WO1990016023A1 - Machinery operations - Google Patents

Machinery operations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990016023A1
WO1990016023A1 PCT/GB1990/000955 GB9000955W WO9016023A1 WO 1990016023 A1 WO1990016023 A1 WO 1990016023A1 GB 9000955 W GB9000955 W GB 9000955W WO 9016023 A1 WO9016023 A1 WO 9016023A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
run
job
rate
machine
run rate
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Application number
PCT/GB1990/000955
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
John Newton Boyce
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John Newton Boyce
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Publication date
Application filed by John Newton Boyce filed Critical John Newton Boyce
Publication of WO1990016023A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990016023A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/04—Forecasting or optimisation specially adapted for administrative or management purposes, e.g. linear programming or "cutting stock problem"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/418—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
    • G05B19/4184—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM] characterised by fault tolerance, reliability of production system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/02—Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with improvements relating to machinery operations, particularly but not exclusively to printing.
  • a printing manager or supervisor will assume that, for a simple printing run, the machine will run at a speed close to the manufacturers quoted maximum speed, and he will calculate the time taken for the machine to print the required number of impressions at that rate. To this time he will add an estimate of the time taken to set the job up. Where the job is difficult, he will assume that the machine will be run at a rate lower than the maximum rate.
  • a method of evaluating a machinery operation of specific run length in which the machine being utilised has a variable run rate, in which the relationship between run length and run rate of a plurality of previous operations is analysed, and utilised to calculate a run rate for the said machinery operation.
  • the calculated run rate may be utilised to dete ⁇ nine probable run rate in the performance of the said machinery operation, for example for estimating or scheduling purposes, or the calculated run rate may be utilised to determine the speed of operation of the machine in the performance of said machinery operation.
  • the actual run rate may be set close to said calculated run rate.
  • Such further factor may be job difficulty related information, operator related information, and/or machine related information.
  • the optimum run rate may be determined solely by reference to a graph plotting run rate as a function of run length but desirably a computer is used to calculate the optimum run rate from input information, conveniently using a formula where the run rate is calculated as a function of run length, a maximum running speed, and a constant or constants dependent upon machine operating parameter.
  • y y min + y max [1 - e ], where y min and y max are respectively the minimum speed at which the machine is capable of being run, and the maximum speed of the machine, as selected in relation to variable factors of production.
  • information may be fed into the computer representing as many variables as may be desired, specifically including run length and optionally one or more of: a] job difficulty information [graded preferably at three or more levels of difficulty] including information descriptive of the image complexity and/or information relating to inks and/or material to be printed; b] operator information, which may be the number of operators involved, and the skill level of the operators], graded preferably at three or more levels of competence; c] machine information, which may be the particular machine involved,or information representing at least maximum and minimum operating speeds of the machine, and desirably machine performance information, graded preferably at three or more levels of machine performances; and d] work utilisation pressure, representing the pressure on the operator to complete a job quickly as is caused by a back log of work, again graded conveniently into three or more levels of pressure, the input information selected corresponding to previously input statistical information.
  • job difficulty information [graded preferably at three or more levels of difficulty] including information descriptive of the image complexity and/or information relating to inks and/or material to be
  • the estimated figure may then be given to the operator as a suggested optimum ⁇ m rate requiring him to use less time and skill in determining the rate at which the job should be run.
  • a method of operating a machine involving the steps; 1] inputting into a computer statistical past-performance information representing [in relation to each job] the speed at which the machine was run, together with run length of the job, and optionally at least one or more of a] information representing the difficulty of the job; b] information representing the operator in relation to the job; c] information representing the machine utilised; d] information representing the utilisation pressure existing at the time the job was carried out;
  • a method of performing a machinery operation in which a] a parameter of the job is utilised to determine an optimum machine run rate for the job; and b] the machine is run for that job at a target rate selected in close relationship to the determined optimum rate.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates the results, the constants [hereinafter referred to control constants] y max being 3370, and k being 0.763.
  • the predicted speed of a run to be undertaken of known run lengths may relatively easily be determined, either by being read off the graph, or calculated by the computer, to produce a figure directly on the basis of the formula.
  • the calculated figure y max is the asymptote on the y axis, and k being a constant relating to the "shape" of the graph.
  • the calculated run rate could be given to the operator, who would then be permitted to utihse that figure in determining the most appropriate speed at which the run the machine.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Human Resources & Organizations (AREA)
  • Economics (AREA)
  • Strategic Management (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Entrepreneurship & Innovation (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Operations Research (AREA)
  • Development Economics (AREA)
  • Tourism & Hospitality (AREA)
  • Game Theory and Decision Science (AREA)
  • General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Marketing (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Educational Administration (AREA)
  • Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)

Abstract

A machinery operation involves the steps: 1) inputting into a computer statistical past-performance information representing, in relation to each job, the speed at which the machine was run, together with run length of the job, and optionally at least one or more of a) information representing the difficulty of the job; b) information representing the operator in relation to the job; c) information representing the machine utilised; d) information representing the utilisation pressure existing at the time the job was carried out; 2) feeding corresponding information representing a job to be performed into the computer; and 3) causing the computer to calculate an optimum run rate for the job to be performed, and using an equation of the general formula y = f[1-e-kx]. The calculated or optimum run rate may be used to determine the probable length of time a particular job is likely to take, or may be utilised to indicate to the operator the most appropriate speed at which the machine should be run, or both.

Description

Title: "Machinery operations" Description of Invention
This invention is concerned with improvements relating to machinery operations, particularly but not exclusively to printing.
In the printing industry, difficulty is experienced in determining the optimum speed at which a printing machine will be run to print a particular job. Specifically, a great deal of autonomy is exercised by the print operative in determining usually on the basis of many years experience, the speed at which the printing machine should be run in relation to the job being printed to maximise throughput whilst minimising interruption and breakdown.
For example, whilst it would be appropriate to run a printing job at a speed close to the maximum operating speed of the machine on a relatively straightforward and extended job, a skilled operator would reduce the speed of the run both for a straightforward job of short-run, and for a complicated and extended job.
Whilst an experienced print operator can be relied upon to select with accuracy a run rate which will be close to the optimum, difficulty is being increasingly encountered these days in finding operatives with the requisite degree of experience. Thus where an operative has only limited experience, he may tend to run the machine for a particular job at a rate higher than optimum, increasing the tendency for it to be necessary to interrupt or abort the run, due to the failure of the machine to print a difficult job at too high a run rate or for the run to be interrupted either by a cause such as jamming of the paper, or the machine to breakdown. Alternatively an operator may be unduly conservative and print at a lower rate than the optimum, reducing the efficiency of the printing operation.
In addition, difficulty is encountered in cost-estimating and production planning for the reason that the speed at which the machine will be run [and hence the time taken to complete the job] is not known in advance. For example, a printing manager or supervisor will find it necessai to determine the length of time a particular print job is likely to take, to enable him to produce a schedule of the jobs to be printed so as to maximise efficient utilisation of the equipment available.
Conventionally a printing manager or supervisor will assume that, for a simple printing run, the machine will run at a speed close to the manufacturers quoted maximum speed, and he will calculate the time taken for the machine to print the required number of impressions at that rate. To this time he will add an estimate of the time taken to set the job up. Where the job is difficult, he will assume that the machine will be run at a rate lower than the maximum rate.
In almost all existing circumstances, it will be appreciated that a printing manager or supervisor is at best using his experience to guess the time likely to be taken.
He faces the difficulty that over-estimates of the time he allocates for a particular printing job will result in a under-utilisation of the equipment, whilst an under-estimate will result in jobs taking too long and may require the print operatives to be paid overtime. Both these problems result in a decrease in efficient utilisation of machinery, and/or a higher cost on a printing job than could otherwise be achieved.
Additionally when quoting for a printing job, he faces the difficulty that, by being conservative and over estimating the time likely to be taken, he risk the quotation being uncompetitively high, whilst if he under-estimates the time likely to be taken, he may cause the job to be printed at a loss, or at a lower profit than might otherwise have been achieved.
In addition where a printing job is given to an operator with insufficient experience, that operator may have difficulty in selecting an appropriate running speed for the machine which will maximise efficient utilisation of the machine.
According to this invention there is provided a method of evaluating a machinery operation of specific run length, in which the machine being utilised has a variable run rate, in which the relationship between run length and run rate of a plurality of previous operations is analysed, and utilised to calculate a run rate for the said machinery operation.
The calculated run rate may be utilised to deteπnine probable run rate in the performance of the said machinery operation, for example for estimating or scheduling purposes, or the calculated run rate may be utilised to determine the speed of operation of the machine in the performance of said machinery operation.
In such circumstances, the actual run rate may be set close to said calculated run rate.
Advantageously the relationship between run length, run rate and a further factor of a plurality of previous operations are analysed, and utilised to calculate a run rate for the said machinery operation involving said further factor.
Such further factor may be job difficulty related information, operator related information, and/or machine related information.
In this manner the speed at which a machine such as a printing machine will be run to cany out a specific job can be determined in advance without reference to the operator [such as in asking him at what speed he would run the machine to carry out such a job] and the speed determined in this manner will be sufficiently close to the actual speed at which the job is run by a skilled print operative to be acceptable in relation to cost estimating and machine scheduling.
If desired the optimum run rate may be determined solely by reference to a graph plotting run rate as a function of run length but desirably a computer is used to calculate the optimum run rate from input information, conveniently using a formula where the run rate is calculated as a function of run length, a maximum running speed, and a constant or constants dependent upon machine operating parameter. Preferably a formula is used of the form y = f [1 - e ], where y = the run rate, x = the run length, k is a constant representing variables in the performance of the machine, and where f is a function which includes machine speed and e is the natural log base.
More specifically desirably the equation which is utilised is y = y min + y max [1 - e ], where y min and y max are respectively the minimum speed at which the machine is capable of being run, and the maximum speed of the machine, as selected in relation to variable factors of production.
In this manner information may be fed into the computer representing as many variables as may be desired, specifically including run length and optionally one or more of: a] job difficulty information [graded preferably at three or more levels of difficulty] including information descriptive of the image complexity and/or information relating to inks and/or material to be printed; b] operator information, which may be the number of operators involved, and the skill level of the operators], graded preferably at three or more levels of competence; c] machine information, which may be the particular machine involved,or information representing at least maximum and minimum operating speeds of the machine, and desirably machine performance information, graded preferably at three or more levels of machine performances; and d] work utilisation pressure, representing the pressure on the operator to complete a job quickly as is caused by a back log of work, again graded conveniently into three or more levels of pressure, the input information selected corresponding to previously input statistical information.
In this manner a highly accurate prediction of run rate may be determined prior to commencement of the printing operation.
Further however since the prediction obtained by the method set out above represents a highly accurate estiinate of an optimum run rate, the estimated figure may then be given to the operator as a suggested optimum πm rate requiring him to use less time and skill in determining the rate at which the job should be run.
Thus according to another aspect of this invention there is provided a method of operating a machine involving the steps; 1] inputting into a computer statistical past-performance information representing [in relation to each job] the speed at which the machine was run, together with run length of the job, and optionally at least one or more of a] information representing the difficulty of the job; b] information representing the operator in relation to the job; c] information representing the machine utilised; d] information representing the utilisation pressure existing at the time the job was carried out;
2] Feeding corresponding information representing a job to be performed into the computer; and 3] causing the computer to calculate an optimum run rate for the job to be performed.
According to this invention there is also provided a method of performing a machinery operation in which a] a parameter of the job is utilised to determine an optimum machine run rate for the job; and b] the machine is run for that job at a target rate selected in close relationship to the determined optimum rate.
Examples of the invention will now be described, with reference to the following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
An analysis was made of 53 print runs of varying run length and difficulty over a period of time using a GTC printing press.
The following table shows the run length, in number of impressions, against time taken for the job to be completed, and speed in impression per hour. NTRY NO JOB NO RUN LENGTH TIME SPEED
1 41025 5800 1.00 5800
2 41031 270 0.25 1080
3 41046 680 0.25 2720
4 41057 1200 0.33 3636
5 41057 1020 0.33 3090
6 41002 1560 2.17 718
7 40987 1200 0.33 3636
S 40980 2700 0.58 4655
9 40964 1050 0.50 2100
10 40965 500 0.75 666
11 40879 800 0.50 1600
12 40879 1570 1.17 1341
13 40960 1350 1.33 1015
14 40949 675 0.50 1350
15 40937 800 0.50 1600
16 40922 1150 0.50 2300
17 40922 1185 0.75 1580
18 40848 4205 1.34 3138
19 40848 4200 1.25 3360
20 40781 3200 1.25 2560
21 40914 390 0.75 520
22 40871 2000 0.75 2666
23 40862 5200 2.50 2080
24 40862 5150 2.50 2060
25 40835 2350 1.00 2350
26 41039 140 0.50 280
27 40981 2400 1.25 1920
28 40905 4200 1.00 4200
29 40907 4700 1.75 2685
30 40904 2150 0.33 6515
31 40904 2190 0.50 4380
32 40935 270 0.50 540
33 40936 623 0.50 1246
34 40989 2850 1.33 2142
35 41027 5800 1.00 5800
36 40986 3050 1.66 1837
37 40920 250 0.25 1000
38 40674 3200 0.92 3478
39 40786 5550 1.75 3171
40 40861 1700 0.67 2537
41 40844 1300 1.00 1300
42 40809 1100 0.33 3333
43 41060 975 0.41 2378
44 41057 800 0.50 1600
45 11757 4596 1.50 3064
46 41057 490 0.50 980
47 40983 5250 1.17 4487
48 40983 5200 1.50 3466
49 40968 3000 0.67 4477
50 40973 10080 2.25 4480
51 40972 13000 3.42 3S01
52 41004 7365 1.83 4024
53 40821 15100 4.00 3775 The results of the 53 print runs were fed into a computer, which was programmed to plot a "best fit" graph, the curve of which being in accordance with the formula y = y min + y max [1 - e"*00], where y min is the minimum speed at which the machine is capable of being run, e is the natural logarithm base, and y max and k are constants.
FIGURE 1 illustrates the results, the constants [hereinafter referred to control constants] y max being 3370, and k being 0.763.
From this graph, the predicted speed of a run to be undertaken of known run lengths may relatively easily be determined, either by being read off the graph, or calculated by the computer, to produce a figure directly on the basis of the formula.
The calculated figure y max is the asymptote on the y axis, and k being a constant relating to the "shape" of the graph.
By the use of graph produced by the computer, it was found that the run rate of a printing job could be calculated far more accurately in relation to the time actually taken, than would have been possible using conventional methods, and this enabled a much more efficient utilisation of man power and machinery, and more accurate determination of when it would be possible to fit a job into an existing schedule, making it possible more accurately to predict completion of a printing job.
Additionally, the calculated run rate could be given to the operator, who would then be permitted to utihse that figure in determining the most appropriate speed at which the run the machine.
In a refinement of the example described above, a similar exercise was carried out using a Falcon printing pressHowever the inputs were then divided in accordance with estimated job difficulty, dividing the inputs into three categories of easy, average and difficult, and graphs were produced for each level of difficulty, these being shown in the drawings, in which Figures 2, 3 and 4 are respective plots of easy, average and difficult jobs, and Figure 5 is a composite of Figures 2, 3 and 4. From the separate results more accurate assessment of the length of a particular job could be calculated on the base of know run lengths and job difficulty.
As will be appreciated, whilst the above invention has been devised in the solution of a problem encountered particularly in the printing industry, the invention may be utilised in machinery operations where similar conditions and analogous problems arise, including injection moulding operations, ceramic tile and brick manufacturer, printing and decorating of fabric, and batch manufacture of clothing.
The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or the following claims, or the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in the terms or means for performing the desired function, or a method or process for attaining the disclosed result, may, separately or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A method of evaluating a machinery operation of specific run length, in which the machine being utilised has a variable run rate, in which the relationship between run length and run rate of a pluraUty of previous operations in analysed and utilised to calculate a run rate for the said machinery operation.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the calculated run rate is utihsed to determine probably run rate in the performance of the said machinery operation.
3. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the calculated run rate is utilised to determine the desirable run rate of the machine in the performance of said machinery operation.
4. A method according to Claim 3 wherein the actual run rate is set close to said calculated run rate.
5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the relationship between run length, run rate and a further factor of a pluraUty of previous operations are analysed, and utilised to calculate a run rate for said machinery operation involving said further factor.
6. A method according to Claim 5 wherein said further factor is job difficulty information, operator-related information and/or machine related information.
7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the run rate for the said machinery operation is calculated by reference to the formula y = f [1 - e"toc], where y = run rate, x = the run length, and f and k are constants determined by said analysis of said previous operations.
8. A method according to Claim 7 wherein said formula is y = y min + y max [1 - e ], where y min speed at which the machine is run, and y max is the maximum speed at which the machine is run.
9. A method of performing a machinery operation in which a] a parameter of the job is utilised to determine an optimum run rate for the job; and b] the machine is run for that job at a target rate set in close relationship to the determined optimum rate.
10. A method of operating machine involving the steps:
1] inputting into a computer statistical past-performance information representing, in relation to each job, the speed at which the machine was run, together with the length of the job, 2] Feeding corresponding information representing a job to be performed into the computer; and 3] causing the computer to calculate an optimum run rate for the job to be performed.
11. A method according to Claim 10 wherein the computer calculates said optimum run rate for the job to be performed on the basis of an equation of the general form y = f [1 - e ■** ].
12. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the job to be performed is a printing operation.
13. A method of operating a machine when carried out substantiaUy as hereinbefore described with reference to the examples.
PCT/GB1990/000955 1989-06-21 1990-06-21 Machinery operations WO1990016023A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB898914264A GB8914264D0 (en) 1989-06-21 1989-06-21 Machinery operations
GB8914264.0 1989-06-21

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WO1990016023A1 true WO1990016023A1 (en) 1990-12-27

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AU (1) AU5823790A (en)
GB (1) GB8914264D0 (en)
IE (1) IE902228A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1990016023A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA904778B (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2248124A (en) * 1990-09-21 1992-03-25 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Data preparing apparatus
EP0866411A1 (en) * 1997-03-18 1998-09-23 Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. Method and apparatus for optimizing work distribution
WO2004021233A1 (en) * 2002-08-29 2004-03-11 Tristate Holdings Limited Method and system for analysing production of garments

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4672531A (en) * 1983-08-23 1987-06-09 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Elevator supervisory learning control apparatus
EP0307834A2 (en) * 1987-09-15 1989-03-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Sg Positioning control system

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4672531A (en) * 1983-08-23 1987-06-09 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Elevator supervisory learning control apparatus
EP0307834A2 (en) * 1987-09-15 1989-03-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Sg Positioning control system

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19-20 January 1987 Computer Society Press T. WATANABE et al.: "Intelligent Control in the Hierarchy of Automatic Manufacturing Systems", pages 42-47 *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2248124A (en) * 1990-09-21 1992-03-25 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Data preparing apparatus
US5239475A (en) * 1990-09-21 1993-08-24 Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Data preparing apparatus
EP0866411A1 (en) * 1997-03-18 1998-09-23 Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. Method and apparatus for optimizing work distribution
US6249715B1 (en) 1997-03-18 2001-06-19 Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. Method and apparatus for optimizing work distribution
WO2004021233A1 (en) * 2002-08-29 2004-03-11 Tristate Holdings Limited Method and system for analysing production of garments

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ZA904778B (en) 1994-10-05
AU5823790A (en) 1991-01-08
GB8914264D0 (en) 1989-08-09
IE902228A1 (en) 1991-01-16
IE902228L (en) 1990-12-21

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