Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D221/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00
  • C07D221/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D221/22—Bridged ring systems
  • C07D221/26—Benzomorphans
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D221/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00
  • C07D221/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D221/22—Bridged ring systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing alicyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/18—Bridged systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/08—Bridged systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D491/18—Bridged systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds derived from the following chemical scaffold which is structurally defined by the formula I
• the invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of formula I according to the invention as well as the use of a compound according to the invention for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
• the invention relates to processes for preparing a pharmaceutical composition as well as a compound according to the invention.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• R 1 , R 2 , and Y are as defined therein, are described as compounds having anticonvulsant, central nervous system depressant, and diuretic activity.
• the invention describes a principal access to the compounds of the invention via a route employing N-acylated (Y is acyl) compounds of the general formula depicted above.
• N-acylated compounds are explicitly mentioned as intermediates therein:
• R, Q′, X′, Y′, and Z′ are described as intermediates for the preparation of benzomorphans that may be useful as narcotic antagonists.
• Q′ has the meaning cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl having 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms and having 3 to 9 total carbon atoms.
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined therein, are described as intermediates for the preparation of benzomorphans that may have analgetic activity. Inter alia the following meanings of R 3 are defined:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined therein, are described as intermediates for the preparation of benzomorphans that have analgetic activity.
• R is hydrogen, methyl, or acetyl and R 1 is methyl or phenyl, are described as intermediates for the preparation of the corresponding N-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl benzomorphans.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the aim of the present invention is to find new benzomorphans or related compounds, particularly those which are active with regard to the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1.
• a further aim of the present invention is to discover benzomorphans or related compounds which have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 in vitro and/or in vivo and possess suitable pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties to use them as medicaments.
• a further aim of the present invention is to provide new pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes and dyslipidemia.
• the present invention relates to compounds derived from the following chemical scaffold which is structurally defined by the formula I
• X denotes CH or N
• n, o independently of each other denote 0, 1, or 2
• bicyclic azacycloalkene core structure of general formula I annelated with ring A and attached to the carbonyl group is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents, preferably with 1 to 5, independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 ,
• aryl is meant phenyl or naphthtyl
• heteroaryl by heteroaryl is meant pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothio-phenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or
• the (het)aryl mentioned hereinbefore as a single unit or a sub-moiety within another group is an aryl group as defined hereinbefore, or a heteroaryl group as defined herein-before, or a ring selected from the group consisting of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyridinyl, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-pyridazinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-3,6-dioxo-pyridazinyl, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-pyrimidinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-pyrimidinyl, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,3-dioxo-pyra
• each >N—H containing (het)aryl all the >N—H groups present are optionally replaced by other groups independently selected from >N—R N ,
• alkyl or alkylene moieties may be branched or unbranched
• R is hydrogen or R′O, while R′ is any substituent
• M 1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or phenyl
• M 2 and M 3 independently of each other are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxy, and ring B is
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof have valuable pharmacological properties, particularly an inhibitory effect on the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• a further aspect of the invention also relates to the physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of general formula I according to this invention with inorganic or organic acids.
• this invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, containing at least one compound of general formula I or a physiologically acceptable salt according to the invention, optionally together with one or more inert carriers and/or diluents.
• this invention relates to the compounds according to general formula I, including the compounds of general formula II, or the physiologically acceptable salts thereof, for treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions which can be influenced by inhibiting the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1, such as metabolic disorders.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• this invention relates to the use of at least one compound according to general formula I, including the compounds of general formula II, or one of the physiologically acceptable salts thereof for preparing a pharmaceutical composition which is suitable for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions which can be influenced by inhibiting the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1, such as metabolic disorders.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the present invention relates to a process for preparing the compounds of general formula I, characterized in that
• a base such as an amine, e.g. ethyldiisopropylamine, triethylamine, imidazole, or pyridine, or an inorganic base, e.g. potassium carbonate or calcium oxide, and/or an additive such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine or 1-hydroxybenzotriazol; while the reations are preferably conducted between 0 and 120° C.
• a base such as an amine, e.g. ethyldiisopropylamine, triethylamine, imidazole, or pyridine
• an inorganic base e.g. potassium carbonate or calcium oxide
• an additive such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine or 1-hydroxybenzotriazol
• solvents or mixture of solvents that are preferably selected from tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, ether, 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, benzene, hexanes, and ethyl acetate, but also aqueous and alcoholic solutions may be usable for some of the combinations listed above;
• the groups, residues, and substituents particularly A, B, R N , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 , X, m, n, and o are defined as above and hereinafter. If residues, substituents, or groups occur several times in a compound they may have the same or different meanings. Some preferred meanings of individual scaffolds, groups, and substituents of the compounds according to the invention will be given hereinafter.
• indexes m, n, and o each denote independently of each other 0, 1, or 2.
• m, n, and o are chosen such that the sum of m+n+o is 2, 3, or 4.
• bicyclic azacycloalkene core structure of general formulae I.1 to I.9 condensed with ring A and attached to the carbonyl group is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents, preferably with 1 to 5, most preferred 1, 2, or 3 substituents, independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 , and
• rings A and B are defined as hereinbefore and hereinafter, their tautomers, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof, while the compounds of general formula II as defined above are excluded.
• 2,6-methano-azocin core structure with the stereochemical configuration as depicted is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 , and wherein the rings A, B and R 11 , R 12 are defined as hereinbefore and hereinafter, their tautomers, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof.
• 2,6-methano-azocin core structure with the stereochemical configuration as depicted is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 , and wherein the rings A, B and R 11 , R 12 are defined as hereinbefore and hereinafter, their tautomers, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof.
• the ring A denotes a benzo ring, which is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently of each other selected from R 1 or wherein 2 adjacent C-atoms are optionally substituted with R 2 and R 3 and one carbon atom is optionally substituted with R 1 ;
• each of said rings 2 adjacent C-atoms are optionally substituted with R 2 and R 3 and/or any hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom of said rings optionally is substituted by a group independently selected from R 1 ; or
• a pyrimido ring which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently of each other selected from R 1 ;
• the ring A denotes a benzo, pyrrolo, or pyrido ring, wherein each of said rings is optionally substituted with one or two substituents, independently of each other selected from R 1 , and wherein 2 adjacent C-atoms of each of said rings are optionally substituted with R 2 and R 3 .
• the ring A denotes a benzo ring, which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents, independently of each other selected from R 1 , and wherein 2 adjacent C-atoms are optionally substituted with R 2 and R 3 .
• Ring B preferably denotes cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl, each of which optionally is partially unsaturated, and wherein one or two —CH 2 — groups independently of each other optionally are replaced by O, S, carbonyl, or sulfonyl, and wherein one or two —CH 2 — group(s) optionally are replaced by —NR N —,
• spiro[2.4]heptyl spiro[3.4]octyl, spiro[4.4]nonyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, or spiro[5.5]undecyl, each of which optionally is partially unsaturated, and in each of which one or two —CH 2 — groups optionally are replaced independently of each other by O, S, —NR N —, carbonyl, or sulfonyl,
• tricyclononyl tricyclodecyl, tricycloundecyl, tricyclododecyl, tricyclotridecyl, or tricyclotetradecyl, in each of which one or two —CH 2 — groups optionally are replaced independently of each other by O, S, NR N , carbonyl, or sulfonyl, and in each of which one CH group optionally is replaced by N,
• each of the rings B above optionally is substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, independently of each other selected from L 1 , and/or
• each of the rings B above optionally is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently of each other selected from L 2 , and/or
• the ring B denotes cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, each of which optionally is partially unsaturated, and wherein one or two —CH 2 — groups independently of each other optionally are replaced by O, S, carbonyl, or sulfonyl, and wherein one or two —CH 2 — group(s) optionally are replaced by —NR N —,
• adamantyl in which one —CH 2 — group may be replaced by O, S, —NR N —, carbonyl, or sulfonyl, and in which one CH group is optionally replaced by N,
• each of the rings B above is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, independently of each other selected from L 1 , and/or
• each of the above rings B optionally is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently of each other selected from L 2 , and/or
• the ring B denotes cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 4-oxo-cyclohexyl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, 2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl, 5-oxo-pyrrolidin-2-yl, 5-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, 6-oxo-piperidin-3-yl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 2-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-yl, 2-aza-bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-1-yl, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl, 3-oxo-2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl, bicyclo[2.
• each of the above rings B optionally is substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, independently of each other selected from L 1 , and/or
• each of the rings B above optionally is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently of each other selected from L 2 , and/or
• R N denotes hydrogen, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 3-6 -alkenyl, C 3-6 -cycloalkyl, C 1-4 -alkyl-carbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, C 1-4 -alkyloxycarbonyl, C 1-3 -alkylaminocarbonyl, phenylamino-carbonyl, phenyl, C 1-4 -alkylsulfonyl, or phenylsulfonyl, wherein each alkyl group and alkyl sub-moiety optionally is mono- or polysubstituted with fluorine and optionally monosubstituted with hydroxy, C 1-4 -alkoxy, C 1-4 -alkylcarbonylamino, cyano, carboxy, C 1-4 -alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-4 -alkylaminocarbonyl, di-(C 1-4 -alkyl
• R N denotes hydrogen, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 5-6 -cycloalkyl, C 1-4 -alkylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, C 1-4 -alkyloxycarbonyl, C 1-3 -alkylaminocarbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, phenyl, C 1-4 -alkylsulfonyl, or phenylsulfonyl, wherein each alkyl group and alkyl sub-moiety optionally is mono- or polysubstituted with fluorine and optionally monosubstitued with hydroxy, C 1-4 -alkoxy, cyano, or phenyl, and wherein each phenyl group and phenyl sub-moiety again optionally is mono- or disubstitued with R 10 .
• R N denotes hydrogen, methyl, propyl, isopropyl, 3-methyl-but-1-yl, cyclopentyl, cyanoethyl, benzyl, acetyl, ethylcarbonyl, propylcarbonyl, benzylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, tertbutoxycarbonyl, ethylaminocarbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, phenyl, methylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, or 3-chloro-2-methylphenylsulfonyl.
• substituents L 1 are selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 -alkoxy, and cyano,
• substituents L 2 are selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, hydroxy, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 2-6 -alkenyl, C 2-6 -alkynyl, C 1-4 -alkyloxy, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C 3-6 -cycloalkyl, C 3-6 -cycloalkyloxy, C 3-6 -cycloalkyl-C 1-3 -alkyl, C 3-6 -cycloalkyl-C 1-3 -alkyloxy, (het)aryl, (het)aryloxy, (het)aryl-C 1-3 -alkyl, (het)aryl-C 1-3 -alkyloxy, (het)aryloxy-C 1-3 -alkyl, (het)aryl-C 1-3 -alkyloxy, (het)aryloxy-C 1-3 -
• saturated heterocycles and cycloalkyl-rings mentioned hereinbefore as a single unit or a sub-moiety within another group are optionally substituted with one or two groups independently of each other selected from C 1-3 -alkyl, C 1-3 -alkoxy, C 1-3 -alkoxy-C 1-3 -alkyl, and hydroxy, and
• the (het)aryl mentioned hereinbefore as a single unit or a sub-moiety within another group is phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothio-phenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, and pyridyl in each which 1 or 2 CH are replaced by N, or indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, and isoquinolinyl in each of which 1 to 3 CH are replaced by N, and
• substituents L 2 are selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 2-6 -alkenyl, C 2-6 -alkynyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 -alkyloxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C 3-6 -cycloalkyl, C 3-6 -cycloalkyloxy, phenyl, phenoxy,
• substituents L 2 are selected from the group consisting of fluorine, C 1-3 -alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C 1-3 -alkyloxy, C 1-3 -alkylamino, benzylamino, C 1-3 -alkylcarbonylamino, phenylmethylcarbonylamino, phenylcarbonylamino, N-methyl-phenylmethylcarbonylamino, N-methyl-phenylcarbonylamino, C 1-4 -alkyloxycarbonylamino, C 1-3 -alkylsulfonylamino, C 3-6 -cycloalkylsulfonylamino, phenylmethylsulfonylamino, phenylsulfonylamino, furan-2-ylsulfonylamino, thien-2-ylsulfonylamino, pyrazol-4-ylsulf
• L 3 and L 4 which are linked to each other, form with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached an aryl- or heteroaryl-group which is fused to the cyclic group B, and which is optionally substituted with one to three identical or different R 10 ,
• L 3 and L 4 which are linked to each other, form with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached an aryl- or heteroaryl-group which is fused to the cyclic group B, wherein said fused aryl- or heteroaryl-group is selected from the group consisting of benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, pyrazino, pyridazino, pyrrolo, furano, thieno, imidazo, pyrazolo, oxazolo, isoxazolo, thiazolo, and isothiazolo, each of which is optionally substituted with one to three identical or different R 10 .
• L 3 and L 4 which are linked to each other, form with the atoms to which they are linked an aryl- or heteroaryl-group which is fused to the cyclic group B, wherein said fused aryl- or heteroaryl-group is selected from the group consisting of benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, pyrazino, pyridazino, pyrrolo, furano, thieno, imidazo, pyrazolo, oxazolo, isoxazolo, thiazolo, and isothiazolo, each of which is optionally substituted with one to three identical or different R 10 .
• L 3 and L 4 which are linked to each other, form with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached an aryl- or heteroaryl-group which is fused to the cyclic group B, wherein said fused aryl- or heteroaryl-group is selected from the group consisting of benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, pyrrolo, furano, thieno, imidazo and oxazolo group, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 identical or different R 10 , particularly benzo, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 identical or different R 10 .
• L 5 and L 6 which are linked to each other, form with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached an aryl- or heteroaryl-group which is fused to the cyclic group B, wherein said fused aryl- or heteroaryl-group is selected from the group consisting of benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, pyrazino, pyridazino, pyrrolo, furano, thieno, imidazo, pyrazolo, oxazolo, isoxazolo, thiazolo, and isothiazolo, each of which is optionally substituted with one to three identical or different R 10 ,
• the substituent R 1 denotes fluorine, chlorine, cyano, C 1-4 -alkyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 -alkyloxy, C 3-5 -alkenyloxy, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,
• C 1-3 -alkylsulfonyl aminosulfonyl, C 1-3 -alkyl-aminosulfonyl, di-(C 1-3 -alkyl)-aminosulfonyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl-sulfonyl, piperidin-1-yl-sulfonyl, or morpholin-4-yl-sulfonyl,
• R 1 denotes fluorine, chlorine, cyano, C 1-4 -alkyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 -alkyloxy, C 3-4 -alkenyloxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, C 3-6 -cycloalkyloxy,
• R 1 denotes fluorine, chlorine, C 1-4 -alkyl, hydroxy, C 1-3 -alkyloxy, allyloxy, amino, C 1-3 -alkyl-carbonylamino, C 1-3 -alkyl-sulfonylamino, cyano, carboxy, C 1-3 -alkyloxy-carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-3 -alkyl-aminocarbonyl, di-(C 1-3 -alkyl)-aminocarbonyl, hydroxy-C 1-3 -alkyl, C 1-3 -alkyloxy-C 1-3 -alkyl, C 1-3 -alkylcarbonyl-amino-C 1-3 -alkyl, hydroxy-C 1-3 -alkyloxy, C 1-3 -alkyloxy-C 1-3 -alkyloxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,
• R 1 denotes fluorine, chlorine, methyl, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, allyloxy, amino, cyano, ethoxycarbonyl, acetyl, methylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, methylaminosulfonyl, dimethylaminosulfonyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, benzyloxy, or phenyl.
• R 2 and R 3 are linked to each other to form a bridging group preferably selected from the group consisting of methylenedioxy, difluoromethylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy and a C 3-5 -alkylene bridging group,
• R 2 and R 3 optionally form, combined with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached, a group preferably selected from the group consisting of a benzo, pyrazino, pyrazolo, imidazo, oxazolo, thiazolo, isoxazolo, and isothiazolo ring, wherein each of these rings is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the six-membered aromatics, pyrazolo, and imidazo are optionally preferably substituted with one or two and the other five-membered aromatics with one substituent, independently of each other selected from fluorine, C 1-3 -alkyl, trifluoromethyl, amino, C 1-3 -alkylamino, di-(C 1-3 -alkyl)amino, hydroxyl, and C 1-3 -alkyloxy, preferably independently of each other selected from fluorine, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methylamino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl, and methoxy.
• R 2 and R 3 combined with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached form a group selected from a benzo, pyrazino, imidazo, oxazolo, and thiazolo ring, wherein the six-membered rings and the imidazo ring are optionally substituted with one or two methyl groups and the other five-membered rings are optionally substituted with one methyl group.
• R 2 and R 3 together denote methylenedioxy or, together with the adjacent carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a benzo, pyrazino, or imidazo ring.
• a tautomeric amide substructure may be formed and both tautomers are part of the invention; examples of these substructures are analogous to those described above for the residue combinations L 3 /L 4 and L 5 /L 6 .
• k definitions (k i ) for R 10 in the order of preference, ascending from preferably (k 1 ) to more preferably (k 2 ) up to most preferably (k 3 ):
• substituents R 10 are selected independently of each other from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C 1-3 -alkyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, amino, acetylamino, methylsulfonylamino, carboxy, C 1-4 -alkyloxycarbonyl, amino-carbonyl, C 1-3 -alkylaminocarbonyl, di-(C 1-3 -alkyl)-aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, methyl-sulfanyl, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, phenyl, hydroxy, C 1-3 -alkyloxy, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy.
• substituents R 10 are selected independently from fluorine, chlorine, methyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, hydroxy, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy.
• substituents R 10 are selected independently from fluorine, chlorine, and methyl.
• substituents R 11 are selected independently of each other from the group consisting of fluorine, C 1-3 -alkyl, phenyl, hydroxy, C 1-3 -alkyloxy, cyano, carboxy, C 1-4 -alkyloxy-carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1-4 -alkylamino-carbonyl, di-(C 1-4 -alkyl)-aminocarbonyl, hydroxy-C 1-4 -alkyl, and C 1-3 -alkyloxy-C 1-4 -alkyl.
• substituents R 11 are selected independently from fluorine, C 1-3 -alkyl, hydroxy, and C 1-3 -alkyloxy.
• substituents R 11 are selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, hydroxy, or methoxy,
• substituents R 12 are selected independently of each other from the group consisting of fluorine and C 1-3 -alkyl,
• Definitions (x i ) for X comprise the options x 1 for X ⁇ CH and x 2 for X ⁇ N.
• Each a i , b i , c i , d i , . . . , p i , x i represents a characterised, individual embodiment for the corresponding substituent as described above. So given the above definitions, preferred individual embodiments of the first aspect of the invention are fully characterised by the term (a i b i c i d i e i f i g i h i j i k i l i i i i i i i i i i i i i i m i n i o i p i x i ) if for each letter i in this term an individual figure is given. Indices i vary independently from each other. All individual embodiments described by the term in brackets with full permutation of indices i, referring to the above definitions, shall be comprised by the present invention.
• bicyclic azacycloalkene core structure of general formulae I.1 to I.9 condensed with ring A and attached to the carbonyl group is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents, preferably with 1 to 5, most preferred 1, 2, or 3 substituents, independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 , and
• ring B and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 11 , R 12 are defined as hereinbefore and hereinafter, their tautomers, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof, while the compounds of general formula II as defined hereinbefore are excluded.
• 2,6-methano-azocin core structure with the stereochemical configuration as depicted is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 , and wherein the ring B and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 11 , R 12 are defined as hereinbefore and hereinafter, their tautomers, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof.
• 2,6-methano-azocin core structure with the stereochemical configuration as depicted is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or more substituents, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, independently of each other selected from the group consisting of R 11 and R 12 , and wherein the ring B and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 11 , R 12 are defined as hereinbefore and hereinafter, their tautomers, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof.
• substituted means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
• partially unsaturated means that in the designated group or moiety 1, 2, or more, preferably 1 or 2, double bonds are present. Preferably as used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” does not cover fully unsaturated groups or moieties.
• halogen denotes an atom selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
• C 1-n -alkyl wherein n may have a value of 1 to 18, denotes a saturated, branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group with 1 to n C atoms.
• groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, etc.
• C 2-n -alkenyl wherein n has a value of 3 to 6, denotes a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group with 2 to n C atoms and a C ⁇ C double bond.
• groups include ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl etc.
• C 2-n -alkynyl wherein n has a value of 3 to 6, denotes a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group with 2 to n C atoms and a C ⁇ C triple bond.
• groups include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl etc.
• alkynyl groups are connected to the remainder of the molecule via the C atom in position 1. Therefore terms such as 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, etc. are equivalent to the terms 1-propyn-1-yl, 2-propyn-1-yl, 1-butyn-1-yl, etc. This also applies analogously to C 2-n -alkenyl groups.
• C 1-n -alkoxy denotes a C 1-n -alkyl-O group, wherein C 1-n -alkyl is as hereinbefore defined.
• groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, iso-pentoxy, neo-pentoxy, tert-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, iso-hexoxy, etc.
• C 1-n -alkylcarbonyl denotes a C 1-n -alkyl-C( ⁇ O) group, wherein C 1-n -alkyl is as hereinbefore defined.
• groups include methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, n-propylcarbonyl, iso-propylcarbonyl, n-butylcarbonyl, iso-butylcarbonyl, sec-butylcarbonyl, tert-butylcarbonyl, n-pentylcarbonyl, iso-pentylcarbonyl, neo-pentylcarbonyl, tert-pentylcarbonyl, n-hexylcarbonyl, iso-hexylcarbonyl, etc.
• C 3-n -cycloalkyl denotes a saturated mono-, bi-, tri- or spirocarbocyclic group with 3 to n C atoms.
• groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclododecyl, bicyclo[3.2.1.]octyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, norpinyl, norbonyl, norcaryl, adamantyl, etc.
• C 3-7 -cycloalkyl denotes saturated monocyclic groups.
• C 5-n -cycloalkenyl denotes a C 5-n -cycloalkyl group which is as hereinbefore defined and additionally has at least one C ⁇ C double bond.
• C 3-n -cycloalkylcarbonyl denotes a C 3-n -cycloalkyl-C( ⁇ O) group wherein C 3-n -cycloalkyl is as hereinbefore defined.
• tri-(C 1-4 -alkyl)silyl comprises silyl groups which have identical or two or three different alkyl groups.
• di-(C 1-3 -alkyl)amino comprises amino groups which have identical or two different alkyl groups.
• alkyl group is optionally mono- or polyfluorinated this comprises also alkyl residues which are part of larger groups, e.g. alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxyalkyl, etc. or if a (het)aryl group is optionally mono- or polysubstituted with a certain substituent or a set of substituents this also includes (het)aryl groups which are part of larger groups, e.g.
• R 1 or L 2 have e.g. the meaning (het)aryloxy, while (het)aryl residues are optionally mono- or polyfluorinated and (het)aryl denotes inter alia phenyl, the meanings mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentafluoro-phenoxy are also comprised.
• a CH 2 group may be replaced by O, S, NR, CO, or SO 2 .
• a residue having inter alia the meaning hydroxy-C 1-3 -alkyl, in which a CH 2 group may be replaced by CO this comprises carboxy, carboxymethyl, hydroxymethylcarbonyl, carboxyethyl, hydroxymethylcarbonylmethyl, and hydroxyethyl-carbonyl.
• the compounds according to the invention may be obtained using methods of synthesis known in principle.
• the compounds are obtained by the following methods according to the invention which are described in more detail hereinafter.
• a general strategy to access compounds of the invention is delineated in Scheme 1;
• A, X, m, n, and o have the meanings as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter.
• the key reaction to assemble the bicyclic framework is an intramolecular reaction of an amino functionality with a carboxy group that results in the formation of an amide linkage.
• the fusion of the carboxylic acid function and the amino group may be carried out with or without an additive at elevated temperatures, preferably between 20 and 200° C.
• Additives that remove the water forming during the reaction such as molecular sieves or orthoesters, or other additives such as bases, e.g. hexamethyldisilazides, or boronic acids may facilitate the reaction.
• acyl halides or pseudohalides are acyl chloride, acyl fluoride, and acylcyanide.
• esters and thioesters are derived from e.g.
• mixed anhydrides are derived from alkylcarboxylic acids, e.g. pivalic acid, carbonates, e.g. methyl and ethyl carbonate, carbamates, e.g. N,N-dimethyl carbamate, phosphoric acids, e.g.
• N acylated derivatives derived from azaheteroaromatics such as imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, or pyridine such as e.g. 4-dimethylaminopyridine may be used as well.
• Some of the more popular reagents used for the activation of the carboxylic acid function are N,N′-carbonyldiimidazol, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)dipiperidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate or tetrafluoroborate, (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)dipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate or tetrafluoroborate, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide methiodide, POCl 3 , SOCl 2 , (COCl) 2 , COCl 2 , arylboronic acid, TiCl 4 , (MeO) 2 POCl, cyanuric chloride, 1-hydroxybenzotriazol, 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazol, benzoltriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethyla
• ethyldiisopropylamine triethylamine, alkali metal carbonate, pyridine, 4-dimethylamino-pyridine, imidazole, dimethylaluminum amides, lithium amides, alkali metal cyanide, or alkali metal hexamethyldisilazide.
• the reactions are preferably conducted in organic solvents but may also be carried out in aqueous solvents.
• organic solvents ordinarily used are N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, ether, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, benzene, ethyl acetate, quinoline, pyridine, or mixtures thereof.
• the reactions may be carried out at ⁇ 80° C. to 220° C., preferably between ⁇ 10° C. and 120° C. Subsequently, the lactam group is reduced to give the secondary amine.
• This transformation is a well established reaction that may be carried out, for example, using LiAlH 4 , hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, NaBH 4 in the presence of e.g. iodine, LiBH 4 , borane, sodium in propanol, Cl 3 SiH, silanes, e.g. Et 3 SiH, in the presence of a transition metal such as rhenium, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), LiBH 3 NMe 2 , or Et 3 SiH combined with LiEt 3 BH.
• Solvents such as e.g.
• tetrahydrofuran, ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, hexane, benzene, toluene, dichloromethane, alcohols, water, or mixtures thereof may be employed at ⁇ 78° C. to 200° C., preferably between ⁇ 10° C. and 120° C.; though, in combination with some reducing reagents only a few of these solvents are usable. This strategy is well suited for the synthesis of the scaffolds I.1 to I.9.
• A, X, m, n, and o have the meanings as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter.
• the bicyclic framework is formed via an intramolecular reductive amination reaction of a primary amine with a ketone functionality. Reductive aminations have large precedence in organic chemistry and may be carried out e.g. using hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as one derived from Ni, Rh, Pd, or Pt, borohydride reagents, e.g.
• sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride zinc in combination with hydrochloric acid, PhSiH 3 with Bu 2 SnCl 2 , B 10 H 14 , or formic acid or salts thereof.
• Some of these reagents are preferably used in combination with an additive such as acid, e.g. acetic acid or mineral acid.
• the reactions are preferably conducted in organic solvents or aqueous mixtures, e.g.
• the reactions may be carried out at ⁇ 80° C. to 200° C., preferably between ⁇ 10° C. and 100° C.
• Scheme 4 shows another approach to assemble the bicyclic framework.
• This approach is based on an intramolecular alkylation of the nitrogen group with an appropriate electrophile of the side-chain.
• the nitrogen group may be an amino group, i.e. R a denotes e.g. hydrogen, methyl, allyl, benzyl, or dimethoxybenzyl, or an amide group, i.e. R a denotes e.g.
• a base such as e.g. triethylamine, ethyldiisopropylamine, diazabicycloundecene, alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal tert-butoxide, alkali metal diisopropylamide, butyllithium, or sodium hydride.
• the stronger bases among them are preferably used in combination with the amides in e.g.
• N-methylpyrrolidinone dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, ether, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, toluene, benzene, tert-butanol, isopropanol, or mixtures thereof at temperatures between ⁇ 70 and 100° C., preferably between ⁇ 30 and 60° C.
• the milder bases listed are preferably used in combination with the amines in dichloromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, ether, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, toluene, benzene, methanol, ethanol, tert-butanol, isopropanol, water, or mixtures thereof at temperatures between 0 and 140° C., preferably between 20 and 120° C.
• the conditions originally reported by Mitsunobu may be used as well.
• a phosphine e.g. triphenylphosphine or tributylphosphine
• an azodicarboxylate e.g. diethyl azodicarboxylate, diisopropyl azodicarboxylate, or azodicarboxylic dipiperidide.
• Suited solvents may be selected from among N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, ether, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, toluene, benzene, and mixtures thereof.
• the reaction is preferably conducted at temperatures between 0 and 100° C.
• LG denotes NHR a and NHR a denotes LG, may be applicable as well. Reaction conditions are equivalent to the original way around.
• a further generally applicable approach is based on an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (Scheme 5);
• A, X, m, n, and o have the meanings as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter.
• the aromatic part of the molecule reacts with an activated carbon atom of the azacycle to form the bicyclic framework.
• the reactive intermediate bears a (partially) positively charged carbon atom in the azacycle that may be generated by the addition of a proton of an acid to an olefinic bond or by the activation of an appropriately positioned leaving group.
• a huge number of Br ⁇ nstedt and Lewis acids have been described for this classical reaction that may also be used here.
• hydrobromic acid hydroiodic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, P 4 O 10 , trifluoroacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, trifluormethanesulfonic acid, Sc(OSO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , SnCl 4 , FeCl 3 , AlBr 3 , AlCl 3 , SbCl 5 , BCl 3 , BF 3 , ZnCl 2 , montmorillonites, POCl 3 , and PCl 5 .
• a more or less powerful acid catalyst has to be used.
• silver salts e.g. AgOSO 2 CF 3
• Preferred solvents are hydrocarbons such as hexanes or cyclohexane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane or 1,2-dichloroethane, perfluorinated hydrocarbons, nitrobenzene, chlorinated benzenes, heteroaromatics such as quinoline, dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, ether, ionic liquids, or mixtures thereof.
• the reactions may be carried out between ⁇ 10° C. and 220° C., preferably between 20° C. and 180° C.
• the reactions may also be conducted under microwave irradiation.
• This synthetic strategy is particularly suited for the scaffolds I.1 and I.3 to I.9 bearing an electron rich aromatic.
• the bicyclic scaffold may also be accessed via the route delineated in Scheme 6; m has the meaning as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter and PG and PG′ are protective groups such as e.g. trialkylsilyl for PG and benzyl or methyl for PG′.
• the cyclization is realized by the addition of a radical intermediate, generated from the trichloromethyl group and a chlorine abstracting reagent, onto the double bond. Suited chlorine abstracting reagents are Bu 3 Sn. and (Me 3 Si) 3 Si. that are formed in situ by a radical initiator, such as azobisisobutyronitrile or dibenzoylperoxide, from Bu 3 SnH and (Me 3 Si) 3 SiH, respectively.
• a radical initiator such as azobisisobutyronitrile or dibenzoylperoxide
• the reaction is preferably conducted in benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, or hexanes at elevated temperature.
• This approach is reported inter alia in Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 2399-2410.
• Elaboration of the bicyclic scaffold to the desired compounds may be accomplished after reduction of the amide functionality to the amine and removal of the protecting group at the right-hand end of the molecule and transformation of the CH 2 C ⁇ O sub-structure in the left-hand part of the molecule to one of the aromatics described hereinbefore. These transformations are described hereinbefore and hereinafter and are known for similar compounds from the organic chemistry literature (see e.g. Thomas L. Gilchrist, Heterocyclenchemie , VCH, Weinheim, 1995).
• a compound of general formula I which contains an aromatic substructure, this may be derivatized with a chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom or a nitro, sulfonic acid, chlorosulfonyl, or acyl group to a corresponding compound of general formula I by an electrophilic substitution reaction.
• a compound of general formula I which contains an aromatic amino group
• this may be transformed into a corresponding cyano, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxy, mercapto, or azido compound of general formula I by diazotization and subsequent replacement of the diazo group with cyanide, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, hydroxide, alkyl or hydrogen sulfide, or azide, respectively.
• a compound of general formula I which contains an aromatic amino group, this may be converted into a corresponding aryl derivatized aromatic compound of general formula I by diazotization and subsequent replacement of the diazo group with an appropriate aryl nucleophile mediated by a suited transition metal species.
• a compound of general formula I which contains an aromatic chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy, mesyloxy, or tosyloxy group, this may be converted into a corresponding aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkyl derivatized compound of general formula I by replacement of the respective group by aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkyl using a transition metal species mediated process.
• a compound of general formula I which contains two adjacent heteroatoms that are amino and hydroxy, amino, or mercapto, these heteroatoms may be linked via a carboxy carbon atom to form a cyclic amidine, imino ester, or imino thioester substructure that may be part of an aromatic ring.
• the subsequent esterification is optionally carried out in a solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydro-furan, benzene/tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane or particularly advantageously in the corresponding alcohol optionally in the presence of an acid such as hydrochloric acid or in the presence of a dehydrating agent.
• a solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydro-furan, benzene/tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane or particularly advantageously in the corresponding alcohol optionally in the presence of an acid such as hydrochloric acid or in the presence of a dehydrating agent.
• the reactions are conducted between 0 and 150° C., preferably between 0 and 80° C.
• the subsequent ester formation may also be carried out by reacting a compound which contains a carboxy group with a corresponding alkyl halide.
• the subsequent acylation or sulfonylation is optionally carried out in a solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, benzene/tetrahydrofuran, or 1,4-dioxane with a corresponding acyl or sulfonyl derivative optionally in the presence of a tertiary organic base or in the presence of an inorganic base or in the presence of a dehydrating agent.
• solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, benzene/tetrahydrofuran, or 1,4-dioxane with a corresponding acyl or sulfonyl derivative optionally in the presence of a tertiary organic base or in the presence of an inorganic
• the subsequent alkylation is optionally carried out in a solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, benzene/tetrahydrofuran, or 1,4-dioxane with an alkylating agent such as a corresponding halide or sulfonic acid ester, e.g. methyl iodide, ethyl bromide, dimethylsulfate, or benzyl chloride, optionally in the presence of a tertiary organic base or in the presence of an inorganic base at temperatures between 0 and 150° C., preferably between 0 and 100° C.
• solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, benzene/tetrahydrofuran, or 1,4-
• the subsequent reductive alkylation is carried out with a corresponding carbonyl compound such as e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, or butyraldehyde in the presence of a complex metal hydride such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or sodium cyanoborohydride conveniently at a pH of 6-7 and at ambient temperature or using hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, e.g. palladium/charcoal at a hydrogen pressure of 1 to 5 bar. Methylation may also be carried out in the presence of formic acid as reducing agent at elevated temperature, e.g. between 60 and 120° C.
• a complex metal hydride such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or sodium cyanoborohydride conveniently at a pH of 6-7 and at ambient temperature or using hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, e.
• the subsequent urea formation from an amine is optionally carried out in a solvent or mixture of solvents such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, toluene, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, or 1,4-dioxane with an isocyanate or carbamoyl chloride optionally in the presence of a tertiary organic base, e.g. triethylamine or ethyldiisopropylamine, or in the presence of an inorganic base, e.g. potassium carbonate or calcium oxide, at temperatures between 0 and 180° C., preferably between 5 and 120° C.
• Additives such as pyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine may be beneficial.
• the subsequent reduction of a nitro group is carried out, for example, with hydrogen and a catalyst such as palladium on carbon, platinum dioxide, or Raney nickel, or using other reducing agents such as iron or zinc in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid.
• a catalyst such as palladium on carbon, platinum dioxide, or Raney nickel
• other reducing agents such as iron or zinc in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid.
• the subsequent nitrosation of an imino group followed by reduction to obtain the N-amino-imino compound is carried out, for example, with an alkyl nitrite such as isoamyl nitrite to form the N-nitroso-imino compound that is then reduced to the N-amino-imino compound using, for example, zinc in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid.
• an alkyl nitrite such as isoamyl nitrite
• the subsequent cleaving of a C 1-3 -alkyloxycarbonyl group to obtain the carboxy group is carried out, for example, by hydrolysis with an acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid or an alkali metal hydroxide such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide.
• an acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid
• an alkali metal hydroxide such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide.
• the subsequent amide formation is carried out by reacting a corresponding reactive carboxylic acid derivative with a corresponding amine optionally in a solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, benzene/tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane, while the amine used may also serve as solvent, optionally in the presence of a tertiary organic base or in the presence of an inorganic base or with a corresponding carboxylic acid in the presence of a dehydrating agent.
• solvent or mixture of solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, benzene/tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane
• solvents such as methylene chloride, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene
• chlorine and bromine electrophiles may be e.g. N-halosuccinimide, HOCl, HOBr, tertBuOCl, tertBuOBr, chlorine, bromine, dibromoisocyanuric acid, pyridinium dichlorobromate, pyridinium tribromide, or sulfuryl chloride that may be used alone or in combination with an acid, e.g.
• hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, triflic acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid, or a Lewis acid, e.g. iron(III) halide, borontrifluoride hydrate, borontrifluoride etherate, or aluminum halide.
• Lewis acid e.g. iron(III) halide, borontrifluoride hydrate, borontrifluoride etherate, or aluminum halide.
• Further useful combinations may be LiBr and ceric ammonium nitrate, KCI or KBr with Oxone®, or KBr and sodium perborate.
• Suited iodine electrophiles may be generated from iodine combined with an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid, sulfur trioxide, manganese dioxide, HIO 3 , hydrogen peroxide, sodium periodate, peroxydisulfates, and Oxone®.
• an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid, sulfur trioxide, manganese dioxide, HIO 3 , hydrogen peroxide, sodium periodate, peroxydisulfates, and Oxone®.
• Further suited iodine electrophiles may be e.g. iodine chloride, dichloroiodates, and N-iodosuccinimide. These iodine electrophiles may be used without an additive or in the presence of an acid such as e.g. acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or sulfuric acid, or a Lewis acid such as borontrifluoride hydrate, or copper salts.
• nitro electrophiles may be generated from, for example, nitric acid, acetyl nitrate, ceric ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, N 2 O 5 , alkyl nitrate, and nitronium tetrafluoroborate.
• Some of these reagents may be used without an additive, though, several of them are better used in combination with an acid, e.g. sulfuric acid or triflic acid, acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, Lewis acid, e.g. ytterbium triflate or iron acetate, P 2 O 5 , or a base.
• the SO 3 H group may be introduced by reacting the aromatic compound with, for example, concentrated sulfuric acid, SO 3 , ClSO 3 H, or ClSO 2 NMe 2 combined with indium triflate. Reacting the aromatic compound with ClSO 3 H gives the corresponding chlorosulfonylated derivative that may be hydrolyzed to the sulfonic acid. Acylating the aromatic part is conducted using an acyl electrophile that may be generated from the respective acyl halide, e.g. chloride, or acyl anhydride and a Lewis acid such as e.g.
• Preferred solvents for the electrophilic substitutions described may differ depending on the electrophile employed; in the following some more generally applicable are mentioned: methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, ether, fluorinated hydrocarbons, hexanes, quinoline, or acetonitrile.
• the temperatures preferably applied range from 0 to 180° C.
• a nitrous acid or nitrosonium source or equivalent such as a nitrite salt combined with an acid, e.g. sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate, or an alkylnitrite, e.g. tert-butylnitrite or iso-amylnitrite.
• the diazotization is optionally carried out in methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, water, ethyl acetate, alcohol, ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, or mixtures thereof at temperatures between ⁇ 10° C. and 100° C. (diazotization of amino groups is detailed in, for example, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1976, 15, 251).
• the subsequent displacement of the diazo group for a cyano group, chlorine, or bromine using cuprous cyanide, chloride, or bromide, respectively, is known as the Sandmeyer reaction (see e.g. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, Michael B. Smith and Jerry March, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 6. Ed., New Jersey, 2007 and references quoted therein); the reaction is optionally conducted between ⁇ 10° C. and 120° C. in one of the solvents or mixtures mentioned above.
• the replacement of the diazo group for a fluorine atom may be achieved with a tetrafluoroborate salt or tetrafluoroboric acid and heating to 20 to 160° C.; the reaction is known as the Schiemann reaction.
• Iodine may be introduced by treatment of the diazo compound with an iodide salt, e.g. sodium iodide, preferably using water or an aqueous solvent mixture at temperatures between 0 and 120° C.
• the diazo group is replaced for hydroxy using water or an aqueous solvent mixture at temperatures between 0 and 180° C.
• the reaction usually works without further additives but the addition of cuprous oxide or strong acid may be advantageous.
• Mercapto or alkylmercapto may be introduced via their corresponding disulfide salts or dialkyldisulfides at temperatures between 0 and 120° C.; depending on the sulfur species used an inert solvent or aqueous solvent system may be preferred (see e.g. Synth. Commun. 2001, 31, 1857 and references quoted therein).
• the subsequent replacement of an aromatic amino group by an aryl group may be carried out via the corresponding diazo compound obtainable as described above.
• the reaction with an aryl nucleophile, preferably an aryl boronic acid, boronic ester, trifluoroborate, zinc halide, or stannane is conducted in the presence of a transition metal species derived from palladium, nickel, rhodium, copper, or iron, preferably palladium.
• the active catalyst may be a complex of the transition metal with ligands such as e.g.
• phosphines phosphites, imdiazole carbenes, imidazolidine carbenes, dibenzylideneacetone, allyl, or nitriles, an elemental form of the transition metal such as palladium on carbon or nanoparticles, or salts such as chloride, bromide, acetate, or trifluoroacetate.
• the diazo compound is preferably employed as its tetrafluoroborate salt optionally in methylene chloride, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, water, ethyl acetate, alcohol, ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, or mixtures thereof at temperatures between 10° C. and 180° C., preferably between 20° C. and 140° C.
• the subsequent replacement of an aromatic chloro, bromo, iodo atom or an aromatic trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy, mesyloxy, or tosyloxy group for an aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkyl residue is preferably mediated by a transition metal species derived from palladium, nickel, rhodium, copper, or iron.
• the active catalyst may be a complex of the transition metal with ligands such as e.g. phosphines (e.g.
• tritertbutylphosphine tricyclohexylphosphine, substituted biphenyldicyclohexylphosphines, substituted biphenylditertbutylphosphines, triphenylphosphine, tritolylphosphine, trifurylphosphine, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene), phosphites, imdiazole carbenes, imidazolidine carbenes, dibenzylideneacetone, allyl, or nitriles, an elemental form of the transition metal such as palladium on carbon or nanoparticles of iron or palladium, or a salt such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, acetate, triflate, or trifluoroacetate.
• a salt such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, acetate, triflate, or trifluoroacetate.
• the replacement is preferably conducted with a trifluoroborate, boronic acid, or boronic ester (Suzuki or Suzuki-type reaction), zinc halide (Negishi or Negishi-type reaction), stannane (Stille reaction), silane (Hiyama or Hiyama-type reaction), magnesium halide (Kumada or Kumada-type reaction) of the aryl, alkenyl, or alkyl residue to be introduced.
• the terminal alkyne is preferably used as it is or as the zinc acetylide derivative.
• additives such as halide salts, e.g.
• Copper iodide is a preferred additive in the coupling with a terminal alkyne group (Sonogashira reaction).
• the coupling reactions are optionally conducted in methylene chloride, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, water, ethyl acetate, alcohol, ether, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, or mixtures thereof, though, depending on the nucleophile some of them are less or not suited at all.
• Preferred temperatures are in the range from ⁇ 10° C. to 180° C.
• the subsequent replacement of an aromatic chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom or an aromatic trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy, mesyloxy, or tosyloxy group for a hydrogen atom is preferably mediated by a transition metal species derived from palladium, nickel, platinum, or rhodium.
• the active catalyst may be a complex of the transition metal with ligands, an elemental form, or a salt of the transition metal as mentioned above. Raney nickel or palladium on carbon are among the preferred catalyst species.
• Suited hydrogen sources may be hydrogen, preferably at pressures of 1 to 5 bar, silanes, e.g. trialkoxysilane, boranes, hydrides, e.g.
• alkali metal borohydride formic acid, or formates, e.g. ammonium formate.
• the reactions are preferably carried out in methylene chloride, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, water, ethyl acetate, alcohol, ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, or mixtures thereof at ⁇ 10° C. to 180° C., more preferably at 20° C. to 140° C.
• the subsequent cyclization of two adjacent heteroatoms is optionally conducted with a carboxy equivalent such as nitrile, carboxylic chloride or fluoride, carboxylic acid, ketene, carboxylic ester, or carboxylic thioester.
• the overall transformation consists of two reaction steps: attachment of the carboxy equivalent to one of the two heteroatoms followed by cyclization with the other heteroatom.
• the first step is an amide formation with the amino functionality that may be carried out as described hereinbefore.
• the ensuing reaction step, cyclization with the second heteroatom may be accomplished by heating in the presence of an acid, e.g. acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrochloric acid, or a base, e.g.
• dehydrating reagents such as anhydrides, e.g. acetic anhydride, orthoesters, e.g. trimethylorthoformate, thionylchloride, phosgene, diphosgene, triphosgene, phosphorous oxychloride, phosphorous pentachloride, dialkylcarbodiimides, combinations of phosphines, e.g. triphenylphosphine or trialkylphosphine with dialkyl azodicarboxylates, bromine, iodine, or 1,2-dihaloethanes, e.g.
• anhydrides e.g. acetic anhydride
• orthoesters e.g. trimethylorthoformate
• thionylchloride e.g. trimethylorthoformate
• thionylchloride e.g. trimethylorthoformate
• thionylchloride e.g
• 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane may be advantageous.
• the reactions are preferably carried out in inert solvents or mixtures such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ether, or combinations thereof, though, cyclization in the presence of an acid or a base may also be conducted in water or an alcohol, e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or tertbutanol, or combinations with these solvents.
• the reactions are carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 200° C., preferably between 20° C. and 140° C.
• transition metal species may be derived from palladium, nickel, platinum, rhodium, or ruthenium such as, for example, palladium on charcoal, palladium hydroxide, platinum oxide, or Raney nickel that may be used in solvents such as ethyl acetate, alcohols, e.g.
• methanol or ethanol dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ether, benzene, toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide, or N-methylpyrrolidinone at hydrogen pressures between 1 and 10 bar, preferably between 1 and 5 bar, and at temperatures between 0 and 180° C., preferably between 20 and 120° C.
• Additives such as acids, e.g. hydrochloric acid, methanesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid, may be beneficial for the hydrogenation.
• Appropriate hydride sources may be selected from e.g. borohydrides, e.g.
• Some of these reagents are best used in combination with nickel chloride or cobalt chloride as sodium borohydride.
• These reagents may be used in e.g. tetrahydrofuran, ether, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, or toluene; some are also compatible with alcoholic solutions.
• Preferred reaction temperatures range from ⁇ 80° C. to 160° C., more preferred from ⁇ 40° C. to 80° C.
• the subsequent formation of a N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl group from a cyano group may be carried out by the treatment of the cyano compound with hydroxylamine.
• the reaction is preferably conducted in aqueous or alcoholic solvents at temperatures between 0° C. and 140° C.
• the subsequent formation of an oxadiazole from an N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl is optionally conducted with a carboxy equivalent such as nitrile, carboxylic chloride or fluoride, carboxylic acid, ketene, carboxylic ester, or carboxylic thioester.
• a carboxy equivalent such as nitrile, carboxylic chloride or fluoride, carboxylic acid, ketene, carboxylic ester, or carboxylic thioester.
• the transformation is related to the formation of a ring starting from two adjacent heteroatoms described above and may be carried out analogously.
• a dehydrating reagent such as e.g. anhydride, e.g. acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, or triflic anhydride, phosgene, thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride, POCl 3 , PCl S , P 4 O 10 , triphenylphosphite, or triphenyl- or trialkylphosphine combined with tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane, or bromine.
• a dehydrating reagent such as e.g. anhydride, e.g. acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, or triflic anhydride, phosgene, thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride, POCl 3 , PCl S , P 4 O 10 , triphenylphosphite, or triphenyl- or trialky
• the reactions are preferably carried out in dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, hexanes, ether, 1,4-dioxane, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, mixtures thereof, or without a solvent at temperatures between 0° C. and 140° C.
• Additives such as amines, e.g. pyridine or triethylamine, or N,N-dimethylformamide may be beneficial.
• the subsequent reduction of a keto or an aldehydic group to obtain a secondary or primary alcohol may be carried out with a complex metal hydride such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium triethylborohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, or lithium aluminum hydride.
• a complex metal hydride such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium triethylborohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, or lithium aluminum hydride.
• the reductions may be conducted in e.g. dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, hexanes, ether, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, benzene, toluene, alcohols, e.g.
• reducing agents are compatible with all of these solvents.
• Preferred temperatures are between ⁇ 80° C. and 140° C. depending on the reducing power of the reagent.
• hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst may be used for the reduction.
• the subsequent addition of a carbon nucleophile to a keto or an aldehydic group to obtain a tertiary or secondary alcohol may be carried out with an alkyl or aryl metal compound, preferably with a lithium or magnesium derivative.
• the reactions are preferably conducted in hexanes, ether, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, benzene, toluene, or mixtures thereof between ⁇ 80° C. and 50° C.
• the subsequent conversion of a cyano into a tetrazolyl group may be achieved by reacting the cyanide with sodium azide or trimethylsilyl azide in e.g. toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, alcohol, water, or mixtures thereof.
• Beneficial additives may be ZnBr 2 , Bu 3 SnCl, NH 4 Cl, Bu 2 SnO, AlCl 3 , AlMe 3 , HNEt 3 Cl, and NEt 3 .
• the reactions are preferably conducted between 20° C. and 160° C.
• the subsequent addition of a carbon nucleophile to a keto or an aldehydic group to obtain a tertiary or secondary alcohol may be carried out with an alkyl or aryl metal compound, preferably with a lithium or magnesium derivative.
• the reactions are preferably conducted in hexanes, ether, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, benzene, toluene, or mixtures thereof between ⁇ 80° C. and 50° C.
• the subsequent reduction of a keto or an aldehydic group to obtain a secondary or primary alcohol may be carried out with a complex metal hydride such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium triethylborohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, or lithium aluminum hydride.
• a complex metal hydride such as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium triethylborohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, or lithium aluminum hydride.
• the reductions may be conducted in e.g. dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, hexanes, ether, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, benzene, toluene, alcohols, e.g.
• reducing agents are compatible with all of these solvents.
• Preferred temperatures are between ⁇ 80° C. and 140° C. depending on the reducing power of the reagent.
• hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst may be used for the reduction.
• any reactive group present such as hydroxy, carboxy, amino, alkylamino, or imino group may be protected during the reaction by conventional protecting groups which are cleaved again after the reaction.
• a protecting group for a hydroxy group may be a trimethylsilyl, tertbutyldimethylsilyl, tri isopropylsilyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl, methyl, tert-butyl, allyl, trityl, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, tetrahydropyranyl, methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, or 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl group,
• protecting groups for a carboxy group may be trimethylsilyl, methyl, ethyl, tertbutyl, allyl, benzyl, or tetrahydropyranyl,
• protecting groups for a ketone or aldehyde may be a ketal or acetal, respectively, e.g. derived from methanol, glycol, or propane-1,3-diol,
• protecting groups for an amino, alkylamino, or imino group may be methyl, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, benzyl, methoxy-benzyl, or 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl and for the amino group additionally phthalyl, and
• protecting groups for a terminal alkyne may be trimethylsilyl, trisopropylsilyl, tertbutyldimethylsilyl, or 2-hydroxy-isopropyl.
• Any acyl protecting group may be cleaved, for example, hydrolytically in an aqueous solvent, e.g. in water, isopropanol/water, acetic acid/water, tetrahydrofuran/water, or 1,4-dioxane/water, in the presence of an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid or in the presence of an alkali metal base such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide or aprotically, e.g. in the presence of iodotrimethylsilane, at temperatures between 0 and 120° C., preferably between 10 and 100° C.
• an aqueous solvent e.g. in water, isopropanol/water, acetic acid/water, tetrahydrofuran/water, or 1,4-dioxane/water
• an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulfur
• a trifluoroacetyl group is preferably cleaved by treating with an acid such as hydrochloric acid, optionally in a solvent such as acetic acid, at temperatures between 50 and 120° C. or by treating with sodium hydroxide solution, optionally in an additional solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or methanol, at temperatures between 0 and 80° C.
• an acid such as hydrochloric acid
• a solvent such as acetic acid
• sodium hydroxide solution optionally in an additional solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or methanol
• Any acetal or ketal protecting group used may be cleaved, for example, hydrolytically in an aqueous solvent, e.g. in water, isopropanol/water, acetic acid/water, tetrahydrofuran/water, or 1,4-dioxane/water, in the presence of an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid or aprotically, e.g. in the presence of iodotrimethylsilane, at temperatures between 0 and 120° C., preferably between 10 and 100° C.
• an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid or aprotically, e.g. in the presence of iodotrimethylsilane, at temperatures between 0 and 120° C., preferably between 10 and 100° C.
• a trimethylsilyl group is cleaved, for example, in water, an aqueous solvent mixture or an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a base such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, or sodium methoxide.
• Acids such as e.g. hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or acetic acid may also be suitable.
• the cleavage usually takes place at comparatively low temperatures, e.g. between ⁇ 60 and 60° C.
• Silyl groups other than trimethylsilyl are preferentially cleaved in the presence of an acid, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid, at temperatures between 0° C. and 100° C.
• a particularly suited cleaving method for silyl groups is based on the use of fluoride salts, e.g.
• tetrabutylammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride, or potassium fluoride
• organic solvents such as for example diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethoxyethane, toluene, benzene, dichloroethane, or dichloromethane at temperatures between ⁇ 20 and 100° C.
• a benzyl, methoxybenzyl, or benzyloxycarbonyl group is advantageously cleaved hydrogenolytically, e.g. with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide, or platinum oxide in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, or glacial acetic acid, optionally in the presence of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, at temperatures between 0 and 100° C., preferably between 20 and 60° C., and at hydrogen pressures of 1 to 7 bar, preferably 3 to 5 bar.
• a catalyst such as palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide, or platinum oxide
• a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, or glacial acetic acid
• an acid such as hydrochloric acid
• Trimethylsilyl iodide, boron trichloride, or boron trifluoride in the presence of a scavenger such as anisol, thioanisol, or pentamethylbenzene may also be used with benzylether derivatives.
• An electron-rich benzyl residue, such as methoxybenzyl may also be cleaved oxidatively with e.g. 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) or ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) preferably in an alcoholic or aqueous solvent at temperatures between 10 and 120° C.
• DDQ 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone
• CAN ceric ammonium nitrate
• a 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl group is preferably cleaved in trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of a scavenger
• a tertbutyl or tertbutyloxycarbonyl group is preferably cleaved by treating with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrochloric acid or by treating with iodotrimethylsilane optionally using a solvent such as methylene chloride, 1,4-dioxane, methanol, isopropanol, water, or diethylether.
• an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrochloric acid
• iodotrimethylsilane optionally using a solvent such as methylene chloride, 1,4-dioxane, methanol, isopropanol, water, or diethylether.
• a methyl group at an tertiary amine may be cleaved by the treatment with 1-chloroethyl chloroformate.
• Hydrobromic acid and borontribromide are particularly suited for the cleavage of methylethers.
• the compounds of general formula I may be resolved into their enantiomers and/or diastereomers, as mentioned before.
• cis/trans mixtures may be resolved into their cis and trans isomers, and racemic compounds may be separated into their enantiomers.
• the cis/trans mixtures may be resolved, for example, by chromatography into the cis and trans isomers thereof.
• the compounds of general formula I which occur as racemates may be separated by methods known per se (cf. Allinger N. L. and Eliel E. L. in “Topics in Stereochemistry”, Vol. 6, Wiley Interscience, 1971) into their optical antipodes and diastereomeric mixtures of compounds of general formula I may be resolved into their diastereomers by taking advantage of their different physico-chemical properties using methods known per se, e.g. chromatography and/or fractional crystallization; if the compounds obtained thereafter are racemates, they may be resolved into the enantiomers as mentioned above.
• racemates are preferably resolved by column chromatography on chiral phases or by crystallisation from an optically active solvent or by reacting with an optically active substance which forms salts or derivatives, such as e.g. esters or amides, with the racemic compound.
• Salts may be formed with enantiopure acids for basic compounds and with enantiopure bases for acidic compounds.
• Diastereomeric derivatives are formed with enantiopure auxiliary compounds such as e.g. acids, their activated derivatives, or alcohols. Separation of the diastereomeric mixture of salts or derivatives thus obtained may be achieved by taking advantage of their different physico-chemical properties, e.g.
• Optically active acids in common use for such a purpose are e.g. the D- and L-forms of tartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, di-o-tolyltartaric acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or quinic acid.
• Optically active alcohols applicable as auxiliary may be, for example, (+) or ( ⁇ )-menthol and optically active acyl groups in amides may be, for example, (+)- or ( ⁇ )-menthyloxycarbonyl.
• the compounds of formula I may be converted into salts, particularly for pharmaceutical use into the physiologically acceptable salts with inorganic or organic acids provided that compound I bears a basic residue.
• Acids which may be used for this purpose include for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, or maleic acid.
• the compounds of formula I may be converted into the salts thereof with inorganic or organic bases, particularly for pharmaceutical use into the physiologically acceptable salts thereof.
• bases include, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium isopropoxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium ethoxide, ammonium hydroxide, cyclohexylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, L-lysine, L-arginine, and piperazine.
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof have valuable pharmacological properties, particularly an inhibitory effect on the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the biological properties of the new compounds may be investigated as follows:
• HTRF Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence
• the incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours.
• the amount of cortisol is determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals is then calculated (Em 665*10000/Em 615).
• Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’).
• Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal and IC 50 curves were generated.
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention may for example have IC 50 values below 10000 nM, particularly below 1000 nM, most preferably below 100 nM.
• IC 50 values below 10000 nM, particularly below 1000 nM, most preferably below 100 nM.
• Table 2 compounds of the invention (specified in Table 3) and their inhibitory activity determined as described above are compiled.
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention and the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are theoretically suitable for the treatment and/or preventative treatment of all those conditions or diseases which may be affected by the inhibition of the 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 activity. Therefore, compounds according to the invention are particularly suitable for the prevention or treatment of diseases, particularly metabolic disorders, or conditions such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, complications of diabetes (such as e.g.
• retinopathy retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathies, diabetic foot, ulcers, macroangiopathies, slow or poor wound healing
• metabolic acidosis or ketosis reactive hypoglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, glucose metabolic disorder, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemias of different origins, atherosclerosis and related diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, chronic heart failure, edema and hyperuricaemia.
• beta-cell degeneration such as e.g. apoptosis or necrosis of pancreatic beta cells.
• the substances are also suitable for improving or restoring the functionality of pancreatic cells, and also of increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta cells.
• the compounds according to the invention may also be used as diuretics or antihypertensives and are suitable for the prevention and treatment of acute renal failure.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the compounds may have beneficial effects in treatment or prevention of osteoporosis.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the dynamic interaction between the immune system and the HPA (hypothalamopituitary-adrenal) axis is known, and glucocorticoids help balance between cell-mediated responses and humoral responses.
• the immune reaction is typically biased towards a humoral response in certain disease states, such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and psoriasis. More appropriate would be a cell-based response.
• An 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 inhibitor would bolster a temporal immune response in association with immunization to ensure that a cell based response would be obtained, and as such could be useful in immunomodulation.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the compounds according to the invention are suitable for the prevention or treatment of diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and diabetic complications.
• the dosage required to achieve the corresponding activity for treatment or prevention usually depends on the compound which is to be administered, the patient, the nature and gravity of the illness or condition and the method and frequency of administration and is for the patient's doctor to decide.
• the dosage may be from 1 to 100 mg, preferably 1 to 30 mg, by intravenous route, and 1 to 1000 mg, preferably 1 to 100 mg, by oral route, in each case administered 1 to 4 times a day.
• the compounds of formula I prepared according to the invention may be formulated, optionally together with other active substances, together with one or more inert conventional carriers and/or diluents, e.g.
• the compounds according to the invention may also be used in conjunction with other active substances, particularly for the treatment and/or prevention of the diseases and conditions mentioned above.
• Other active substances which are suitable for such combinations include for example those which potentiate the therapeutic effect of an 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 inhibitor according to the invention with respect to one of the indications mentioned and/or which allow the dosage of an 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 inhibitor according to the invention to be reduced.
• Therapeutic agents which are suitable for such a combination include, for example, antidiabetic agents such as metformin, sulfonylureas (e.g.
• glibenclamide tolbutamide, glimepiride
• nateglinide repaglinide
• thiazolidinediones e.g. rosiglitazone, pioglitazone
• SGLT 2 inhibitors e.g. dapagliflozin, remogliflozin etabonate
• PPAR-gamma-agonists e.g. GI 262570
• antagonists PPAR-gamma/alpha modulators
• PPAR-gamma/alpha modulators e.g. KRP 297
• alpha-glucosidase inhibitors e.g. acarbose, voglibose
• DPPIV inhibitors e.g.
• Sitagliptin Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Alogliptin, Linagliptin), alpha2-antagonists, insulin and insulin analogues, GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogues (e.g. exendin-4) or amylin.
• the list also includes inhibitors of protein tyrosinephosphatase 1, substances that affect deregulated glucose production in the liver, such as e.g.
• lipid lowering agents such as for example HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (e.g. simvastatin, atorvastatin), fibrates (e.g.
• PPAR-alpha agonists e.g. avasimibe
• cholesterol absorption inhibitors such as, for example, ezetimibe
• bile acid-binding substances such as, for example, cholestyramine, inhibitors of ileac bile acid transport, HDL-raising compounds such as CETP inhibitors or ABC1 regulators or active substances for treating obesity, such as sibutramine or tetrahydrolipostatin, SDRIs, axokine, leptin, leptin mimetics, antagonists of the cannabinoid1 receptor, MCH-1 receptor antagonists, MC4 receptor agonists, NPY5 or NPY2 antagonists or ⁇ 3-agonists such as SB-418790 or AD-9677 and agonists of the 5HT2c receptor.
• ACAT inhibitors e.g. avasimibe
• cholesterol absorption inhibitors such as, for example, ezetimibe
• bile acid-binding substances such as, for example,
• drugs for influencing high blood pressure, chronic heart failure or atherosclerosis such as e.g. A-II antagonists or ACE inhibitors, ECE inhibitors, diuretics, ⁇ -blockers, Ca-antagonists, centrally acting antihypertensives, antagonists of the alpha-2-adrenergic receptor, inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and others or combinations thereof are suitable.
• drugs for influencing high blood pressure, chronic heart failure or atherosclerosis such as e.g. A-II antagonists or ACE inhibitors, ECE inhibitors, diuretics, ⁇ -blockers, Ca-antagonists, centrally acting antihypertensives, antagonists of the alpha-2-adrenergic receptor, inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and others or combinations thereof are suitable.
• angiotensin II receptor antagonists examples include candesartan cilexetil, potassium losartan, eprosartan mesylate, valsartan, telmisartan, irbesartan, EXP-3174, L-158809, EXP-3312, olmesartan, medoxomil, tasosartan, KT-3-671, GA-0113, RU-64276, EMD-90423, BR-9701, etc.
• Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are preferably used for the treatment or prevention of high blood pressure and complications of diabetes, often combined with a diuretic such as hydrochlorothiazide.
• a combination with uric acid synthesis inhibitors or uricosurics is suitable for the treatment or prevention of gout.
• a combination with GABA-receptor antagonists, Na-channel blockers, topiramat, protein-kinase C inhibitors, advanced glycation end product inhibitors or aldose reductase inhibitors may be used for the treatment or prevention of complications of diabetes.
• the dosage for the combination partners mentioned above is usefully 1 ⁇ 5 of the lowest dose normally recommended up to 1/1 of the normally recommended dose.
• this invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention or a physiologically acceptable salt of such a compound combined with at least one of the active substances described above as a combination partner, for preparing a pharmaceutical composition which is suitable for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions which can be affected by inhibiting the enzyme 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1.
• HSD 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
• the use of the compound according to the invention, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with another active substance may take place simultaneously or at staggered times, but particularly within a short space of time. If they are administered simultaneously, the two active substances are given to the patient together; while if they are used at staggered times the two active substances are given to the patient within a period of less than or equal to 12 hours, but particularly less than or equal to 6 hours.
• this invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound according to the invention or a physiologically acceptable salt of such a compound and at least one of the active substances described above as combination partners, optionally together with one or more inert carriers and/or diluents.
• a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention comprises a combination of a compound of formula I according to the invention or a physiologically acceptable salt of such a compound and at least one angiotensin II receptor antagonist optionally together with one or more inert carriers and/or diluents.
• the compound according to the invention, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, and the additional active substance to be combined therewith may both be present together in one formulation, for example a tablet or capsule, or separately in two identical or different formulations, for example as a so-called kit-of-parts.
• ambient temperature and “room temperature” are used interchangeably and designate a temperature of about 20° C.
• Phenylacetylene (15.4 mL) is added to a mixture of 2-bromo-4-methyl-pyridine (20.0 g), CuI (2.2 g), and Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (4.1 g) in triethylamine (600 mL) kept under argon atmosphere. The mixture is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Then, water is added and the resulting mixture is extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic extracts are washed with brine and dried (MgSO 4 ). The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 9:1 ⁇ 4:1) to give the product as an oil.
• Iodomethane (8.3 mL) is added to a solution of 4-methyl-2-phenethyl-pyridine (17.5 g) in acetonitrile (70 mL). The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature overnight before another portion of iodomethane (2.8 mL) is added and the solution is further stirred at ca. 35° C. for another 14 h. After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate is separated by filtration, washed with acetonitrile, and dried at 50° C.
• the starting material 3,11,11-trimethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-6-ol, may be obtained in analogy to EP 28717 (1981) from 2-benzyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-piperidinone.
• the starting material 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester, may be obtained in analogy to J. Med. Chem. 1962, 5, 357-361 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,957 (1972) from 8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-6-carbonitrile.
• the methoxy group on the aromatic ring may be cleaved by using boron tribromide in dichloromethane or hydrobromic acid in acetic acid (see e.g. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 4135-4142; J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 165-174).
• the starting material may be obtained as described in Example XXII(1).
• the resulting mixture is extracted with dichloromethane and the combined organic extracts are dried (MgSO 4 ). After removal of the solvent, the residue is taken up in ethanol (20 mL) and the resulting solution is treated with oxalic acid (3 mL) to obtain the oxalate salt of the title compound.
• the compound is prepared from (2R,6S)-9-methoxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine [tartaric acid salt, for preparation see WO 9959976 (1999)] and isolated as the hydrogen bromide salt.
• Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (8.7 g) is added to a solution of 6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-9-ol (12.0 g) and triethylamine (8 ml) in 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The solution is stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, ethyl acetate is added and the organic phase is separated. The aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic extract and phase are combined. The organic phase is washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid, water, and brine, and then dried (MgSO 4 ). After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue is crystallized from diisopropyl ether to give the title compound.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure starting material that in turn may be obtained as described in Example XIII(1) or by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase.
• the synthesis of the racemic starting material is described in EP 521422 (1993).
• Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (9.7 mL) is added to a solution of 3-benzyl-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-10-ol (13.7 g, the compound may be obtained by reductive amination of benzaldehyde with (2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-10-ol and NaHB(OAc) 3 in 1,2-dichloroethane), triethylamine (43 mL), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (50 mg) in dichloromethane (135 mL) chilled to ⁇ 10° C.
• Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (2.79 g) is added to a mixture of (2R,6S)-trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 3-benzyl-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-10-yl ester (7.30 g) and zinc cyanide (2.85 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (35 mL) kept in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 6 h.
• the compound is prepared from 6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-9-carbonitrile applying the procedure described above.
• the compound is prepared from (2R,6R,11S)-6,11-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-8-carbonitrile applying the procedure described above.
• Pd(OH) 2 (0.20 g) is added to a solution of (2R,6S)-3-benzyl-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-10-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1.13 g) in ethanol (20 mL). The resulting mixture is stirred under hydrogen atmosphere (50 psi) at room temperature overnight. Then, the catalyst is separated by filtration and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product.
• Aqueous 2 M Na 2 CO 3 solution (5 mL) is added to a mixture of 6,11,11-trimethyl-9-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.00 g) and phenylboronic acid (0.34 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture is flushed with argon and then 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II) dichloride dichloromethane complex (0.18 g) is added.
• the mixture is heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, water is added and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts are dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 9:1 ⁇ 1:1) to give the product as a colorless oil.
• Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) is added to a solution of 6,11,11-trimethyl-9-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.30 g) in dichloromethane (2.5 mL). The solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude trifluoroacetic acid salt of the title compound is used without further purification.
• the compounds are purified by HPLC on reversed phase (MeCN/water) to obtain the pure compounds.
• the compound is obtained as its trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• the compound is obtained as its trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• the compound is obtained as its double trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• the compound is obtained as its double trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2S,6R)-8-methoxy-6,9,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2R,6S)-8-methoxy-6,9,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2S,6R)-9-methoxy-6,8,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2R,6S)-9-methoxy-6,8,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound is obtained as its trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• the starting material ⁇ (1R,3R)-3-[(2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carbonyl]-cyclopentyl ⁇ -carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, is obtained from (2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine and (1R,3R)-3-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid employing procedure B.
• the compound may be obtained from 1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester employing the procedure described above.
• the reduction may be conducted in analogy to J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 5233-5239.
• Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.34 g) is added to a solution of 6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-8,9-diol (0.44 g) and triethylamine (0.43 mL) in dichloromethane (5 mL). The solution is stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then, the solution is washed twice with water and once with brine. After drying (MgSO 4 ), the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to yield the product.
• Isopropanolic hydrochloric acid (5 mol/L, 0.55 mL) is added to 8,9-methylenedioxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.19 g) dissolved in dichloromethane (2 mL). The resulting solution is stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Then, the solution is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title product as its hydrochloric acid salt.
• the racemic product mixture is resolved into its enantiomers by using HPLC on chiral phase.
• the compound may also be obtained in analogy to the procedure described in J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 2922-2930.
• the debenzylation of the starting compound is carried out with Pd(OH) 2 as described above.
• Trifluoroacetic anhydride (5.0 mL) is added to a solution of the hydrobromic acid salt of (2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-10-ol (5.0 g) and triethylamine (5.5 mL) in dichloromethane (50 mL) chilled in an ice bath. The resulting solution is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Then, water is added, the resulting mixture is stirred for an additional 15 min, and the organic phase is separated. The organic phase is washed with water and brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and the solvent is evaporated. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane 1:4) to give the product as a foam-like solid.
• Nitric acid (0.4 mL) is slowly added to a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[(2R,6S)-10-hydroxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-ethanone (2.9 g) in acetic acid (5 mL) chilled in an ice bath. The ice bath is removed and the solution is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The solution is poured into ice-cold water and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts are washed with brine and dried (Na 2 SO 4 ). After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane 1:9 ⁇ 1:3).
• Methyl iodide (80 ⁇ L) is added to a mixture of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[(2R,6S)-10-hydroxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-9-nitro-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-ethanone (0.40 g) and potassium carbonate (0.17 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight, before another portion of methyl iodide (80 ⁇ L) and potassium carbonate (0.16 g) are added. The mixture is stirred for another 6 h at room temperature.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2S,6R)-8-hydroxy-6,9,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2R,6S)-8-hydroxy-6,9,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2S,6R)-9-hydroxy-6,8,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase or by using the enantiomerically pure (2R,6S)-9-hydroxy-6,8,11,11-tetramethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
• the compound is obtained in a mixture with 8-hydroxy-9-methoxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and 8,9-dimethoxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester from 8,9-dihydroxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester that may be resolved by HPLC on reversed phase (MeCN/H 2 O).
• the compound is obtained in a mixture with 9-hydroxy-8-methoxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and 8,9-dimethoxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester from 8,9-dihydroxy-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester that may be resolved by HPLC on reversed phase (MeCN/H 2 O).
• the compound may be obtained from the racemic mixture by HPLC on chiral phase.
• Chlorosulfonic acid (1.15 mL) is slowly added to a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[(2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-ethanone (0.90 g) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at room temperature. Then, the solution is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The solution is poured into ice-cold water and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts are washed with brine and dried (MgSO 4 ). The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give the crude title compounds as a mixture that is used without further purification.
• Dimethylamine (3.3 mL, 2 M in tetrahydrufuran) is added to a mixture of (2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-8-sulfonyl chloride and (2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine-9-sulfonyl chloride (0.90 g, crude product from Example XXXVI) dissolved in ethanol (5 mL) and chilled in an ice bath.
• Methylamine is used as coupling partner.
• Ammonia is used as coupling partner.
• Acetyl chloride (0.25 mL) is added to a suspension of AlCl 3 (1.3 g) in dichloromethane (5 mL) chilled in an ice bath. After stirring the mixture for 5 min, (2R,6S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl)-ethanone (1.0 g) dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) is added dropwise. The mixture is stirred at ambient temperature overnight and then poured into ice-cold half-concentrated hydrochloric acid (20 mL).
• Ammonium nitrate (2.2 g) is added to a solution of (2R,6R,11R)-8-methoxy-6,11-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocine (7.0 g) in concentrated sulfuric acid (25 mL) chilled to ⁇ 5° C. Then, the cooling bath is removed and the solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h. The reaction solution is diluted with water and basified using 1 M aqueous NaOH solution. The resulting mixture is extracted with dichloromethane, the combined extracts are dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent is evaporated. The residue is purified by HPLC on reversed phase (MeCN/H 2 O/F 3 CCO 2 H) to give the product as the trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• MeSO 2 Na (0.79 g) is added to a mixture of CuI (1.5 g) and 1-[(2R,6S)-8-bromo-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone/1-[(2R,6S)-10-bromo-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (300 mg, crude product from Example XLVI) in dimethylsulfoxide (6 mL).
• the resulting mixture is heated to 120° C. and stirred at this temperature overnight. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mixture is poured into a solution of concentrated aqueous ammonia solution (20 mL) and water (80 mL). The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts are washed with 2 M ammonia solution and brine. After drying (MgSO 4 ), the solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by HPLC on reversed phase (MeCN/water) to give the two title compounds separated.
• Nitric acid (0.16 mL) is added to a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (0.65 mL) in dichloromethane (4 mL) chilled in an ice bath (ca. 0° C.). After stirring for 10 min, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[(2R,6S)-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-ethanone (0.50 g) in dichloromethane (5 mL) is added. The resulting solution is stirred in the cooling bath for 2 h and then at ambient temperature overnight.
• Glyoxal (40% in water, 95 ⁇ L) is added to 1-[(2R,6S)-8,9-diamino-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (260 mg) dissolved in ethanol (3 mL) and chilled in an ice bath. The cooling bath is removed and the solution is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Then, the solution is concentrated and the residue is taken up in methanol (1 mL) and treated with 4 M aqueous NaOH solution (0.38 mL).
• the compound is obtained by using diacetyl according to the procedure described above.
• reaction is carried out with formic acid instead of acetic acid.
• Methyl iodide (69 ⁇ L) is added to a mixture of (2R,6S)-1-(8,9-imidazo-6,11,11-trimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-2,6-methano-benzo[d]azocin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (300 mg) and K 2 CO 3 (118 mg) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL). The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, water is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts are washed with brine and dried (MgSO 4 ).
• the two isomeric compounds (1) and (2) were obtained from the same starting compound and separated by HPLC on reversed phase.
• Diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.5 mol/L in toluene, 21 mL) is added to a solution of acetic acid 2-benzyl-3-oxo-2-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-yl ester (1.50 g, for synthesis see J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1999, 1157-1162) in toluene (30 mL) cooled to ⁇ 70° C. The cooling bath is removed and the solution is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Then, another portion of diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.5 mol/L in toluene, 20 mL) is added and the solution is stirred for additional 4 h at room temperature.
• the solution is poured into ice-cold water and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the aqueous phase is acidified using 4 M hydrochloric acid and extracted one more time with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic extracts are dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and the solvent is removed.
• the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane/methanol 1:0 ⁇ 2:1).
• Dess-Martin periodinane (1.30 g) is added to a solution of 2-benzyl-2-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-6-ol (0.60 g) in dichloromethane (15 mL) chilled in an ice bath. The cooling bath is removed and the solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. Then, the solution is diluted with dichloromethane and washed with a mixture of aqueous Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution and aqueous NaHCO 3 solution. The solution is dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and the solvent is removed. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane/methanol 1:0 ⁇ 2:1).

Landscapes

• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Diabetes (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Obesity (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Endocrinology (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
• Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
• Other In-Based Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
• Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Related Parent Applications (2)

Related Child Applications (1)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=41319098

Family Applications (2)

Family Applications After (1)

Country Status (8)

Families Citing this family (42)

Citations (76)