US8331437B2 - Coding apparatus, coding method, coding program and recording medium - Google Patents

Coding apparatus, coding method, coding program and recording medium Download PDF

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US8331437B2
US8331437B2 US11/502,300 US50230006A US8331437B2 US 8331437 B2 US8331437 B2 US 8331437B2 US 50230006 A US50230006 A US 50230006A US 8331437 B2 US8331437 B2 US 8331437B2
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step size
quantization step
bit rate
coding
skip
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US20070036214A1 (en
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Junya Araki
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Sony Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/189—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/192—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type being iterative or recursive
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/124—Quantisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/124—Quantisation
    • H04N19/126—Details of normalisation or weighting functions, e.g. normalisation matrices or variable uniform quantisers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H04N19/147—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output according to rate distortion criteria

Definitions

  • the present invention contains subject matter related to Japanese Patent Application JP 2005-233573 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Aug. 11, 2005,the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.
  • the present invention relates to a coding apparatus, a coding method and a coding program for controlling the coding rate of an image sequence and also to a recording medium storing such a program.
  • Known rate control techniques that can be used for encoding an image sequence according to a bit plane coding system include rate control that utilizes truncation of cutting off the coding path so as to achieve a target bit rate after coding and multi-loop rate control of controlling the coding rate only by means of the quantization step size given before coding.
  • the former technique has a short processing time because it is possible to accurately control the coding rate by a single coding operation.
  • a constant coding rate is assigned to frames
  • the image quality can vary significantly from frame to frame to consequently degrade the image quality as a whole particularly when the degree of coding facility varies among frames.
  • the latter technique has a small dispersion and a good image quality because a high coding rate is assigned to frames showing a low degree of coding facility while a low coding rate is assigned to frames showing a high degree of coding facility.
  • the multi-loop rate control technique is preferable when non-linearly pursuing a high image quality as in the case of digital cinema.
  • binary search is a popular technique for searching for an optimal quantization step size for multi-loop plate control (see Patent Document 1: Jpn. Pat. Appln. Laid-Open Publication No. H. 10-191343).
  • Binary search involves the use of an algorithm for searching for a target value from sorted data. With binary search, the range of search is divided into two at an intermediate point to see which one includes the target value and the range of search that includes the target value is divided into two at an intermediate point. This process is repeated until the target value is located.
  • the quantization step size and the generated bit rate show such a relationship that the generated bit rate falls as the quantization step size increases so that the target value can be regarded as sorted data and hence the technique of binary search can feasibly be employed.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows a flowchart of the sequence for searching for an optimal quantization step size by means of binary search. Note that the largest value and the smallest value of the range of search of the quantization step size are respectively expressed by ⁇ max and ⁇ min whereas the generated bit rate when the quantization step size is A and the target bit rate are respectively R ( ⁇ ) and R and the threshold value to be used for determining to cut off the loop is Th.
  • Step S 21 the average value of the largest value ⁇ max and the smallest value ⁇ min of the range of search is defined as quantization step size ⁇ .
  • Step S 22 all the frames of the image sequence are coded with the quantization step size ⁇ to determine the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ ).
  • Step S 23 it is determined if the absolute value of the difference between the target bit rate R and the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ ) is less than the threshold value Th or not and, if it is not less than the threshold value Th, it is determined in Step S 24 if the target bit rate R is less than the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ ) or not.
  • ⁇ is set as ⁇ min in Step S 25 when the target bit rate R is less than the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ ) and the processing operation returns to Step S 21
  • ⁇ is set as ⁇ max when the target bit rate R is more than the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ ) and the processing operation returns to Step S 21 .
  • Step S 23 the process simply ends if it is determined in Step S 23 that the absolute value of the difference between the target bit rate R and the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ ) is less than the threshold value Th.
  • a coding apparatus In view of the above-identified circumstances, it is desirable to provide a coding apparatus, a coding method, a coding program that can search for an optimal quantization step size at high speed when controlling the coding rate of an image sequence as well as a recording medium storing such a program.
  • a coding apparatus for coding an image sequence of a plurality of frames, the apparatus including: a skip binary search means for coding a frame out of every first skip number of frames of the image sequence, while changing the quantization step size according to a binary search algorithm, and determining a quantization step size with which the generated bit rate is approximate to the target bit rate; a quantization step size correction means for determining the quantization step size good for achieving the target bit rate by using an approximate straight line expressing the relationship of the quantization step size determined by the skip binary search means and the generated bit rate; a first coding means for coding a frame out of every second skip number of frames of the image sequence with the quantization step size corrected by the quantization step size correction means; a quantization step size forecasting means for determining the quantization step size good for achieving the target bit rate by using the generated bit rate generated by the first coding means; and a second coding means for coding all the frames of the image sequence with the quantization step size forecast by
  • a coding method of coding an image sequence of a plurality of frames including: a skip binary search step of coding a frame out of every first skip number of frames of the image sequence, while changing the quantization step size according to a binary search algorithm, and determining a quantization step size with which the generated bit rate is approximate to the target bit rate; a quantization step size correction step of determining the quantization step size good for achieving the target bit rate by using an approximate straight line expressing the relationship of the quantization step size determined in the skip binary search step and the generated bit rate; a first coding step of coding a frame out of every second skip number of frames of the image sequence with the quantization step size corrected in the quantization step size correction step; a quantization step size forecasting step of determining the quantization step size good for achieving the target bit rate by using the generated bit rate generated in the first coding step; and a second coding step of coding all the frames of the image sequence with the quantization step size forecast
  • a program for causing a computer to execute the coding processing and a recording medium having recorded therein the program.
  • a coding apparatus a coding method, a coding program as well as a recording medium storing such a program of the present invention, it is possible to search for an optimal quantization step size at high speed when controlling the coding rate of an image sequence by means of quantization step size.
  • FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the sequence of operation for searching an optimal quantization step size by means of a binary search technique
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a coding apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the configuration thereof;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the number of skip frames selected by the skip binary search section of the coding apparatus of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the processing sequence of the skip binary search section of FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the sequence of operation of coding a frame out of every M frames of an image sequence with quantization step size A;
  • FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the relationship of the quantization step size and the generated bit rate that can be obtained in a skip binary search operation
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the square in FIG. 6 ;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of the operation of determining a quantization step size by the quantization step size correcting section of the coding apparatus of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the operation of determining a quantization step size by the quantization step size forecasting section of the coding apparatus of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of a coding apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the configuration thereof.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a typical processing sequence of the coding apparatus of FIG. 10 .
  • the illustrated embodiments are coding apparatus for controlling the coding rate of an image sequence according to a bit plane coding system by means of a coding method.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a coding apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the configuration thereof.
  • the coding apparatus 1 includes a skip binary search section 10 , a quantization step size correcting section 11 , a first coding section 12 , a quantization step size forecasting section 13 and a second coding section 14 .
  • the skip binary search section 10 receives as input an image sequence of (n+1) frames (In [0] through In [n]) and a target bit rate (R [bpp]). Then, the skip binary search section 10 encodes the frames selected by using the number of skip frames M of the image sequence and keeps on encoding, changing the quantization step size according to a binary search algorithm, to determine a quantization step size ⁇ skip with which the generated bit rate is approximate to the target bit rate R.
  • the processing sequence of the skip binary search section 10 will be described below by referring to the flowchart of FIG. 4 .
  • the range of search is sufficiently large for ordinary quantization step size.
  • Step S 1 the average value of the largest value ⁇ max and the smallest value ⁇ min of the range of search is defined as quantization step size ⁇ .
  • Step S 2 The operation of Step S 2 will be described in greater detail by referring to the flowchart of FIG. 5 .
  • Step S 11 the frame index i, the coding frame number index j and the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m) are all initialized to 0 and then, in Step S 12 , it is determined if the residue of the division of i by M is equal to 0 or not.
  • the operation proceeds to Step S 13 when the residue is equal to 0, whereas it proceeds to Step S 15 when the residue is not equal to 0.
  • Step S 13 frame In [i] is coded with the quantization step size ⁇ .
  • the code quantity that is generated when coding frame In [i] with the quantization step size ⁇ is expressed by r ( ⁇ , M, i).
  • Step S 14 the code quantity r ( ⁇ , M, i) is added to determine the generated code quantity r all ( ⁇ , M).
  • the generated code quantity r all ( ⁇ , M) becomes equal to the sum of the code quantities r ( ⁇ , M, i) of all the coded frames.
  • the value of j is incremented by 1.
  • Step S 15 i is incremented by one and, in Step S 16 , it is determined if the value of i is not more than n or not.
  • the operation returns to Step S 12 when the value of i is not more than n, whereas the operation proceeds to Step S 17 when the value of i is larger than n.
  • Step S 17 the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m) [bpp] is computationally determined from the generated code quantity r all ( ⁇ , M) that is determined in Step S 14 . If the horizontal size and the vertical size of the frame image are Xsize and Ysize respectively, the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m) is computationally determined by means of formula (1) shown below.
  • R ( ⁇ , M ) r all ( ⁇ , M )/( X size* Y size* j ) (1)
  • Step S 3 it is determined if the absolute value of the difference between the target bit rate R and the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m [0]) is smaller than the threshold value Th or not. If the absolute value is not smaller the threshold value Th, it is determined in Step S 4 if the target bit rate R is smaller than the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m [0]) or not. When the target bit rate R is smaller than the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m [0]), ⁇ min is set to ⁇ in Step S 5 and the operation proceeds to step S 7 .
  • Step S 6 the operation proceeds to Step S 6 , where ⁇ max is set to ⁇ , and subsequently to Step S 7 when the target bit rate R is not smaller than the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ , m [0]).
  • the skip binary search section 10 supplies the obtained quantization step size ⁇ skip , the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ skip , m [0]) at that time, the quantization step size ⁇ last in the immediately preceding loop and the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ last , m [0]) at that time to the quantization step size correcting section 11 and the quantization step size forecasting section 13 .
  • the quantization step size correcting section 11 finely adjusts the quantization step size, using ⁇ skip , R ( ⁇ skip , m [0]), ⁇ last and R ( ⁇ last , m [0]) supplied from the skip binary search section 10 .
  • FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the relationship of the quantization step size (horizontal axis) and the generated bit rate (vertical axis) that can be obtained in a skip binary search operation.
  • the relationship of FIG. 6 is obtained when the quantization step size ⁇ skip is determined by repeating the loop of FIG. 4 nine times.
  • the numerals in FIG. 6 indicate the coding order that is followed until getting to the quantization step size ⁇ skip .
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the square in FIG. 6 . As seen from FIG. 7 , it is possible to approximate the relationship between the quantization step size and the generated bit rate by means of a straight line within a narrow range.
  • the quantization step size correcting section 11 corrects the quantization step size by utilizing the linearity.
  • the quantization step size correcting section 11 connects point 9 ( ⁇ skip , R ( ⁇ skip , m [0])) that indicates the outcome of the skip binary search and point 8 ( ⁇ last and R ( ⁇ last , m [0])) of the immediately preceding loop by a straight line to determine the intersection of the straight line and the target bit rate R and selects the value of the intersection on the horizontal axis as corrected quantization step size ⁇ a .
  • the quantization step size correcting section 11 supplies the quantization step size ⁇ a to the first coding section 12 .
  • the first coding section 12 encodes every m [1]-th frame of the image sequence.
  • the actual processing sequence is similar to that of the flowchart of FIG. 5 and hence will not be described here any further.
  • the purpose of the first coding section 12 is to make the number of coded frames larger than that of the skip binary search section 10 (and hence the number of skip frames M smaller than that of the skip binary search section 10 ) in order to improve the accuracy of the estimated quantization step size. Therefore, the number of skip frames m [0] and the number of skip frames m [1] show a relationship of m [0]>m [1].
  • the first coding section 12 supplies the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ a , m [1]) to the quantization step size forecasting section 13 .
  • the quantization step size forecasting section 13 finely adjusts the quantization step size, using ⁇ skip , R ( ⁇ skip , m [0]), ⁇ last and R ( ⁇ last , m [0]) supplied from the skip binary search section 10 and R ( ⁇ a , m [1]) supplied from the first coding section 12 .
  • the quantization step size forecasting section 13 also utilizes the fact that the relationship between the quantization step size and the generated bit rate can be approximated by a straight line.
  • the quantization step size forecasting section 13 assumes straight line A connecting point ( ⁇ skip , R ( ⁇ skip , m [0]) and point ( ⁇ last , R ( ⁇ last , m [0]) and straight line B that runs in parallel with the straight line A and passes through point ( ⁇ a , R ( ⁇ a , m [1]) and selects the value of the intersection of the straight line B and the target bit rate R on the horizontal axis as quantization step size ⁇ e . Then, the quantization step size forecasting section 13 supplies the quantization step size ⁇ e to the second coding section 14 .
  • the second coding section 14 encodes all the frames of the image sequence with the quantization step size ⁇ e supplied from the quantization step size forecasting section 13 .
  • the second coding section 14 outputs the code stream generated by the coding to the outside.
  • the coding apparatus 1 of the first embodiment does not encode all the frames repeatedly to search for an optimal quantization step size but determines the quantization step size ⁇ a by coding every m [0]-th frame and approximating the relationship between the quantization step size and the generated bit rate by a straight line and then the quantization step size ⁇ e by coding every m [1]-th ( ⁇ m [0]) frame with the quantization step size ⁇ a and by means of linear approximation.
  • the coding apparatus 1 it is possible for the coding apparatus 1 to search for an optimal quantization step size at higher speed.
  • the processing sequence of the first embodiment is simple and the number of coded frames does not heavily rely on the image sequence to the end of the rate control operation. Then, however, it may sometimes not be possible to conduct an intended rate control operation particularly in the case of an image sequence where the image changes remarkably from frame to frame.
  • the coding apparatus of the second embodiment is adapted to repeat the loop until getting to the target bit rate in order to ensure a desired accuracy level even in the case of an image sequence where rate control is difficult.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of the coding apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the configuration thereof.
  • the coding apparatus 2 includes a skip binary search section 20 , a number of skip frames updating section 21 , a quantization step size correcting section 22 , a first coding section 23 , a first end of loop judging section 24 , a quantization step size forecasting section 25 , a second coding section 26 and a second end of loop judging section 27 .
  • FIG. 10 indicates the data flow in solid line and the process flow in broken line.
  • the skip binary search section 20 supplies the obtained quantization step size ⁇ skip , the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ skip , m [0]) at that time, the quantization step size ⁇ last in the immediately preceding loop and the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ last , m [0]) at that time to the quantization step size correcting section 22 and the quantization step size forecasting section 25 .
  • the quantization step size correcting section 22 finely adjusts the quantization step size.
  • the quantization step size correcting section 22 computationally determines the quantization step size ⁇ a by approximating the relationship between the quantization step size and the generated bit rate by means of a straight line, using ⁇ a and R ( ⁇ a , m [i ⁇ 1]) (which correspond to ⁇ last and R ( ⁇ last , m [0] listed above) supplied from the first coding section 23 and ⁇ e and R ( ⁇ e , m [i ⁇ 1]) (which correspond to ⁇ skip and R ( ⁇ skip , m [0] listed above) supplied from the second coding section 26 , although the correcting method is same.
  • the first coding section 23 encodes every m [i]-th frame of the image sequence, with the quantization step size ⁇ a supplied from the quantization step size correcting section 22 .
  • the first coding section 23 supplies the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ a , m [i]) to the first end of loop judging section 24 .
  • the quantization step size forecasting section 25 finely adjusts the quantization step size.
  • the quantization step size forecasting section 25 computationally determines the quantization step size ⁇ e , using ⁇ a and R ( ⁇ a , m [i ⁇ 1]) (which correspond to ⁇ last and R ( ⁇ last , m [0] listed above) supplied from the first coding section 23 and ⁇ e and R ( ⁇ e , m [i ⁇ 1]) (which correspond to ⁇ skip and R ( ⁇ skip , m [0] listed above) supplied from the second coding section 26 , although the correcting method is same.
  • the second coding section 26 encodes every m [i]-th frame of the image sequence, with the quantization step size ⁇ e supplied from the quantization step size forecasting section 25 .
  • the second coding section 26 supplies the generated bit rate R ( ⁇ e , m [i]) to the second end of loop judging section 27 .
  • the processing sequence of FIG. 11 applies in most cases except very few image sequences. More specifically, every 120-th frame of the image sequence is coded to determine the quantization step size ⁇ a and then every 48-th frame of the image sequence is coded with the quantization step size ⁇ a to determine the quantization step size ⁇ e . Then, every 48-th frame of the image sequence is coded with the quantization step size ⁇ e to determine the quantization step size ⁇ a .
  • every 6-th frame of the image sequence is coded with the quantization step size ⁇ a to determine the quantization step size ⁇ e and then every 6-th frame of the image sequence is coded with the quantization step size ⁇ e to determine the quantization step size ⁇ a . Finally, all the frames of the image sequence are coded with the quantization step size ⁇ a .
  • the loop is repeated until the conditions for ending the loop are met as judged by the first end of loop judging section 24 or the second end of loop judging section 27 to guarantee the accuracy of coding rate control.
  • the present invention is by no means limited thereto and the present invention can be applied to any other image coding system such as the MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) system that is adapted to intra-frame coding for all frames.
  • MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group
  • a computer program may be installed in the hardware dedicated to a computer, which may be a general purpose personal computer adapted to install various application programs, for the software directly or by way of a network or a recording medium.

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TWI405467B (zh) * 2009-11-25 2013-08-11 Novatek Microelectronics Corp 影像壓縮的位元速率控制電路與方法
KR20170007665A (ko) * 2015-07-10 2017-01-19 삼성전자주식회사 스킵 모드 정보를 이용한 레이트 조절 인코딩 방법 및 그에 따른 인코딩 장치
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CN100556147C (zh) 2009-10-28
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