Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
  • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
  • A41D31/04—Materials specially adapted for outerwear characterised by special function or use
  • A41D31/08—Heat resistant; Fire retardant
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62C8/00—Hand tools or accessories specially adapted for fire-fighting, e.g. tool boxes
  • A62C8/06—Fire-blankets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/06—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/10—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer reinforced with filaments
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4266—Natural fibres not provided for in group D04H1/425
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
  • D04H1/4334—Polyamides
  • D04H1/4342—Aromatic polyamides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/68—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with phosphorus or compounds thereof, e.g. with chlorophosphonic acid or salts thereof
  • D06M11/72—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with phosphorus or compounds thereof, e.g. with chlorophosphonic acid or salts thereof with metaphosphoric acids or their salts; with polyphosphoric acids or their salts; with perphosphoric acids or their salts
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/77—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with silicon or compounds thereof
  • D06M11/79—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with silicon or compounds thereof with silicon dioxide, silicic acids or their salts
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
  • D06M15/233—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated aromatic, e.g. styrene
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
  • D06M23/06—Processes in which the treating agent is dispersed in a gas, e.g. aerosols
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
  • D06M23/08—Processes in which the treating agent is applied in powder or granular form
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/06—Vegetal fibres
  • B32B2262/062—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/08—Animal fibres, e.g. hair, wool, silk
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/14—Mixture of at least two fibres made of different materials
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
  • B32B2307/3065—Flame resistant or retardant, fire resistant or retardant
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
  • B32B2317/18—Cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives, e.g. viscose
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
  • D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
  • D10B2331/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides aromatic polyamides, e.g. aramides
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
  • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
  • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
  • E04B2001/7691—Heat reflecting layers or coatings
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10S428/92—Fire or heat protection feature
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10S428/92—Fire or heat protection feature
  • Y10S428/921—Fire or flameproofing
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
  • Y10T442/3382—Including a free metal or alloy constituent
  • Y10T442/3415—Preformed metallic film or foil or sheet [film or foil or sheet had structural integrity prior to association with the woven fabric]
  • Y10T442/3431—Plural fabric layers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
  • Y10T442/3472—Woven fabric including an additional woven fabric layer
  • Y10T442/3504—Woven fabric layers comprise chemically different strand material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
  • Y10T442/3472—Woven fabric including an additional woven fabric layer
  • Y10T442/3602—Three or more distinct layers
  • Y10T442/3618—At least one layer contains wood or cork
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
  • Y10T442/3707—Woven fabric including a nonwoven fabric layer other than paper
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/40—Knit fabric [i.e., knit strand or strip material]
  • Y10T442/475—Including a free metal or alloy constituent
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/40—Knit fabric [i.e., knit strand or strip material]
  • Y10T442/488—Including an additional knit fabric layer
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
  • Y10T442/654—Including a free metal or alloy constituent
  • Y10T442/655—Metal or metal-coated strand or fiber material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
  • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
  • Y10T442/664—Including a wood fiber containing layer

Definitions

• the present invention relates to fire and heat resistant materials and their use as barriers to the propagation of fire heat, and flame.
• protective and barrier fabric structures are adopted in a variety of types of textile products having different levels of performance.
• such products find themselves within the end-use areas of both protective clothing (workwear, civil emergency services, defence organisations) and barrier textiles (transport upholstery fabrics, transport upholstery barriers, contract/domestic barriers).
• known textiles designed for heat and flame protection can be divided into three broad categories: (i) flame retardant conventional textiles which transform to char barriers when heated above 250°C; (ii) higher performance textiles which char above 400°C; and (iii) ceramic fibre-containing fabrics which resist prolonged exposures up to about 1000°C.
• Fabrics possessing organic fibre contents which have desirable textile properties at ambient conditions, carbonise when heated in air or inert atmosphere above 250°C and slowly oxidise in air above 400-500°C are well known. These are typified by a whole range of products ranging from flame retardant cotton and wool fabrics to inherently flame and heat resistant polyaromatic structures. Of these, the higher performance examples such as aramid and/or carbonised fibre-containing barrier fabrics will survive only a few minutes when heated up to temperatures as high as 1000°C.
• Inorganic materials such as ceramic fibres have also been used to form flexible barriers but although they do not char, they too can become brittle and they may even melt when exposed to high temperatures leaving residues which are no longer effective to prevent the spread of fire.
• One class of products not subject to these disadvantages are the fabrics comprising only inorganic fibres based on silica or alumina which have been found to withstand temperatures in excess of 900°C and as high as 1100°C for considerable periods of time (e.g. of the order of days and weeks).
• these particular inorganic materials are even more expensive than the high performance organic fibre-containing barrier fabrics they replace. Also they have significantly higher densities and very high moduli which means they may be unacceptable when lightness and flexibility respectively are at a premium.
• paint formulations char and give off gas when exposed to high temperatures and thus form an expanded charred layer which serves to insulate the substrate and " to protect it from the fire.
• paints and coatings cannot be used on all substrates however or in all circumstances. They cannot be used, for example, where flexibility and permeability of the underlying substrate are essential properties.
• they suffer the disadvantage that once they have been transformed to an intumescent char, this structure is brittle and easily disintegrates when subjected to flexural or torsional motions.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a fire-resistant material which is at all times flexible, which resists fire and heat and which expands and chars upon exposure to heat to produce a barrier which retains its structural indegrity.
• a flexible fire and heat resistant material comprising an intimate mixture of organic intumescent filler and organic fibres adapted to char intensely within the temperature range 200°C to 500°C.
• intensely in this context is meant that carbonising reactions dominate the thermal degradation mechanisms occurring in the organic fibre components.
• the intumescent material move the fibres in addition to flowing around them. If the fibres are packed too tightly, the intumescent fills the inter-fibre voids without moving the fibres, whereas if the fibres are packed too loosely, the intumescent may well shake out of the product prior to use. It has been discovered that a nonwoven fabric structure has just the right properties to avoid both these possibilities. However, woven, knitted or other fabric structures designed to have similar geometric assembled fibre characteristics to the nonwoven structure can be used instead if desired. All these various constructions also have the advantage that they permit the material to be flexible at both low and high temperatures, to expand when exposed to elevated temperatures, and to accommodate and move with the intumescent when this is activated.
• Appearance and feel is of a light-weight composite fabric.
• the material can be used in all applications where flame retardancy, slow heat release and heat barrier characteristics are required. Upholstery in aircraft, trains, buses and ships, bulkheads, architectural framework protection and protective clothing are some of the indicated uses.
• the materials of the present invention may be constructed so as to provide a greater or smaller degree of expansion, as desired. For example, in applications, a relatively large expansion may be desirable so as to provide a thicker heat resistant barrier to the propagation of a fire at lower temperatures. In other cases this may not be necessary and the degree of expansion need only be that which will compensate for the reduction in the thickness of the char caused by its ablation at higher temperatures.
• the invention resides in methods of forming the materials of the present invention. Specific examples of such methods appear in the following description.
• the intumescent should be applied to the fibre assembly in a manner which allows it to penetrate into the core of the assembly (as opposed to forming an exterior coating).
• the intumescent is simply sprinkled in powder form on to a nonwoven, woven or knitted fabric core of the composite structure. Alternatively, it may be introduced between different layers of the fibres during assembly of the core.
• Other ways of dispersing the intumescent in the fibrous layer may also be applicable e.g. spraying in the intumescent during the formation of a fibrous felt.
• the intumescent powder is initially bonded to the fibres by an adhesive.
• an initial fibre- intumescent adhesion may be achieved by introducing a fusible adhesive copolymer into the intumescent.
• the amount of intumescent employed in the material is not critical provided that it is sufficient to achieve the desired results. However, the greater the amount of intumescent present, the more likely it is to be beneficial in improving the barrier properties of the char. This may be advantageous in some applications.
• the amount of intumescent present in the material is sufficient to cause it to increase in thickness by at least 50% when exposed to a temperature of at least 500°C.
• organic fibres may be utilised including cotton, viscose and wool all of which will normally have been rendered fire resistant by appropriate flame retardant treatment to give the necessary degree of charring within the desired temperature range.
• flame retardant process can be carried out by chemical treatment of the fibres before, during or after processing into a textile product or the fibres can be flame retarded by modification of their chemical structure during manufacture or by incorporation of flame retardant additives during manufacture.
• the organic fibres may be cotton to which a flame retardant treatment such as PROBAN (Albright and Wilson) has been applied at a level commensurate with a phosphorous concentration of 2.5% by weight or greater with respect to the fibre weight.
• a flame retardant treatment such as PROBAN (Albright and Wilson)
• the organic fibres might be viscose to which a flame retardant additive has been added during the fibre production stage.
• the fire-resistant material of the present invention also includes an inorganic fibre component.
• the inorganic fibre component has its melting point or melting points at significantly higher temperatures than 500°C so as to result in a correspondingly high chemical oxidative resistance at these higher temperatures.
• the inorganic fibre component delays complete oxidation of the residual carbon in the material for 2 to 10 minutes, say, even at temperatures of 900-1200°C.
• the inorganic component will create a skeletal structure which provides the material with a thermally insulative property even after all the carbonaceous materials in it have been gasified.
• the amount of intumescent present in the material is sufficient to maintain the initial thickness of the material for periods of 10 minutes or more when heated up to 900°C.
• the intumescent/fibre ratio (by weight) lies in the range 10-100% with an additional appropriate concentration of intumescent adhesive material usually at a level proportionate to that of the intumescent.
• the inorganic fibre component is provided either by having the material include an intimate blend of organic and inorganic fibres and/or by using fibres which are part organic and part inorganic as a result of their molecular structure.
• fibres which are part organic and part inorganic in this way will be termed 'hybrid' organic fibres while organic fibres having either no inorganic component or only a negligible inorganic component, will be termed 'simple' organic fibres.
• the currently preferred hybrid fibre type is a viscose staple fibre containing silicic acid and sold under the Trade Mark VISIL by the Kemira Group Oy of Valkeakoski, Finland.
• VISIL Trade Mark VISIL
• the presence of the two components in the one fibre has the important advantage that during charring of the organic component, the generation of an inorganic core to each fibre occurs. This offers a unique inorganic reinforcement to the char-bonded structure.
• VISIL fibres per e maintain their integrity at up to 900°C and yet their incorporation in a structure according to the present invention enables them to do so at temperatures up to 1000°C or even 1200°C, can only be explained by the synergistic effect between the organic fibres and the intumescent hereinbefore referred to as char bonding.
• aromatic organic fibres such as polyaramids, novoloids (e.g. Kynol) and polybenzi idazoles produce an intense char, they are inherently unsuitable for use as the organic fibre component in the materials of the present invention because they only begin to char intensely at too high a temperature (400-500 ⁇ C).
• the inorganic component is accompanied or replaced by a suitably incompatible organic fibre i.e. an organic fibre which will not char intensely over the required temperature range to produce char bonding.
• the materials of the present invention are constructed in such a way as to provide an initial .response to flame or heat which results in an expansion in volume with the material retaining a significant portion of this increased volume for a period even when exposed to higher temperatures.
• the materials incorporate an organic first fibrous component which chars upon exposure to heat and flame, an inorganic second fibrous component which is relatively unaffected by the conditions which produce the charring of the first fibrous component, and an intumescent which swells and causes an initial expansion of the barrier.
• oxidation of the organic fibre and intumescent components will have reduced the increased thickness of the barrier back to something like its original value.
• the materials of the preferred embodiments provide normal textile properties under ambient conditions and yet exhibit high degrees of flame and heat protection at temperatures above 300°C. As the temperature rises to 500°C, so the thickness and thermally insulative properties increase and even when heated at 1000°C for up to 10 minutes, fabrics retain their original thickness. In areas of high vibration, the retention of flexibility up to 1200°C, enables these novel structures to be used satisfactorily even in harsh working environments. Their employment as flame/heat barriers in supported environments and application as outer surface protection zones of engine or fuel heat flame barrier structures in transport systems are examples.
• the structured char still forms a uniquely flexible and fairly oxygen impermeable structure which can provide barrier properties at temperatures above 500°C for limited periods.
• the presence of an intumescent is essential however, as without it, the simple fibrous chars would have high oxygen permeabilities and could survive at temperatures above 700°C for less than 2 minutes.
• the presence of the intumescent at the right levels creates chars which disintegrate less easily and which start to oxidise within the 400-500°C range and have significantly reduced oxidation rates above 500°C.
• the materials of the present invention may be used directly as a barrier material or they may be mounted upon a backing layer or between or about a backing layer and a facing layer.
• the backing layer and the facing layer will normally be formed from a fire resistant fabric, for example, flame retarded cotton which in use also 'char bonds' to the intu escent/fibre core.
• the backing layer and the facing layer may also be formed - from a variety of other materials, however, such as wood.or metal foil, e.g. aluminium.
• These external (facing and/or backing) layer or layers serve to protect the textile material both physically and mechanically as well as contributing to the aesthetics of the finished article. These external layers may also serve to shape the barrier material.
• the facing and/or backing layer(s) are embedded within the respective surfaces of the textile, they will provide reinforcement during heat exposure. They may also contribute to the flame and heat resistance of the barrier article.
• the material includes a central layer comprising the intimate mixture of said organic intumescent filler and said organic fibres, and two outside layers of fibre only which are separated from the central layer by two sheets of fabric. This fabric may be woven, knitted, nonwoven etc. as convenient.
• the fibres of the central layer may include an inorganic component and/or incompatible organic fibres and where an inorganic component is present, this may be as a hybrid organic fibre or as a blend of simple organic and inorganic fibres.
• the two woven or similar fabrics are made of organic fibres which char intensely within said temperature range.
• novel materials of the present invention may have a relatively low area density normally in the range 200 to 1000 g ⁇ r ⁇ which corresponds to densities of the order of 100-400 kg ⁇ T 3 . This is advantageous when they are to be used in the transport industry, e.g. in motor vehicles and aircraft, where weight is an important consideration.
• any of the conventional techniques of fabric production may be employed to produce the fibre assembly, examples being weaving, knitting, needle-punching, stitch bonding and adhesive bonding.
• organic intumescent systems may be used in the materials of the present invention.
• Such systems commonly comprise an acid source, a carbonific material, a spumific compound and a skin-forming soft resin binder to prevent the escape of generated gases from the intumescent.
• suitable acid sources are mono- and di-ammonium phosphates, ammonium polyphosphates, mela ine phosphate, guanyl phosphate, urea phosphate, ammonium sulphate and ammonium borate.
• Suitable carbonific materials are glucose, maltose, arabinose, erythritol, pentaerythritol , di- and tri-pentaerythritol , arabitol, sorbitol, insitol and starches.
• suitable spumific compounds include melamine, guanidine, glycine, urea and chlorinated paraffin. Intu escents made up from these selected examples in accordance with well known procedures will all produce an intense char within the temperature range 200°C to 500°C to give the desired char bonding effect. A wide variety of materials are available for use as the soft resin binders.
• the intumescent comprises an ammonium phosphate/melamine/ pentaerythritol system.
• the intumescent will decompose above 250°C to give polyphosphoric acid, nitrogen, and a carbonaceous char which, as a semi-liquid suspension, foams and expands to wet adjacent fibre surfaces and fill the available space.
• the chemical reactions may be summarised individually as:
• Organic fibre Char e.g. Cellulose Interaction between the reaction sequencies (i) and ( ii) will produce a fibre char-intumescent char or char-bonded structure.
• intumescent activity and heat resistance may be enhanced by the addition of a ceramic pigment such as titanium dioxide because in addition to stabilising the char, this will also leave an inorganic replica after char oxidation thereby adding to the inorganic fibre residues and increasing the mechanical integrity of the material at temperatures above 500°C. Its presence in the char-bonded structure will enhance the oxidation resistance by further reducing oxygen diffusion.
• a ceramic pigment such as titanium dioxide
• the organic fibrous component within the core is designed to burn very slowly with little smoke and minimal toxicity. After combustion the fibres provide a coherent inorganic fibre matrix which is able to continue to function satisfactorily as a flexible heat barrier.
• the materials of the present invention can be purpose designed to meet a particular requirement e.g. as an underlayer or for incorporation into a surface fabric. Depending on the intended use, the thickness of fibre assembly can be changed and the intumescent specification adjusted.
• the fabric comprises of a nonwoven core and a sheath fabric.
• VISIL Type 33 viscose staple fibre containing silicic acid sold by Kemira 0Y of Valkeakoski, Finland 3.5 dtex/40 mm, area density 200g/m2. Production
• a web of VISIL fibre is first produced, this is then covered with a single layer of the sheath fabric and needle punched, on both sides of the web.
• the needle penetration being 12 mm, the area density of the final fabric 600 g/m 2 .
• the intumescent powder and bonding resin are added to the web before needling takes place, the amount added being calculated as a percentage by weight of the nonwoven component of the fabric.
• Intumescent Powder Amgard MPC 1000 (ammonium polyphosphate, Albright and Wilson Ltd.)
• Example fabric I Produced as above without any intumescent being added.
• Example fabric II As above adding 25% intumescent and 5% resin.
• Example fabric III As above adding 30% intumescent and 5% resin. Test Procedure
• 900 2-10 Fabric retains coherence but with reduced flexibility. Fabric shrinkage occurs. 1000 2-10 As for 900°C, except at 10 mins. only the VISIL core remains; fabric coherence and some flexibility maintained. 1100 2-10 VISIL core remaining, some coherence and flexibility retained.
• VISIL core remains, friable, high degree of shrinkage. No carbonaceous residue remaining.
• Figure 1 represents the idealised structure whereby the organic and inorganic fibrous assembly has an intumescent dispersed throughout it;
• Figure 2 represents an alternative, more practical, version where the assembly is contained between flame retardant, non-thermoplastic face and backing fabrics and is exemplified above with performances described in Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 4-7 (see below);
• Figure 3 represents another alternative in which the assembly is housed between two scrims faced by outer layers of fibres which may be more closely packed together than the fibres of the central assembly, if desired;
• Figures 4 to 7 depict performance graphs for four sample materials, three of which are constructed in accordance with Figure 2 while the other is included for purposes of comparison only and contains no intumescent; and
• Figures 8 to 13 depict performance graphs for two further sample materials one of which is constructed in accordance with Figure 3 while the other is included for purposes of comparison only and contains no intumescent.
• any fire-resistant material based on the novel concepts of the present invention requires the definition of a number of major variables including the fibre genus or blend of generic types, the fabric structure and the intumescent type and concentration.
• the examples described below are of the type shown in Figure 2 in which the fibre and fabric structures remain constant and a given intumescent is present at various levels.
• the three layer material 10 comprises a non-woven core 12 which is sandwiched between a backing layer 14 and a facing layer 15. These backing and facing fabrics are flame retarded and protect the core physically and mechanically as well as contributing to the aesthetics of the material.
• the core is a needle punched nonwoven fabric comprising VISIL fibres 17 (Kemira Fibres, Finland) whose molecular structure contains organic and inorganic components.
• VISIL fibre is a hybrid containing cellulose and silie acid, which chars and forms silica at high temperatures.
• the components are as follows: 100% VISIL type 33, viscose staple-fibre 3.5 dtex 40 mm; 100% plain weave cotton fabric treated with a phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant (Pyrovatex CP, Ciba Geigy), area density 200 gm ⁇ 2 ; ammonium polyphosphate based intumescent powder, (Amgard MPC 1000, Albright & Wilson Ltd. ) ; acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymer as a water based dispersion (Revacryl 272, Harlow Chemical Co. Ltd.).
• the composite material was produced on an Auto atex laboratory nonwoven line. Two webs of VISIL were produced each having an area density of 100 gm -2 . One web was then placed on a single layer of the flame retardant cotton fabric. A powdered intu escent/resin mixture 19 was sprinkled on to the web surface. The second web was laid on to the intumescent-coated lower web and needled to consolidate the assembly. A second flame retardant cotton fabric was laid upon the upper needled web and the whole assembly (fabric-web-intumescent-web-fabric) was needled to bond the upper fabric and lower webs together and disperse the intumescent.
• Performance was measured in terms of thickness retention, weight loss and shrinkage in two major directions.
• sample materials represented have intumescent contents by weight of 0% (I), 30% (II), 40% (III) and 50% (IV).
• the material of plots I does not fall within the scope of the present invention and the inclusion of its performance characteristics in the graphs of Figures 4 to 7 i s merely for comparison purposes with the plots II,III and IV.
• Fabric shrinkage also accompanies char formation up to 500°C and this increases with concentration of intumescent. This is a consequence of intumescent-driven fabric swelling and at high temperatures, once char oxidation is complete, the silica residues of fabrics II,III and IV show greater shrinkages than the control fabric I.
• Heat release results are presented in Table 4 for fabrics made in accordance with the structure of Figure 2. These include results reported for a 280 gm -2 woven 80% carbon/20% aramid commercial barrier fabric. These results show a superior performance to the latter which improves with increasing intumescent concentration in terms of reducing total and peak heat release rates.
• 'flame retarded' is abbreviated as 'FR'.
• Blend Organic/inorganic fibre + Organic fibre which chars >350°C to pure carbon. Result: The intumescent char and VISIL char component interact (char-bonding); the carbonised Kynol fibres become coated in intumescent but with little sign of chemical interaction. Material (ii) Blend: FR organic + Organic fibre which chars
• the inorganic (glass) fibres are coated by intumescent char.
• the intumescent char-fibre char reaction occurs between what may be termed 'compatible 1 intumescent and FR organic fibre components (whether as VISIL or FR viscose).
• the intumescent and fibre components are 'compatible' in so far as their char-forming mechanisms operate over the same temperature range (250-450°C) and interact (simultaneous interaction of physical and chemical reactions).
• the presence of the inorganic component in these samples important for high temperature resistance above char oxidation temperatures and as a skeletal structure which impedes char oxidation (via reduced oxygen accessibility), may be either as a component within a single organic/inorganic fibre, e.g. VISIL or as a separate blended fibre, e.g. E-Glass.
• the organic fibre or fibre component must be flame retarded either directly (e.g. FR viscose which contains an FR-additive FR cotton would be an alternative) or indirectly (e.g. VISIL, where the silicic acid acts as a flame retarding char-promoter as well as an inorganic component generator) .
• VISIL where the silicic acid acts as a flame retarding char-promoter as well as an inorganic component generator
• the materials of the present invention may additionally include an aromatic organic fibre e.g. novoloid, polyaramid, etc. instead of the optional inorganic component.
• the five layer material 21 there depicted comprises a central layer 23 separated by two sheets of woven or similar fabric 25,26 from two outside layers 28,29 formed of fibres only.
• reference numerals 31 and 33 indicate the organic fibres and organic intumescent of the central layers whilst reference numerals 35,36 indicate the fibres of the two outside layers.
• a web of VISIL area density 200 gm 2 was needled to a single layer of the sheath fabric (25,26), a second web of VISIL fibres area density 100 gm 2 was produced and this was treated with the resin/ intumescent combination.
• the resultant fabric is a five layered structure comprising a 200 gm 2 web (28), a layer of fabric (25), a 200 gm 2 web (31), a layer of fabric (26), and a 200 gm 2 web (29).
• the hybrid organic fibres 31 are 100% VISIL Type 33, viscose staple fibre 3.5 dtex/40mm, the scrims 25,26 are formed of 100% cotton fabric treated with a phosphorus and nitrogen containing flame retardant, area density 120 gm 2 , and the intumescent 33 is provided by an Amgard MPC 1000 (ammonium polyphosphate based) intumescent system.
• Initial (pre char bonding) adhesion between the fibres 31 and intumescent 33 is provided by a Revacryl 272 (pure acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymer water based dispersion) resin.
• V and VI Two such materials designated V and VI were produced containing 0 and 200 gm 2 of intumescent, the resin content being kept at 10% with respect to the intumescent in the latter. The resin was applied both before and after the intumescent powder.It will be appreciated that material V is not within the scope of the present invention and is included for comparison purposes only.
• 1st web fibre layer delivery speed 0.3 m/s, (for layers 28,29), fabric delivery speed 0.8 m/s (for fabrics 25,26), needling at 200 strokes/min. with a punch density of 14 mm.
• 2nd web fibre layer delivery speed 1.22 m/s (for layer 23 ) , needling at 100 strokes/min with a punch density of 10 mm.
• Final needling composite material delivery speed 1.22 m/s, needling at 200 strokes/min with a punch density of 14 mm.
• 76 mm x 76 mm specimens of each material were placed on a quartz stand in a muffle furnace and exposed to a range of temperatures between 500 and 1200°C for up to 10 minutes. The quartz stand was used to ensure oxygen access to the fabric during heating. Performance was measured in terms of thickness (retention), weight loss and shrinkage in the fabric's two major directions.
• material VI shows that an increase in thickness occurred when heated to 500°C and that retention of this parameter is high up to 1200°C exposures.
• the initial percentage weight loss after 500°C exposure of material VI was slightly less than that of material V. However at higher temperatures, the reduced percentage weight loss for material VI was much improved at 1200°C for 10 minutes, this being up to 10% lower than that of material V.
• the sample of material VI is particularly noteworthy because it shows enhanced performance at 1000-1200°C in spite of a relatively low expansion in thickness at 500°C. Indeed, after 10 minutes exposure at 1200°C, material VI showed the presence of some residual unoxidised char, thus demonstrating the effect that char bonding has in reducing char oxidation rate.
• the samples of material VI have a much reduced shrinkage compared with materials II,III,IV discussed earlier.
• the inclusion of flame retarded scrims embedded in the material will enter into intimate char bonding with the other components and, by preventing shrinkage, will reduce the expansion tendency.
• such is the character of the char bonding that oxygen diffusion is significantly reduced and hence char oxidation.

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• 1993
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