WO2017009817A1

WO2017009817A1 - Electron intrinsic spin analyzer

Info

Publication number: WO2017009817A1
Application number: PCT/IB2016/054596
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hosein MAJLESI
Original assignee: Majlesi Hosein
Priority date: 2015-08-11
Filing date: 2016-07-30
Publication date: 2017-01-19

Abstract

Stern-Gerlach experiment by free electron is very important experiment in Quantum Physics field because it answered some questions that remain unanswered for almost a century. Some notes in this experiment is the base in physics field. Bohr and Pauli considered its objective observation as impossible while some other scientists considered such observation as possible. The experiment by free electrons has not been conducted so far because the high magnetic field gradient predicted there was thought as impossible to generate, According to historical note. This invention discloses that it is not only possible but also observable using a high vacuum lamp which is deionized well. This invention shows that it is possible to observe the phenomenon using a very sharp pointed magnet and adjusting the voltage in a certain distance from free electron beams. That objective observation requires your consideration of some technical points simultaneously.In this experiment, no electric field and no magnetic field does not change with time. This invention isolated the free electrons on free space and with no any atomic constraint or material bands of energy. Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer is designed only for observing the spinning of free electrons. This analyzer comprises a high vacuumed lamp and an electron Gun and a Parallel suppliers for free electrons. It is not such as monitoring systems. Free electron strips shoot to phosphorescent plate regarding some methods in this patent effects of negative ions and neutral atoms will be omitted. When free electron strips goes through magnets which create inhomogeneous (not changing with time) electromagnetic field, electrons with different spins will be separated so the free electron strip converts to two strips which are visible. All voltages and currents are constant (DC).

Description

Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to an apparatus for observing the spin of free electrons. Analyzing spin states by the electrons is useful in different mechanics of Quantum fields such as Quantum computer, Quantum Cryptography, Quantum information and Quantum Communications, Quantum memories and Quantum teleportation

BACKGROUND

In 1920, the concept and theory of electron spin was first proposed by Samuel Goudsmit, George Uhlenbeck, and Wolfgang Pauli. They stated that an intrinsically angular momentum depends on any electron, quite independent of the orbit angular momentum. This intrinsic momentum is called electron spin. Spin is considered as a fundamental property of subatomic particles, which has no classical equivalent and it is considered a quantum property. If an electron exists in an external magnetic field with its permanent magnetic moment, its spin is expected to be quantized. It means that the spin magnetic moment and spin angular momentum will be restricted to certain orientations. There are only two intrinsic spin states for electrons. (That called: up state and down state) In general, the electron magnetic moment is expressed as μ=—5, in which represents the electron charge; g is gyro magnetic ratio; m is the mass of the electron, and S is the electron spin operator. The constant term in electrons magnetic moment is called Bohr magneton constant. When electrons are placed in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, a force is exerted from the field.

F = -VU = -ν(μ. Β) ; μ = 0.927 X 10^_23amp. m²

According to this note that the mass and the radius of free electrons is very low

m_e = 9.11 x 10^~31 [kg] And r_e = 2.8179 x 10^_15 [m] If you consider the classical physics calculation about the separation of free electrons

z = iat' + * = i{(£) . (V._0} + .*

It shows that this experiment cannot be observed in action because the mass of free electrons is very low and the speed of free electrons is very high in the classical physics calculations. These classical physics note started some main challenge in fundamental of physics.

As for this, physics theory states that under separation phenomenon, free electrons spin should met special standards including any particles to be experimented should be as a specific and isolated, at the same time different spins for such particles should be separated in free space in absence of any constraint. In experiment medium, particles beams should not be affected by any free charge, neutral atoms, ionic charges or unexpected factors.

To the best of our knowledge, in all prior experiments till to present invention, electrons constrained by nucleus of an atom or energy levels in semiconductors.

1 In 1921-1922, Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach did an experiment by atomic beam (Silver atoms) to shows that the theory of spin is true, however they could not conduct separation spin by free and unbound electrons or find a solution to overcome that. Using silver atoms characterized with symmetrical angular momentum, they argued that in case experiment be case for atoms, accuracy of spin quantum theory can be realized.

Atoms have more mass instead of free electrons mass, spin of atoms can separated easy when they are at inhomogeneous magnetic field. According to this historical note Bohr, Pauli, and Mott believed that given Bohr Magneton coefficient compared to the gradient of the magnetic field, such a phenomenon may not be seen in reality. That idea of impossibility of observation of free electron spin is a general principle in the past and they believe that this experiment can never be expressed in terms of the classical approach. Bohr and Pauli also stated that:

"It is impossible to observe the spin of the electron, separated fully from its orbital momentum, by means of experiments based on the concept of classical particle trajectories" .

Their idea and theory continued and other scientist have been a different idea about this physical phenomenon and many studies have been raised in this case for example, In 1930, Brillouin proposed a model of an inhomogeneous magnetic field where primary fields were symmetric and along the beam path. According to some historical communications between scientifics Pauli holds a prejudiced all of opinions that electron spin can never be observed but Bohr had a more cautious view and said:

"/ have sometimes thought of the problem of the realization of the electron polarization, and after all I am quite prepared that such a polarization might be observable. Argument tells ... not that the closer quantum-theoretical treatment will never give a positive effect".

In 1988 Dehmelt did an experiment about electron magnetic momentum outside atomic framework this result of his experiment started a new research about Stern- Gerlach experiment by free electrons. Some of new this new researches and theory have physical simulations about this experiment they predicted in action this phenomenon can be observed in action but according to some classical physics theory problem they cannot setup the experiment by free electrons in actions and they cannot show the result of the splitting of free electrons in action the most of this research has simulations but some of this research show in theory may not be observed , you will be read about some of main research about this experiment in physics field. In 1997 Batelaan, Gay, and Schwendiman wrote an article in which they used Pauli's argument to reject Brillouin's model and given the semi-classical approximation, they showed observing the electron spin possible. In 1998, Rutherford and Grobe drew on Dirac numerical equations to demonstrate that measurement of electron spin is hard, yet possible to be observed. In 1999, Garraway and Stenholm used wave packet analysis in quantum mechanics to prove that Stern- Gerlach phenomenon is possible to be observed for free electrons. In 2001, Gallup and Batelaan demonstrated that given the semi-classical approximation (WKB) spin separation is possible. In 2006, Leon Karpa and Martin Weitz have some research about slow light in Stern-Gerlach effect experiment they did this experiment by photons (Photons have not any mass but we can guess the mass by energy of light). In 2008, Yu Guo , Lan Zhou, Le-Man Kuang , and CP. Sun have some calculations and simulations about the magneto -optical Stern-Gerlach effect of light. In 2011 Scot McGregor, Roger Bach and Batelaan proposed a solution in their essay

2 based on Brillouin's model, they have only some simulations about this experiment, In 2012, Tilen Knafli'c (Mentor: Prof. Dr. Anton Rarrf sak) has some simulations about the Stern- Gerlach experiment about this field. In 2013, Scot Cameron McGregor in his PHD thesis about the Aharonov-Bohm and Stern-Gerlach effects (Advisor: Herman Batelaan) has some simulations about this experiment.

In 2013-2014 Hosein Majlesi design and test one setup to test the Stern-Gerlach effect experiment by free electrons and used one specific lamp and also shows that for observing the separation of free electrons that according to some classical physics note its necessary to make high magnetic field in action by keen magnets.

The idea behind current invention in making magnetic fields is inspired from calculations performed by a previous experiment using potassium atoms beams. Such mathematical calculations are derived from calculations of PHYWE Company on calculations and simulations of lab instruments. Although in instrument belonged to foregoing company which assesses Stern-Gerlach experiment by potassium atoms beams rather than silver atoms and for which low gradient is required, it adopts a geometric and simple approach to find the gradient magnetic field given inhomogeneous magnetic fields forms and curvature. Such gradient calculations come up with "a" final relation where a represents gradient-making magnet radius.

dH H

= 0.968 - dz a

As per above equation, the idea for making magnetic fields gradient is inspired from these calculations. It is necessary to make one inhomogeneous magnets are keen Majlesi shows that it is not only possible to observe this phenomenon even it is observed in the lower range of magnetic field and its can possible to make high magnetic gradient by lower range of magnetic field when the magnets are keen, according to some special calculations and simulations.

If the range of magnetic field increase with another parameters on the experiment it is also observable. Therefore it will can observe in high range of magnetic field but it must has a high magnetic gradient in action. The result of Majlesi's experiment shows that this phenomenon observed in action for first time in action and this result may be useful in Quantum theory of physics and another field of physics.

In 2015 Hosein Majlesi shows that according to plasma issue and Langmuir probe experiment in plasma the past result of experiment about free electrons can be match between theory and action only if it consider only the thermal velocity of free electrons in action and some terms in plasma theory.

3 They are some old patented systems and devices such as:

- Patent number US20090107895 Al

you read about it:

"which is a spin isolation apparatus comprising a particle source for emitting particles having spins, a receiving section for receiving the particles emitted by the particle source, a magnet for separating the particles into first particles having positive spins and second particles having negative spins, and a trajectory restricting section for isolating the first and the second particles received by the receiving section through restricting trajectories of the first particles and/or the second particles is provided. By applying this apparatus, particles having spins whose every sign is either one of the two signs can be mass-produced. "

The present invention is similar to Stern-Gerlach classic experiment structurally and as inventor claimed, separates free particles in atomic scale. It is obvious that the production of all types of atomic-scale particles in a particle streams is possible. However this invention has no special method to isolates fine atomic particles. Given the literature, this invention has not cited to free electron beams and just referred to it in a general terms "particle". The main objective for Stern-Gerlach classic experiment is to acknowledge accuracy of spin theory for electrons so that as per historical notes some issues and challenges has been remained to be solved.

- Patent number US6403999 B l

you read about it:

" which is a method and system for estimating a concentration of free electrons with a selected spin polarization in a semiconductor material. A static magnetic field and an electromagnetic field are impressed on the semiconductor, and free electrons are injected (through diffusion or tunneling) into the semiconductor material from a ferromagnetic material. Motion of the injected, spin-polarized electrons, within the semiconductor gives rise to a Hall voltage across the semiconductor. This voltage is measured at one or more spaced apart locations and analyzed to detect presence of, and estimate a concentration of, free electrons with a selected spin at least one location within the semiconductor. Effects of an imposed stress, temperature, illumination or electromagnetic field on the semiconductor can be determined. "

This invention serves as a great idea to separate free electron separation bounded by potential of semiconductor materials. In semiconductor materials, atoms have more free electrons in their last energy levels which shares them with adjacent atoms. They are transported in semiconductor materials and from one atom to another easily. However, although such electrons can move easily in semiconductors, they are bounded by potential energy. So this invention differs from the present one.

4 Invention Description:

As per invention method using a specific lamp which has been vacuumized in special technical methods, free electrons are separated from hot tungsten surface and having passing through parallel supplier (Grid located in electron GUN) are thrown to lamp fluorescent plate using electrical potential difference and spin states in free electron beams are separated based on the principles and concepts of spin quantum theory while passing through inhomogeneous magnetic fields. On scaled fluorescence, extent and ways of electrons separation can be observed and measured. If necessary, for better observation of the separation, after separating spin states, electron beams (separated beams) can also be linearized. (Paralleling beam of free particles separated from the source of free electrons has a different mechanism than classical mechanism of Stern-Gerlach experiment by silver atoms and such paralleling is pursued within those emitting electron beams from source in electron Gun and in addition, separating emitting particle (electron) is dome using Gun. Unlike classic Stern Gerlach experiment, linearization of beams is conducted through a silver atoms beams after separating spin states. The main reason behind linearization is to better observation of spin states after separation so that electron spin are spectated in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Linearization does not aims to get aware on scientific concepts and merely aims to better observing the phenomenon of spin separation among others). Upon applying an inhomogeneous magnetic field (constant over time) by flat magnets to free electrons beam, free electrons beam move according to Lorentz force and right- hand rule. Such movement only moves free electrons and does not cause any separation in electron beam. Only in case the magnetic field (constant over time) is exerted in inhomogeneous manner and using magnets creating inhomogeneous magnetic field and (As it was mentioned above, using sharp edge in an inhomogeneous parts and creating an inhomogeneous magnetic field) electron beam is converted to two beams. It should be noted that this phenomenon can be observed if the magnets direction is set exactly and separated beams move a little in diagonal direction. Due to physical and engineering reasons, whether or not inhomogeneous electric magnets are electrically neutral magnetic field plays important role in final form and observing how free electrons beam are separated. Once inhomogeneous magnetic fields are applied to free electron beams, not only free electron beams is separated into two beams, but also simultaneously with increase in magnetic fields, those separated free electron beams moves in direction of Lorentz force and are observable and measurable easily the same as Lorentz force. Results illustrate free electron beams separating force and Lorentz force.

It is worthy to note that in practice, electrons velocity has reduced considerably for many reasons (presence of other free electrons or free atoms or free ions and other factors and plasma parameters), in turn leads to objective observing of phenomenon. This can be observed objectively through voltage and current loss in apparatus. Upon changing anode and cathode, separation distance changes accordingly so that it can be observed better in suitable range. If line-to-earth-fault for magnets is not possible, electron beams changes their shape from pointed and symmetric to stretched ones and the same results can be seen in Stern-Gerlach experiment by silver atoms. As magnetic fields get bigger range, separation get look likes human eyes and begins to rotates in plate ( such separation way by no means is explained by Lorentz force), if in any case electron Gun is interrupted and could not separates particle types in well manner, those heavier negative ions thrown on plate. This merits more investigation and should be retained in correct apparatus setup to prevent such occurrence which is not physically favorable

5 for experimenters. Impacts of heavier negative ions are removed by initial deflection in apparatus and during experiment the possible impacts of positrons or positive ions are deleted through a lamp graphite cover (Shielding in internal and lateral body of lamps). Other physical impacts as neutral free atoms from are used in electron Gun by a Gitter and removed by vacuumization techniques.

Although some applied techniques in the present invention are the same as those in TV system, however they differs from TV lamps or other visual systems in fundamentals and operations. In the present invention, ions are removed similar to TV system or other visual systems. Focus system in TV or other visual systems allows better visualization, but this inventions has no focus system due to its fundamentals. All plates voltages are electron gun similar to cathode voltage in lamp and difference in appearance and form and their spacing and other factors deviates in particle path and having been separated, free electrons return to main path toward fluorescent plate. This invention is characterized with different vacuum compared to visual systems.

In the present invention, permanent magnet and constant current power DC is used to generate magnetic field so that they are being connected to end of magnetic field transmitters.

Brief description of figure

Figure 1 : Top view of the invention

Figure 2: Graduated plate

Figure 3: Connecting magnetic plate

Figure 4: Magnetic Plate 1

Figure 5: Magnetic Plate 2

Figure 6: Constituents of lamp

Figure 7: Gun

Figure 8: Ball bushing plate

Figure 9: Holder and scaled plate

Figure 10: S.G block

Figure 11 : result of experiment 1

Figure 12: result of experiment 2

Figure 13: fitting of experiment

Figure 14: Holder plate

Figure 15: Corer of holder plate

6 Figure 16: Determination of a system of coordinates

Figure 17: The surfaces of constant field inhomogeneity

Figure 18: PHYWE Company Magnets

Detail description of figure

In order to satisfy the aforementioned criteria, the present invention used a structure which following you explained it. In order to install different part of apparatus, some plate has been used where axis 22 connect them together.

Those fixer axis on which Ball bushing moves and using threads located at beginning and end of it, plates and apparatus components are fixed and S.G block can moved easily on it. Fixer holder plate 21 has some grooves in order to hold metal parts of magnetic field transmitter. In case there is no tendency to rotate or change block S.G position, it can be used instead of S.G block structure. There are some slits on it helping its transporting or installing metal parts of magnetic field transmitter. If one does not intend to rotate and change S.G block position, it can be used rather than S.G block.

Each S.G block (Figure 10) includes two pairs of magnetic fields generator parts, each one is used upon requirement of users of Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer in S.G block. In order to assess Lorentz force and on free electron beams, a pair of flat magnets in the S.G block is used. As well, to study free electron spin phenomenon and separating free electron spin will be based on fundamentals of quantum mechanics theory of inhomogeneous magnetic field in S.G block through a pair inhomogeneous magnetic field lines in the block S.G. Those inhomogeneous magnetic fields outside of lamp tubes are mounted on a chassis on which magnet and coil are placed. Supporting frame for inhomogeneous parts of magnetic fields allows rotating in different angles as well as its movability on chassis. Magnets can be locked in a specific angels. Movable chassis design is such that other S.G apparatus can be added to apparatus and upon adding such chassis, consecutive Stern-Gerlach phenomenon can experimented.

Some screw holder 1 hold 24 S.G block and some washer 2 have been used to hold bearings 3. Turntable 4 is a scaled circular to which magnetic fields transmitters are connected. Bearing 3 allows plate to be moved on it. In this plate there are some holes in center of plate in specific intervals used to connect sockets and other elements. at the same time there are some grooves designed to hold magnetic fields transmitters and set the distance on them. On lateral parts of plate some measuring lines can be seen which is calibrated and marked with exact angles on plate. Some holes in end of measuring lines are used to fix them by plates 24. The direction of rotation and change of position 4 is restricted by some bearing 3. There is a circular hole in center of plate whose size is designed based on geometric and computational circle and glass tube lamp pass through central holes. Figure 2 Illustrates aforementioned description.

At the same time figure 3 Illustrates ways of connecting magnetic fields transmitters to plate 4 and their rotating after connection.

Some beads 5 are used to hold plate. To fix circular, scaled and rotating plate, a bolt is used. Supporting bolts 7 are those connecting plate in S.G box. Some beads 8 are used to hold S.G

7 boxes. Coils 10 are fixed by holder's bolts 9. Such coils are operated by DC electric current or Permanent magnet.

Magnetic fields metal parts 11: such plated metal parts are used in two separate setup while using to generate magnetic fields. A permanent magnet is used behind all of such magnetic coils (characterized with permanent electric current). There are two paired parts used in order to create a inhomogeneous magnetic field (constant over time) through a flat magnetic field transmitter and applied in setup 1, and other paired parts are used in setup 2 and are designed to generate inhomogeneous magnetic field (constant over time)

Setup 1

In this setup used to investigate and observe Lorentz force on free electron beams, two flat metal pieces are used which has got magnetism by a current based coil and DC voltage(or permanent magnet) to assess inhomogeneous magnetic fields in Lorentz force experiment by free electron beams. This pair is seen in following figure so that these parts are connected to plate 4 with adjustable distance and they can be placed in minimum computational distance (computational and geometric circular). Figure 4 represents foregoing description.

Setup 2

As for this setup, given fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics theory to separate free electrons spins, a pair of metal pieces is used to transfer magnetic field and generate inhomogeneous magnetic field. This pairs is plated and consisted of two parts one of which is sharped leading to high density of magnetic fields lines around it and the second part has a arc curvature and is designed based on geometric and computational circular, diffusing magnetic fields lines. Magnets are characterized with very regular geometric form to be used easily in simulation process. To illustrate this, reader is referred to figure 5.

Linearization in this apparatus differs considerably from that Stern-Gerlach classic experiment with silver atoms. As a paralleling slit is pointed not linear. Beam linearization operations are performed using inhomogeneous magnets. Rotating it allows linearization angle and as it has an inhomogeneous magnetic fields, it acts as a magnetic fields magnet.

Lamp 12 for this apparatus is hold by several plate and include following parts:

A- Gun

B- Glass and lump body

C- Phosphorescence plate

A: Electron Gun

Constituents of lamp 25 (Electron Gun) are shown in figure 6 given the distance between end edges of Gun to fluorescent plate and types of voltages used in [arts number 104 to 110 Gun is as DC.

In this lamp four preserving containers 104 are installed in an angle 10-30 degree as diagonal in relation to lamp and contained 104 to 6 Grids each characterized with different voltage. To heat element four preserving containers 4, first voltage AC is used for 100 ms and them to keep

8 it hot, voltage is converted to DC. In this process, electrical current is constant in which there is no electrical swing to tungsten hot.

Gitter 111 is consisted of cesium dioxide and barium compounds. This piece is widely applied in deionization and removing remaining atoms of the diffusion in vacuumization so that it excite vacuum within tube to much higher levels of vacuumization . Voltage used in GUN ranges 2.5-12.5 Volt and types of voltages used in Guns 104 to 110 is as DC. In this process electrical current is constant. At the same time, lamp fluorescent plates is without metal Grids and electrons are hit directly to integrated fluorescent plate. Inside and outside of lamp is covered by graphite (acts as shielding and noise-making). By inside, it means outside of major path for electron movements.

Tungsten 201 there is a Tungsten which is heated first by an initial voltage AC in a too short time and kept heat based on theoretical fundamental of Stern-Gerlach experiment with a beam of free electrons and removing fluctuations by voltage DC (Tungsten current is constant).

Cathode 202 is as two nested cylinders and acts as tungsten holder. Unlike typical televisions, its internal holders is deflected slightly (in this lamp the preserving container 4 is mounted diagonally to lamp direction to deflect negative ions and electrons initially and those heavier ions in the earliest stage pass through a different route than original one and hit to walls and absorbed. Electrons beam can directed to main route given potential difference, some spare lamps do not requires such deflection but instead to remove negative ions, perforated metal plate matrix is used before reaching free electron beams to Grid which is absent in this inventions. Main cathode voltage line lamp is connected to tungsten holder.

Gun 105: this part is characterized with a micrometric slit playing as parallel suppliers for emitting particles.

Gun 106, Gun 109 and Gun 110 these three parts have not focusing function in ordinal spate lamps and to obviate this, two Grids 106 and 110 are connected, however there is a partial potential difference between Grids, in turn facilitates separation of heavier negative ions remained after initial separating free electron (it is equipped with Grids each one has a voltage with low partial difference to make a deflection in path). To separate heavier ions using negative free electrons first main particle beams are subjected to these Grids simultaneously given their very low potential difference and deflect from cathode to anode toward a route other than main route and just those free electrons are returned to main route thanks to their already electrical fields forms.

Electrons accelerator Guns process: this just constituted of two parts: one cathode and two cathodes. Voltages for all Guns plate differs slightly to cathode so that such very close potential difference amplify electron speeds but it cannot led to found mental and remarkable difference in size and order of free electrons speed. To verify this process, typically flat magnets are applied.

Those plates 106 and 110 allows free electron to have the same acceptation while moving

Collimator 203 serves as a ceramic parts and acts as a separator for Collimator and Cathode and is electrically isolated.

9 Parallel plate 204 such cylindrical pieces is equipped with a closed part with micrometric aperture in bottom it parallel emitting particles similar to parallel suppliers of classic Stern- Gerlach as well as restricting emitting path of electrical charges.

B: glass and body of lamp

Main glass structure and body of lamp differs basically from those mounted in TV. It's inside and outside is coated by pure graphite and to avoid accumulation of electrical charges on glass, they are connected to earth. However this is not case for TV as test accuracy does not requires physical concepts in the present experiment. The bottom lamp tube as a place for Gun has been applied in a much more distance of typical standard and those spare lamps already used in TV.

C: fluorescent plate

In a typical television phosphorus in spare lamp is inhomogeneous diffused and phosphorus are put together in such a cellular way and in some TV models, a perforated metal plate is used nearby fluorescent plate to control those elections beams arrived to plate but it is absent in invention and plate is Phosphorescence continuously with no Grid and electron hits the plate directly.

Number of Ball bushing 13 are used in apparatuses to transfer S.G box along fixer and at the same time they act as holder, preventing Ball bushing vibrating in S.G box of electron intrinsic spin analyzer apparatus. That restrict part with fifteen movements in Ball bushing are mounted on Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer Figure 8. Those holders plate are attached to fixture by some beads 16.

Holder and scaled plate 17 is characterized with a calibrated plane. CCD camera or similar system to registrar pictures as digital camera can image it easily. Beside it is a lamp protectant against impact or external damages, some fixtures can be connected to it. Two external frames are placed on it as a shield and in order to illuminates calibrated lines, it allows connection of light LED and lamp holder plate in a square frame and other elements as scaled line illuminator. There are some slits which allows its transportation in easily manner. Figure 9 illustrates all foregoing description.

CCD camera or digital camera is placed in opposite side of calibrated plate 17 so that in addition to recording experiment event by free electron spin separation it allows analysis of experiment data. According to experimental observations, when flat magnets are used and inhomogeneous magnetic field is generated, upon applying magnetic fields, free electrons are moved only align Lorentz force and as per quantum theory concept, no separation in beams can be found. When magnetic fields is exerted by free electron beams, extent of free electrons beams is proportionate with Lorentz force predicted in classic physic fundamentals. When inhomogeneous magnets are used to generate magnetic field, as per spin theatrical fundamentals, It will witness separation by free electrons beams, electrons beams are separated continent upon physical predominant condition and both moves in direction of Lorentz force, however ways of separation varies upon whether magnets have fault-line to earth or not. In case magnetic field generator magnets have fault-line to earth, similar electrical charges in two points seems as a clumped but it is visible for experimenter and users of apparatus Figure 11.

But when magnetic field generator magnets have not fault-line to earth, other magnets will not be neutral electrically so passing electron beams whiten lamp, generates electric current and

10 consequently electrical-neutrality in magnets will be lost. Then a weak magnetic force will be generated upon presence of electrical current within lumps, leading to separating and stretching of electron beams and in another plate one point cannot be seen electron beams subjects to electrical field and induced magnetic. While applying magnetic field, electron beams which appear as linear on plate, move simultaneously by changing their position along Lorentz force. In addition to movement, it is characterized with rotation on plate along Lorentz force, suggesting that factor separating electron beams is non-Lorentzic one. Those separated electron beams appears as human eyes mostly similar to Stern-Gerlach classic experiments by moderator silver atoms Figure 12.

When free electron spin separation become visible, CCD camera can be used to record all images followed by analyzing using MATLAB software. Hence extent of separating electron beams and distance between beams before and after magnetic fields application, can be determined exactly. The following figure shows free electrons beams fitting in turn illustrates free electrons spin separation Figure 13.

The major function for lamp holder plate 18 in squared frame, is to hold lamp and its accessories. At the same time those slits and grooves whiten it facilitates movement. There is another plate 19 more similarly to lamp holder one in frame acting as a holder of other accessories.

In order to paralleling electron beams, a coil can be employed to linearize electron beams 20 followed by separating electron spin in an inhomogeneous magnetic fields (constant over time). Such coil is applied to better observation possibility of separated electros however it has no scientist role in spectating free electrons and just is considered to better observation of free electron spin having been spectated and so is portable.

Fixer holder plate 21 is a part that characterized which some grooves to hold magnetic fields transmitters and in case there is no tendency to rotate or change block S.G position, it can be used instead of S.G block structure. There are some slits on it helping its transporting or installing metal parts of magnetic field transmitter. Figure 14 illustrates such discussion.

Fixer axis 22 are those that on which ball bushing moves and plates as well as apparatus accessory are fixed on it using some threads located at beginning and end of them. S.G block can easily moves on it. One plate 23 illustrates a fluorescent inside the lamp. Plate constituting S.G block 24 has a great circular hole at its center that allows users observing part of plate 4(supporting plate which holds metal parts of transmitters). The grooves allow bolts and bearing movement and fixing plate 4. There are some slits on it helping its transportation.. Figure 15 illustrate foregoing discussion.

Major advantage of Invention

1- Voltages and power supplies used in apparatus is well designed so that voltage and electric current can be remained constant. (DC)

2- Magnets are mounted on scaled plate(plate4) and upon their rotation, magnets angles is adjusted accordingly

3- There are some apertures and holes on plates allowing connecting measuring gadgets as well as holding elements.

11 - When axis length and lamp tail lingered and some movable parts are added, simultaneously several paired inhomogeneous magnet can be used to consecutive stern- Gerlach experiment.

- The apparatus can be easily assembled and transported.

- Those scaled plates are calibrated and are accompanied with great precision while imaging using CCD camera

- Electron beams can be separated applying flat magnet as per Lorentz force and aforementioned device can be used to observe Lorentz force.

- A permanent magnet can be used to generate magnetic fields as well as coils which can generates fields by a permanent power supply.

- Physical geometrical fundamentals have much more accuracy in measuring parameters than previous apparatus.

0- To holding the apparatus, some special plates are used, leading to lowering apparatuses weight.

1- Plates are anti-moisture and anti-static and movable. Plates materials and ways of their cutting is designed so that significantly reduces the risk of electric shock.

2- Voltages and power supplies used in apparatus is well designed so that voltage and electric current can be remained constant. (DC)

3- Those holders plate and movable elements are hold by fore axis

12 Making the high inhomogeneous magnetic field geradiant

Calculations:

Reference of calculations: Stern-Gerlach experiment by Potassium atom beams/ www.phywe.com

/Stern-Gerlach Experiment/Manual/ LEP 5.1.11 Stern-Gerlach experiment,

So long as the magnetization does not proceed to saturation, the pole pieces, of circular cylindrical form , lie in two equipotential surfaces of a two-wire system using currents in opposite directions. The magnetic field H therefore consists of two components, Hi and H₂ as shown in Figure 16 (Determination of a system of coordinates).

H(r )=Hi(r )+H₂(r )

Each of the two conductors contributes to the field as follows:

^Hi n) = ^ (i = 2 Where = -I₂ = I Is the excitation current for the magnetic fields. Hence, at the point r ,

The value of the magnetic field strength is obtained by squaring this expression. Remembering in the subsequent calculation that r\ and r₂ lie in a plane at right angles to /, one finally obtains:

/ a

H =

π r_xr₂

The change in the value of H as a function of z can be calculated, using r ² = (a— y)² + (z + z₀)² And r₂ ² = (a + y)² + (z + z₀)² as dH _ I. a(z + z₀)² fa² + r₂ ²)

dz π ^' r₁ ³r₂ ³

2/. a(z + z₀)² a² + y² + (z + z₀)²

π ^{' 3}

((a² - y²)² + 2(z + z₀)². (a² + y²) + (z + z₀)⁴)2 The surfaces of constant field inhomogeneity are shown in Figure 17.

The equipotential surfaces in the neighborhood of z = zi, are to be regarded as planes, to a good approximation. We must now find the plane z = zi, in which the equipotential surfaces

and breaks this off after the first order, on the assumption that y₂ is small compared with (zo+ zi)² or a₂, the field gradients are found to be

13 dH 21. a(z₀ + Z-L)

dz π

Dependence on y is to vanish at z = zi- We then get:

2a² - (z₀ + z_x)² = 0 from which is follows that z_x + z₀ = a. V2

The field inhomogeneity begins to decrease steeply with increasing y only at greater distances

dH

along the z-axis.Only H can be measured in the region of the z-axis, and not— . Hence it is also useful to find that plane for which

= 0, i. e., it

From which it follows that

Hence

z_x = ( 2 - J- I a = 0.12a « z

The plane z = zi lies therefore immediately adjacent to the plane z = 0. Hence the inhomogeneity at z = 0 can be regarded as being constant, to a good approximation. The Stern- Gerlach apparatus is adjusted, in view of the foregoing relationships, so that the radiation window lies around 1.3 a from the notional wires of the two-wire system (Figure 18).The calibration H( i) of the electromagnet (magnetic field H of magnetic induction B against the excitation current i ) is likewise assumed for z -1.3 a . The constant ε can therefore be calculated from

Field strengths are therefore converted to field gradients using the equation

dH H

= 0.968 - dz α

This calculations shows when the radius of central circle of calculation limited to zero then only by very keen magnet the high magnetic field will be generated.

14

Claims

1- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer characterized with separating and displaying electron spins comprised following components:

I. Body and chassis

II. Lamp

III. Power supply

2- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer whose body and chassis is consisted of some sheets connected with some fixtures and sheets freely move along fixture

3- Given the claim2, fixture body has some threads with some beads to fix sheets with no mobility.

4- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer which in its gun lamp, the preserving container 4 has been installed diagonally along lamp in angle 10-30 with 4-6 Grid sheets each one have a voltage.

5- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer which in its lamp, to heating elements preserving container 4 it uses voltage for 100 ms and then to heating it, voltage is converted to DC. In this process current is constant

6- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer which in its lamp, Gitter 11 is consisted of dioxide cesium and barium

7- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer whose voltage in Gun varies 2.5 to 12.5 DC volt.

8- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer in which applied voltages types in pieces 4-10 Gun is as DC. During this process, electrical current is constant.

9- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer which lamp fluorescent has no Grid and electrons hits directly to fluorescent

10- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer whose lamps inside and outside is covered by graphite

11- Given the claim 2, some sheets are fixed and some are moving

12- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzers which its S.G block includes two coils or two stationary magnets that can add to two metal pieces.

13- Given the claim 11, one magnet is located above and another is placed in bottom

14- Given claim 11, inhomogenous magnets blocks can be added to device

15- Given the claim 11, upper magnet has a hemicycle bottom and tips of bottom magnet is placed in edge of hypothetical upper magnet hemicycle. 16- Given the claim 11, there is another type of S.G block in which both magnets are flat.

17- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer has a collimator for free electrons beam and also has not any focus system such as monitoring systems.

18- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer has a collimator for free electrons beam and also has not any focus system such as monitoring systems.

19- Stationary and keen magnets on Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer can make high magnetic field gradient according to Calculations from the past Stern-Gerlach experiment by Potassium atom beams.

20- Power supply of the lamp on the Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer can make 10 to 25000 DC voltage range.

21- Power supply of the lamp on the Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer can make 0.001 to 0.003 DC electric current.

22- Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer can get pictures of the experiment by beam splitter and CCD camera.

23- Grid 105 in electron gun can calculate plasma parameters on Electron Intrinsic Spin Analyzer.

24- The lines on plate 17 (figure 1) can use for measurement on the calculations.