US9741533B2 - Image type electron spin polarimeter - Google Patents

Image type electron spin polarimeter Download PDF

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Publication number
US9741533B2
US9741533B2 US14/906,254 US201314906254A US9741533B2 US 9741533 B2 US9741533 B2 US 9741533B2 US 201314906254 A US201314906254 A US 201314906254A US 9741533 B2 US9741533 B2 US 9741533B2
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electron
angle
image type
scattering target
electrons
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US20160172157A1 (en
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Shan Qiao
Weishi Wan
Fuhao Ji
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Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology of CAS
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Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology of CAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
    • H01J37/29—Reflection microscopes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/252—Tubes for spot-analysing by electron or ion beams; Microanalysers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/02—Details
    • H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement, ion-optical arrangement
    • H01J37/147—Arrangements for directing or deflecting the discharge along a desired path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/02—Details
    • H01J37/244—Detectors; Associated components or circuits therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
    • H01J2237/245—Detection characterised by the variable being measured
    • H01J2237/24507—Intensity, dose or other characteristics of particle beams or electromagnetic radiation
    • H01J2237/24557—Spin polarisation (particles)
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
    • H01J2237/25—Tubes for localised analysis using electron or ion beams
    • H01J2237/2505—Tubes for localised analysis using electron or ion beams characterised by their application
    • H01J2237/2538—Low energy electron microscopy [LEEM]
    • H01J2237/2544—Diffraction [LEED]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of electron spin analysis, in particular to an image type electron spin polarimeter.
  • devices for measuring electron spin mainly include Mott, spin-LEED and VLEED polarimeters.
  • Mott molecular electrospray
  • VLEED vacuum-electron emission detector
  • electrons are first accelerated to a kinetic energy of 20-100 keV, and are then scattered off a high Z element target with high spin-orbit interaction.
  • the spin of the incident electrons is measured from the asymmetry of intensities of the scattered electrons to the left and right sides.
  • Measurement of the electron spin using a spin-LEED polarimeter is performed by measuring the asymmetry of the intensities of the diffraction spots of the electrons from a W (100) single crystal surface.
  • the VLEED polarimeter is a recently developed novel device.
  • the operational mechanism of the VLEEP polarimeter involves firstly accelerating (or decelerating) electrons to kinetic energy of 6 eV, then measuring reflectivities of the electrons scattered by a Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1) O target with magnetization along the +Z and ⁇ Z directions respectively.
  • the spin of the incident electrons along Z direction can be measured by the relative difference of the two reflectivities.
  • the VLEED polarimeter has the highest efficiency.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of the current VLEED polarimeter is shown in FIG. 1 . Electrons at point a on plane 11 go to scattering target 13 through electron lens 12 , and the scattered electrons arrive at point A on electron detector 15 though an electron lens 14 . Similarly, incident electrons at point b arrive at point B though a similar route. If the electrons go to scattering target 13 with a normal incident angle, scattered electrons also exit at a normal angle to scattering target 13 . The incident beam will be obviously blocked by the detector, thus the glazing incidence geometry is necessary for the current VLEED spin polarimeter. Since the efficiency of the VLEED decreases with the increase in the incident angle, the angle between the electron beam and the normal of the scattering target, a relatively small incident angle is required.
  • the incident angle cannot be very small, and thus a 7° incident angle is usually selected as shown in FIG. 1 . Since the incident angle is not zero, the orbit of the incident electrons differs from that of the scattered electrons, and the same electron lens cannot be adopted for both incident and scattered electrons. Because of the geometric constraint, the size of the electron lenses 12 and 14 cannot be large, which results in a large aberration, where incident electrons from the same point a will form a relatively large beam spot centered around point A. Similarly, incident electrons from point b will form a relatively large beam spot centered around point B.
  • the beam spot centered around point A will be partially overlapped with that centered around point B and the current VLEED polarimeter is unable to distinguish the source locations of the incident electrons on the entrance plane 11 . That is, the polarimeter is unable to distinguish whether an incident electron is from point a or b.
  • a polarimeter that fails to distinguish between the source locations on the entrance plane is called a single channel polarimeter and one that can differentiate between the source locations is called a multichannel or image type polarimeter.
  • Currently available electron spin polarimeters are almost all single channel. It has always been a focus of attention for scientific and technical staff to realize multichannel measurement of the electron spin to improve the efficiency of the electron spin measurements.
  • the only reported multichannel electron spin polarimeter created by Kirschner group in Germany is based on spin-LEED type.
  • the incident electrons to the polarimeter are deflected by a W (100) target with a 45° incident angle. A 90° angle is formed between the incident and scattered electron beam. Since both the virtual image plane formed by the incident electrons on the back of the W (100) target and the real image plane are perpendicular to the optical axis of the electrons, the electron optical system has a relative small aberration, and the source locations of the incident electrons can be differentiated accordingly.
  • the spin-LEED analyzer performs the electron spin measurements based on the spin-orbit interactions.
  • the efficiency of the analyzer is merely one-tenth of the VLEED analyzer based on strong correlations. Also, since the W (100) target adopted for the spin-LEED polarimeter cannot be magnetized, the measurements of electron spin are carried out by the difference in reflectivities when the sample is magnetized successively along two different directions. Since magnetization of the sample is required, it is only applicable for ferromagnetic samples. However, research on the spin of electrons in a non-ferromagnetic sample with spin-orbit coupling has become a frontier field in condensed matter physics and a multichannel electron spin polarimeter based on other principles is urgently required.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a universal and more efficient image type electron spin polarimeter to achieve multichannel measurements of the electron spin.
  • the present invention provides an image type electron spin polarimeter comprising a scattering target, a two-dimensional electron detector and an electron bending unit.
  • the electron bending unit is used for bending the orbit of the incident electrons to the first angle to arrive at the scattering target with an optimal incident angle, and to transfer the image of the electron intensities from the entrance plane to the scattering target. It is also used for bending the orbit of scattered electrons from the scattering target to a second angle to arrive at the two-dimensional electron detector with an optimal incident angle, and to transfer the image of the electron intensities from the scattering target to the two-dimensional electron detector.
  • the orbits of the incident and scattered electrons are separated from each other, and at least one of the first angle or the second angle is not 0°.
  • the electron bending unit enables the orbit of scattered electrons from the scattering target to be bent at a certain second angle and the electrons reach the two-dimensional electron detector with normal incidence. It is preferable that the second angle is in the range of [0°, 180°].
  • the electron bending unit that enables the orbit of incident electrons to be bent at a certain first angle and the electrons reach the scattering target with a normal incidence. It is preferable that the first angle is in the range of [0°, 180°].
  • the electron bending unit comprises a magnetic field generation unit for generating magnetic fields and an electron lens system ; more preferably, the electron lens to transfer the incident electrons from the magnetic field to the scattering target is the same one to transfer the scattered electrons from the scattering target back to the magnetic field.
  • the magnetic field generation unit comprises a main dipole magnet and if needed some correcting magnets to correct the edge effects of the main dipole magnet and to focus the electron beam in the perpendicular direction relative to the electron orbital plane.
  • the scattering target comprises a Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1) O target or a W(100) target.
  • the image type electron spin polarimeter of the present invention has following beneficial effects: the orbits of the incident and scattered electrons are separated by the magnetic field, thereby avoiding the difficulty in geometric arrangements of the electron lens and the electron detector, and enabling the electron lens system to have a relatively large size to obtain a relatively small aberration; also, it can be guaranteed that the entrance plane, the target plane and the electron detector are all perpendicular to the electron optical axis, so a real two-dimensional imaging type with small aberration can be achieved, which results in a large number of channels for the measurements of electron spin.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the measurement principle of the electron spin of an existing VLEED detector.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the electron orbits of a preferable arrangement of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the electron orbits of another preferable arrangement of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 and to FIG. 3 Please refer to FIG. 2 and to FIG. 3 .
  • the structure, scale, and size shown in the drawings attached to this document are only used to explain the content exposed by the document for a skilled person, but not used to limit qualifications when the invention may be implemented.
  • any modification of structure, alteration of the proportional relations, or modulation of the size without technical essential meanings shall fall into the covered scope by the disclosed technical solution of the invention.
  • Terms such as “up”, “down”, “left”, “right” and the like cited in this document are also only for clarity of the description but are not used to limit the scope of the invention.
  • a change or adjustment of the relative relation should also be treated in the scope of the invention when there is no substantial alteration in the technical content.
  • the present invention provides an image type electron spin polarimeter.
  • the image type electron spin polarimeter comprises a scattering target, a two-dimensional electron detector and an electron bending unit.
  • the scattering target is a device to scatter the electrons and preferably comprises, but is not limited to, a Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target or a W(100) target.
  • the two-dimensional electron detector is a device for recording the two-dimensional distribution of the electron densities.
  • a commonly used two-dimensional electron detector is composed of a microchannel plate (MCP), a fluorescent screen and a high sensitive camera; another kind of commonly used two-dimensional electron detector is composed of a microchannel plate (MCP) and a delay line detector (DLD).
  • the electron bending unit is a unit that enables the incident electrons to move in a curved orbit with a first bending angle to arrive at the scattering target with a normal incident angle and transfer the electron intensity image on the entrance plane to the scattering target with small aberrations. It also enables the scattered electrons from the scattering target to move in a curved orbit with a second bending angle to arrive at the two dimensional electron detector with a normal incident angle and transfer the electron intensity image on the scattering target to the two-dimensional electron detector with small aberrations.
  • the orbits of the incident and scattered electrons are separated from each other by the magnetic field, and at least either the first bending angle or the second bending angle is not 0°.
  • the optimal incidence angle is 0°, that is, the incident electron beam arrives the Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target with a normal incident angle, and also the orbit of the scattered electron beam needs to be bent by the second bending angle.
  • the electron beam arrives at the two-dimensional electron detector with a normal incident angle, namely the center line of the electron beam is perpendicular to the detector plane.
  • Both the first bending angle and the second bending angle are determined by the locations of the scattering target, the two-dimensional electron detector and the entrance plane.
  • both the first bending angle and the second bending angle are in the range of [0°, 180°], but cannot be 0° simultaneously.
  • the electron bending unit comprises a magnetic field generation unit for generating magnetic fields and an electron lens system.
  • the electron bending unit comprises a magnetic field generation unit and electron lenses 31 , 32 , and 33 .
  • the magnetic field generation unit comprises a main dipole magnet 61 and a correcting magnet 62 to correct the edge effects and to focus the electron beam in the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane.
  • the entrance plane 2 , scattering target 4 and the two-dimensional electron detector 5 are in the focal planes of the electron lens 31 , 32 and 33 , respectively. Scattering target 4 , the two-dimensional electron detector 5 and entrance plane 2 are all located on the same side of the correction magnet 62 .
  • the incident electrons from the same point on the entrance plane become parallel and the orbit of the electron beam is bent by 180°. They are then focused again to scattering target 4 by lens 32 and arrive at scattering target 4 with a normal incident angle. Scattered electrons from scattering target 4 enter lens 32 again and become parallel, and the orbit of the scattered electrons is bent another 180° by the magnetic field.
  • the electron beam is focused by lens 33 to the two-dimensional electron detector 5 and arrive at the detector with a normal incident angle.
  • the electron bending unit comprises a magnetic field generation unit and electron lens 31 ′, 32 ′, and 33 ′.
  • the magnetic field generation unit comprises a main dipole magnet 61 ′ and three correcting magnets 62 ′, 63 ′ and 64 ′.
  • Entrance plane 2 ′, scattering target 4 ′ and the two-dimensional electron detector 5 ′ are set on the focal planes of electron lens 31 ′, 32 ′ and 33 ′, respectively. Scattering target 4 ′, the two-dimensional electron detector 5 ′ and the entrance plane 2 ′ are located on different sides of the main dipole magnet 61 ′.
  • the foregoing correction magnets are not only for the correction of edge effects of the main dipole magnet to generate an ideal uniform magnetic field, but are also capable of eliminating anisotropic focusing of the main dipole magnet. Also, the foregoing focus includes the case of focusing to infinity.
  • the Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target 4 is first magnetized in a certain direction, for example the +Z direction. After that, the incident electrons from entrance plane 2 of the image type electron spin polarimeter enter the magnetic field region generated by the electron bending unit through the electron lens 31 .
  • the orbit of the incident electrons are bent 180° upward and the electrons arrive at Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target 4 with a normal incident angle through the electron lens 32 afterwards, and two-dimensional imaged on the Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target 4 ; subsequently, scattered electrons from the Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target 4 enter the electron bending unit and their orbit is bent 180° upward again and the electrons reach the two-dimensional electron detector 5 with a normal incident angle through the electron lens 33 afterwards, and are again two-dimensional imaged on an entrance plane of the two-dimensional image electron detector 5 .
  • This two-dimensional image of the electron intensities is recorded by a sensitive camera behind the fluorescent screen.
  • the Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O target 4 is magnetized along the ⁇ Z direction, and another two-dimensional image of the electron intensities is recorded again.
  • the spin polarization of the incident electrons at each point on the entrance plane can be determined from the intensity difference at a corresponding pixel point of the two successively obtained images, which is proportional to the spin polarization of the incident electrons along the Z direction.
  • the magnetic field results in the separation of the orbits of the incident and scattered electrons. Since the entrance plane, the target plane and the two-dimensional electron detector are all perpendicular to the electron optical axis and the same electron lens 32 or 32 ′ is used to transfer the incident electrons from the magnetic field to the target and to transfer the scattered electrons from the target to the magnetic field, an electron lens with a large size can be adopted and the aberration of the whole optical system can be greatly reduced.
  • both VLEED and spin-LEED type multichannel electron spin polarimeter may be constructed by adopting the Fe (001) ⁇ p (1 ⁇ 1)O and W targets, respectively.
  • the image type electron spin polarimeter of the present invention bends the orbit of the electrons by adopting a magnetic field, which may realize separation of the orbits of the incident and scattered electrons and achieves optimal incident angles to both the scattering target and electron detectors, thereby enabling the transfer of the two-dimensional image of electron intensities from the entrance plane to the scattering target plane, and from the scattering target to the two-dimensional electron detector, to achieve multichannel measurements of electron spin. Since all the object and image planes in the two transfers are perpendicular to the electron optical axes, real two-dimensional imaging is achievable. Further, the introduction of the electron bending unit can increase the degree of freedom of the geometric configuration of each component of the spin polarimeter.
  • real two-dimensional imaging means that the image plane of the first transfer without considering aberration entirely superposes the target plane, and the image plane of the second transfer without considering aberration entirely superposes the plane of the two-dimensional electron detector.
  • the present invention effectively overcomes a variety of disadvantages in the prior art and has high industrial utility value.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201310313572.0A CN104345331B (zh) 2013-07-24 2013-07-24 图像型电子自旋分析器
CN201310313572 2013-07-24
CN201310313572.0 2013-07-24
PCT/CN2013/083207 WO2015010356A1 (zh) 2013-07-24 2013-09-10 图像型电子自旋分析器

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EP3324421A4 (de) * 2015-07-15 2019-04-24 National University corporation Nara Institute of Science and Technology Elektrostatische linse und parallelstrahlerzeugungsvorrichtung und parallelstrahldeckungsvorrichtung mit verwendung einer elektrostatischen linse und eines kollimators
WO2017009817A1 (en) * 2015-08-11 2017-01-19 Majlesi Hosein Electron intrinsic spin analyzer
US11402445B2 (en) 2015-10-27 2022-08-02 Hosein Majlesi Electron intrinsic spin analyzer
CN109470732B (zh) * 2017-09-07 2020-11-24 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所 一种电子光学系统
CN109470731B (zh) * 2017-09-07 2020-10-20 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所 一种图像型电子自旋分析器
CN110542700B (zh) * 2018-05-28 2022-01-28 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所 一种低能电子衍射仪
CN111261478B (zh) * 2018-11-30 2021-10-26 浙江大学 具有光纤的多自由度样品杆

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CN104345331B (zh) 2017-04-19
US20160172157A1 (en) 2016-06-16
EP3026464A1 (de) 2016-06-01
JP2016531288A (ja) 2016-10-06
EP3026464A4 (de) 2017-03-29
WO2015010356A1 (zh) 2015-01-29
CN104345331A (zh) 2015-02-11

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