US9102876B2 - Device and method for the drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow in a multiple hearth furnace - Google Patents

Device and method for the drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow in a multiple hearth furnace Download PDF

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US9102876B2
US9102876B2 US13/390,273 US201113390273A US9102876B2 US 9102876 B2 US9102876 B2 US 9102876B2 US 201113390273 A US201113390273 A US 201113390273A US 9102876 B2 US9102876 B2 US 9102876B2
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zone
torrefaction
drying
gas flow
gas
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US20120137538A1 (en
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Karl Lampe
Jürgen Denker
Christoph BEYER
Richard Erpelding
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ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG
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ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG
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Assigned to THYSSENKRUPP POLYSIUS AG reassignment THYSSENKRUPP POLYSIUS AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BEYER, CHRISTOPH, DENKER, JURGEN, ERPELDING, RICHARD, LAMPE, KARL
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B49/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
    • C10B49/02—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B7/00—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
    • C10B7/02—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven with rotary scraping devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B17/00—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement
    • F26B17/001—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement the material moving down superimposed floors
    • F26B17/003—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement the material moving down superimposed floors with fixed floors provided with scrapers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
    • F26B21/02—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure
    • F26B21/04—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure partly outside the drying enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
    • F26B21/14—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects using gases or vapours other than air or steam, e.g. inert gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B23/00—Heating arrangements
    • F26B23/02—Heating arrangements using combustion heating
    • F26B23/022—Heating arrangements using combustion heating incinerating volatiles in the dryer exhaust gases, the produced hot gases being wholly, partly or not recycled into the drying enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B2200/00—Drying processes and machines for solid materials characterised by the specific requirements of the drying good
    • F26B2200/02—Biomass, e.g. waste vegetative matter, straw
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y02E50/14—
    • Y02E50/15—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for the drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow in a multiple-hearth furnace.
  • Torrefaction is the thermal treatment of biomass in the absence of air at relatively low temperatures from 250° to 300° C. by pyrolytic decomposition.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,156 discloses a method for reactivating active carbon in a multiple-hearth furnace, upstream of which there is a drying zone.
  • a gas flow is diverted from the multiple-hearth furnace and fed to an afterburner for combustion.
  • the exhaust gas that evolves is fed to the drier, which can be operated either as a direct contact-type or as an indirect contact-type heat-exchanger.
  • a device for the decomposition of biomass and for producing a fuel gas is furthermore known from EP 2 017 325 A2; here, the biomass is dried in a drying zone and degassed in a torrefaction zone. Finally, the material so treated is first comminuted and then fed to a pyrolysis stage. Part of the drying gas containing water vapour is discharged from the drier and heated in a heat exchanger and then fed at least partially to the drier again.
  • US 2010/0083530 A1 describes a method and an installation for the torrefaction of cellulosic material in an inert atmosphere.
  • the material to be treated is fed to a processing chamber comprising a plurality of trays and after treatment is discharged as torrefied material.
  • a steam-laden exhaust gas is discharged from the processing chamber and partially fed via a condenser to a burner, the hot exhaust gas of which is used to heat the remaining part of the steam-laden exhaust gas before the heated remaining part of the steam-laden exhaust gas is recycled to the processing chamber.
  • the invention addresses the problem of making the device and the method for drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow more efficient.
  • the device according to the invention for drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow in a multiple-hearth furnace substantially comprises
  • the biomass is dried in a drying zone by means of a drying gas flow and subsequently torrefied in a torrefaction zone.
  • part of the drying gas flow containing water vapour is discharged from the drying zone and heated in a heat exchanger and then at least partially returned to the drying zone.
  • part of a torrefaction gas flow evolving in the torrefaction zone is discharged from the torrefaction zone and fed to a combustion assembly for combustion, wherein the resulting exhaust gas is used to heat the drying gas flow in the heat exchanger and is introduced into the torrefaction zone.
  • the torrefaction gas flow discharged from the torrefaction zone and combusted in the combustion assembly is heated, and the resulting exhaust gas is cooled in the heat exchanger to the required torrefaction temperature and fed to the torrefaction zone. Furthermore, the drying zone and the torrefaction zone are operated with two separate gas circulations.
  • the exhaust gas is not the torrefaction gas but the exhaust gas evolving during the combustion of the torrefaction gas in a combustion assembly that is introduced into the torrefaction zone.
  • the exhaust gas thus has a completely different composition, which contains no volatile or condensable constituents and thus promotes the mass transfer during torrefaction.
  • the exhaust gas is enriched with CO 2 and H 2 O vapor before it is introduced into the torrefaction zone.
  • CO 2 and H 2 O vapor are thermal radiation active gas components and promote the heat transfer in the torrefaction zone and increase the efficiency of the torrefaction.
  • the energy advantage arising from the afterburning of the torrefaction gas flow and the use of the resulting heat to heat the drying gas flow can be exploited.
  • the drying is especially efficient if the drying gas flow is not mixed with the exhaust gases of the torrefaction zone and the afterburning. A further improvement can be achieved particularly if the water vapour-containing drying gas flow is superheated in the heat exchanger.
  • the drying zone and/or the torrefaction zone each consist of a plurality of hearths arranged one above the other. What are known as rabble arms, for example, are used as transport means.
  • a mechanical transfer device can be provided between the drying zone and the torrefaction zone for transferring the dried, carbon-containing material flow; it is preferably of gas-tight construction in order to prevent mixing of the two gas circulations.
  • the temperature of the carbon-containing material flow during transfer into the torrefaction zone is expediently less than 150° C.
  • the temperature of the recycled exhaust gas in the torrefaction zone is more than 300° C. and for the temperature of the recycled drying gas flow to be set within the range from 150° C. to 300° C., preferably in the range from 200° C. to 300° C.
  • Control of the residence time of the material in the two zones can be effected by measuring the temperature and/or the gas flow and/or the gas amount and/or the pressure in the drying zone and/or the torrefaction zone.
  • the residence time in the drying zone and torrefaction zone can be adjusted by changing the number of hearths, by reducing hearth areas, by changing the design and the number of transport devices (for example, rabble arms and rabble teeth) or by varying the speed of rotation of transport devices (for example, rabble arms).
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the device according to the invention for drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow in a multiple-hearth furnace.
  • the device for drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow substantially comprises a multiple-hearth furnace 1 having a drying zone 2 and a torrefaction zone 3 , a heat exchanger 4 and a combustion assembly 5 , which can be formed in particular by a burner or an internal combustion engine.
  • the drying and torrefaction zones 2 , 3 are each provided with a plurality of hearths 6 , 7 , and 8 , 9 respectively.
  • the material to be treated specifically a carbon-containing material flow 10
  • the material to be treated is fed in via a feed device 11 from above the drying zone 2 .
  • Transport of material on the hearths is effected by conventional transport devices, such as, for example, rotating rabble arms, which transport the material to inside or outside openings where the material falls onto the next lower hearth.
  • Drying of the material flow 10 in the drying zone 2 is effected by means of a drying gas flow 13 , which is represented in the drawing by dotted arrows.
  • the heat exchanger comprises a first inlet 4 a and a first outlet 4 b connected thereto, as well as a second inlet 4 c and a second outlet 4 d connected thereto, the first inlet 4 a being connected to a discharge point 14 of the drying zone 2 and the first outlet 4 b being connected to an infeed point 15 of the drying zone 2 , so that the water vapour-containing drying gas flow 13 is discharged via the discharge point 14 , heated in the heat exchanger 4 and can be readmitted to the drying zone 2 via the infeed point 15 .
  • the water vapour contained in the drying gas flow is expediently superheated in the heat exchanger 4 , whereby an especially efficient drying can be achieved in the drying zone 2 .
  • the material flow which can be, for example, wood, wood chips, agricultural products, such as straw, rice husks, nut shells, energy grasses, or waste from the food industry, (brewing, wine-making, sugar production)
  • the torrefaction gas flow 17 (broken-line arrows) developing in the torrefaction zone 3 is discharged via a discharge point 18 and fed to the combustion assembly 5 for combustion; a condenser 28 can be inserted between the discharge point 18 and the combustion assembly 5 .
  • the torrefaction gas flow 17 discharged from the torrefaction zone 3 is then introduced into the condenser 28 , in which the condensable constituents are at least partially precipitated and the non-condensable constituents are fed to the combustion assembly for combustion.
  • Further fuel and/or combustion air can of course by supplied to the combustion assembly 5 .
  • the combustion assembly is in the form of an internal combustion engine, the energy of the torrefaction gas flow 17 can be partially converted by combustion into mechanical energy.
  • the exhaust gas evolving in the combustion assembly 5 is fed to the second inlet 4 c of the heat exchanger 4 for indirect heating of the drying gas flow 13 , is discharged via the second outlet 4 d and fed to the torrefaction zone 3 via the infeed point 19 and/or 20 .
  • the two gas circulations are sustained via fans 21 and 22 .
  • the exhaust gas can be enriched with hot steam 29 , in order to intensify the torrefaction and improve the exchange of heat and material.
  • a flare stack can be provided in order to combust the torrefaction gas flow 17 . Otherwise, excess amounts of drying gas flow 13 and torrefaction gas flow 17 are discharged via pipes 23 and 24 respectively, a filter 25 and a chimney 26 .
  • the material flow 10 ′ torrefied in the torrefaction zone 3 is discharged via a discharge point 27 , in order then to be comminuted, briquetted or processed further in some other way.
  • a transfer device 12 is provided for transferring the dried, carbon-containing material flow from the drying zone 2 to the torrefaction zone 3 .
  • This transfer device is of gas-tight construction in order to prevent mixing of the drying gas flow 13 with the torrefaction gas flow 17 .
  • the temperature of the torrefaction gas flow 17 recycled to the torrefaction zone 3 is preferably more than 300° C., whilst the temperature of the recycled drying gas flow 13 is adjusted in the range from 150° C. to 300° C., preferably in the range from 200° C. to 300° C.
  • the temperature of the carbon-containing material flow 10 during transfer to the torrefaction zone 3 should be less than 150° C.
  • the temperature and/or the gas flow and/or the amount of gas and/or the pressure can be measured and can be used to regulate the residence time of the carbon-containing material flow 10 in the two zones.
  • the residence time in the drying and torrefaction zones 2 and 3 can be adjusted or adapted by changing the number of hearths, by reducing the effective hearth areas, or by varying the speed of rotation of transport devices.
  • the multiple-hearth furnace comprises transport devices for transporting the material flow 10 , which are driven via a drive shaft, which is advantageously divided between the drying zone and torrefaction zone 2 and 3 and is equipped with a separate drive for each zone in order to be able to change the residence times of the carbon-containing material flow 10 in the two zones independently of one another by way of the respective speed of rotation.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
US13/390,273 2010-07-15 2011-07-15 Device and method for the drying and torrefaction of at least one carbon-containing material flow in a multiple hearth furnace Active 2033-04-25 US9102876B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010036425A DE102010036425A1 (de) 2010-07-15 2010-07-15 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Trocknung und Torrefizierung von wenigstens einem kohlenstoffhaltigen Stoffstrom in einem Etagenofen
DE102010036425 2010-07-15
DE102010036425.8 2010-07-15
PCT/EP2011/062131 WO2012007574A1 (de) 2010-07-15 2011-07-15 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur trocknung und torrefizierung von wenigstens einem kohlenstoffhaltigen stoffstrom in einem etagenofen

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US20120137538A1 US20120137538A1 (en) 2012-06-07
US9102876B2 true US9102876B2 (en) 2015-08-11

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US (1) US9102876B2 (hr)
EP (1) EP2424955B1 (hr)
JP (1) JP5856615B2 (hr)
CN (1) CN102985513B (hr)
AU (1) AU2011278225B2 (hr)
BR (1) BR112012031704B1 (hr)
CA (1) CA2798582C (hr)
CY (1) CY1113165T1 (hr)
DE (1) DE102010036425A1 (hr)
DK (1) DK2424955T3 (hr)
EA (1) EA022689B1 (hr)
ES (1) ES2391886T3 (hr)
HR (1) HRP20120849T1 (hr)
ME (1) ME01483B (hr)
MY (1) MY158510A (hr)
PL (1) PL2424955T3 (hr)
PT (1) PT2424955E (hr)
RS (1) RS52501B (hr)
SI (1) SI2424955T1 (hr)
UA (1) UA108647C2 (hr)
WO (1) WO2012007574A1 (hr)
ZA (1) ZA201208550B (hr)

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CA2874789C (en) 2012-05-25 2020-07-21 Airex Energie Inc. Method and apparatus for torrefaction of biomass with a cyclonic bed reactor
DE102012105428A1 (de) * 2012-06-22 2013-12-24 Thyssenkrupp Resource Technologies Gmbh Verfahren und Anlage zur Erhöhung des Brennwerts eines kohlenstoffhaltigen Stoffstroms
DE102012105427B3 (de) 2012-06-22 2013-07-18 Thyssenkrupp Polysius Ag Verfahren und Anlage zur Verarbeitung eines feuchten, Kerogen enthaltenden Stoffstroms
DE102012105431B3 (de) * 2012-06-22 2013-10-17 Thyssenkrupp Resource Technologies Gmbh Anlage und Verfahren zur thermischen Behandlung eines Stoffstroms
DE102012013132A1 (de) * 2012-07-03 2014-01-09 Rwe Innogy Gmbh Verfahren zur Torrefizierung von Biomasse
DE102012109917A1 (de) 2012-10-17 2014-04-17 Dieffenbacher GmbH Maschinen- und Anlagenbau Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Trocknung und Torrefizierung von Biomasse
DE102012109919A1 (de) 2012-10-17 2014-04-17 Dieffenbacher GmbH Maschinen- und Anlagenbau Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Regelung einer Torrefizierungsanlage für Biomasse
DE202012103993U1 (de) 2012-10-17 2014-01-09 Dieffenbacher GmbH Maschinen- und Anlagenbau Vorrichtung zur Regelung einer Torrefizierungsanlage für Biomasse
DE202012103991U1 (de) 2012-10-17 2014-02-05 Dieffenbacher GmbH Maschinen- und Anlagenbau Vorrichtung zur Trocknung und Torrefizierung von Biomasse
US9175235B2 (en) 2012-11-15 2015-11-03 University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. Torrefaction reduction of coke formation on catalysts used in esterification and cracking of biofuels from pyrolysed lignocellulosic feedstocks
DE102012111050A1 (de) * 2012-11-16 2014-05-22 Thyssenkrupp Resource Technologies Gmbh Mehretagenofen und Verfahren zur thermischen Behandlung eines Stoffstroms
FR3015513B1 (fr) 2013-12-19 2016-01-01 Axens Procede de torrefaction d'une charge carbonee comprenant une etape de sechage optimisee
CN103756745B (zh) * 2014-01-03 2015-09-02 张家港天源生物能源科技有限公司 生物质烘焙方法
BE1023937B1 (fr) 2016-02-05 2017-09-15 Cockerill Maintenance & Ingenierie S.A. Four a soles multiples pour utilisation a basse temperature
DE102019201763A1 (de) * 2019-02-12 2020-02-20 Thyssenkrupp Ag Vorrichtung zur thermischen Behandlung eines Schüttgutes
KR102065883B1 (ko) * 2019-07-01 2020-02-11 미진테크 주식회사 배기 회전식 배치로
CN110425829A (zh) * 2019-07-26 2019-11-08 勤丰众成生物质新材料(南京)有限公司 一种高产炭量的秸秆生物质炭化工艺
CO2020004451A1 (es) 2020-04-14 2020-05-15 Biotecnologia Y Bioingenieria Core S A Reactor vertical continuo multifásico para la producción limpia de hidrocarburos y energía y proceso termoquímico realizado

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