Classifications

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  • C07D451/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
  • C07D451/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/10—Anti-acne agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/16—Otologicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/32—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C271/36—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/54—Sulfur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D451/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
  • C07D451/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof
  • C07D451/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof with hetero atoms directly attached in position 3 of the 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or in position 7 of the 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D453/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids
  • C07D453/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel compounds, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in medical therapy, particularly antibacterial therapy.
• Pleuromutilin the compound of formula (A), is a naturally occurring antibiotic which has antimycoplasmal activity and modest antibacterial activity. It has been shown that the antimicrobial activity can be improved by replacing the glycolic ester moiety at position 14 by an R—X—CH 2 CO 2 — group, where R is an aliphatic or aromatic moiety and X is O, S, or NR′ (H Egger and H Reinshagen, J Antibiotics, 1976, 29, 923).
• Tiamulin, the compound of formula (B), which is used as a veterinary antibiotic is a derivative of this type (G Hogenauer in Antibiotics, Vol. V, part 1, ed. F E Hahn, Springer-Verlag, 1979, p.344). In this application, the non-conventional numbering system which is generally used in the literature (G Hogenauer, loc.cit.) is used.
• WO 97/25309 (SmithKline Beecham) describes further modification of the acyloxy group, disclosing 14-O-carbamoyl derivatives of mutilin or 19, 20-dihydromutilin, in which the N-atom of the carbamoyl group is unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted.
• WO 98/05659 discloses 14-O-carbamoyl derivatives of mutilin or 19, 20-dihydromutilin, in which the N-atom of the carbamoyl group is acylated by a group which includes an azabicyclic moiety.
• WO 98/14189 discloses the use of the topical antibacterial agent mupirocin for treating bacterial infections associated with the colonisation of the nasopharynx by pathogenic organisms, in particular, the prophylatic treatment of recurrent sinusitis and recurrent otitis media, especially with novel spray or cream formulations adpated for administration to the nasopharynx.
• Nsouli Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, January 1996, 76(1), 117
• Nsouli Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, January 1996, 76(1), 117
• the present invention provides a compound of general formula (IA) or (EB): in which:
• R 2 When R 2 is monocyclic, it typically contains from 4 to 8 ring atoms, and, when bicyclic, it typically contains from 5 to 10 ring atoms in each ring, and is optionally substituted on carbon by up to 3 substituents. Suitable substituents include alkyl, alkyloxy, alkenyl and alkenyloxy, each of which may be carried by either a bridgehead or a non-bridgehead carbon atom. In addition, the or each nitrogen atom may be substituted by oxygen, to form an N-oxide, or by mono- or dialkyl, in which case it will be appreciated that a quaternary cation can be formed.
• the counterion may be a halide ion such as chloride or bromide, preferably chloride.
• the aza ring system additionally may contain one or more double bonds.
• R 2 Representative bicyclic and monocyclic groups for R 2 include piperidinyl, pyrrolidyl, quinuclidinyl, azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, azabicyclo[4,3,0]nonyl, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, azabicyclo[3,3,0]octyl, azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenyl, azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl and azabicyclo[4.4.0]decyl, all of which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• Preferred examples for R 2 include quinuclidinyl.
• n is 0.
• m is 0 or 1.
• Preferred compounds are those of formula (IA).
• Alkyl and alkenyl groups referred to herein include straight and branched groups containing up to six carbon atoms and are optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of aryl, heterocyclyl, (C 1-6 )alkoxy, (C 1-6 )alkylthio, aryl(C 1-6 )alkoxy, aryl(C 1-6 )alkylthio, amino, mono- or di-(C 1-6 )alkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, carboxy and esters thereof, amides of carboxy, ureido, carbamimidoyl (amidino), guanidino, alkyl-sulfonyl, amino-sulfonyl (C 1-6 )acyloxy, (C 1-6 )acylamino, azido, hydroxy, and halogen.
• Cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups referred to herein include groups having from three to eight ring carbon atoms and are optionally substituted as described hereinabove for alkyl and alkenyl groups.
• aryl means single and fused rings suitably containing from 4 to 7, preferably 5 or 6, ring atoms in each ring, which rings may each be unsubstituted or substituted by, for example, up to three substituents.
• a fused ring system may include aliphatic rings and need include only one aromatic ring.
• Representative aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl.
• any aryl group including, phenyl and naphthyl, may be optionally substituted by up to five, preferably up to three substituents.
• Suitable substituents include halogen, (C 1-6 )alkyl, aryl, aryl(C 1-6 )alkyl, (C 1-6 )alkoxy, (C 1-6 )alkoxy (C 1-6 )alkyl, halo(C 1-6 )alkyl, aryl(C 1-6 )alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, azido, amino, mono- and di-N-(C 1-6 )alkylamino, acylamino, arylcarbonylamino, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxy salts, carboxy esters, carbamoyl, mono- and di-N-(C 1-6 )alkylcarbamoyl, (C 1-6 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, urei
• heterocyclyl and “heterocyclic” suitably include, unless otherwise defined, aromatic and non-aromatic, single and fused, rings suitably containing up to four heteroatoms in each ring, each of which is selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, which rings, may be unsubstituted or substituted by, for example, up to three substituents.
• Each heterocyclic ring suitably has from 4 to 7, preferably 5 or 6, ring atoms.
• a fused heterocyclic ring system may include carbocyclic rings and need include only one heterocyclic ring.
• substituents for a heterocyclyl group are selected from halogen, (C 1-6 )alkyl, aryl(C 1-6 )alkyl, (C 1-6 )alkoxy, (C 1-6 )alkoxy(C 1-6 )alkyl, halo(C 1-6 )alkyl, hydroxy, amino, mono- and di-N-(C 1-6 )alkyl-amino, acylamino, carboxy, carboxy salts, carboxy esters, carbamoyl, mono- and di-N-(C 1-6 )alkylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C 1-6 )alkoxycarbonyl(C 1-6 )alkyl, aryl, oxy groups, ureido, guanidino, sulphonylamino, aminosulphonyl, (C 1-6 )alkylthio, (C 1-6 )alkylsulphinyl, (C 1-6 )al
• the present invention includes the individual diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred examples of compounds of the invention include:
• the compounds of this invention may be in crystalline or non-crystalline form, and, if crystalline, may optionally be solvated, especially hydrated.
• This invention includes within its scope stoichiometric hydrates as well as compounds containing variable amounts of water.
• the compounds according to the invention are suitably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 50% pure, suitable at least 60% pure, advantageously at least 75% pure, preferably at least 85% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, especially at least 98% pure, all percentages being calculated as weight/weight.
• the compounds of the invention may be in the form of free bases or acid addition salts.
• Compounds carrying a carboxy substituent may be in the form of zwitterions, or alkali metal salts (of the carboxy group). Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred.
• Acid-addition salts include those described by Berge, Bighley, and Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19.
• Suitable salts include the hydrochloride, maleate, and methanesulphonate; particularly the hydrochloride.
• the present invention provides a process for preapring a compound of formula (I) which comprises reacting a compound of formula (IIA) or (IIB): in which Y is hydrogen or a removable hydroxy-protecting group, and R 1A and R 3A are R 1 and R 3 are as defined for formulae (IA) and (IB) or groups convertible to R 1 and R 3 ,
• the active derivative used as an acylating agent may be for example an acid chloride, acid bromide, a mixed anhydride, or an N-acyl-imidazole.
• the preferred agent is an acid chloride.
• the ester-forming reaction can be carried out in the presence of an organic base, an inorganic base, or an acid.
• Organic bases include pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, triethylamine, and N,N-dimethylaniline.
• Inorganic bases include sodium hydride, lithium hydride, potassium carbonate, lithium hexamethyldisilazide, and sodium hexamethyldisilazide.
• Acids include p-toluenesulphonic acid, benzene sulphonic acid, and sulphuric acid.
• an acylation catalyst such as 4-dimethyamino-pyridine or 4-pyrrolidino-pyridine may also be added to the reaction mixture.
• Solvents for the ester forming reaction include tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and chloroform.
• a preferred solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
• Useful methods for acylating the 14-hydroxyl in the present invention include the use of the following: acid chloride in N,N-dimethylformamide at elevated temperature (e.g. 100° C. to 120° C.), acid chloride in the presence of an organic base (e.g. pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 2,4,6-collidine, di-iso-propylethylamine) or an inorganic base (e.g. sodium or lithium hexamethyldisilazide); carboxylic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and an acylation catalyst (e.g.
• an organic base e.g. pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 2,4,6-collidine, di-iso-propylethylamine
• an inorganic base e.g. sodium or lithium hexamethyldisilazide
• carboxylic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and an acylation catalyst
• tertiary base e.g. triethylamine, di-iso-propylethylamine
• an acylation catalyst e.g. 4-dimethylamino-pyridine, 4-pyrrolidino-pyridine.
• Conversions of an R 1A , R 2A or R 3A group to a R 1 , R 2 or R 3 group typically arise when a protecting group is needed during the above coupling reaction or during the preparation of the reactants by the procedures described below.
• Interconversion of one R 1 , R 2 or R 3 group to another typically arises when one compound of formula IA/B is used as the immediate precursor of another compound of formula IA/B or when it is easier to introduce a more complex or reactive substituent at the end of a synthetic sequence.
• Y is a hydroxyl protecting group such as an acyl group, for example so that —OY is trifluoroacetyl or dichloroacetyl.
• R 3A is also preferably acyloxy, for example acetyl or dichloroacetyl.
• Hydroxyl groups at positions 11 and 2 may be protected using, for example, dichloroacetic anhydride and pyridine in tetrahydrofuran or N-trifluoroacetyl-imidazole in tetrahydrofuran at 0° C.
• the protecting acyl groups may be removed to restore the hydroxyl groups by hydrolysis e.g. using NaOH in MeOH.
• Suitable hydroxy, carboxy and amino protecting groups are those well known in the art and which may be removed under conventional conditions and without disrupting the remainder of the molecule.
• a comprehensive discussion of the ways in which hydroxy, carboxy and amino groups may be protected and methods for cleaving the resulting protected derivatives is given in for example “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry” (T. W. Greene, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2nd edition, 1991).
• Particularly suitable hydroxy protecting groups include, for example, triorganosilyl groups such as, for instance, trialkylsilyl and also organocarbonyl and organooxycarbonyl groups such as, for instance, acetyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl and 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl.
• Particularly suitable carboxy protecting groups include alkyl and aryl groups, for instance methyl, ethyl and phenyl.
• Particularly suitable amino protecting groups include alkoxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl and 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl.
• R 1A is typically the R 1 group vinyl, and this may be converted to the alternative R 1 ethyl group by hydrogenating the vinyl group to form an ethyl group, typically by hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst (e.g. 10% palladium-on-carbon) in a solvent such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran.
• a palladium catalyst e.g. 10% palladium-on-carbon
• a solvent such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran.
• R 3A is typically hydrogen or protected hydroxyl, such as acyloxy. After the coupling reaction, protecting acyl groups may be removed to restore the hydroxyl groups by hydrolysis e.g. using NaOH in MeOH.
• a compound of formula (IA) in which R 3 is hydrogen may be prepared by treating a compound of formula (IIC): where R 1A is as defined for formula (IIA) and (IIB),
• the acid treatment indicated above converts the epi-mutilin configuration of formula (IIC) to the usual mutilin nucleus of formula (IIA). Typically this conversion is carried out by treatment with conc. HCl or Lukas reagent (conc. HCl saturated with ZnCl 2 ) in dioxane.
• R 2A is typically the R 2 group vinyl, and this may be converted to the alternative R 2 group by hydrogenating the vinyl group to form an ethyl group. Also it may again be necessary to protect substituent groups in the derivative of acid compound (III) prior to reaction, for example protecting N atoms with , for example, t-butoxycarbonyl.
• a base-labile protecting group may conveniently be removed at the same time as the group Y is deprotected.
• an acid-labile protecting group may conveniently be removed at the same time as the acid treatment that converts the epi-mutilin configuration into the desired configuration of the compounds of the invention.
• the compounds of formulae (IIA), (IIB) and (IIC) may be prepared from compounds of formulae (IV) and (V) Suitable compounds as formula (IV) include 11-O-acyl mutilin derivatives, e.g. mutilin 11-acetate (A J Birch, C W Holzapfel, R W Richards, Tetrahedron (Suppl.), 1966, 8, Part II, 359) or mutilin 11-dichloroacetate or mutilin 11-trifluoroacetate.
• Formula (V) is (3R)-3-deoxo-11-deoxy-3-methoxy-11-oxo-4-epi-mutilin (H Berner, G Schulz and H Schneider, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1807).
• Compounds (IV) and (V) are effectively the compounds of formula (IIA) and (IIC) respectively in which R 1A is vinyl and R 3A is hydrogen (compound IIA). They may be converted into the corresponding compounds in which R 1A is ethyl by hydrogenation, typically by hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst (e.g. 10% palladium-on-carbon) in a solvent such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran.
• a palladium catalyst e.g. 10% palladium-on-carbon
• Copmpounds of formula (IIA) in which R 3A is hydroxyl may be obtained by first preparing 2-hydroxymethylene mutilin from a compound of formula (IV). Using procedures based on that described by A. J. Birch, C. W. Holzapfel and R. W. Rickards (Tet (Suppl) 1996 8 part III 359), a compound of formula (IV) in toluene and methyl formate is treated with sodium methoxide and stirred under argon. The product is a mixture of the desired 2-hydroxymethylene compound and corresponding compounds substituted by formate at position 11 (if OY is OH) and/or position 14. The formate groups may be removed when desired by treatment with potassium hydroxide in methanol.
• the product mixture may however be used directly to prepare 2-diazo-mutilin derivatives using the method described by H Berner, G Schulz, and G Fisher, Monatsh. Chem., 1981, 112, 1441, for example reacting a solution of a 2-hydroxymethylene-mutilin and the formate derivatives in dichloromethane at ⁇ 10° C. under argon with tosylazide and triethylamine. Removal of the formate groups as described above leaves 2-diazo-mutilin. which may be reacted with a carboxylic acid to give a 2-acyloxy-mutilin, effectively a compound of formula (IIA) in which R 3A is protected hydroxyl.
• 1,2-didehydro-mutilin is either 1,2-didehydro-mutilin or obtainable therefrom by manipulation of OY and R 1A as described above.
• 1,2-Didehydro-mutilins may be prepared using the method described by G Schulz and H Berner in Tetrahedron, 7, 1984, 40, 905.
• the present invention provides a method for preparing compounds of the invention in which X is O, S, NH, CO.O or CONH which comprises reacting a compound of formula VIA o r VIB where Y is hydrogzen or a removable hydroxy-protecting, group.
• R 1A and R 3A are R 1 and R 3 as defined for formulae IA and IB or groups convertible to R 1 and R 3 , n is as defined for formulae IA and IB, and R L is a leaving group or OH or NH 2 , with a compound of formula (VII): R 2A —(CH 2 ) m —XH (VII) where R 2A is R 2 as defined for formula (IA) and (IB) or a group convegible to R 2 , and X and m are as defined for formulae IA and IB, or
• Y is a hydroxyl protecting group such as an acyl group, for example so that —OY is trifluoroacetyl or dichloroacetyl.
• R 3A is also preferably acyloxy, for example acetyl or dichloroacetyl.
• Suitable hydroxy, carboxy and amino protecting croups are those well known in the art and are discussed above.
• R 1A is typically the R 1 group vinyl, and this may be converted to the alternative R 1 ethyl group by hydrogenating the vinyl group to form an ethyl group, typically by hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst (e.g. 10% palladium-on-carbon) in a solvent such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran.
• a palladium catalyst e.g. 10% palladium-on-carbon
• a solvent such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran.
• R 3A is typically hydrogen or protected hydroxyl, such as acyloxy. After the coupling reaction, protecting acyl groups may be removed to restore the hydroxyl groups by hydrolysis e.g. using NaOH in MeOH.
• Procedures for coupling the group R L (CH 2 ) n CH 2 CO.O— with compound R 2A —(CH 2 ) m —XH include the following:
• the above reactions may be carried out using a compound of formula (VIC): where Y and R 1A are as defined for formulae IIA and IIB and R L is as defined for formulae (VIA) and (VIB) with the compound (VII) by the procedures (a), (b) or (c) set out above, and then treating the product with an acid, and where required or desired converting an R 1A or R 2A group to a R 1 or R 2 group, and/or converting one R 1 or R 2 group to another R 1 or R 2 group.
• VIC compound of formula
• the acid treatment indicated above converts the epi-mutilin configuration of formula (VIC) to the usual mutilin nucleus of formula (VIA).
• this conversion is carried out by treatment with conc. HCl or Lukas reagent (conc. HCl saturated with ZnCl 2 ) in dioxane.
• R 1A is typically the R 1 group vinyl, and this may be converted to the alternative R 1 group by hydrogenating the vinyl group to form an ethyl group. Also it may again be necessary to protect substituent groups in the compound (VII) prior to reaction, for example protecting N atoms with alkoxycarbonyl, for example t-butoxycarbonyl.
• the compounds of formulae (VIA), (VIB) and (VIC) may be prepared by reacting the corresponding compounds of formula (IIA), (IIB) and (IIC) by conventional methodology to introduce acyl groups substituted by hydroxyl or amine or a leaving group.
• an oxidising agent for example, 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in chloroform, or catalytic osmium tetroxide plus N-methylmorpholine N-oxide in tetrahydrofuran and tertiary-butanol.
• 4,130,709 may be reacted with a compound of formula R 2A —(CH 2 ) m —R L , where R L is a leaving group, such as 4-MeC 6 H 4 SO 2 O, MeSO 2 O, CF 3 SO 2 O, or Cl, in the presence of an inorganic base, such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, or sodium hydride, in a solvent such as 2-propanol, ethanol, methanol, or tetrahydrofuran.
• R L is a leaving group, such as 4-MeC 6 H 4 SO 2 O, MeSO 2 O, CF 3 SO 2 O, or Cl
• an inorganic base such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, or sodium hydride
• a solvent such as 2-propanol, ethanol, methanol, or tetrahydrofuran.
• the compounds (III) and (VII) are commercially available or may be formed by conventional methodology from compounds that are commercially available compounds or described in the literature.
• the compounds of the present invention may contain a chiral centre, and therefore the products of the above processes may comprise a mixture of diastereoisomers or a single diastereoisomer.
• a single diastereoisomer may be prepared by separating such a mixture of diastereoisomers which has been synthesised using a racemic starting material, or by synthesis using an optically pure starting material.
• the products of the processes of this invention may be in crystalline or non-crystalline form, and, if crystalline, may optionally be hydrated or solvated.
• solvent of crystallisation may be present in the crystalline product.
• This invention includes within its scope such solvates.
• some of the compounds of this invention may be crystallised or recrystallised from solvents containing water. In such cases water of hydration may be present in the crystalline product.
• This invention includes within its scope stoichiometric hydrates as well as compounds containing variable amounts of water that may be produced by processes such as lyophilisation.
• the compounds obtained according to the processes of the invention are suitably worked up to a substantially pure form, for example at least 50% pure, suitable at least 60% pure, advantageously at least 75% pure, preferably at least 85% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, especially at least 98% pure, all percentages being calculated as weight/weight.
• An impure or less pure form of a compound according to the invention may, for example, be used in the preparation of a more pure form of the same compound or of a related compound (for example a corresponding derivative) suitable for pharmaceutical use.
• the present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives of the compounds of the invention. Salt formation may be possible when one of the substituents carries an acidic or basic group. Salts may be prepared by salt exchange in conventional manner
• Acid-addition salts may be pharmaceutically acceptable or non-pharmaceutically acceptable. In the latter case, such salts may be useful for isolation and purification of the compound of the invention, or intermediates thereto, and will subsequently be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or the free base.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salts include those described by Berge, Bighley, and Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19. Suitable salts include the hydrochloride, maleate, and methanesulphonate; particularly the hydrochloride.
• the compounds of the present invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives have antimicrobial properties and are therefore of use in therapy, in partiuclar for treating microbial infections in animals, especially mammals, including humans, in particular humans and domesticated animals (including farm animals).
• the compounds may be used for the treatment of infections caused by, for example, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasmas, including, for example, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilius sp., Neisseria sp., Legionella sp., Chlamydia sp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating microbial infections in animals, especially in humans and in domesticated mammals, which comprises administering a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof, or a composition according to the invention, to a patient in need thereof.
• the invention further provides the use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of microbial infections.
• Compounds of the present invention may be used to treat skin and soft tissue infections and acne, by topical application. Accordingly, in a further aspect the present invention provides the use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof in the preparation of a medicament adapted for topical administration for use in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections and also in the treatment of acne in humans.
• Compounds of the present invention may be also used for the elimination or reduction of nasal carriage of pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, H. influenzae, S. pneumonia and M. catarrhalis, in particular colonisation of the nasospharynx by such organisms, by the administration of a compound of the present invention thereto.
• the present invention provides for the use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof in the manufacture of a medicament adapted for administration to the nasal cavity, for reducing or eliminating the nasal carriage of pathogenic organisms.
• the medicament is adapted for focussed delivery to the nasopharynx, in particular the anterior nasopharynx.
• the present invention provides for the use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof in the manufacture of a medicament adapted for administration to the nasal cavity, for prophylaxis of recurrent acute bacterial sinusitis or recurrent otitis media.
• Compounds of the present invention are also useful in treating chronic sinusitis. Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention provides for the use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof in the manufacture of a medicament, for treating of chronic sinusitis.
• the compounds according to the invention may suitably be administered to the patient at a daily dosage of from 1.0 to 50 mg/kg of body weight.
• a daily dosage of from 1.0 to 50 mg/kg of body weight For an adult human (of approximately 70 kg body weight), from 50 to 3000 mg, for example about 1500 mg, of a compound according to the invention may be administered daily.
• the dosage for adult humans is from 5 to 20 mg/kg per day. Higher or lower dosages may, however, be used in accordance with normal clinical practice.
• drug substance is administered on a daily basis, for a small number of days, for instance from 2 to 10, suitably 3 to 8, more suitably about 5 days, the administration then being repeated after an interval, for instance, on a monthly basis over a period of months, for instance up to six months.
• the drug substance may be administered on a continuing, daily basis, over a prolonged period, for instance several months.
• drug substance is administered once or twice a day.
• drug substance is administered during the winter months when bacterial infections such as recurrent otitis media and recurrent sinusitis tend to be more prevalent.
• the drug substance may be administered at a dosage of from 0.05 to 1.00 mg, typically about 0.1 to 0.2mg, in each nostril, once or twice a day.
• compositions according to the invention may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine, by analogy with other antibiotics.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative or solvate thereof toether with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• compositions according to the invention may be formulated for administration by any route, for example oral, topical or parenteral.
• the compositions may, for example, be made up in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, creams, syrups, sprays or liquid preparations, for example solutions or suspensions, which may be formulated for oral use or in sterile form for parenteral administration by injection or infusion.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dosage form, and may contain conventional excipients including, for example, binding agents, for example, syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrollidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch: and pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents, for example sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or another suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, including, for example, suspending agents, for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, oily esters (for example glycerine), propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol, preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid; and, if desired, conventional flavouring and colour agents.
• suspending agents for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats
• emulsifying agents for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate
• compositions according to the invention intended for topical administration may, for example, be in the form of ointments, creams, lotions, eye ointments, eye drops, ear drops, nose drops, nasal sprays, impregnated dressings, and aerosols, and may contain appropriate conventional additives, including, for example, preservatives, solvents to assist drug penetration, and emollients in ointments and creams.
• Such topical formulations may also contain compatible conventional carriers, for example cream or ointment bases, ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions and aqueous bases for sprays.
• Such carriers may constitute from about 1% to about 98% by weight of the formulation; more usually they will constitute up to about 80% by weight of the formulation.
• compositions according to the invention intended for topical administration may also contain a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent; for example, betamethasone.
• a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent for example, betamethasone.
• compositions according to the invention may be formulated as suppositories, which may contain conventional suppository bases, for example cocoa-butter or other glycerides.
• compositions according to the invention intended for parenteral administration may conveniently be in fluid unit dosage forms, which may be prepared utilizing the compound and a sterile vehicle, water being preferred.
• the compound depending on the vehicle and concentration used, may be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
• the compound may be dissolved in water for injection and filter-sterilised before being filled into a suitable vial or ampoule, which is then sealed.
• conventional additives including, for example, local anaesthetics, preservatives, and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
• the composition may be frozen after being filled into the vial, and the water removed under vacuum; the resulting dry lyophilised powder may then be sealed in the vial and a accompanying vial of water for injection may be supplied to reconstitute the liquid prior to use.
• Parenteral suspensions may be prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration. The compound may instead by sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before being suspended in the sterile vehicle.
• a surfactant or wetting agent is included in such suspensions in order to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
• a compound or composition according to the invention is suitably administered to the patient in an antimicrobially effective amount.
• a composition according to the invention may suitably contain from 0.001% by weight, preferably (for other than spray compositions) from 10 to 60% by weight, of a compound according to the invention (based on the total weight of the composition), dependin on the method of administration.
• each unit dose may suitably comprise from 25 to 1000 mg, preferable from 50 to 500 mg, of a compound according to the invention.
• compositions of the present invention include those adapted for intranasal administration, in particular, those that will reach into the nasopharynx. Such compositions are preferably adapted for focussed delivery to, and residence within, the nasopharynx.
• focussed delivery is used to mean that the composition is delivered to the nasopharynx, rather than remaining within the nares.
• sidence within the nasopharynx is used to mean that the composition, once delivered to the nasopharynx, remains within the nasopharynx over a course of several hours, rather than being washed away more or less immediately.
• Preferred compositions include spray compositions and creams.
• Representative spray compositions include aqueous compositions, as well as oily compositions which contain amphiphilic agents so that the composition increases in viscosity when in contact with moisture. Creams may also be used, especially creams having a rheology that allows the cream to spread readily in the nasopharynx.
• Preferred aqueous spray compositions include, in addition to water, further excipients including a tonicity modifier such as a salt, for instance sodium chloride: preservative, such as benzalkonium salt; a surfactant such as a non-ionic surfactant, for instance a polysorbate; and buffer, such as sodium dihydrogen phosphate; present in low levels, typically less than 1%.
• a tonicity modifier such as a salt, for instance sodium chloride: preservative, such as benzalkonium salt; a surfactant such as a non-ionic surfactant, for instance a polysorbate; and buffer, such as sodium dihydrogen phosphate; present in low levels, typically less than 1%.
• the pH of the composition may also be adjusted, for optimum stability of the drug substance during storage. For compounds of the present invention, a pH in the range 5 to 6, preferably about 5.3 to 5.8, typically about 5.5 is optimal
• the drug substance is present in compositions for nasal delivery in between 0.001 and 5%, preferably 0.005 and 3%, by weight of the composition. Suitable amounts include 0.5% and 1% by weight of the composition (for oily compositions and creams) and from 0.01 to 0.2% (aqueous compositions).
• an aqueous spray composition is used.
• Such compositions are found to show similar retention in the target area (nasal cavity and nasopharynx) in gamma scintigraphy studies and have superior release rates in synthetic membrane diffusion studies when compared to an oily composition as described in WO 98/14189.
• an aqueous base was found to be preferred to an oily base in sensory analysis studies.
• Spray compositions according to the present invention may be delivered to the nasal cavity by spray devices well known in the art for nasal sprays, for instance an air lift pump.
• Preferred devices include those which are metered to provide a unit volume of composition prefereably about 100 ⁇ l, and optionally adpated for nasal administration by addition of a modified nozzle.
• compound (a) which in the IUPAC system has the systematic name (1S, 2R, 3S, 4S, 6R, 7R, 8R, 14R)-3,6-dihydroxy-2,4,7,14-tetramethyl-4-vinyl-tricyclo[5.4.3.0 1,8 ]tetradecan-9-one, is referred to using the trivial name mutilin and with the numbering system described by H Berner, G Schulz, and H Schneider in Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 915-919.
• compound (b) which has the systematic name (1R, 2R, 4S, 6R, 7R, 8S, 9R, 14R)-6-hydroxy-9-methoxy-2,4,7,14-tetramethyl-4-vinyl-tricyclo[5.4.3.0 1,8 ]tetradecan-3-one, is named as (3R)-3-deoxo-11-deoxy-3-methoxy-11-oxo-4-epi-mutilin.
• Step 2 Equatorial aminomethyl-2,2-dimethylazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane
• ⁇ Equatorial 4-cyano-2,2-dimethylazabicyclo [4.3.0]nonane (1.0 g, 0.0056 mole) in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was treated with lithium aluminium hydride (1.07 g, 0.028 mole) and stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. Diethyl ether (50 ml) was then added followed by a mixture of water (4 ml) and 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.5 ml).
• Equatorial aminomethyl-2,2-dimethylazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane (0.1 g, 0.0006 mole) was treated with mutilin 14-toluenesulfonyloxyacetate (0.25 g, 0.0005 mole), (K Riedl, J Antibiotics 29 (2), 133, 1976) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.1 ml, 0.0006 mole) in ethanol (20 ml) and heated under reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and dichloromethane. The organics were separated and dried (Na 2 SO 4 ).
• Triphenylphosphine (0.275 g, 0.00105 mole) was added to a stirred solution of mutilin 14-azidoacetate (0.404 g, 0.001 mole) in dichloromethane maintained under an atmosphere of argon. The solution rapidly became homogenous and a gas was evolved. Stirring was continued for 17 hours; the mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as a white solid, obtained by filtration after trituration in petroleum ether 0.638 g (100%); MS (+ve ion electrospray) m/z 638 (MH + , 100%)
• the aqueous phase was then layered with dichloromethane and the pH adjusted to 11 by addition of solid potassium carbonate with vigorous stirring
• the organic phase was then separated, the aqueous phase extracted with dichloromethane, the combined organic extract washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
• Methyl quinuclidin-3-ylideneacetate hydrochloride (1 g) was heated in concentrated hydrochloric acid (10 ml) at 60° C. for 18 hrs and the solution evaporated to dryness. The residue was kept under vacuum over P 2 O 5 for 3 days to give quinuclidin-3-ylidene acetic acid hydrochloride, 0.91 g (97%) as a white solid; 1 H NMR (D 2 O) inter alia 5.77 (broad s) and 5.86 (broad s) (ca. 1:1, vinyl protons of the two geom. isomers).
• 1,2-Didehydropleuromutilin (0.2 g, 0.00053 mole) (G. Schulz and H. Berner. Tetrahedron, (1984) 40, 905-17) was converted to 1,2-didehydromutilin-14-methanesulfonyloxyacetate by the method previously described for pleuromutilin (H. Egger and H. Reinshagen J.
• 2-Diazopleuromutilin (0.809 g, 0.002 mole) (G. Schulz and H. Berner, Tetrahedron (9184), 40, 905-17) was converted to 2-diazomutilin-14-methanesulfonyloxyacetate by the method described for pleuromutilin (H. Egger and H. Reinshagen, J.
• Step 2 Quinuclidine-4-carboxaldehyde N,O-Dimethytquinuclidin-4-yl amide (8.77 g 0.044 moles) in dry toluene at ⁇ 70° C. was treated with 1.5 molar diisobutylaluminiumhydride (45 ml, 0.067 moles) and allowed to warm to ambient temperature over 2 hours. The reaction was quenched with excess 5M hydrochloric acid, basified with potassium carbonate and extracted into diethyl ether. The organics were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• Triethylphosphonoacetate (1.6 ml, 0.0077 moles) in dimethoxyethane (50 ml) was treated with sodium hydride 60% dispersion in oil (0.35 g, 0.0088 moles) at ambient temperature for 1 hour.
• Quinuclidine-4-carboxaldehyde (1.0 g, 0.0072 moles) was then added and the mixture heated under reflux for 2 hours, allowed to cool and concentrated in vocuo.
• Step 7 0.15 g (83%); 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) inter alia 0.69 (3H, d, J 7 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J 7 Hz), 1.15 (3H, s), 1.45 (3H, s), 2.85 (6H, t, J 10 Hz), 5.17 (1H, d, J 17 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J 11 Hz), 5.69 (1H, d, J 8 Hz), 6.51 (1H, dd, J 17 and 11 Hz), MS (+ve ion electrospray) m/z 486 (MH + , 100%).
• 4-Piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (5 g, 0.033 moles) was treated with tert-butylbromoacetate (6.98 g, 0.037 moles) and potassium carbonate (13.65 g, 0.099 moles) in dimethylformamide (100 ml) at 100° C. for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between saturated potassium carbonate solution and diethyl ether (2 ⁇ 50 ml).
• Step 1 1-Methyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine
• 1-Methylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31. 812) (1 g, 0.007 mole) was added portionwise to a suspension of lithium aluminium hydride (1.3 g 0.035 mole) in dry tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) under argon at 0° C. The mixture was heated under reflux overnight after which it was cooled to 0° C. and treated dropwise with water (1.3 ml). 10% sodium hydroxide solution (1.95 ml) and water (3.25 ml) and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature.
• Triphenylphosphine (3.67 g, 0.014 mole) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (25 ml) and cooled to 0° C. under argon.
• Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (2.75 ml, 0.014 mole) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 hour.
• the product of Step 1 (0.90 g, 0.007 mole) and thiolacetic acid (1.0 ml, 0.014 mole) in dry tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) were added dropwise and the mixture stirred at room temperature overnight.
• Step 2 The product of Step 2 (0.19 g. 0.001 mole) was dissolved in dry ethanol (10 ml) under argon and treated with sodium methoxide (0.054 g, 0.001 mole). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and mutilin 14-methanesulfonyloxyacetate (0.456 g, 0.001 mole) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between water and dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with dichloromethane to 15% methanol/dichloromethane.
• Step 1 The product of Step 1 (0.60 g, 0.003 mole) in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was added dropwise to a suspension of lithium aluminium hydride (0.57 g, 0.015 mole) in dry tetrahydrofuran (20 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and water (0.5 ml) was added dropwise, followed by 10% sodium hydroxide solution (0.9 ml) and water (1.4 ml).
• the aqueous phase was washed with diethyl ether then concentrated in vacuo to give a solid (0.65 g).
• the solid was dissolved in ethanol and treated with potassium tert-butoxide (0.785 g, 0.007 mole).
• mutilin 14-methanesulfonyloxyacetate (1.38 g, 0.003 mole) was added.
• the mixture was stirred under argon for 18 hours then concentrated in vacuo.
• the residue was partitioned between chloroform and water.
• the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
• Mutilin 14-acrylate-11-trifluoroacetate (0.376 g, 0.008 mole) was treated with preprepared potassium quinuclidin-4-sulfanate from quinuclidin-4-thiol hydrochloride (0.145 g, 0.0008 mole) and potassium tert-butoxide (0.094 g, 0.000838 mole) in ethanol (15 ml) under argon at room temperature overnight. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue chromatographed on silica el using chloroform/methanol/35% ammonia solution (10:1:0.1) mixture.
• Example 51 The title compound was prepared from the latter solid and mutilin 14-acrylate-11-trifluoroacetate (Example 51. Step 1) according to the procedure of Example 51.
• Step 2 0.41 g (80%); 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) inter alia 0.72 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J 7 Hz), 1.09(3H, s), 1.45 (3H, s), 1.48 (6H, t, 8 Hz), 2.46 (2H, s), 2.52 (2H, m), 2.75 (2H, m), 2.95 (6H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 3.44 (1H, m), 5.28 (2H, m), 5.75 (1H, d, J 8.5 Hz), 6.52 (1H, m); MS (+ve ion electrospray) m/z 532 (MH + , 100%).
• Example 51, Step 1 The aqueous extract was washed with ether, evaporated to dryness and dried in vacuo to give a yellow gum (2.4 g). A portion of the gum (0.252 g) was treated with sodium methoxide (0.120 g) in ethanol and subsequently with mutilin 14-acrylate-11-trifluoroacetate (Example 51, Step 1) (0.376 g) according to the procedure of Example 51, Step 2 to give the title compound 0.3 g (74%); 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) inter alia 0.73 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J 7.0 Hz), 1.17 (3H, s), 1.46 (3H, s), 2.18 (2H, m), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.40 (2H, m), 2.51 (1H, m), 2.80 (4H, m), 3.35(1H, m), 5.27 (2H, m), 5.74 (1H, d, 8.3 Hz), 6.52
• 22-Deoxy-22-sulfanylpleuromutilin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,709, 1978) (0.1 g, 0.00025 mole) in ethanol (4 ml) was treated with sodium methoxide (0.014 g, 0.0026 mole) and the resulting mixture stirred for 30 minutes.
• a solution of endo-3-methanesulfonyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane prepared from endo-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol and methanesulfonyl chloride) (0.061 g, 0.00028 mole) in ethanol (1 ml) was then added.
• Table illustrates the antibacterial activities of representative mutilin 14-esters. Activities are given as minimum inhibitory concentrations in micrograms per milliliter (10 ⁇ 6 g/ml), and were determined using a standard broth dilution method in microtitre.
• a carrier for a nasal spray formulation was prepared by forming a blend of 67% w/w fractionated coconut oil (medium chain length)* and 33% w/w of glyceryl monooleate **. To this blend was added 0.2% w/w of powdered lemon juice flavour, followed by 0.5 or 1.0% w/w of drug substance (either in solution or, if insoluble, micronized) ***.
• Example 1 for example, the compound of Example 1 or Example 8.
• the resultant formulation has a viscosity which is sprayable at 20° C. or above.
• the liquid When sprayed into the nose of a patient, the liquid coats the nasal passages and contact with moisture inside the nose (from the mucous membranes, and the humid environment generally) causes the carrier to thicken. This prolongs the residence time of the sprayed formulation on the nasal surfaces.
• a spray volume of about 100 ⁇ l contains approximately 0.5 or 1 mg of drug substance.
• Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were used to adjust the pH of the composition to about pH 5.5.
• the drug molecule shows optimum stability at this pH.

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• 2007
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