US8553320B2 - Infrared optical system and infrared imaging apparatus - Google Patents

Infrared optical system and infrared imaging apparatus Download PDF

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US8553320B2
US8553320B2 US13/338,560 US201113338560A US8553320B2 US 8553320 B2 US8553320 B2 US 8553320B2 US 201113338560 A US201113338560 A US 201113338560A US 8553320 B2 US8553320 B2 US 8553320B2
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infrared
lens
optical
optical system
optical element
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US20120176668A1 (en
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Masahiro Saito
Hidetoshi Kabasawa
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Sony Corp
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Sony Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
    • G02B13/14—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below for use with infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
    • G02B1/041—Lenses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
    • G02B27/4205—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive optical element [DOE] contributing to image formation, e.g. whereby modulation transfer function MTF or optical aberrations are relevant
    • G02B27/4211—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive optical element [DOE] contributing to image formation, e.g. whereby modulation transfer function MTF or optical aberrations are relevant correcting chromatic aberrations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
    • G02B9/12—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
    • G02B9/34—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having four components only

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to an infrared optical system used in a system that captures an infrared image, for example, a thermograph and a night vision device, and an infrared imaging apparatus using the infrared optical system.
  • Far-infrared light has a wavelength band ranging from 8 to 12 ⁇ m and is emitted, for example, from humans and animals in the form of heat, that is, in the form of infrared radiation.
  • far-infrared light is used in imaging in a dark place, observation of a temperature distribution, and other similar applications.
  • An optical system for collecting far-infrared light includes no glass lens for collecting typical visible light due to its low transmittance for far-infrared light but in many cases a lens made of germanium (Ge) or any other material that transmits a sufficient amount of infrared light. Since germanium has a high refractive index of about four, the surface reflectance is high but absorptance is nearly zero, which allows a high transmittance of 90% or higher to be achieved when an appropriate antireflection film is coated.
  • Germanium is, however, very expensive because it is a rare mineral.
  • Lens materials that are less expensive but have lower transmittance than germanium include silicon (Si), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), chalcogenide glass, which is a compound of chalcogen and germanium, and other crystalline materials.
  • ZnS zinc sulfide
  • chalcogenide glass Press working of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and chalcogenide glass is under investigation, but a lens or an optical system for far-infrared light has not yet been produced at low cost so far.
  • JP-A-2010-39243 discloses an optical system using three Ge lenses.
  • the optical system shows excellent optical characteristics within a viewing angle of 30 degrees or greater.
  • JP-A-2010-39243 using spherical lenses allows the processing cost to decrease.
  • ZnS the material cost of which is less expensive than Ge
  • aspheric surfaces are employed. As a result, difficulty in processing aspheric surfaces and a long processing period make it difficult to reduce the cost.
  • JP-A-2008-128913 which discloses a case where a polyethylene lens is used to correct aberrations and a silicon lens is used to collect light, since the polyethylene lens is disposed in a position closest to an object, the polyethylene lens is inevitably degraded by an external force and ultraviolet radiation. Further, since the optical system is not symmetric with respect to an aperture, aberration correction capability may not be sufficient.
  • an infrared optical system configured as follow.
  • an infrared optical system includes a first optical element, a second optical element, a third optical element, and a fourth optical element arranged along a direction from an object side toward an image plane side.
  • the fourth optical element has positive refracting power, and an aperture is provided between the second optical element and the third optical element.
  • the first and fourth optical elements are made of any one of silicon (Si), chalcogenide glass, and zinc sulfide (ZnS).
  • the second and third optical elements are made of a resin material, and at least one of a surface facing the object and a surface facing the image plane of each of the second and third optical elements is an aspheric surface.
  • an infrared imaging apparatus configured as follow.
  • an infrared imaging apparatus includes an infrared optical system according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, an infrared detection unit that detects infrared light collected through the infrared optical system, and an image signal acquisition unit that produces an infrared image signal based on an infrared detection signal provided from the infrared detection unit.
  • the second and third optical elements disposed between the first optical element and the fourth optical element are made of a resin material and have aspheric surfaces, as described above.
  • a resin material allows the material cost and hence the product cost to be reduced. Further, when a lens is made of a resin material, an aspheric surface can be formed in press working or any other simple method, whereby the processing cost and hence the product cost can be reduced as compared with a case where an infrared lens of related art made, for example, of silicon undergoes aspheric surface processing.
  • the second and third optical elements are sandwiched between the first and fourth optical elements made of anyone of silicon, chalcogenide glass, and zinc sulfide.
  • the first and fourth optical elements are made of a crystalline material having low transmittance in the visible range, the second and third optical elements made of a resin can be effectively protected from visible light.
  • an infrared optical system and an infrared imaging apparatus having satisfactory optical characteristics within a far-infrared range and achievable at low cost are provided.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of an infrared imaging apparatus 1 according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 2 summarizes of the configuration of an infrared optical system according to the embodiment
  • FIG. 3 shows infrared transmittance of Si produced by using an FZ method and a CZ method
  • FIG. 4 shows the configuration of an infrared optical system of Example 1
  • FIG. 5 shows coefficients of the shapes of lenses (and stop) and distances between the surfaces of the lenses in the infrared optical system of Example 1;
  • FIG. 6 shows a resolution characteristic (MTF) of the infrared optical system of Example 1 at a variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm);
  • FIG. 7 shows the configuration of an infrared optical system of Example 2.
  • FIG. 8 shows coefficients of the shapes of lenses (and stop) and distances between the surfaces of the lenses in the infrared optical system of Example 2;
  • FIG. 9 shows the resolution characteristic (MTF) of the infrared optical system of Example 2 at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm);
  • FIG. 10 shows the configuration of an infrared optical system of Example 3.
  • FIG. 11 shows coefficients of the shapes of lenses (and stop) and distances between the surfaces of the lenses in the infrared optical system of Example 3.
  • FIG. 12 shows the resolution characteristic (MTF) of the infrared optical system of Example 3 at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm).
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of an infrared imaging apparatus 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the infrared imaging apparatus 1 includes an optical block 2 , an image sensor 3 , an image signal acquisition unit 4 , and an image signal processing unit 5 , as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the optical block 2 collectively represents an infrared optical system according to an embodiment that will be described later.
  • the optical block 2 collects infrared light (infrared radiation), which is indicated as incident light Li in FIG. 1 , from a subject (object) on an imaging surface (image plane) of the image sensor 3 .
  • the image sensor 3 detects the infrared radiation collected by the optical block 2 and produces an infrared detection signal according to the amount of infrared radiation from the subject.
  • an infrared detection device that should be accommodated in the image sensor 3 is, for example, a pyroelectric device.
  • a thermopile device to which a thermocouple that produces a Seebeck effect is connected, a bolometer device using a phenomenon in which resistance changes as the temperature rises, and other infrared detection devices can also be used.
  • the infrared detection device should not be limited to those described above but can be any device capable of detecting infrared radiation.
  • the image signal acquisition unit 4 receives the infrared detection signal produced by the image sensor 3 (detection signal produced by each infrared detection device described above) and produces an infrared image signal.
  • the image signal processing unit 5 performs a variety of image signal processing operations on the captured image signal produced by the image signal acquisition unit 4 .
  • the image signal processing unit 5 performs black level correction, defective pixel interpolation, aberration correction, optical shading correction, lens distortion correction, temperature adjustment, calculation of the amount of change in distance, and coding.
  • An output from the image signal processing unit 5 is delivered to a display (image display apparatus) external to the imaging apparatus via an interface and other components (not shown).
  • FIG. 2 summarizes of an internal configuration of the optical block 2 .
  • FIG. 2 also shows the image sensor 3 along with the summary of the inside of the optical block 2 .
  • the optical block 2 includes a first lens 10 , a second lens 11 , a third lens 13 , and a fourth lens 14 arranged in the direction from the object side to the image plane side, as shown in FIG. 2 . Further, an aperture stop 12 is provided between the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 .
  • the first lens 10 , the second lens 11 , the aperture stop 12 , the third lens 13 , and the fourth lens 14 are disposed in a lens barrel.
  • the optical block 2 which includes at least the first lens 10 , the second lens 11 , the aperture stop 12 , the third lens 13 , and the fourth lens 14 , employs the following configuration in order not only to provide satisfactory optical characteristics primarily within a far-infrared range (8 to 12 ⁇ m) but also to be manufactured at a low cost.
  • the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made of any one of silicon (Si), chalcogenide glass, and zinc sulfide (ZnS).
  • the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made of a resin material, and at least one of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is an aspheric surface for aberration correction.
  • Forming the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 with a resin material allows the material cost and hence the product cost to be reduced. Further, when they are made of a resin material, the aspheric surfaces can be formed, for example, in injection molding or press working, whereby the manufacturing period is greatly shortened as compared with a case where a lens made of silicon or any other crystalline material undergoes surface processing, and the cost can be reduced also in this regard.
  • the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are sandwiched between the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 made of any one of silicon, chalcogenide glass, and zinc sulfide, as described above.
  • the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made of any one of silicon, chalcogenide glass, and zinc sulfide, in other words, made of a crystalline material having low transmittance in the visible range.
  • each lens in an optical system is disposed in a lens barrel, and no lens other than a lens disposed at an end of the lens barrel will be directly irradiated with visible light.
  • the configuration described above can effectively protect the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 made of a resin material from visible light.
  • a resin lens is sometimes not made of a pure resin but a resin mixed with carbon black typically in order to improve light fastness (primarily against ultraviolet radiation). Mixing carbon black, however, reduces far-infrared transmittance. It should therefore be noted that a resin mixed with carbon black may not be used to form a lens for infrared light.
  • the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 need no aspheric surface.
  • the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 can therefore have spherical or flat object-side and image-plane-side surfaces. Since a spherical surface or a flat surface can be more readily formed than an aspheric surface, the lens formation cost can be reduced. That is, the product cost can be reduced also in this regard.
  • the first lens 10 has a flat object-side surface and a convex image-plane-side surface, as also will be described in the following Examples. That is, the first lens 10 has a plano-convex shape convex toward the image plane.
  • the fourth lens 14 has a plano-convex shape convex toward an object or has a convex object-side surface and a flat image-plane-side surface.
  • a plane-parallel plate typically used to protect the image sensor 3 can be omitted, whereby the number of components can be reduced (see Example 2). That is, the cost can be reduced also in this regard.
  • An example of a resin material that does not greatly absorb far-infrared radiation may be a polyolefin resin.
  • a polyolefin resin a straight-chain polyolefin resin, a high-density polyethylene, or an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene can preferably be used in consideration of material cost, easiness of lens processing, lens strength, and other factors.
  • the high-density polyethylene used herein refers to a polyethylene having a density of 0.942 [kg/m 3 ] or higher.
  • the transmittance of any of the resin materials described above is, however, still lower than that of silicon, chalcogenide glass, zinc sulfide, and other crystalline materials described above.
  • the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 made of a resin material are therefore desirably made thin.
  • the transmittance of a lens decreases when the optical path length along which light passes through the lens increases.
  • the thickness thereof should therefore be so set that the longest optical path length along which light (infrared radiation in this case) passes through the lens is minimized (there are a large number of light rays passing through the lens, and the longest optical path length refers to the one along which a light ray travels the longest distance).
  • the longest optical path length described above is desirably 2 mm or shorter. More desirably, the longest optical path length is 1 mm or shorter in consideration of the sensitivity of the state-of-the-art image sensor 3 .
  • each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is a meniscus lens.
  • a meniscus lens is advantageous in reduction in lens thickness and hence in improvement in infrared transmittance.
  • the second lens 11 is a meniscus lens having a convex object-side surface
  • the third lens 13 is a meniscus lens having a concave object-side surface.
  • the aperture stop 12 is disposed between the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 as described above, the resultant optical configuration is symmetric with respect to the stop 12 .
  • the optical configuration therefore successfully suppresses aberrations.
  • each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 which are responsible for correcting aberrations, has an effective area of each of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface, and the effective area (area through which infrared radiation to be received by the image sensor 3 passes or exits) is so formed that “it is continuous after twice differentiation.”
  • JP-A-10-68656 and JP-A-2009-175018 disclose resin lens-based optical systems used, for example, in human detection sensors.
  • the resin lenses disclosed in JP-A-10-68656 and JP-A-2009-175018 have a surface that is not continuous after twice differentiation, such as a lens array and a Fresnel lens. In this case, the phase plane of an electromagnetic wave passing through an optical surface is disadvantageously shifted.
  • the techniques described in JP-A-10-68656 and JP-A-2009-175018 therefore hardly allow a high-resolution image to be focused.
  • each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 has an effective area of each of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface, and the effective area is so formed that it is continuous after twice differentiation, whereby high resolution is achieved.
  • JP-A-10-68656 and JP-A-2009-175018 rely on infrared sensors having a single pixel or a very small number of pixels, such as a human detection sensor.
  • the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are desirably made of, among silicon, chalcogenide glass, zinc sulfide, and other crystalline materials described above, Si in consideration of material cost.
  • the Si When Si is used, the Si preferably has a resistivity of 400 ⁇ /cm or higher and an oxygen concentration of 1.5 ⁇ 10 18 /cm 3 or lower and is preferably produced in a crystal growth process using an FZ (floating zone) method, a CZ (Czochralski) method, or an MCZ (magnetic field applied CZ) method.
  • FZ floating zone
  • CZ Czochralski
  • MCZ magnetic field applied CZ
  • the high resistivity and the low oxygen concentration mean that the resultant Si lens contains a small amount of impurity. It is known that that the transmittance of an Si lens within the far-infrared range increases as the amount of impurity decreases.
  • FIG. 3 shows infrared transmittance of Si produced by using the FZ method and the CZ method.
  • FIG. 3 shows the transmittance of Si with an AR (anti-reflective) coat provided thereon and with no AR coat provided thereon for each of the manufacturing methods.
  • the broken lines represent results of the CZ method, and the solid lines represent results of the FZ method.
  • the Si shows a decrease in transmittance when the wavelength is 9 ⁇ m and therearound.
  • the decrease in transmittance occurs primarily because oxygen absorbs infrared radiation.
  • FIG. 3 demonstrates that the transmittance can be improved more greatly by using the FZ method than using the CZ method. That is, using the FZ method encourages reduction in oxygen concentration more greatly than using the CZ method or the MCZ method, which is based on the CZ method, whereby more satisfactory optical characteristics are achieved.
  • the FZ method is therefore most desirable of the three methods described above.
  • the Si more desirably has a resistivity of 500 ⁇ /cm or higher and an oxygen concentration of 1.3 ⁇ 10 18 /cm 3 or lower.
  • the Si has a resistivity is 1000 ⁇ /cm or higher and an oxygen concentration of 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 /cm 3 or lower and is produced in a crystal growth process using the FZ manufacturing method.
  • a far-infrared-based device has been increasingly used as a temperature sensor and a human detection sensor.
  • a far-infrared-based device has, however, low resolution and few devices have an optical system capable of clearly forming the shape of a target object, such as a thermo-viewer and a night vision system.
  • the viewing angle is desirably more than 25 degrees or even at least 50 degrees particularly when a far-infrared-based device is used in a night vision system.
  • the viewing angle is desirably at least 65 degrees in security applications.
  • optical system design is performed in consideration of the point described above.
  • an imaging device used within the visible light range may not be used, and the f number needs to be 1.8 or smaller in order to collect a greater amount of light.
  • the f number is desirably 1.3 or smaller in order to increase the amount of collected light and the resolution.
  • optical system design was performed also in consideration of the requirements on the f number.
  • FIG. 4 shows the configuration of the optical block 2 in Example 1.
  • the plane Simg represents the imaging surface of the image sensor 3 shown in FIG. 1 (and FIG. 2 ).
  • FIG. 4 also shows infrared light rays.
  • the light rays indicated by the short broken lines in FIG. 4 represent those focused on a point at an image height of 0 mm, and the light rays indicated by the dotted broken lines represent those focused on a point at an image height of 1.5 mm.
  • the light rays indicated by the solid lines represent those focused on a point at an image height of 3.5 mm, and the light rays indicated by the long broken lines represent those focused on a point at an image height of 5.0 mm.
  • Example 1 the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made of Si, and the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made of a high-density polyethylene.
  • Example 1 a sensor window 15 formed of a flat member is provided as a fifth member counted from the object side.
  • the sensor window 15 is provided to protect the imaging surface of the image sensor 3 .
  • the sensor window 15 is also made of Si.
  • the first lens 10 is a plano-convex lens having positive refracting power and having a flat object-side surface and a spherical image-plane-side surface.
  • the second lens 11 is a meniscus lens having two aspheric surfaces and is convex toward an object.
  • the third lens 13 is a meniscus lens having two aspheric surfaces and is convex toward the image plane.
  • the fourth lens 14 has positive refracting power and has a spherical object-side surface and a flat image-plane-side surface.
  • FIG. 5 shows coefficients of the shapes of the lenses (and aperture stop 12 ) and distances between the surfaces of the lenses.
  • Convex and concave surfaces of a lens are expressed as the function of the radius r as follows.
  • Z(r) represents the height of the lens surface at the radius r measured from the optical axis, which is taken as the center.
  • the height of a surface is negative on the object side, and the height of a surface is positive on the image plane side.
  • R represents the radius of curvature
  • k represents the eccentricity
  • a 4 , A 6 , A 8 , A 10 , . . . represent aspheric coefficients.
  • a surface S 0 represents an object and is placed in a position set apart from the first lens 10 , which is an objective, by 1000 mm in Example 1.
  • a surface S 1 and a surface S 2 represent the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of the first lens 10 , respectively.
  • a surface S 3 and a surface S 4 represent the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of the second lens 11 , respectively.
  • a surface S 5 represents the aperture stop 12 .
  • a surface S 6 and a surface S 7 represent the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of the third lens 13 , respectively.
  • a surface S 8 and a surface S 9 represent the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of the fourth lens 14 , respectively.
  • a surface S 10 and a surface S 11 which are flat surfaces, represent the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of the sensor window 15 , respectively.
  • Example 1 the refractive index of Si of which the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made is 3.4212, and the refractive index of the high-density polyethylene of which the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made is 1.54.
  • the aperture stop 12 has a diameter of 11.426 mm, and the optical block 2 has a focal length of 16 mm, an f number of 1.26, and a horizontal viewing angle of 28 degrees.
  • the thicknesses of the polyethylene lenses which have lower transmittance than that of Si or any other crystalline material, were so set that the longest optical path length, which has been described above, was 0.94 mm for both the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 . That is, the longest optical path length was set to be no greater than 1 mm. In this way, decrease in infrared transmittance can be suppressed.
  • the effective area of each of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is so formed that the effective area is continuous after twice differentiation. That is, the shift of the phase plane described above can be suppressed, whereby the resolution can be improved.
  • FIG. 6 shows a resolution characteristic (MTF) of the optical block 2 of Example 1 at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm).
  • the horizontal axis represents the spatial frequency (lines/mm) and the vertical axis represents the OTF (optical transfer function).
  • the variety of types of lines represent the same things as described above: the short broken lines correspond to the light rays focused on a point at the image height of 0 mm; the dotted broken lines correspond to the light rays focused on a point at the image height of 1.5 mm; the solid lines correspond to the light rays focused on a point at the image height of 3.5 mm; and the long broken lines correspond to the light rays focused on a point at the image height of 5.0 mm.
  • the symbol “T” means a tangential value
  • the symbol “S” means a sagittal value.
  • the image height of 5.0 mm is considered to be 100%. It is desirable that the MTF (OTF) value at 20 lines/mm is 0.3 or greater for the image height of 0 mm, which corresponds to 0%, and the image height of 1.5 mm, which corresponds to 30%, and that the MTF (OTF) value at 10 lines/mm is 0.3 or greater for the image height of 3.5 mm, which corresponds to 70%, and the image height of 5 mm, which corresponds to 100%.
  • the MTF value at 20 lines/mm is 0.598 for the image height of 0 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 20 lines/mm are 0.578 and 0.598, respectively, for the image height of 1.5 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 10 lines/mm are 0.674 and 0.712, respectively, for the image height of 3.5 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 10 lines/mm are 0.489 and 0.523, respectively, for the image height of 5.0 mm. They are all considered to be high resolution.
  • a readily formed plano-convex lens is made of Si, which is a relatively inexpensive material
  • an aberration correcting aspheric lens is made of polyethylene, which is very inexpensive and readily formed, whereby sufficient resolution is achieved while a wide viewing angle of about 30 degrees is provided and increase in cost is minimized.
  • FIG. 7 shows the configuration of the optical block 2 in Example 2.
  • FIG. 7 also shows infrared light rays that are focused at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm).
  • the variety of types of lines represent the same things as described above: the short broken lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 0 mm; the dotted broken lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 1.5 mm; the solid lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 3.5 mm; and the long broken lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 5.0 mm.
  • Example 2 the sensor window 15 , which is provided in Example 1, is omitted. The number of parts is thus reduced, whereby the cost is reduced.
  • Example 2 the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made of Si, and the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made of a high-density polyethylene.
  • the first lens 10 is a plano-convex lens having positive refracting power and having a flat object-side surface and a spherical image-plane-side surface.
  • the second lens 11 is a meniscus lens having two aspheric surfaces and is convex toward an object in this case as well.
  • the third lens 13 is a meniscus lens having two aspheric surfaces and is convex toward the image plane in this case as well.
  • the fourth lens 14 has positive refracting power and has a spherical object-side surface and a flat image-plane-side surface, as in Example 1.
  • FIG. 8 shows coefficients of the shapes of the lenses (and aperture stop 12 ) and distances between the surfaces of the lenses in Example 2.
  • An object on the surface S 0 is placed in a position set apart from the first lens 10 , which is an objective, by 1000 mm in this case as well.
  • the refractive index of Si of which the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made, the refractive index of the high-density polyethylene of which the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made, the diameter of the aperture stop 12 , the focal length, the f number, and the horizontal viewing angle are the same as those in Example 1 in this case as well.
  • each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is so set that the longest optical path length described above is 0.93 mm (that is, the longest optical path length is no greater than 1 mm).
  • the effective area of each of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is so formed that the effective area is continuous after twice differentiation, that is, the shift of the phase plane can be suppressed, whereby the resolution can be improved in this case as well.
  • FIG. 9 shows the resolution characteristic (MTF) of the optical block 2 of Example 2 at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm).
  • the horizontal axis represents the spatial frequency (lines/mm) and the vertical axis represents the OTF.
  • the MTF value at 20 lines/mm is 0.441 for the image height of 0 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 20 lines/mm are 0.47 and 0.499, respectively, for the image height of 1.5 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 10 lines/mm are 0.687 and 0.758, respectively, for the image height of 3.5 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 10 lines/mm are 0.523 and 0.575, respectively, for the image height of 5.0 mm. They are all considered to be high resolution.
  • a readily formed plano-convex lens is made of Si, which is a relatively inexpensive material
  • an aberration correcting aspheric lens is made of polyethylene, which is very inexpensive and readily formed.
  • the fourth lens 14 also serves as the sensor window 15 .
  • FIG. 10 shows the configuration of the optical block 2 in Example 3.
  • FIG. 10 also shows infrared light rays that are focused at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm).
  • the variety of types of lines represent the same things as described above: the short broken lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 0 mm; the dotted broken lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 1.5 mm; the solid lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 3.5 mm; and the long broken lines correspond to light rays focused on a point at the image height of 5.0 mm.
  • Example 3 the sensor window 15 , which is provided in Example 1, is omitted, as in Example 2. The number of parts is thus reduced, whereby the cost is reduced.
  • Example 3 the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made of Si, and the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made of a high-density polyethylene.
  • the first lens 10 is a flat member. That is, the first lens 10 in Example 3 has a flat object-side surface and a flat image-plane-side surface.
  • the other lenses are configured as follows:
  • the second lens 11 is a meniscus lens having two aspheric surfaces and is convex toward an object in this case as well.
  • the third lens 13 is a meniscus lens having two aspheric surfaces and is convex toward the image plane in this case as well.
  • the fourth lens 14 has positive refracting power and has a spherical object-side surface and a flat image-plane-side surface, as in Examples 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 11 shows coefficients of the shapes of the lenses (and aperture stop 12 ) and distances between the surfaces of the lenses in Example 3.
  • An object on the surface S 0 is placed in a position set apart from the first lens 10 , which is an objective, by 1000 mm in this case as well.
  • the refractive index of Si of which the first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made, the refractive index of the high-density polyethylene of which the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made, the diameter of the aperture stop 12 , the focal length, the f number, and the horizontal viewing angle are the same as those in Example 1 in this case as well.
  • each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is so set that the longest optical path length described above is 0.62 mm.
  • the effective area of each of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of each of the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 is so formed that the effective area is continuous after twice differentiation. That is, the shift of the phase plane can be suppressed, whereby the resolution can be improved in this case as well.
  • FIG. 12 shows the resolution characteristic (MTF) of the optical block 2 of Example 3 at the variety of image heights (0 mm, 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5.0 mm).
  • the horizontal axis represents the spatial frequency (lines/mm) and the vertical axis represents the OTF.
  • the MTF value at 20 lines/mm is 0.661 for the image height of 0 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 20 lines/mm are 0.601 and 0.643, respectively, for the image height of 1.5 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 10 lines/mm are 0.597 and 0.745, respectively, for the image height of 3.5 mm.
  • the tangential and sagittal values of the MTF at 10 lines/mm are 0.553 and 0.652, respectively, for the image height of 5.0 mm. They are all considered to be high resolution.
  • a readily formed plano-convex lens or a flat plate is made of Si, which is a relatively inexpensive material, and an aberration correcting aspheric lens is made of polyethylene, which is very inexpensive and readily formed.
  • the fourth lens 14 also serves as the sensor window 15 .
  • the resin material of which the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are made is a high-density polyethylene by way of example, any other resin material that has improved transmittance in the far-infrared range can, of course, be used.
  • first lens 10 and the fourth lens 14 are made of the same crystalline material by way of example, but they can alternatively be made of different materials selected from silicon, chalcogenide glass, and zinc sulfide.
  • the second lens 11 and the third lens 13 are not necessarily made of the same material but may alternatively be made of different materials.
  • At least one of the object-side surface and the image-plane-side surface of the second lens 11 or the third lens 13 which are made of a resin material, may have a diffraction structure that can suppress chromatic aberrations produced among light rays having different wavelengths.

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CN102591012B (zh) 2016-01-20

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