USRE49495E1 - Binding polypeptides having a mutated scaffold - Google Patents

Binding polypeptides having a mutated scaffold Download PDF

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USRE49495E1
USRE49495E1 US16/840,882 US201416840882A USRE49495E US RE49495 E1 USRE49495 E1 US RE49495E1 US 201416840882 A US201416840882 A US 201416840882A US RE49495 E USRE49495 E US RE49495E
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polypeptide
seq
population
polypeptides
amino acid
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Erik Nordling
Joakim Nilsson
Patrik Strömberg
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/001—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof by chemical synthesis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/04—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length on carriers
    • C07K1/047—Simultaneous synthesis of different peptide species; Peptide libraries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/305—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F)
    • C07K14/31—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F) from Staphylococcus (G)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1044—Preparation or screening of libraries displayed on scaffold proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
    • C12Q1/6874—Methods for sequencing involving nucleic acid arrays, e.g. sequencing by hybridisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
    • G01N33/6845—Methods of identifying protein-protein interactions in protein mixtures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel polypeptides, methods of production thereof and novel populations of polypeptide variants based on a common scaffold.
  • the populations can for example be used to provide novel binding proteins and polypeptides.
  • Z variant polypeptides or populations thereof having improved properties such as higher alkali stability, low antigenicity, structural stability, amenability to chemical synthesis and hydrophilicity, are desired.
  • WO2009/080811 discloses Z variants having a common scaffold with improved properties, but not every desired property can be obtained by Z variant polypeptides as described therein.
  • polypeptides showing a high structural stability will most likely functionally withstand chemical modifications, changes in physical conditions and proteolysis, both during production as well as within the human body. Moreover, stability will influence the active shelf-life of polypeptide pharmaceuticals, as well as the active life of the polypeptide pharmaceutical within the human body.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for production of a polypeptide based on a novel scaffold.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a population of polynucleotides.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a combination of a polypeptide population and a polynucleotide population.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for selecting a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target from a population of polypeptides.
  • Another object is to provide a method for isolating a polynucleotide encoding a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target.
  • Another object is to provide a method for identifying a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target.
  • a further object is to provide a method for selecting and identifying a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target.
  • a related object is to provide a method for production of a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target.
  • polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from
  • each amino acid X defined as “independently corresponding to any amino acid” individually corresponds to an amino acid residue which is selected from all possible amino acids. For clarity, this applies to amino acid positions corresponding to the positions X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 6 , X 7 , X 10 , X 11 , X 17 , X 18 , X 20 , X 21 , X 25 and X 28 in sequence i) above. This means that each such X may be any amino acid residue, independent of the identity of any other residue denoted X in the sequence.
  • these amino acids X may be chosen from all 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues in such a way that any of these 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues may be present at the corresponding X position in any given variant.
  • the selection of amino acid residue in each position may be more or less randomized. It is also possible to limit the group from which the different varied amino acid residues are selected to 19, 18, 17, 16 or less of the 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues.
  • the variability in different positions may be adjusted individually, between one, meaning no randomization, up to all 20 amino acids.
  • Random introduction of a smaller subset of amino acids may be obtained by careful selection of the deoxyribonucleotide bases introduced, for example the codons T(A/C)C may be introduced to obtain a random introduction of either serine or tyrosine at a given position in the polypeptide chain. Likewise, the codons (T/C/A/G)CC may be introduced to obtain a random introduction of phenylalanine, leucine, alanine and valine at a given position in the polypeptide chain.
  • the skilled person is aware of many alternatives of deoxyribonucleotide base combinations that may be used to obtain different combinations of amino acids at a given position in the polypeptide chain.
  • the set of amino acids that may appear at a given position in the polypeptide chain may also be determined by the introduction of trinucleotides during the oligonucleotide synthesis, instead of one deoxyribonucleotide base at a time.
  • a defined set of amino acids may also be obtained using split-pool synthesis enabling incorporation of defined codons in desirable positions in the synthesis.
  • Yet another alternative to obtain randomized double stranded linkers is by incorporation of randomized sets of trinucleotide building blocks using ligations and restrictions of the subsequently built up double stranded DNA.
  • a polypeptide having affinity for a predetermined target there is provided a polypeptide having affinity for a predetermined target.
  • the amino acid residues that confer target binding specificity are those in the positions corresponding to positions 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25 and 28 in sequence i) above.
  • amino acid residues that do not confer target binding specificity are referred to as “scaffold amino acids” or simply “scaffold”.
  • scaffold amino acid residues as defined herein are those in the positions corresponding to positions 1, 5, 8, 9, 12-15, 19, 22-24, 27, 31, 33-34, 37-38, 40-44 and 48 in sequence i) above.
  • the advantageous properties conferred by the scaffold amino acids of the polypeptides as defined herein are independent of the target binding specificity of said polypeptide.
  • any polypeptide such as the polypeptide of the present disclosure
  • the function of any polypeptide is dependent on the tertiary structure of the polypeptide. It is therefore possible to make minor changes to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide without affecting the function thereof.
  • the disclosure encompasses modified variants of said polypeptide that do not alter the functional properties of the polypeptide, such as its improved stability and/or its binding affinity for a predetermined target.
  • polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence with 91% or greater identity to a sequence defined in i).
  • the polypeptide may comprise a sequence which is at least 93%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97% identical to the sequence defined in i).
  • sequence definitions i) and ii) may be found in any position of the sequence of the polypeptide as disclosed herein.
  • such changes may be found only in scaffold amino acid residues.
  • said changes may be found only in the amino acid residues which confer target binding specificity. For example, it is possible that an amino acid residue belonging to a certain functional grouping of amino acid residues (e.g. hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar etc) could be exchanged for another amino acid residue from the same functional group.
  • % identity may for example be calculated as follows.
  • the query sequence is aligned to the target sequence using the CLUSTAL W algorithm (Thompson et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 4673-4680 (1994)).
  • a comparison is made over the window corresponding to one of the aligned sequences, for example the shortest.
  • the window may in some instances be defined by the target sequence. In other instances, the window may be defined by the query sequence.
  • the amino acid residues at each position are compared, and the percentage of positions in the query sequence that have identical correspondences in the target sequence is reported as % identity.
  • the sequences disclosed herein provide advantages compared to known, similar scaffolds, and have been engineered to show a high structural stability and hence an improved storage shelf-life. These advantages also apply to the third aspect of the disclosure (see further below), which relates to populations of the polypeptide variants of this first aspect.
  • X 16 is T.
  • X 26 is K.
  • X 29 X 30 PX 32 is DDPS.
  • X 29 X 30 PX 32 is RQPE.
  • X 35 is S.
  • X 36 is E.
  • X 39 is S.
  • X 45 is selected from E and S.
  • X 45 is E.
  • X 45 is S.
  • X 46 is selected from E and S.
  • X 46 is E.
  • X 46 is S.
  • X 46 is D.
  • X 46 is not D or E when X 45 is N.
  • X 45 X 46 is selected from EE, ES, SE and SS, such as from ES and SE.
  • X 45 X 46 is ES.
  • X 45 X 46 is SE.
  • X 45 X 46 is SD.
  • X 47 is S.
  • binding affinity for a predetermined target refers to a property of a polypeptide which may be tested for example by the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology.
  • SPR surface plasmon resonance
  • said binding affinity may be tested in an experiment in which the predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is immobilized on a sensor chip of the instrument, and the sample containing the polypeptide to be tested is passed over the chip.
  • the polypeptide to be tested is immobilized on a sensor chip of the instrument, and a sample containing the predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is passed over the chip.
  • the skilled person may then interpret the results obtained by such experiments to establish at least a qualitative measure of the binding affinity of the polypeptide for the predetermined target.
  • Binding values may for example be defined in a Biacore (GE Healthcare) or ProteOn XPR 36 (Bio-Rad) instrument.
  • the predetermined target is suitably immobilized on a sensor chip of the instrument, and samples of the polypeptide whose affinity is to be determined are prepared by serial dilution and injected in random order.
  • K D values may then be calculated from the results using for example the 1:1 Langmuir binding model of the BIAevaluation 4.1 software, or other suitable software, provided by the instrument manufacturer.
  • binding affinity for a predetermined target may also refer to a property of a polypeptide which may be tested for example by ELISA.
  • the binding affinity may be tested in an experiment in which samples of the polypeptide are captured on antibody-coated ELISA plates and biotinylated predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is added, followed by streptavidin conjugated HRP. TMB substrate is added and the absorbance at 450 nm is measured using a multi-well plate reader, such as Victor 3 (Perkin Elmer). The skilled person may then interpret the results obtained by such experiments to establish at least a qualitative measure of the binding affinity of the complex for the predetermined target.
  • ELISA may also be used.
  • the response of the polypeptide against a dilution series of the predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is measured using ELISA as described above.
  • the skilled person may then interpret the results obtained by such experiments, and EC50 values may be calculated from the results using for example GraphPad Prism 5 and non-linear regression.
  • Z variant polypeptides are believed to constitute, or form part of, a three-helix bundle protein domain, the motif having affinity for a predetermined target essentially forming part of two alpha helices with an interconnecting loop, within said three-helix bundle protein domain.
  • polypeptide as described above comprising additional amino acid residues.
  • additional amino acid residues may be located at the C-terminus of the polypeptide.
  • additional amino acid residues may be located at the N-terminus of the polypeptide.
  • said additional amino acid residues at the C-terminus comprise AP.
  • said additional amino acid residues at the N-terminus comprise AEAKYAK.
  • polypeptide as described above which consists of sequence i) or ii) having from 0 to 7 additional amino acid residues at the N-terminus and from 0 to 3 additional amino acid residues at the C-terminus.
  • the additional amino acid residues may play a role in the binding of the polypeptide, but may equally well serve other purposes, related for example to one or more of the production, purification, stabilization, coupling or detection of the polypeptide.
  • said additional amino acid residues constitute one or more polypeptide domain(s).
  • Such additional amino acid residues may comprise one or more amino acid residues added for purposes of chemical coupling.
  • An example of this is the addition of a cysteine residue at the very first or very last position in the polypeptide chain, i.e. at the N- or C-terminus.
  • a cysteine residue to be used for chemical coupling may also be introduced by replacement of another amino acid on the surface of the protein domain, preferably on a portion of the surface that is not involved in target binding.
  • Such additional amino acid residues may also comprise a “tag” for purification or detection of the polypeptide, such as a hexahistidyl (His 6 ) tag, or a “myc” tag or a “FLAG” tag for interaction with antibodies specific to the tag.
  • a “tag” for purification or detection of the polypeptide, such as a hexahistidyl (His 6 ) tag, or a “myc” tag or a “FLAG” tag for interaction with antibodies specific to
  • additional amino acid residues may also constitute one or more polypeptide domain(s) with any desired function, such as another binding function, or a half-life extending function, or an enzymatic function, or a metal ion chelating function, or a fluorescent function, or any combination thereof.
  • a compound having affinity for a predetermined target comprising:
  • Non-limiting examples of derivatives of the albumin binding domain of streptococcal protein G are disclosed in WO2009/016043 and WO2012/004384.
  • polypeptide as defined above which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from:
  • polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from
  • the polypeptide variants disclosed herein may be generated by taking a Z variant polypeptide, for example based on a known scaffold and having affinity for a given target, and performing site-directed mutagenesis at selected positions to obtain a polypeptide having a scaffold according to the present disclosure, retaining the target affinity.
  • a polypeptide according to the present disclosure may, alternatively, be made by chemical synthesis of the entire molecule or by using other molecular biology methods, known to a person skilled in the art, to graft the binding motif of a Z variant polypeptide onto the scaffold disclosed herein.
  • original Z variant polypeptides comprising the following common scaffold sequence and having a binding specificity defined by the amino acid sequence within a binding motif [BM]:
  • AEAKYAK-[BM]-DDPSQSSELL SEAKKLNDSQ APK may be modified to provide a polypeptide as disclosed herein.
  • polypeptides disclosed herein have many applications, for example applications of therapeutic, diagnostic or prognostic significance for a disease.
  • a non-limiting list of diseases, in which said polypeptides may find therapeutic, diagnostic or prognostic use includes cancer, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disease, infectious diseases, neurological diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, eye diseases, kidney diseases, pulmonary diseases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular diseases, hematological diseases, dermatological diseases, allergies and other.
  • a polypeptide with affinity for a predetermined target is selected from the group consisting of HER2, TNF ⁇ , EGFR, IGF1R, IgG, PDGFR ⁇ , HER3, C5, FcRn, CAIX, amyloid ⁇ , CD4, IL8, IL6 and insulin.
  • said polypeptide may be of use in biotechnological, industrial and pharmaceutical applications, for example use as an affinity ligand in separation technology, purification applications or as a detection agent.
  • the predetermined target may be an albumin binding domain (“ABD” or “GA module”) from streptococcal Protein G, or a derivative thereof.
  • predetermined targets are to be viewed as non-limiting, and that polypeptides as defined herein with affinity for other predetermined targets fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • Non-limiting examples of known Z variant polypeptides are Z variants with affinity for the EGF receptor (disclosed in WO2007/065635), for the HER2 receptor (disclosed in WO2009/080810), for the HER3 receptor (disclosed in WO2010/056124), for the IGF1 receptor (disclosed in WO2009/019117), for the PDGF receptor ⁇ (disclosed in WO2009/077175), for the albumin binding domain (ABD) (disclosed in WO2014/064237), for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) (disclosed in PCT/EP2014/055299) and for carbonic anhydrase IX (disclosed in WO2014/096163).
  • a Z variant's binding motif [BM] corresponds to the first 28 amino acid residues of those binding motifs disclosed in the documents listed above, in which the definitions of binding motifs are 29 amino acid residues and correspond to the amino acid residues at positions corresponding to positions 1-29 of sequence i) above.
  • a polypeptide with an affinity for a predetermined target which further comprises a label, such as a label selected from the group consisting of fluorescent dyes and metals, chromophoric dyes, chemiluminescent compounds and bioluminescent proteins, enzymes, radionuclides and particles.
  • a label such as a label selected from the group consisting of fluorescent dyes and metals, chromophoric dyes, chemiluminescent compounds and bioluminescent proteins, enzymes, radionuclides and particles.
  • labels may for example be used for detection of the polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is present as a moiety in a fusion polypeptide or conjugate also comprising a second moiety having a desired biological activity.
  • a desired biological activity comprise a therapeutic activity, a binding activity, and an enzymatic activity.
  • said moiety further comprises a label.
  • the label may in some instances be coupled only to the polypeptide with affinity for a predetermined target, and in some instances both to the polypeptide with affinity for a predetermined target and to the second moiety of the conjugate or fusion polypeptide. Furthermore, it is also possible that the label may be coupled to a second moiety only and not to the polypeptide with affinity for a predetermined target. Hence, in yet another embodiment there is provided a polypeptide with affinity for a predetermined target comprising a second moiety, wherein said label is coupled to the second moiety only.
  • polypeptides or fusion polypeptides may be used as detection reagents, capture reagents, as separation reagents, as diagnostic agents for diagnostics in vivo or in vitro, or as therapeutic agents.
  • Methods that employ the polypeptides or fusion polypeptides according to the present disclosure in vitro may be performed in different formats, such as in microtiter plates, in protein arrays, on biosensor surfaces, on tissue sections, and so on.
  • polypeptide or fusion polypeptides according to the present disclosure may be useful as a therapeutic, diagnostic or prognostic agent in its own right or as a means for targeting other therapeutic, diagnostic or prognostic agents, with e.g. direct or indirect effects on said target.
  • a direct therapeutic effect may for example be accomplished by inhibiting signaling by said target.
  • Said target may also serve as a valuable marker to predict the prognosis of certain diseases (for example the diseases listed above).
  • a polypeptide or fusion polypeptide as described herein for use in therapy or for use as a diagnostic agent.
  • said polypeptide or fusion polypeptide further comprises a therapeutic agent.
  • therapeutic agents are a therapeutic agent potentiating the effect of said polypeptide or fusion polypeptide, a therapeutic agent acting in synergy with said polypeptide or fusion polypeptide and a therapeutic agent affecting a different aspect of the disease to be treated.
  • pharmaceutical compositions comprising polypeptides as disclosed herein, alone or together with further therapeutic agents.
  • a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide or a fusion polypeptide as described herein. Also encompassed by this disclosure is a method of producing a polypeptide or fusion polypeptide as described above comprising expressing such a polynucleotide; an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide; and a host cell comprising said expression vector.
  • each polypeptide in the population comprising an amino acid sequence selected from:
  • each of X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 6 , X 7 , X 10 , X 11 , X 17 , X 18 , X 20 , X 21 , X 25 and X 28 individually corresponds to an amino acid residue which is varied in the population.
  • each such amino acid residue may be any amino acid residue independent of the identity of any other residue denoted X y in the sequence, as explained above in connection with the first (polypeptide) aspect of the disclosure.
  • Non-limiting options for specific amino acid residues X y in the population of polypeptides, and for any additional amino acid residues at either terminal of sequence i) or ii), are the same as those listed above as embodiments of the first aspect of the disclosure.
  • polypeptides comprising minor changes as compared to the above amino acid sequences without largely affecting the tertiary structure and the function thereof are also within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • a population of polypeptide variants based on a common scaffold, wherein each polypeptide in the population comprises an amino acid sequence with 91% or greater identity to a sequence as defined in i).
  • each polypeptide may comprise a sequence which is at least 93%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97% identical to the sequence as defined in i).
  • the population defined herein consists of a large number of unique and different variants of the defined polypeptide molecules.
  • a large number may for example mean that the population comprises at least 1 ⁇ 10 4 unique polypeptide molecules, or at least 1 ⁇ 10 6 , at least 1 ⁇ 10 8 , at least 1 ⁇ 10 10 , at least 1 ⁇ 10 12 , or at least 1 ⁇ 10 14 unique polypeptide molecules.
  • the “population” described herein may also be denoted “library”.
  • binding molecules may be isolated from a population (or library) of randomized polypeptides. This technology is described in general terms in PCT publication WO95/19374, in Nord et al (1997) Nature Biotechnology 15:772-777 and in WO2009/080811, and has been successfully applied in order to select binding molecules based on a common Z domain scaffold against a variety of target molecules through the random variation of thirteen different target binding positions and subsequent selection of binders of interest in a phage display or other selection system based on genotype-phenotype coupling.
  • the population as disclosed herein is a population of polypeptide variants which exhibit improved properties, in particular in terms of stability, compared to populations in the prior art.
  • Z variants isolated from a population (or library) of randomized polypeptides include Z variants with affinity for the EGF receptor (disclosed in WO2007/065635), for the HER2 receptor (disclosed in WO2009/080810), for the HER3 receptor (disclosed in WO2010/056124), for the IGF1 receptor (disclosed in WO2009/019117), for the PDGF receptor ⁇ (disclosed in WO2009/077175), for ABD (disclosed in WO2014/064237), for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) (disclosed in PCT/EP2014/055299) and for carbonic anhydrase IX (disclosed in WO2014/096163).
  • a population of polynucleotides encodes a member of a population of polypeptides as defined above in connection with the third aspect.
  • This physical or spatial association will be more or less strict, depending on the system used.
  • the means for genotype-phenotype coupling may comprise a phage display system.
  • Phage display systems are well-known to the skilled person, and are, for example, described in Smith G P (1985) Science 228:1315-1317 and Barbas C F et al (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7978-7982.
  • the means for genotype-phenotype coupling may comprise a cell surface display system.
  • the cell surface display system may comprise prokaryotic cells, such as Gram-positive cells, or eukaryotic cells, such as yeast cells.
  • Cell surface display systems are well-known to the skilled person. Prokaryotic systems are, for example, described in Francisco J A et al (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10444-10448 and Lee S Y et al (2003) Trends Biotechnol 21:45-52.
  • Eukaryotic systems are, for example, described in Boder E T et al (1997) Nat Biotechnol 15:553-557 and Gai S A et al (2007) Curr Opin Struct Biol 17:467-473.
  • said genotype-phenotype coupling may comprise a phage display system.
  • the means for genotype-phenotype coupling may comprise a cell free display system.
  • the cell free display system may comprise a ribosome display system, or an in vitro compartmentalization display system, or a system for cis display, or a microbead display system.
  • Ribosome display systems are well-known to the skilled person, and are, for example, described in Mattheakis L C et al (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9022-9026 and Zahnd C et al (2007) Nat Methods 4:269-279.
  • In vitro compartmentalization systems are well-known to the skilled person, and are, for example, described in Sepp A et al (2002) FEBS Lett 532:455-458.
  • Cis display systems are well-known to the skilled person, and are, for example, described in Odegrip R et al (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:2806-2810.
  • Microbead display systems are well-known to the skilled person, and are, for example, described in Nord O et al (2003) J Biotechnol 106:1-13.
  • the means for genotype-phenotype coupling may comprise a non-display system such as the protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA).
  • PCA protein-fragment complementation assay
  • a method for selecting a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target from a population of polypeptides comprising the steps:
  • this method is called the “selection method” according to the disclosure.
  • Step (a) may comprise the preparatory steps of providing a population of polynucleotides and expressing said population of polynucleotides to yield said population of polypeptides.
  • the means for yielding a population of polypeptides varies depending on the display system used and examples of such means may be found in the genotype-phenotype references above.
  • Each member of said population of polypeptides used in the selection method may physically be associated with the polynucleotide encoding that member via means for genotype-phenotype coupling.
  • the means for genotype-phenotype coupling may be one of those discussed above.
  • Step (b) comprises the steps of bringing the population of polypeptides into contact with the predetermined target under conditions that enable specific interaction between the target and at least one desired polypeptide having an affinity for the target.
  • the range of conditions applicable is determined by the robustness of the target, the robustness of the display system, and by the desired properties of the interaction with the target. For example a specific method of separating the interaction such as acidification to a predetermined pH may be desired. The skilled person knows what experiments are required to determine suitable conditions.
  • Step (c) comprises the selection of at least one polypeptide.
  • the means for selection of desired polypeptide from the remaining population, based on the specific interaction between the predetermined target and at least one desired polypeptide having affinity for the target varies depending on the display system used and may be found in the genotype-phenotype references above.
  • the in vitro display selection systems are cell free in contrast to systems such as phage display and the protein fragment compartmentalization assay.
  • a method for isolating a polynucleotide encoding a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:
  • this method is called the “isolation method” according to the disclosure.
  • the separation of the polynucleotide from the polypeptide may be done differently depending on the display system used for selection.
  • the polynucleotide or the corresponding mRNA is retrieved through efficient elution from the polypeptide using means described in the genotype-phenotype references above.
  • the isolation of the polynucleotide may be done by different methods depending on the display system used for selection. In most of the above described selection systems, for example the protein fragment complementation assay, the polynucleotide can be directly isolated by specific PCR amplification using appropriate oligonucleotides. Also, as in ribosome display, the polynucleotide can be isolated from the corresponding mRNA using reverse transcription. The various means for isolation of the polynucleotide may be found in the genotype-phenotype references above.
  • a method for identifying a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:
  • the sequencing of the polynucleotide may be done according to standard procedures well-known to the skilled person.
  • a method for selecting and identifying a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target from a population of polypeptides comprising the steps:
  • step (c) it is for example possible to use mass spectrometric analysis.
  • this method is called the “selection and identification method” according to the disclosure.
  • a method for production of a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:
  • production may be carried out using recombinant expression of a polynucleotide encoding the desired polypeptide.
  • the production may also be carried out using chemical synthesis of the desired polypeptide de novo.
  • step (b) is performed either after step (a1) or step (a2).
  • polypeptides, populations and methods according to the disclosure enable the provision of agents with an affinity for a predetermined target, through the provision of a polypeptide that is characterized by specific binding to the predetermined target.
  • polypeptides binding to a predetermined target that can readily be used as a moiety in a fusion polypeptide.
  • polypeptides binding to a predetermined target that solve one or more of the known problems experienced with existing antibody reagents.
  • polypeptides binding to a predetermined target that are amenable to use in therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications.
  • the invention enables the identification of polypeptides binding to a predetermined target that exhibit an improved stability vis-à-vis known agents binding to the same target.
  • Polypeptides according to the present disclosure may be produced by any known means, including chemical synthesis or expression in different prokaryotic or eukaryotic hosts, including bacterial cells, yeast cells, plant cells, insect cells, whole plants and transgenic animals.
  • FIG. 1 A-C is a listing of the amino acid sequences of examples of a polypeptide as disclosed herein. Sequences of C5 binding Z variant polypeptides shown in Examples 2-3 to have improved stability are listed in FIG. 1 A-C as SEQ ID NO:12, 17, 18 and 22, and the sequences thereof corresponding to the shortest sequence defined herein are listed as SEQ ID NO:19-21. The amino acid sequences of C5 binding polypeptides fused to albumin binding domains are in FIG. 1 A-C with sequence identifiers SEQ ID NO:4-11, 13-16 and 23-25.
  • Sequences of Z variant polypeptides with affinity for HER2, PDGF-R ⁇ , FcRn and CAIX shown in Example 12 to have improved stability are listed as SEQ ID NO:28-29, SEQ ID NO:31-32, SEQ ID NO:34-35 and SEQ ID NO:37-42, respectively, together with the corresponding control polypeptides SEQ ID NO:27, 30, 33 and 36.
  • the sequences of said Z variant polypeptides with affinity for HER2, PDGF-R ⁇ , FcRn and CAIX corresponding to the shortest sequence defined herein are listed as SEQ ID NO:43-54.
  • amino acid sequences of a control C5 binding polypeptide, the control C5 binding polypeptide fused to albumin, the albumin binding domain and of human C5 are listed as SEQ ID NO:26, 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 is an image of a SDS-PAGE gel wherein the first lane contains SeeBlue 2P size marker and the bands represent the C5 binding polypeptide PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1) (0) prior to stability test; and (2 w) after a 2 week stability test.
  • FIG. 3 is a chromatogram from reversed phase HPLC of PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1) prior to stability test (solid line) and after a 2 week stability test (dotted line).
  • FIG. 4 is an image of a SDS-PAGE gel wherein the first lane contains SeeBlue 2P size marker and the bands represent (0) the initial samples; and (2 w) the samples after a 2 week stability test.
  • FIG. 5 is a chromatogram from reversed phase HPLC of a modified C5 inhibitor (SEQ ID NO:5) prior to stability test (solid line) and after a 2 week stability test (dotted line).
  • FIG. 6 is a chromatogram from reversed phase HPLC of a modified C5 inhibitor (SEQ ID NO:16) prior to stability test (solid line) and after a 2 week stability test (dotted line).
  • FIG. 7 A-G are CD spectra collected for A: Z17351 (SEQ ID NO:37); B: Z17352 (SEQ ID NO:38); C: Z17355 (SEQ ID NO:39); D: Z17357 (SEQ ID NO:40); E: Z17359 (SEQ ID NO:41); F: Z17360 (SEQ ID NO:42); and G: Z09782 (SEQ ID NO:36).
  • FIG. 8 A-D are images of SDS-PAGE gels showing original and inventive polypeptides before (0) and after a 2 week (2 w) stability test.
  • B Polypeptides targeting PDGF-R ⁇ : lane 1: Mw, lane 2: Z15805 (0), lane 3: Z15805 (2 w), lane 4: Mw, lane 5: Z17343 (0), lane 6: Z17343 (2 w), lane 7: Z17344 (0), lane 8: Z17344 (2 w);
  • the molecular size marker (Mw) was NOVEX Sharp Pre-stained Protein Standard (216, 160, 110, 80, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, 3.5 kDa).
  • the diagonal bands seen in FIG. 8 C are an artifact resulting from an imprint from a second gel stained in the same container).
  • FIG. 9 A-D shows sensorgrams of binding of Z variants comprising the amino acid substitutions ND to SE in position 52-53 (black) and original Z variants (gray) with affinity for the same target after a 2 week stability test.
  • C Binding of Z017347 (SEQ ID NO:34) and Z10130 (SEQ ID NO:33) to FcRn and
  • D Binding of Z017351 (SEQ ID NO:37) and Z09782 (SEQ ID NO:36) to CAIX.
  • the injected concentrations of each Z variant were as described in Example 13.
  • a C5 binding Z variant designated PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1) was formulated in 25 mM NaP/125 mM NaCl pH 7.0 and subjected to an accelerated stability study for 2 weeks at 37° C.
  • the stability was measured by the appearance of new variants after the stability testing by SDS-PAGE and Reversed Phase HPLC (RPC).
  • RPC Reversed Phase HPLC
  • the RPC was run on an Agilent 1100 HPLC using a Mobile Phase A consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, and a Mobile Phase B consisting of 0.1% TFA/45% MeOH/45% isopropylamine (IPA)/10% water.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • IPA isopropylamine
  • Positions 1-60 in SEQ ID NO:1 correspond to the polypeptide Z06175a, previously disclosed in WO2013/126006 as SEQ ID NO:753.
  • DNA encoding C5 binding Z variants were E. coli codon optimized and synthesized by GeneArt, GmbH.
  • the synthetic genes representing the new C5 binding Z variants were subcloned and expressed in E. coli.
  • Intracellularly expressed Z variants were purified using conventional chromatography methods. Homogenization and clarification was performed by sonication followed by centrifugation and filtration. Anion exchange chromatography was used as capture step. Further purification was obtained by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purifications were executed at acidic conditions (pH 5.5). Polishing and buffer exchange was performed by size exclusion chromatography.
  • the purified proteins were formulated in 25 mM NaP/125 mM NaCl pH 7.0 and subjected to an accelerated stability study for 2 weeks at 37° C.
  • the stability was measured by the appearance of new variants after the stability testing by SDS-PAGE and Reversed Phase HPLC (RPC).
  • RPC Reversed Phase HPLC
  • the initial sample and the one subjected to the stability study were run in parallel.
  • SDS-PAGE 7.5 ⁇ g protein was loaded into each well.
  • An example of a resulting gel is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the RPC was run on an Agilent 1100 HPLC using a Mobile Phase A consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, and a Mobile Phase B consisting of 0.1% TFA/45% MeOH/45% isopropylamine (IPA)/10% water.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • IPA isopropylamine
  • Such improved C5 binding polypeptides or compounds include PSI0334 (SEQ ID NO:5), PSI0340 (SEQ ID NO:10), PSI0369 (SEQ ID NO:11), PSI0377 (SEQ ID NO:12), PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO:13), PSI0379 (SEQ ID NO:14), PSI0381 (SEQ ID NO:15), PSI0383 (SEQ ID NO:16), PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO:22), PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO:23), PSI0403 (SEQ ID NO:24) and PSI0404 (SEQ ID NO:25).
  • SEQ ID NO:5 Six of the mentioned variants (SEQ ID NO:5, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 22) have in common that the amino acid residues in positions 52-53 have been substituted from ND (cf. PSI0242) to SE.
  • SEQ ID NO:15 the corresponding substitution is from ND to ES.
  • SEQ ID NO:24 only the amino acid residue in position 53 has been substituted from D to E, while in SEQ ID NO:25 the amino acid residue in position 52 has been substituted from N to S.
  • the relative K D of the interaction of PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO; 1) with C5 is shown in Table 2.
  • the K D of PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1) varied from 1-3 nM in different runs.
  • a chemically synthesized PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO:22) was ordered from BACHEM AG.
  • the stability of the polypeptide was tested according to the same methodology as in Example 2. The results of the stability testing are shown in Table 3.
  • PSI0400 The integrity of the fold of PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO:22) was compared to a recombinant C5 binding polypeptide (PSI0257, SEQ ID NO:26), produced in accordance with the methods of Example 2, using far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra.
  • CD far UV circular dichroism
  • the CD spectra were recorded by a J-720 CD spectropolarimeter (Jasco, Japan). The samples were diluted to 0.17 mg/ml protein concentration using Pi buffer (5 mM Na—K—PO 4 , pH 7.0). A CD spectrum of Pi buffer was firstly recorded, then spectra were recorded for each of the samples and lastly for the Pi buffer again. As the two buffer spectra coincide, the firstly recorded spectrum was used as the buffer spectrum. The buffer spectrum was smoothened using the Savitzky-Golay procedure with convolution width of 25. The other spectra were smoothened according to the same procedure with a convolution width of 15. The smoothened buffer spectrum was then subtracted from each of the other smoothened spectra.
  • the CDNN program was used to estimate the secondary content of the proteins and the resulting estimations are presented in Table 4. The results showed that neither the two amino acid substitutions at position 52 and 53 nor the polypeptide production by chemical synthesis influence the secondary structure content of the chemically synthesized polypeptide. The integrity of the secondary structure content was compared to the recombinantly produced PSI0257 (SEQ ID NO:26).
  • the binding affinity of the C5 binding compounds PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1), PSI0340 (SEQ ID NO:10), PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO:13), and PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO:23) and the C5 binding polypeptide PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO:22) for human C5 was analyzed using a Biacore T200 instrument (GE Healthcare).
  • Human C5 (Quidel, cat. no. A403) was coupled to a CM5 sensor chip (900 RU) using amine coupling chemistry according to the manufacturer's protocol. The coupling was performed by injecting hC5 at a concentration of 7.5 ⁇ g/ml in 10 mM Na-acetate buffer pH 5 (GE Healthcare).
  • the reference cell was treated with the same reagents but without injecting human C5. Binding of the C5 polypeptide and compounds to immobilized hC5 was studied with the single cycle kinetics method, in which five concentrations of sample, typically 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12 and 1.56 nM in HBS-EP buffer were injected one after the other at a flow rate of 30 ⁇ l/min at 25° C. in the same cycle without regeneration between injections. Data from the reference cell were subtracted to compensate for bulk refractive index changes. In most cases, an injection of HBS-EP was also included as control so that the sensorgrams were double blanked. The surfaces were regenerated in HBS-EP buffer. Kinetic constants were calculated from the sensorgrams using the Langmuir 1:1 analyte model of the Biacore T200 Evaluation Software version 1.0. The resulting K D values of the interactions are presented in Table 5.
  • the present data show that the stability-enhancing amino acid substitutions do not have any significant negative effect on the ability of the molecules to bind to C5, and thus do not influence their biological activities.
  • sheep erythrocytes were prepared from fresh sheep whole blood in Alsever's solution (Swedish National Veterinary Institute). The erythrocytes were thereafter treated with rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum (Sigma) to become antibody sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA). The whole process was conducted under aseptic conditions. All other reagents were from commercial sources.
  • the in vitro assay was run in 96-well U-form microtiter plate by consecutive additions of a test protein, a complement serum and EA suspension.
  • the C5 binding compounds and polypeptide were pre-incubated with the above described complement serum for 20 min on ice prior to starting the reaction by the addition of EA suspension.
  • the hemolytic reaction was allowed to proceed at 37° C. under conditions of agitation for 45 min and was then optionally ended by addition of 100 ⁇ l ice-cold saline containing 0.02% Tween 20.
  • the cells were centrifuged to the bottom of the vial and the upper portion, corresponding to 100 ⁇ l supernatant, was transferred to a transparent microplate having half-area and flat-bottom wells.
  • the reaction results were analyzed as optical density using a microtiter plate reader at a wavelength of 415 nm.
  • a control sample (PSI0242, SEQ ID NO:1) and vehicle were included in each plate to define values for uninhibited and fully inhibited reactions, respectively. These values were used to calculate the % inhibition of the complement hemolysis at any given sample concentration.
  • the inhibitory potencies (IC 50-values) of tested C5 binding compounds and polypeptide were defined by applying the same assay in the presence of a controlled concentration of human C5 added to C5 depleted serum. For highly potent inhibitors (low nanomolar to sub-nanomolar), a final C5 concentration of the reaction mixture was controlled at 0.1 nM, which was optionally established by using C5 depleted or deficient sera. The results are presented below in Table 6.
  • the results from the hemolysis assay show that the improved C5 binding compounds PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO:13) and PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO:23) do not significantly differ from the reference compound PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1) in terms of function.
  • the C5 binding polypeptide PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO:22) is functional in the assay and since it does not comprise an albumin binding domain, the results cannot be directly compared to those of the reference compound.
  • a human albumin ELISA was used, utilizing recombinant human albumin as coating (Novozymes) and commercially available antibodies from Affibody AB (primary) and DakoCytomation (detecting).
  • a 96-well microplate was coated with recombinant human albumin. The plate was then washed with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) and blocked for 1-2 hours with 1% casein in PBS. After a plate wash, the standard, method controls, control sample and test samples are added to the plate. After incubation for 2 hours, unbound material was removed by a wash. A goat anti-AFFIBODY IgG (Affibody AB, cat no. 20.1000.01.0005) was added to the wells and the plate was incubated for 1.5 hours to allow binding to the bound C5 binding compounds.
  • PBST phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20
  • the C5 binding compounds comprising a derivative of the albumin binding domain from streptococcal protein G (ABD) were shown to be capable of binding to human albumin. Data is presented in Table 7.
  • Example 2 The C5 binding variants and polypeptides that showed an improved stability compared to PSI0242 in the 2 week stability test at 37° C. (Example 2) were subjected to a longer 3 month stability test at 37° C.
  • the setup of the stability test and the analysis by RPC was as described in Example 2.
  • the evaluation of the stability was made by measuring the main peak of the chromatogram and calculating the corresponding percentage of the total protein content.
  • the data from Example 2 is included in Table 8 below to make the interpretation easier.
  • C5 binding compounds comprising the amino acid substitutions ND to SE in positions 52-53 (SEQ ID NO:13, 14, and 16) compared to PSI0242 showed a higher proportion of protein in the original form after 3 months at 37° C. than PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:1), after 2 weeks under the same conditions (see Table 1).
  • the other tested compounds also display an increased stability compared to the PSI0242.
  • Polypeptide variants comprising the new scaffold described herein are generated by taking Z variant polypeptides with specificity for different targets, and performing site-directed mutagenesis at selected positions within the scaffold.
  • the new molecules may, alternatively, be made by chemical synthesis of the entire molecule or by using other molecular biology methods, known to a person skilled in the art, to graft a binding motif of a Z variant polypeptide onto the new scaffold.
  • the stability is compared to the stability of the original polypeptide or another comparable polypeptide.
  • the polypeptides are subjected to different conditions, such as formulation in [25 mM NaP, 125 mM NaCl, pH 7.0] and incubation at 37° C. for 2 weeks as described in Example 2 and/or for 3 months as described in Example 8.
  • the stability is assessed by analyzing the appearance of new variants by performing SDS-PAGE and RPC analyses as described in Example 2.
  • Polypeptides with the introduced modifications in scaffold positions are expected to show improved stability in similar to the results presented in Example 2 and Example 12.
  • Polypeptides which have shown improved stability properties are further assessed in terms of preserved binding capacities to its target after introduction of alterations in the scaffold. Binding studies are performed on a biosensor instrument, or any other instrument known to the person skilled in the art and measuring the interaction between two or more molecules. For example, the target molecule, or a fragment thereof, is immobilized on a sensor chip of the instrument, and the sample containing the polypeptide to be tested is passed over the chip. Alternatively, the polypeptide to be tested is immobilized on a sensor chip of the instrument, and a sample containing the predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is passed over the chip.
  • the binding affinity may be tested in an experiment in which samples of the polypeptide are captured on antibody-coated ELISA plates and biotinylated predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is added, followed by streptavidin conjugated HRP. TMB substrate is added and the absorbance at 450 nm is measured using a multi-well plate reader, such as Victor 3 (Perkin Elmer). If a quantitative measure is desired, for example to determine the EC50 value (the half maximal effective concentration) for the interaction, ELISA may also be used. The response of the polypeptide against a dilution series of the predetermined target, or a fragment thereof, is measured using ELISA as described above.
  • results obtained by such experiments and EC50 values may be calculated from the results using for example GraphPad Prism 5 and non-linear regression. If the polypeptide contains an albumin binding domain, the effect on albumin binding will be assessed likewise, as described in Example 3 or as described in Example 7.
  • Polypeptides having the scaffold mutations described herein and, in addition, similar or improved binding capacities for its target, are considered to be better candidates for further development into e.g. biopharmaceutical products.
  • Polypeptide variants comprising the new scaffold described herein were generated by taking Z variant polypeptides with specificity for different targets, and performing site-directed mutagenesis at selected positions within the scaffold.
  • E coli (strain T7E2) cells (GeneBridge) were transformed with plasmids containing the gene fragments encoding the original and the inventive polypeptides.
  • the cells were cultivated at 37° C. in TSB-YE medium supplemented with 50 ⁇ g/ml kanamycin and protein expression was subsequently induced by addition of IPTG.
  • Pelleted cells were disrupted using a FASTPREP-24 homogenizer (Nordic Biolabs) and cell debris was removed by centrifugation.
  • Each supernatant containing the Z variant as a His 6 -tagged protein was purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) using His GRAVITRAP columns (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturers instructions.
  • IMAC immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography
  • Purified Z variants were buffer exchanged to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 1.47 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 8.1 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 137 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCl, pH 7.4) using PD-10 desalting columns (GE Healthcare). The correct identity of each polypeptide was verified by SDS-PAGE and HPLC-MS.
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • Circular dichroism (CD) analysis was carried out to determine the melting temperatures (Tm) and assess potential changes in the secondary structure of the inventive polypeptides as a result of the amino acid substitutions.
  • VTM variable temperature measurement
  • the absorbance was measured at 221 nm while the temperature was raised from 20 to 90° C., with a temperature slope of 5° C./min.
  • a second CD spectrum at 250-195 nm was recorded at 20° C.
  • the CD measurements were performed on a Jasco J-810 spectropolarimeter (Jasco Scandinavia AB) using a cell with an optical path-length of 1 mm.
  • each respective polypeptide as determined from the midpoint of the transition in the CD signal vs. temperature plot is shown in Table 10. All mutated polypeptides showed preserved alphahelical structure and refolded reversibly or nearly reversibly even after heating to 90° C. A selected set of CD spectra are shown in FIG. 7 A- 7 G .
  • the stability was compared to the stability of the original polypeptide.
  • the polypeptides formulated in PBS pH 7.4, were diluted to 1 mg/ml and 200 ⁇ l aliquotes were incubated at 37° C. for 2 weeks. Samples collected prior to and after the stability test were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using 10% Bis-Tris NuPAGE gels (Invitrogen) and by loading 5 ⁇ g protein into each well. The resulting Coomassie blue stained gels are shown in FIG. 8 A- 8 D . The stability was assessed by the appearance of new variants after incubation at the elevated temperature and mutated variants were compared to respective original polypeptide.
  • a set of polypeptides showing improved stability properties in Example 12 were further assessed in terms of preserved binding capacities to their targets after introduction of alterations in the scaffold, as well as after having been subjected to the stability test, i.e. incubated at 37° C. for 2 weeks. Comparative kinetic constants (k on and k off ) and affinities (K D ) were determined using a Biacore 2000 instrument.
  • the target proteins human HER2-Fc (R&D Systems, cat. no. 1129-ER-050), human PDGF-R ⁇ (R&D Systems, cat. no. 385-PR-100/CF), human FcRn (Biorbyt, cat. no. orb 84388) and human CAIX (R&D Systems, cat. no.
  • CM5 chips GE Healthcare
  • the immobilization was performed using amine coupling chemistry according to the manufacturer's protocol and using HBS-EP as running buffer.
  • One flow cell surface on the chip was activated and deactivated for use as blank during analyte injections.
  • the immobilization level of target protein on the respective surface was approximately 850 RU for HER2, 2200 RU for PDGF-R ⁇ , 750 for FcRn and 580 RU for CAIX.
  • HBS-EP HER2, PDGF-R ⁇ , CAIX
  • a pH 6.0 Na 2 HPO 4 /citric acid buffer 126 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 37 mM citric acid
  • FcRn pH 6.0 Na 2 HPO 4 /citric acid buffer
  • the Z variants Z02891 (SEQ ID NO:27), Z17341 (SEQ ID NO:28), and Z17342 (SEQ ID NO:29) targeting HER2 were diluted in running buffer to final concentrations of 3.33, 10, 30 and 90 nM and injected for 5 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of dissociation in running buffer. Regeneration by four pulses alternating between 10 mM HCl and 10 mM NaOH followed by 5 min equilibration in running buffer was applied after each analyte injection.
  • the Z variants Z15805 (SEQ ID NO:30), Z17343 (SEQ ID NO:31), and Z17344 (SEQ ID NO:32) targeting PDGF-R13 were diluted in running buffer to final concentrations of 6.67, 20, 60 and 180 nM and injected for 5 minutes, followed by 20 minutes of dissociation in running buffer. Regeneration by three pulses of 10 mM NaOH followed by 5 min equilibration in running buffer was applied after each analyte injection.
  • the Z variants Z10103 (SEQ ID NO:33), Z17347 (SEQ ID NO:34), and Z17348 (SEQ ID NO:35) targeting FcRn were diluted in running buffer to final concentrations of 3.33, 10 and 30 nM and injected for 3 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of dissociation in running buffer. Regeneration by three pulses of HBS-EP followed by 10 min equilibration in running buffer was applied after each analyte injection.
  • the Z variants Z09782 (SEQ ID NO:36), Z17351 (SEQ ID NO:37), Z17355 (SEQ ID NO:39), and Z17359 (SEQ ID NO:41) targeting CAIX were diluted in running buffer to final concentrations of 30, 90 and 270 nM and injected for 5 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of dissociation in running buffer. Regeneration by three pulses of 10 mM glycin-HCl pH 3.0 followed by 5 min equilibration in running buffer was applied after each analyte injection.
  • Kinetic constants were calculated from the sensorgrams using the Langmuir 1:1 model (HER2, FcRn, CAIX) or the 1:1 binding with mass transfer model (PDGF-R ⁇ ) of the BiaEvaluation software 4.1 (GE Healthcare). Curves of the blank surface were subtracted from the curves of the ligand surfaces and the data from the buffer cycles were subtracted from the data of the test-sample cycles to correct for any drift in signal.
  • the comparative kinetic constants for Z variants binding to its target molecule are shown in Table 11 and sensorgrams for a subset of the analyzed interactions are shown in FIG. 9 A- 9 D .
  • the data show that the affinity is only marginally effected by the substitutions ND to SE in position 52-53 and for a couple of variants, Z17341 (SEQ ID NO:28) and Z17343 (SEQ ID NO:31), the affinity is even slightly improved.
  • a combination of the substitutions ND to SE in position 52-53 with the substitutions D36R, D37Q and S39E, such as in Z17342 (SEQ ID NO:29), Z17344 (SEQ ID NO:32) and Z17348 (SEQ ID NO:35) had a more negative effect on the affinity primarily due to faster dissociation rates, but yet, functional binders were obtained with K D in the range 10 ⁇ 9 M.
  • the assessed variants also had preserved binding capabilities after 2 weeks incubation at 37° C.
  • Polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from:
  • Polypeptide according to item 23 comprising additional amino acid residues at the C-terminus of said polypeptide.
  • Polypeptide according to item 23 comprising additional amino acid residues at the N-terminus of said polypeptide.
  • Polypeptide according to item 26 wherein the additional amino acid residues at the N-terminus of said polypeptide comprise AEAKYAK.
  • Polypeptide according to item 29 wherein said one or more polypeptide domain(s) has a function selected from the group of a binding function, an enzymatic function, a metal ion chelating function and a fluorescent function, or mixtures thereof.
  • Polypeptide according to item 31 which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from:
  • Polypeptide according to any one of items 1-32 having an affinity for a predetermined target wherein said target is optionally selected from the group consisting of ABD, HER2, TNF ⁇ , EGFR, IGF1R, IgG, PDGFR ⁇ , HER3, C5, FcRn, CAIX, amyloid ⁇ , CD4, IL8, IL6 and insulin.
  • Fusion polypeptide comprising a polypeptide according to any one of items 1-33 as a moiety.
  • each polypeptide in the population comprising an amino acid sequence selected from:
  • Population according to item 44 which comprises at least 1 ⁇ 10 10 unique polypeptide molecules.
  • cell free display system comprises a microbead display system.
  • Method for selecting a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target from a population of polypeptides comprising the steps:
  • step (a) comprises the preparatory steps of providing a population of polynucleotides according to item 48 and expressing said population of polynucleotides to yield said population of polypeptides.
  • each member of said population of polypeptides is physically or spatially associated with the polynucleotide encoding that member via means for genotype-phenotype coupling.
  • Method for isolating a polynucleotide encoding a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:
  • Method for identifying a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:
  • Method for selecting and identifying a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target from a population of polypeptides comprising the steps:
  • Method for production of a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:
  • Method according to item 71 wherein said production is carried out using recombinant expression of a polynucleotide encoding the desired polypeptide.
  • Method for production of a desired polypeptide having an affinity for a predetermined target comprising the steps:

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