Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/5308—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for analytes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. nucleic acids, uric acid, worms, mites
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
  • G01N33/56961—Plant cells or fungi
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/573—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for enzymes or isoenzymes

Definitions

• This invention relates to the field of assays to detect target substances, and particularly to assays to determine the presence of chitin and thereby determine the presence of organisms which contain chitin such as fungi, yeast, and insects in a sample.
• Bac crround Infections caused by fungi and yeast affect animals including humans and plants worldwide. There exist a large number of such organisms which can contaminate water and food supplies and cause infections in various body tissues and fluids. Conventional methods to detect the presence of contaminating fungi, yeast and insects require obtaining samples from an animal or plant suspected of containing these organisms and culturing the samples to grow the desired organisms present in the sample in sufficient numbers to readily detect their presence visually.
• culturing the organisms requires specialized media and lengthy culture times of up to several weeks.
• Other methods involve the use of a hot basic solution such as a 20% potassium hydroxide to clear smears of specimens on a solid substrate. The cleared specimen is then stained, for example using India ink, then examined by microscope to detect the presence of fungal structures remaining after this treatment.
• Fungi, yeasts and insects contain certain substances, including proteins, that may be specific for a particular species. Other substances are more widely distributed.
• chitin N-acetylglucosamine oligomer
• lectins Galun et al., Arch.
• Immunological assays to detect various microorganisms including fungi using antibodies are also known, including those employing monoclonal antibodies reactive with antigens associated with particular organisms.
• Such assays are based on species-specific proteins.
• the assays typically require that the specific protein be isolated or exposed for reaction with the antibody in the assay.
• the basic inventive concept of the assay methods and means for carrying out those methods is based on the recognition that certain organisms including fungi, yeasts and insects are rich in chitin.
• the assay of the invention is for the direct detection of chitin and by implication deducing the presence of the chitin-containing organisms.
• An essential feature of the present invention is that it involves the use of enzymes which specifically bind to chitin.
• Such enzymes are referred to as chitin-binding biological reagents and chitin-binding or chitin-specific enzymes and include chitinase and lysozyme.
• Such chitin- binding enzymes are directly or indirectly attached to a label before or after they bind to chitin.
• the assays of the invention can be used to selectively attach detectable labels to chitin present within a sample.
• the assay of the invention makes it possible to detect chitin by the use of enzymes which specifically bind chitin.
• enzymes which specifically bind chitin such as chitinase
• an enzyme which specifically binds chitin is bound to the surface of a support such as the bottom of a icrotiter plate well, the surface of a glass slide or the surface of a dipstick. Samples to be tested are then brought in contact with the enzyme, bound to the surface and various procedures are carried out in order to determine and detect the presence of any chitin binding to the enzyme on the surfaces.
• a fluid sample or a fluidized sample is filtered through a membrane in order to capture the solid components of the sample on the surface of the membrane. Accordingly, any chitin- containing organisms, chitin, or fragments thereof within the sample become bound to the membrane surface.
• the bound sample is then contacted with an enzyme capable of selectively binding to any chitin in the sample, for example chitinase or lysozyme.
• the chitin-binding enzyme may be directly or indirectly labeled to permit detec ⁇ tion. The presence of the chitin-containing organisms such as fungi is determined by visually detecting the label with the naked eye.
• a primary object of the present invention is to provide a rapid detection assay which uses a chitin- binding enzyme for determining the presence of ' chitin- containing organisms without the need for in vitro or in vivo culture techniques or time-consuming staining procedures.
• a feature of the present invention is that the assay detects the cellular chitin component of all organisms containing chitin such as fungi, yeasts and insects, which chitin component is generally absent in bacteria and mammalian and plant tissue, reducing possible false positive readings.
• An advantage of the present invention is that it can be used to detect chitin and deduce the presence of chitin-containing organisms in samples of all types of biological (mammalian and plant) fluids and tissues as well as food and water without the need for any culturing techniques or staining procedures.
• the method is not limited to particular species of fungi, yeasts or insects since all such organisms contain chitin.
• Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides an efficient, economical, clinical laboratory assay technique for the rapid diagnosis of fungal infections in patients.
• Another feature of the present invention is that neither lectins nor anti-chitin antibodies are used to detect chitin which is a desirable feature in that lectins will often bind nonspecifically to nonfungal carbohydrates other than chitin, whereas anti-chitin antibodies are undesirable in that they are, at best, difficult to generate due to chitin's poor immunogenicity.
• An advantage of the present invention is that the detection means do not require the use of either electron or fluorescent microscopy to effect detection.
• Figure 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of the invention wherein the chitin is bound on a permeable membrane matrix
• Figure 2 is a schematic view wherein the chitin-containing sample is present in a coated microtiter well;
• Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the components of an assay scheme which includes a membrane support, chitinase, rabbit anti-chitinase antibody, and alkaline phosphatase conjugated to goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody, which enzyme can generate a colored product from a chromogenic solution;
• Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the components of another assay embodiment of the invention wherein the porous membrane captures the chitin, a chitin-binding enzyme attaches to the bound chitin, thereafter a conjugate comprised of a signal generating enzyme bound to an antibody reactive with the chitin- binding reagent binds to the chitin-binding reagent and a chromogenic solution is added, which solution contains the substrate for the signal generating enzyme, which substrate releases a color when contacted with the enzyme;
• Figure 5 is a schematic representation of the components of yet another embodiment of an assay of the invention which includes a support having bound thereto chitin having bound thereto avidin-conjugated chitin- binding biological reagent having bound thereto biotinylated enzyme and a chromogenic solution;
• Figure 6 is a schematic view of the components of yet another embodiment of the assay of the invention wherein a solid support has thereon chitin which has bound thereto an enzyme-conjugated chitin-binding biological reagent wherein the enzyme of the conjugate will react with its substrate in a chromogenic solution to form a colored product; and
• Figure 7 is a schematic view of the components of yet another embodiment of the assay of the invention which includes a chitin-binding biological reagent which is chitinase coated on a solid support, chitin bound to the coated support, chitin-binding biological reagent bound to the chitin, rabbit anti-chitin-binding reagent antibody bound thereto, an enzyme conjugated to goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody and a chromogenic solution.
• the method of the present invention allows the rapid detection of the presence of a variety of chitin- containing organisms including fungi, yeast and insects, without requiring costly and time-consuming culturing or staining of the organisms.
• the method provides an assay for detecting chitin using chitin-specific enzyme reagents and is not limited to any particular strain or species of organism.
• the method does not require that specific substances such as proteins or carbohydrates be isolated from a sample suspected of containing organisms, prior to detection in the assay.
• the substance that is detected in the method of this invention is chitin, an N-acetyl-glucosamine oligomer present in the cell walls of nearly all fungi and yeasts as well as the exoskeleton of many insects and other arthropods.
• a sample suspected of containing target organisms is obtained.
• the sample may include a fluid and non-fluid component and may originate from humans, animals, plants or food items.
• Typical samples include biological fluids such as urine, spinal fluid, whole blood or serum.
• Other samples include biological specimens such as skin scrapings, sputum, tissue homogenates, wound exudates, or hair.
• samples may consist of materials from plants including tissue, scrapings, fluids, exudates and homogenates, or may be water or food suspected of contamination.
• different embodiments of the invention are more readily applicable for assaying for the presence of chitin in the sample.
• the invention includes a wide variety of different possible embodiments and different chemical and biological reagents which can be used in connection with each of these embodiments, the invention is generally encompassed by two subgeneric embodiments.
• the sample includes fluid and nonfluid components or is fluidized so as to contain both components and is thereafter filtered through a porous membrane in order to capture the nonfluid-containing components on the surface of the membrane.
• the presence of chitin in these nonfluid-containing components is then assayed by the use of an enzyme which specifically binds to chitin.
• This subgeneric embodiment is generally shown within Figure l and specific embodiments thereof are schematically represented within Figures 3-6.
• the second subgeneric embodiment of the invention involves coating the surface of a material such as a microtiter well with an enzyme which specifically binds to chitin. Once the enzyme such as chitinase has been bound to the surface, the sample to be assayed is brought into contact with the bound chitinase for a sufficient period of time to allow binding to occur between any chitin in the sample and the chitinase bound to the surface.
• This subgeneric embodiment of the invention is shown within Figure 2.
• a specific embodiment schematically demonstrating how this subgeneric embodiment can be carried out is shown within Figure 7.
• the subgeneric embodiment shown within Figure 2 can also be carried out using the specific embodiments shown within Figures 3-6, i.e., it need not be carried out only using the specific embodiment of Figure 7.
• the chitin-specific enzyme When the chitin-specific enzyme is to be adhered to a substrate surface, it may be adhered to the surface of a glass slide, microtiter well, dipstick or other suitable material.
• any suitable membrane filter can be used, such as those composed of various synthetic or natural polymeric materials.
• the two subgeneric embodiments of the invention are shown in figures 1 and 2.
• the solid components of a sample comprised of liquid and solid components have been attached to a membrane matrix.
• the surface of the matrix is preferably designed such that it will hold the solid components and particularly the chitin within the sample securely in place on the surface of the matrix. It is often desirable to include a blocking agent (described further below) to protect active binding sites that have not been occupied by chitin.
• the sites on the surface of the membrane which do not have chitin bound thereto are preferably blocked, for example by incubation of the fixed sample on the membrane with an irrelevant protein solution such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) , casein or egg albumin. Blocking reduces any nonspecific interactions (i.e., electrostatic interactions) of the binding sites which may interfere with the assay to detect chitin.
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• the surface of the well is coated with a chitin-specific enzyme.
• a blocking agent is then applie to occupy all remaining binding sites of the well.
• a sample which may contain chitin is placed in the treated well surface.
• Chitinase is added and allowed to incubate with the sample for a time period in the range of about 3 minutes to about 1 hour to allow the chitinase to bind to any chitin present within the sample.
• the wells are then washed with a buffer to remove any chitinase which is not bound to chitin bound to chitinase on the surface of the microliter well. After the washing, any immobilized chitin on the well plate would be detected by adding a reagent which causes a color reaction after contacting a label connected directly or indirectly to the chitinase.
• This methodology can be used in connection with both insoluble and soluble signal detection strategies.
• the signal will appear coated on the bottom and sides of the well. If a soluble signal reagent is used, the supernatant can be read visually with the naked eye .in situ or by highly reliable and commonly used automatic plate readers, or drawn off for processing in a separate detector.
• the sample can also be manually smeared onto a glass slide with a cotton swab, scalpel blade, or other similar device, allowed to dry completely and then fixed with chemicals.
• Heat may also be used for fixation, for example, the solid phase may be placed over a boiling (100°C) water bath until the sample adheres onto the solid phase.
• the sample may be manually placed on the solid phase and adhered using chemical fixatives, or it may be suspended in a fluid and applied to a solid phase as described above.
• the assay methodology of the present invention is based on the use of the chitin-specific enzyme which is directly or indirectly attached to a label.
• the assay of the invention can be used to detect chitin-containing organisms present in situ on a surface without having to remove or destroy the surface on which the organisms might be present. For example, if one sus ⁇ pects a plant to have a fungal infection on its surface, a biological reagent of the present invention containing a chitin-specific enzyme can be sprayed onto the surface of the plant. Thereafter, washing should be carried out in order to wash away any unbound chitin-specific enzyme.
• the assay of the invention relies upon binding of a chitin-binding enzyme reagent specifically binding to chitin and the visualization of this binding by a labeling system.
• the binding reagent is preferably chitinase.
• Polyclonal antibodies reactive with chitinase may be obtained by recovery of serum-containing antibodies following immunization of a mammalian host using chitinase as the immunogen. Procedures for producing polyclonal antibodies are well known and will not be repeated here.
• the serum-containing polyclonal antibodies are used for binding to chitinase which is bound to chitin in an assay described below to detect chitin-containing organisms.
• Monoclonal antibodies reactive with chitinase may also be used in an assay to bind to chitinase.
• These monoclonal antibodies may be derived using known tech ⁇ niques following the procedures of Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975), incorporated herein by reference, to disclose methods of obtaining monoclonal antibodies.
• hybrido as are prepared by fusing antibody-producing cells (typically spleen cells of mice previously immunized with an antigen) to cells from an immortal cell line such as myeloma cells, using somatic cell hybridization.
• chitin is substantially nonimmunogenic and that, therefore, it is difficult to generate chitin antibodies
• anti-chitinase antibodies can be generated and that such anti-chitinase antibodies are useful in accordance with different embodiments of the present invention.
• Polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies which are anti-chitinase antibodies are useful in carrying out different specific embodiments of the invention.
• anti-chitinase antibodies will bind to the chitinase.
• anti-chitinase antibodies are generally labeled, such as with an enzyme, which enzyme generates a color when brought into contact with a chromogenic solution.
• Polyclonal anti-chitinase antibodies were generated using two New Zealand White rabbits.
• the rabbits were immunized with 1 mg of chitinase from Streptomvces ⁇ riseus (obtainable from the Sigma catalog C1525) present in Ribi adjuvant.
• the rabbits received a second immunization three weeks later and were then immunized twice more at two-week intervals.
• Serum was collected from the rabbits and assayed for anti-chitinase antibodies by ELISA. The results obtained showed that both of the rabbits possessed high serum titers of anti- chitinase antibodies. Resulting serum obtained from the animals was stored at -30°C and used in connection with assays such as those described below.
• Anti-chitinase antibodies are believed to be novel and therefore constitute another aspect of applicants' invention. Further, conjugates formed between anti-chitinase antibodies and enzymes capable of generating a colorant upon contact with a chromogenic solution include another aspect of applicants' invention. It should be pointed out that the anti-chitinase anti ⁇ bodies can be conjugated to other enzymes either directly or indirectly. As an example of such indirect conjuga ⁇ tion, other antibodies with respect to the anti-chitinase antibodies can be generated, which antibodies are connected to a label or enzyme capable of generating a color upon contact with a chromogenic solution.
• the assay to detect the presence of chitin- containing fungi may be a direct binding assay.
• the chitin-binding enzyme reagent, chitinase or lysozyme is reacted with chitin in fungi present in the sample, by contacting the sample attached to the solid phase with a labeled binding reagent.
• the label is then visually detected to determine whether fungi are present.
• the presence of fungi may be quantified, by using predetermined amounts of the labeled assay reagent and relating the intensity of the signal produced by the label (which is a function of the amount of assay reagent reacted) , to the concentration of chitin using standard binding curves. These curves are generated by measuring the intensity of the signal produced using known amounts of chitin.
• the amount of chitin may also be quantified using an indirect, competitive inhibition assay in which a mixture of labeled assay reagent, for example chitinase, and organism-containing solution is mixed and then added to react with chitin attached to the solid support. Chitin-containing organisms will compete with the immobilized chitin and thus reduce the degree of signal produced by the label in a dose-related manner, permitting a determination of the amount of chitin present in the organisms in the sample.
• an indirect, competitive inhibition assay in which a mixture of labeled assay reagent, for example chitinase, and organism-containing solution is mixed and then added to react with chitin attached to the solid support. Chitin-containing organisms will compete with the immobilized chitin and thus reduce the degree of signal produced by the label in a dose-related manner, permitting a determination of the amount of chitin present in the organisms in the sample.
• Visualization of the binding of the assay reagent to chitin present in the sample may be accomplished by directly labeling the chitinase directly or indirectly with a substance capable of producing a signal, for example, a radionuclide, enzyme or a fluorescent agent, using known procedures. If an enzyme label is employed, an enzyme is selected which when reacted with its appropriate chromogenic reagent produces a color or other visibly detectable signal.
• a soluble enzyme substrate such as orthophenylenediamine (OPD) reactive with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) may be used.
• the sample or specimen is applied manually to a solid phase such as a glass slide to be visualized.
• a substrate such as diaminobenzidine or 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole and the HRP is used.
• the colored, insoluble reaction product from the cleavage of the substrate by the enzyme will be deposited at or near the location of the enzyme.
• the enzymatic reaction (of the enzyme label) will deposit the colored substrate around and on the fungal structure and allow the fungus to be readily detected by visual examination.
• the chitin-binding enzyme assay reagent may be indirectly labeled, attaching the signal- producing label to an additional substance which binds to the assay reagent.
• an anti-chitinase antibody may be conjugated with a label and bound to the chitinase for reacting with the chitin.
• This assay may provide a more sensitive assay for the detection of the organism because more label can be bound per unit of assay reagent.
• Biotin/avidin reagents may be used to accomplish binding. In this case, biotin is covalently bound to antibody, for example, anti-chitinase antibody.
• biotin-specific receptor protein avidin is conjugated to a signal-generating enzyme, then reacted with biotin to label the antibody.
• the labeled antibody is then used in an assay to detect chitinase bound to chitin in the sample being assayed.
• Figure 2 involves binding chitinase to the substrate first. Regardless of which protocol is used, the chitin within the sample is eventually attached to a label or enzyme capable of generating a colorant thereby making it possible to visually determine the presence or absence of chitin within the sample.
• the subgeneric embodiment shown within Figure 1 is essentially described in further detail by the specific embodiments shown schematically within Figures 3-6, described in detail below.
• the subgeneric embodiment shown within Figure 2 is further described by reference to the specific schematic representation shown within Figure 7. It should be noted that although only one specific representation (Figure 7) is given with respect to the subgeneric embodiment of Figure 2, it is possible to rearrange the various components as per Figures 3-6 to drive specific embodiments of the subgeneric embodiment of Figure 2.
• FIG. 3 A schematic of a particular embodiment of an assay of the invention is shown in Figure 3. This assay will be described in greater detail than the assays of Figure 4-7, which will be described more briefly in that specific information is given below with respect to Figure 3 which can be applied to the assay shown in Figures 4-7.
• a sample to be tested for the presence of chitin is placed on the membrane surface such as the porous membrane shown.
• the chitin in the sample is adhered to the membrane in some manner. This can be done by using any of the above-described methods. It is preferably done by passing the sample through a permeable membrane which acts as a filter and traps solids in the sample such as the chitin.
• blocking reagents can make any of the assay embodiments of the invention more specific. Since the use of blocking proteins and blocking reagents in connection with such assays is known to those skilled in the art, the following description will not repeat the step with respect to the use of blocking reagents further.
• a chitin-binding enzyme such as chitinase or lysozyme, is added to the sample to be assayed under conditions which allow the chitin-binding reagent to bind to chitin present in the sample.
• the binding environment may be controlled so that the enzymes can bind to the chitin but not quickly degrade the chitin. Although some enzymatic degradation may occur, the system does not depend on degradation of the chitin to generate a signal and detection ability is maintained even though the chitin may be partially degraded. More specifically, the system takes advantage of the enzyme's own ability to specifically bind to the substrate chitin.
• Antibodies to the chitin-binding reagent e.g., rabbit anti-chitinase antibody
• a second enzyme is conjugated to an anti- antibody, i.e., an antibody against the first antibody.
• alkaline phosphatase is conjugated to goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody. This is added to provide a second antigen-antibody reaction.
• a reagent (substrate) for the conjugated antibody is added to generate a detection signal.
• Substrates for alkaline phosphatase include bromo-chloro-indolyl phosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium in a buffer of aminoethyl propanediol. However, other chromogenic signals can be utilized.
• the anti-chitinase-binding antibody itself can be conjugated to any label such as an enzyme capable of generating a color in combination with a chromogenic solution.
• enzymes include urease and peroxidase.
• ASSAY OF FIGURE 4 The schematic view of the assay shown in Figure 4 includes a support in the form of a porous membrane upon which the sample which putatively contains chitin is placed.
• the chitin-binding enzyme such as chitinase is then added under conditions such that the chitinase can bind to any chitin present. Extraneous and unbound materials can then be washed away.
• conjugate is then added which conjugate is comprised of an enzyme bound to rabbit anti-chitinase antibodies. If chitinase is present in that it is bound to chitin, the antibodies will bind to the chitinase. Unbound material is then washed away. Thereafter, a chromogenic solution is added to provide a color which can be visually detected.
• FIGURE 5 the chitinase is bound to avidin to form a conjugate. After this conjugate is allowed to bind to the chitin due to the specificity of the chitinase, a biotinylated enzyme is added which is biotin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase. The biotinylated enzyme will bind to the advidin and any bound material can be detected at the addition of the chromogenic solution.
• the essential component is the conjugate comprised of the chitinase bound to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase.
• the chitinase will bind to any chitin present on the support. After the binding, washing takes place followed by the addition of a chromogenic solution which provides a color if the alkaline phosphatase is present.
• Figure 7 is a specific embodiment of the subgeneric method shown in figure 2.
• a chitin-binding enzyme such as chitinase is first bound to the surface of a solid support, such as a polystyrene support. It is not necessary to bind chitinase to all of the available support surface. Active sites which do not have chitinase bound thereto can be protected by the addition of any suitable blocking agent such as BSA. After the chitinase and blocking agents are added, the sample which might contain chitin is placed on the surface. If chitin is present in the sample, it will bind to the immobilized chitinase.
• the surface is then washed and more chitinase is added, which will bind to any chitin attached to the surface immobilized chitinase.
• an anti-chitinase antibody is added which binds to chitinase.
• washing is carried out followed by the addition of a conjugate.
• This conjugate is comprised of an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase bound to an antibody which binds to the chitinase antibody.
• an anti-antibody might be an anti-IgG antibody such as a goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody.
• a chromogenic solution is added which generate a color after contacting the enzyme such as the alkaline phosphatase.
• Figure 7 provides the only specific embodiment of the subgeneric embodiment of Figure 2, other specific embodiments encompassed by the general concept of Figure 2 will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and reviewing the specific embodiments shown in Figures 3-6. All of the embodiments include the use of a chitin-binding enzyme, such as chitinase, in order to bind chitin.
• a chitin-binding enzyme such as chitinase
• Different layering techniques involving other reagents such as antibodies and conjugates can be used in different forms and manners in order to obtain different desired effects.
• Various conjugates useful in connection with the assays of the invention are also considered to be aspects of the present invention. Different conjugates can be formed using methodology known to those skilled in the art. With respect to the formation of specific antibody to enzyme conjugates, reference is made to the Sigma catalog relating to immunochemicals published in
• Such conjugates can include chitinase/other enzyme antibodies which other enzymes are generally enzymes capable of generating a color when brought into contact with a chromogenic solution.
• Anti-chitinase antibodies can also be conjugated to other antibodies which in turn are conjugated to other enzymes which are capable of generating a color upon contact with a chromogenic solution.
• labeling agents other than enzymes such as radionuclides or fluorescing agents, may be used to detect the reagent bound to chitin using procedures known in the art.
• samples may be attached to a substrate by other procedures, for example filtration of a fluid sample and centrifugation of materials onto a solid phase.

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• 1992
  • 1992-03-30 EP EP19920909933 patent/EP0532737A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1992-03-30 WO PCT/US1992/002593 patent/WO1992017786A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1992-03-30 JP JP92509092A patent/JPH05508078A/ja active Pending
  • 1992-03-30 CA CA 2076021 patent/CA2076021A1/en not_active Abandoned

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