the cleaned syngas is compressed in the syngas compression plant, to the synthesis reaction pressure required for methanol production. The specific pressure required depends on which of the conventional methanol synthesis processes and catalysts are selected.
  • the pressurized clean syngas is then delivered to the methanol plant for synthesis conversion to methanol.
  • the methanol may be produced as fuel-grade product, as chemical-grade product, or as mixed alcohols which are primarily methanol.
  • some or all of the pressurized clean syngas may be used for producing mixtures of methanol and higher alcohols, or for producing ammonia.
  • Various materials removed from the syngas during syngas cleaning are recovered as byproducts for marketing, or to provide feedstock materials for product manufacturing. These include the particulate materials, unreacted carbon from the particulate materials, elemental sulfur 56, carbon dioxide 57 in gaseous or solid form, and nitrogen 58 in gaseous or liquid form.
  • the particulate solids, removed from the cooled syngas may be processed for recovery of metals and other useful materials, and the remaining materials may be returned (recycled) to the feedstock for the gasifying furnace.
  • Other coproducts of value are also produced, including excess-capacity liquid or gaseous oxygen, liquid or gaseous nitrogen, and other air-reduction gases, from the air reduction plant, if the preferred cryogenic oxygen process is used.
  • Surplus hydrogen in the syngas may be produced by carbon monoxide shift reaction and later recovered from the purge-loop gases exiting the condensers of the methanol plant. This hydrogen could be recovered and prepared for marketing as either gaseous hydrogen or liquid hydrogen, when sufficient markets develop.
  • the solid waste.materials are thus completely restructured and made useful by their conversion to marketable products, coproducts, byproducts and inert gases.
  • Fragmented metals such as automobiles, home appliances, metal food containers, sheet metal roofing, and various other forms of light metals, may be added to the solid waste feedstock for the gasifying furnace.
  • lead storage batteries may be added to the -feedstock, and the lead compounds of the battery should all be converted to metallic lead and other recoverable materials.
  • shredded vehicle tires and some iron ores, especially pyrites and marcasites may be useful as additional feedstock materials. Both would produce significant amounts of byproduct elemental sulfur.
  • High-sulfur coals will be preferred for PCF production or Methacoal fuels production, since both the iron and the sulfur from the coals will be recovered and marketed.
  • Sewage plant solids could be accepted as feedstock, either in the dried form or as concentrated sludge, to provide a practical, beneficial and environmentally acceptable means of disposal thereof. Waste oils, lubricants and solvents, though not solids, will be desirable as additions to the feedstock materials. Hydrocarbon contaminated soils or clays could be used as mineral additives to provide a means of disposal which is less costly than currently required incineration, and without the environmentally questionable residues of incineration, which require disposal.
  • the methanol produced may be beneficial to the environment in various ways, such as providing neat methanol (methanol only) as low-pollution oxygenated automotive fuel, blended auto fuels made with the use of gasolines, blended methanol-ethanol-additive automotive fuels (called Trinary Fuels) , superior-quality higher-efficiency gas turbine fuels, diesel fuel replacement using Avocet additive, and fuels for new types of very high efficiency methanol-fueled combined cycle power plants.
  • Trinary Fuels blended methanol-ethanol-additive automotive fuels
  • the invention may be applied primarily for the purposes of eliminating "unsanitary landfills", sometimes inappropriately called “sanitary landfills”; costly and environmentally undesirable incineration, often used for solid waste volume reduction; and environmentally undesirable use of solid waste as refuse-derived fuels for steam or electric power generation, which exacerbates other serious environmental problems.
  • sorting and recycling of various materials may be accommodated to the extent that it is desirable and profitable. Where it is unprofitable or impractical, sorting and recycling may be entirely eliminated, and all the waste materials may be accepted as feedstock for the gasifying furnace of the invention. It may be beneficial and desirable to remove heavy metal objects before fragmentation, to protect the fragmenting equipment. It may be profitable to remove aluminum, either before or after fragmentation, depending on how much aluminum is oxidized in the gasifying furnace and lost to the slag.
  • the principal integrated facilities required are the fragmented solid waste and particulate carbon fuel gasification facilites and facilities for the production of fuel methanol, building materials, and byproducts; at or near the source of the solid waste materials, integrated with a cogeneration (steam-electric) power plant, and indluding a large air reduction -2.8- or other type of oxygen plant.
  • a fuel ethanol plant and a TMR feeds plant may be integrated with, and located adjacent to, the solid waste gasification and methanol production facilities. Both principal facilities are then preferably integrated with either a new cogeneration electric power plant, or with a modified existing steam-electric power plant; which can provide all of the steam requirements -not provided by the gasification project facilities; and which can also provide all the electric energy requirements for the processing facilities, while producing additional electric energy for the participating electric utility, or for sale to utility companies.
  • FIGS. 2 and Figure 3 present schematic illustrations of the gasifying furnace of the preferred embodiment, in order that one skilled in the art may understand this unique, cylindrical, vertical axis, low pressure, high temperature, slag-bed gasifier; and to make clear the means whereby it is capable of gasifying all the combustible components of the feedstock materials, slagging all the non-metallic non-combustible solids of the feedstock materials and the additives, liquefying or vaporizing all the metallic components of the feedstock materials, and reducing many compounds of the feedstock materials to their elements, or to other, oft ⁇ en simpler, compounds.
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional elevation view taken through the center of the solid waste gasifying furnace, a cylindrical, vertical axis, low pressure, high temperature, slag-bed gasifier.
  • the outer furnace shell 59 is a water-cooled steel double wall, or may contain steam generating tubing, to allow recovery of the heat passing through the graphitized carbon furnace lining 60, and the insulating refractory materials 60 between the furnace lining and the outer furnace shell, and to facilitate maintaining uniform temperature gradients through the materials of the cylindrical furnace walls.
  • the furnace lining is made of graphitized carbon blocks or cast in place graphitized carbon lining materials, and is backed by the insulating refractory materials to reduce the rate of flow of heat from the furnace.
  • Such furnaces must be relatively large in diameter, in order to provide a large slag surface area for -protecting the graphitized carbon lining 62, of the furnace bottom 63 and the graphitized carbon lining of the furnace shell, from damage by significant concentrations of unreacted oxygen, which might otherwise come in contact with the graphitized carbon.
  • the diameter of the furnace is approximately the same dimension as the height thereof, and these dimensions, per unit of gasification capacity, will be relatively large, compared to high-pressure gasifiers of the same capacity.
  • Slag tap openings 64 are provided at various points around the periphery of the lower furnace walls for removing fluid slag by tapping, either intermittently or continuously, as is done in the case of removing slags and metals from electric furnaces, which also operate at very low (near-atmospheric) pressures.
  • the position of the slag runners is shown in Figure 1, and they were described hereinbefore.
  • Metal tap openings 65 are provided at various points around the periphery of the furnace walls, lower than the slag tap openings, and very near the bottom of the furnace. The molten metals may be removed therefrom by periodic tapping.
  • the position of the metal runners is shown in Figure 1, and they were described hereinbefore.
  • Relatively large syngas exit ports 66 are provided around the periphery of the gasifying furnace, near the top of the furnace walls, and are connected to refractory-lined syngas ducts 67.
  • the syngas ducts have double metal walls with inert gas therebetween for safety, as described in U. S. Patent No. 4,097,217, titled “Method for Converting Combustors from Hydro-Carbonaceous Fuels to Carbonaceous Fuels", issued to one of the co-inventors hereof.
  • the ducts are also insulated on the outer surfaces. These ducts will transport the hot syngas to the syngas-cooling steam generators.
  • Two or more sets of syngas ducts and two or more syngas-cooling steam generators are used, in order to facilitate uniform flow of syngas from the gasifying furnace into the ducts, and to minimize the lengths of the ducts required.
  • the syngas-cooling steam generators and carbon monoxide shift reactors, shown in Figure 1, should be located at sufficient distances from the furnace to allow adequate access for slag tapping and metal tapping operations, which are located at positions around the furnace, and near the furnace bottom.
  • a dome-shaped furnace top 68 is shown, since this provides good self-supporting mechanical characteristics for the structure, and facilitates holding the refractory furnace top lining 69 thereunder.
  • a conical feed hopper 70 serves as a surge chamber for the two lock hoppers 71, which alternately feed fragmented solid waste 72 into the conical feed hopper, in such a manner that there is no escape of syngas from the furnace through the conical feed hopper.
  • the lock hoppers are purged by steam or inert gas after emptying and some of the purge steam or gas is passed through the conical hopper and into the gasifying furnace.
  • the empty lock hoppers are vented to a fume collection system during filling.
  • Conveyor chutes 73 from conveyors (not shown) above the lock hoppers, alternately feed fragmented solid waste into one lock hopper then the other, as required.
  • Various conventional conveyor arrangements and equipment are available to deliver the fragmented solid waste into the lock hoppers. In other embodiments, only one lock-hopper may be used, or a plurality of lock-hoppers may be used.
  • the fragmented solid waste material is fed from the conical feed hopper to the gasifying furnace in such a manner that the material is dropped continuously, falling uniformly from all points around the entire periphery of the rotating feeder table 74, of the feeder-distributor 75, at the center of and underneath the "37 ⁇ conical feed hopper.
  • the feeder-distributor see U. S. Patent No. 3,306,501, titled “Feeder Apparatus", granted to one of the co-inventors hereof and assigned to Monsanto Company in 1967.
  • This is truly a mass-flow feeder, in that all the material in the hopper remains continuously in motion, though moving very slowly, so long as the feeder table is turning.
  • the mass flow rate is a function of the rotating speed of the feeder table only, the flow rate is very uniform at any fixed speed, and is approximately proportional to that rotating speed, with no other flow rate controls required.
  • Figure 4 and Figure 5 show details of the feeder-distributor for clarification.
  • the rotating feeder table is refractory coated on the underneath side and is water-cooled or gas-cooled to provide protection from the extreme radiant heat it is exposed to from below.
  • the other feeder parts and the hopper are protected from the heat by injecting ambient temperature inert carbon dioxide gas or low temperature steam, under slight positive pressure, inside the conical hopper, so it is forced to flow downward through the conical hopper and the feeder-distributor, and then into the gasifying furnace.
  • the rotating feeder table is supported from above by a hollow rotatable center shaft 76, mounted in radial and thrust bearings 77 at the top of the conical feed hopper.
  • the rotatable feeder table is rotated by the hollow rotatable center shaft, which is driven by a variable-speed drive mechanism 78, above the center of the conical feed hopper.
  • the diameter of the flat rotatable feeder table is considerably larger than the outer extremities of the feeder's 'S3' spiral elements 79, which begin at the throat of the conical feed hopper, extend vertially downward therefrom, and spiral (extend) uniformly outward therefrom as they orient in the direction of rotation of the feeder table (the spiral plates remaining vertical) , to a terminal point some distance outside the diameter of the throat of the conical feed hopper, and displaced radially in the direction of rotation of the feeder table, to a point on a radius thereof whereupon the next successive spiral element begins at the throat of the conical feed hopper.
  • Three or more spiral elements are preferred for this type of application, and several are considered for the preferred embodiment, as shown in Figure 5.
  • a smaller diameter surge control table 81 is located slightly above the throat of the conical feed hopper, and is mounted on and rotated by the same rotating center shaft as the rotating feeder table.
  • Heated oxygen 82 from an oxygen heater 83, both shown in Figure 1, at the optimum temperature for desired performance; which optimum temperature must be established by operating experience for the specific gasifying furnace, feedstock materials, and operating conditions; is passed through the rotating center shaft and discharged downward through oxygen nozzles 84, shown in Figure 2, positioned below the central portion of the rotating feeder table.
  • the mixture of reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam 85 is continuously fed downward through alternately positioned nozzles 86, in a larger diameter circle of nozzles, around the outside of the falling curtain of solid waste materials.
  • the other alternately positioned nozzles 87 in or near the same circle, feed reactive particulate carbon fuel 88, as fluidized solids in inert gas or steam, at controlled feed rates, and directed downward between the alternate streams of the pre-mixed reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam.
  • the resultant combined gasification reactions between the reactive particulate carbon fuel and the mixture of reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam encompass the solid waste materials inside a cylindrical envelope formed by the very rapidly reacting and ver -high temperature gases produced by the reactions.
  • the temperatures of the product gases formed by the reactions of the particulate carbon fuel and the mixture of reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam will generally be within the range of three-thousand to thirty-five hundred degrees Fahrenheit, with the temperature at any time depending primarily on the mole ratio of reactant oxygen to superheated reactant steam, in the mixture thereof, which is injected into the reaction zone, through alternate nozzels, with the reactive particulate carbon fuel. See previous reference, "Chemistry of Coal Utilization, pages 954 and 955".
  • the downward-moving mass of high temperature reacting gases will accelerate as they expand, move downward, and impinge upon the surface of the underlying molten slag layer 89, near the bottom of the furnace, and above the molten metals layer 90.
  • the reacting gases will then turn horizontally outward in all directions, toward the outer cylindrical walls of the furnace, traveling along the molten slag surface 91, and diminishing in velocity as they travel outward.
  • This carries the hottest gases over the surface of the molten slag, and also tends to move any ⁇ % - particulate materials, which may remain in the gas stream, downward onto the slag surface, where particles may stick and remain while continuing to react and gasify, melt, or vaporize.
  • the gases reach the graphitized carbon lining of the furnace walls, essentially all of the oxygen will have been consumed by the reactions, and the remaining gases will be primarily reducing gases, carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
  • additional steam 92 is added through another even larger diameter circle of downward directed steam nozzles 93 outside the primary reaction zone 94, and about midway between the center of the furnace and the furnace lining of the outer peripheral walls.
  • a water-steam mixture (not shown) may also be added in this area, as discussed hereinbelow.
  • the nozzles of this outer circle are directed downward so the steam may encompass and react with the already reacting gases in the outer portion of the primary reaction zone, and may assist in preventing highly oxidizing gases from reaching the graphitized carbon lining of the furnace shell, by containing them and moving them downward toward the molten slag surface.
  • Figure 3 is a horizontal cross section taken through the - 7- upper central portion of the furnace, near the top of the primary reaction zone therein. It depicts the concentric circular arrangements of the feedstock and reactant materials, as they begin their downward flow into the primary reaction zone of the furnace.
  • the streams of oxygen 95 which are admitted at optimum temperatues for process control purposes, as required by the nature of the solid waste materials being used, are shown near the center of the concentric circles, with the larger diameter cylindrical curtain of solid waste materials 96 encompassing • them.
  • the alternately positioned streams 97 of pre-mixed reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam and the alternately positioned streams 98 of reactive particulate carbon fuel injected with inert gas or steam, are both shown in the second encompassing circle.
  • the alternately positioned streams are shown as small circles, alternately clear 97, and then dark 98, which form the large circle.
  • the streams of additional steam 99 shown as small clear circles are shown in the third encompassing large circle, with a few additional streams of reactive particulate carbon fuel 100 shown as small darkened circles, provided in or near the same circle.
  • These additional streams of reactive particulate carbon fuel can provide more carbon-steam reactions, if this proves advantageous with some feedstock materials or under some particular operating conditions, and would tend to reduce the presence of unreacted oxygen in the outer areas of the gasifying furnace, when this is found to be beneficial.
  • the waterheating, steam generation and steam superheating functions (not shown) of the syngas-cooling steam generator shown in Figure 1 are arranged in a unique manner for optimum performance and economy.
  • the feedwater is first heated by the cooling of syngas in the feedwater heater to reduce syngas temperatures to the lowest practical levels before cleaning and compression of the syngas.
  • low-quality saturated steam (a mixture of vapor and tiny water droplets) is generated in the syngas cooling steam generator, at the design pressure.
  • the design pressure must be established during design and engineering for a specific gasification project, since this pressure also inherently establishes the pressure of the superheated steam generated .
  • Steam pressures must be sufficiently high to minimize the volumetric requirements of steam headers, steam generator tubing, superheater tubing, etc. Optimum steam pressures will generally be in the ranges of a few hundred pounds per square inch (psi) gage pressure.
  • the saturated steam must be produced with controlled quality, having more than sufficient liquid droplets remaining therein to contain all of the soluble and insoluble contaminants from the untreated or minimally treated feedwater used.
  • This low-quality saturated steam generation is accomplished in the syngas-cooling steam generator, with the pressure of the saturated steam controlled, which also controls the pressure of the superheated steam produced from the saturated steam.
  • This low-quality saturated steam is then passed through a conventional vapor-liquid phase separator (not shown) , similar to the steam drums of conventional boiler plants, to produce clean saturated steam for subsequent superheating in the same syngas-cooling steam generator.
  • the phase separator also produces controlled amounts of hot water, at the same temperature as the steam, which will contain "all the dissolved and suspended contaminants of the initial feedwater.
  • the clean saturated s.team, from the phase separator and its demister, is then superheated in the syngas-cooling steam generator, to the temperature level required for gasification process control.
  • the reactant oxygen and superheated reactant steam are pre-mixed, as required, and as described in the previous references, for admission to the gasification zone of the furnace to sustain the gasification reactions.
  • the hot water from the phase separator is taken by pipeline to the top of the furnace, where it is mixed with superheated steam at temperatures in the range of five-hundred to one-thousand degrees Fahrenheit, preferably in dynamic Venturis, thereby forming mineral-bearing and mineral salt-bearing superheated steam at the resultant temperature, which is somewhat lower than the original superheated steam temperature.
  • This contaminant-bearing superheated steam must be maintained at near-critical velocities, after mixing with the contaminant-bearing water, while being immediately fed into the gasifying furnace as streams of additional steam as shown in Figure 3.
  • the high steam velocities and the substantial turbulence induced by the dynamic Venturis are sufficient to prevent salting out and buildup of the mineral materials and mineral salts in the feed pipes or nozzles carrying the steam into the furnace.
  • the entrained solids and mineral salts in the lower temperature superheated steam will have no detrimental effect on the gasification reactions, and may therefore be tolerated in the process. They are relatively clean materials compared to the other feedstock materials, and some may serve as beneficial catalysts for the gasification process, as noted in the previous references. Most important, this provides means for avoiding the very high costs and difficulties of physically and chemically treating feedwater for the entire gasification process, in order that the saturated steam may be superheated in the conventional manner. If difficulties are encountered in this process, for any project or set of circumstances encountered, then the dirty hot water may be admitted directly into the gasification zone of the furnace, by being blown therein as streams of fine mist formed in Venturis, with minimum quantities of either saturated or superheated steam required, to accomplish the same purpose.

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Abstract

La gazéification, la scorification, la fusion et la vaporisation de composants de déchets et de combustibles réactifs au carbone dans des proportions variables, à basses pressions, à l'aide d'oxygène et de réactifs à l'état de vapeur produisent des températures très élevées, ce qui dégage un gaz synthétique (14) (hydrogène et monoxyde de carbone), des scories (24) et des métaux fondus (32). L'intégration fournit de la vapeur et de l'électricité en provenance d'usines de cogénération (47). Le traitement du charbon ou la séparation thermique des suspensoïdes de charbon-méthanol délivrés par les pipelines permet de produire le combustible au carbone réactif. Le gaz synthétique est nettoyé et purifié, puis utilisé pour produire du méthanol (15), du gaz ammoniac, ou du méthanol et du gaz ammoniac. Des modules (agrégats) (22) moussés, légers et des agrégats lourds (27) semblables à de la roche sont produits à partir de scories fondues. La récupération des métaux en fusion permet un recyclage optimal. Certains métaux sont produits par des réactions de réduction thermochimique. Les produits dérivés du nettoyage du gaz synthétique sont récupérés et commercialisés. Il ne reste aucun solide, ce qui résout le problème de la destruction des déchets.
PCT/US1992/006495 1991-02-28 1992-08-03 Procedes et systemes d'utilisation des dechets WO1994003760A1 (fr)

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